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Egyptian hookah

Hookah (Hindi: हुक्का, Urdu: حقہ hukka) or shisha (Arabic: شيشة‎, Hebrew: נרגילה) or (Turkish:nargile) is a single or multi-stemmed (often glass-based) water pipe device for smoking. Originating in India,^[1] it has gained popularity, especially in the Arab World. A hookah operates by water filtration and indirect heat. It can be used for smoking herbal fruits. Image File history File links Question_book-3. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2304 × 3072 pixel, file size: 2. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2304 × 3072 pixel, file size: 2. ... Hindi (हिन्दी) is a language spoken mainly in North and Central India. ... Urdu ( , , trans. ... Arabic redirects here. ... Hebrew redirects here. ... This is the disambiguation page for the terms Turk, Turkey, Turkic, and Turkish. ... Youth with pipe by Hendrick Jansz Terbrugghen A pipe is a tool used for smoking. ... For the food preparation, see Smoking (cooking). ... Arab States redirects here. ... For the food preparation, see Smoking (cooking). ... For other uses, see Herb (disambiguation). ... Popular Japanese fashion magazine throughout the 1990s; the photography of which has recently been reissued in two collections from Phaidon press. ...

Depending on locality and supply, hookahs may be referred to by many other names (often of Arab, Indian, Turkish, Uzbek, or Persian origin). Arghile or Nargila is the name most commonly used in Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Armenia, Albania, Kosovo, Greece, Turkey, Palestine, Israel, Bulgaria and Romania, though the initial "n" is often dropped in Arabic. "Narghile" is from the Persian word "nārgil" or "coconut", from Sanskrit nārikela (नारिकेल)--as the original hookahs were made out of coconut shells.^[2] Shisha (شيشة) is from the Persian word shishe (شیشه, literally translated as glass and not bottle), and is primarily used for water pipes in Egypt and the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf (such as Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, UAE, and Saudi Arabia) as well as Morocco, Tunisia, Somalia and Yemen. In Iran it is called ghalyun (غلیون), ghālyun (قالیون), or ghalyān (قلیان) and in India and Pakistan it is referred to as huqqa (हुक्का /حقہ). The more colloquial terms "hubble-bubble" and "hubbly-bubbly" may be used in the region surrounding the red sea. For other uses, see Kosovo (disambiguation). ... A 2003 satellite image of the region. ... Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Farsi redirects here. ... This article is about the United Arab Emirates. ...

The archaic form of this latter Indian name hookah is most commonly used in English for historical reasons, as it was in India that large numbers of English-speakers first sampled the effects of the water pipe. William Hickey wrote in his Memoirs that shortly after his arrival in Kolkata, India in 1775: William Hickey (June 30, 1749 – May 31, 1830), was a lawyer, bon-viveur and general man about town, but is best-known for his vast Memoirs, composed in 1808-10 and published between 1913 and 1925, which in their manuscript form cover seven hundred and forty closely-written pages. ... , “Calcutta” redirects here. ...

Culture

Middle East

Arab world

Bedouin smoking hookah, locally called "argileh", in a coffee house in Deir ez-Zor, near the Euphrates River, 1920s.

In the Arab world, social smoking is done with a single or double hose and even more. When the smoker is finished, either the hose is placed back on the table signifying that it is free, or it is handed from one user to the next, folded back on itself so that the mouthpiece does not point at the person receiving it. (Stories tell Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar thought of it as an insult if the mouthpiece pointed at the person, but there are no official facts.) Another tradition is that the receiver taps or slaps the giver on the back of the hand while taking it as a sign of respect or friendship. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... A Bedouin man on a hillside at Mount Sinai Bedouin, (from the Arabic (), is a desert-dwelling Arab nomadic pastoralist, found throughout most of the desert belt extending from the Atlantic coast of the Sahara via the Western Desert, Sinai, and Negev to the Arabian Desert. ... Dayr az Zawr, or Deir ez Zor, town (1994 est. ... The Euphrates (the traditional Greek name for the river, which is in Old Persian Ufrat, Aramaic Prâth/Frot, in Arabic الفرات, in Turkish Fırat and in ancient Assyrian language Pu-rat-tu) is the westernmost of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia (Bethnahrin in Aramaic), the other being the... Arab States redirects here. ... Nasser-al-Din Shah The Shah, on his European tour, in The Royal Albert Hall, London Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar (Persian: ‎ translit: ) (July 16, 1831 - May 1, 1896) was the Shah of Persia from September 17, 1848 until his death on May 1, 1896. ...

In cafés and restaurants, however, it is rare for each smoker not to order an individual hookah, as the price is generally low, ranging from $2 to $10.

Most cafés (called maqha— Arabic: مقهى, "coffeeshop") in the Middle East have hookahs available. Cafés are very widespread, and are amongst the main social gathering places in the Arab world (similar to the status pubs have in the UK). Pub redirects here. ...

Iran

Persian woman, in Qajari dress seen here smoking the traditional Qalyan.

In Iran, the hookah is known as a ghalyun (Persian: قليان, قالیون, غلیون, also spelled ghalyan, ghalyaan or ghelyoon). It is similar in many ways to the Arabic hookah but has its own unique attributes. An example is the top part of the ghalyoun called 'sar' (Persian: سر=head), where the tobacco is placed, is bigger than the ones seen in Turkey. Also the major part of the hose is flexible and covered with soft silk or cloth while the Turkish make the wooden part as big as the flexible part. Image File history File linksMetadata Qalyoon. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Qalyoon. ... A Persian woman here as depicted during the Safavi period of Iran. ... The Qajar dynasty was the ruling family of Persia from 1796 to 1925. ... Farsi redirects here. ...

There are mouthpieces called 'Amjid' (امجید) that each person has his own personal one, usually made of wood or metal and decorated with valuable or other stones. Amjids are only used for their fancy look. However, all the Hookah Bars have plastic mouth-pieces.

Use of water pipes in Iran can be traced back to the Qajar period. In those days the hoses were made of sugar cane. Persians had a special tobacco called Khansar (خانسار, presumably name of the origin city). The charcoals would be put on the Khansar without foil. Khansar has less smoke than the normal tobacco. edit The Qajar dynasty ( ) (Persian: - or دودمان قاجار) was a ruling Persian dynasty[1] of Turkic descent[2], that ruled Iran (Persia) from 1781 to 1925. ...

The smoking of hookah is very popular with the young people in Iran, if you go to a local coffee shop you will most probably see a big amount of young people.

The hookah was, until recently, served to all ages; Iranian officials have since passed a law forbidding its use by those under 14.^{[citation needed]}

Turkey

Hookah smoking by a coffee shop in Diyarbakır, 1909.

In Turkey, hookah is smoked on a social basis, usually in one's home with guests or in a cafe with friends. Most cities have hookah cafes where hookah is offered with a non-alcoholic drink (mainly tea). This is mostly for health reasons rather than cultural reasons. Often people will smoke hookah after dinner as a replacement for cigarettes. In bigger cities such as Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, and Adana, restaurants may have dinner & hookah specials which include meal, beverage (alcoholic/non-alcoholic), Turkish coffee, and hookah. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (879x647, 425 KB)Turkish people in Diyarbakir. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (879x647, 425 KB)Turkish people in Diyarbakir. ... Diyarbakır (Ottoman Turkish: دیاربکر land of the Bekr as derived from Persian; Kurdish Amed; Syriac ; Greek Amida; Armenian Ամիդ Amid) is a major city in the Southeastern Anatolia region of Turkey. ... Year 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... A cigarette will burn to ash on one end. ... Istanbul (Turkish: , Greek: , historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see other names) is Turkeys most populous city, and its cultural and financial center. ... Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the countrys second largest city after İstanbul. ... Shows the Location of the Province İzmir Izmir from space, June 1996 Izmir (Turkish spelling İzmir, contraction of its former name Smyrna), the second-largest port (after İstanbul) and the third most populous city (2,409,000 in 2000) of Turkey, is located on the Aegean Sea near the Gulf... Adana (Turkish: }) (the ancient Antioch in Cilicia or Antioch on the Sarus)) is the capital of Adana Province in Turkey. ...

Once the centre of Istanbul’s social and political life, the hookah is considered one of life’s great pleasures by the locals today. In certain parts of the country, people use hookah cafes to watch popular TV shows, national sports games, etc. and smoke hookah to socialize.

Israel

Hookahs for sale in Jerusalem at the shuk.

Smoking hookah is a not only a tradition, but culture. In Israel, the hookah is prevalent among Middle Eastern Jewish immigrants from Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Yemen (collectively known as Mizrahi Jews). Hookah use is also common in the Arab home where families will commonly smoke after a large meal or at a family gathering. Hookahs are becoming increasingly popular within Israel particularly among tourists. Shops selling paraphernalia can be found on most high streets and markets. Most nightclubs also have hookahs. In 2005, due to an increase in use among youth, a campaign was launched by The Israel Cancer Association warning against the hazards of hookah smoking, and the IDF has forbidden the use of hookahs by soldiers within its bases. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1152x864, 210 KB) Photographer: Joi Ito from Inbamura, Japan Title: Hookas for sale in Jerusalem Description: Hookas for sale in Jerusalem at the bazaar. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1152x864, 210 KB) Photographer: Joi Ito from Inbamura, Japan Title: Hookas for sale in Jerusalem Description: Hookas for sale in Jerusalem at the bazaar. ... For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. ... Languages Hebrew, Dzhidi, Judæo-Arabic, Gruzinic, Bukhori, Judeo-Berber, Juhuri and Judæo-Aramaic Religions Judaism Related ethnic groups Ashkenazi Jews, Sephardi Jews, other Jewish ethnic divisions and Arabs. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Emblem of the IDF The Israel Defense Forces are part of the Israeli Security Forces. ...

South Asia

Afghanistan

In Afganistan, hookah has been popular, especially in Kabul, for some time. In Afghanistan, it is better known as "chillam". Afghanistan (Pashtu/Iran in the west, Pakistan in the south and east, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the easternmost part of the country. ... For other places with the same name, see Kabul (disambiguation). ...

India

In India, where it originated, the hookah is becoming better known, and cafés and restaurants that offer it as a consumable are popular. The use of hookahs from ancient times in India was not only a custom, but a matter of prestige. Rich and landed classes would smoke hookahs. Tobacco is smoked in hookahs in many villages as per traditional customs. Smoking molasses in a hookah is now becoming popular amongst the youth in India. It is a growing trend amongst youngsters and adolescents. There are several chain clubs, bars and coffee shops (such as Mocha) in India offering a variety of hookahs. The new trends emerging are that of non-tobacco hookahs with herbal flavours. Several modern restaurants are famous for this.

Pakistan

In Pakistan, although traditionally prevalent in rural areas for generations, hookahs have become very popular in the cosmopolitan cities. Many clubs and cafes are offering them and it has become quite popular amongst the youth and students in Pakistan. This form of smoking has become very popular for social gatherings, functions, and events. There are a large number of cafes and restaurants offering a variety of hookahs.

Malaysia

Malaysia too has seen an increase in hookah use and cafes offering hookah more commonly known as shisha pipes. Nonetheless, this is only to cater the increasing number of tourists from the Middle East.^[4]

Philippines

In the Philippines, the popularity is vastly growing, in the capital's most cosmopolitan city, Makati; various high-end bars and clubs offer hookahs to patrons.

Although hookah use has been common for hundreds of years and enjoyed by people of all ages, it has just begun to become a youth-oriented pastime in Asia in recent times. Hookahs are most popular with college students and teenagers, who may be underage and thus unable to purchase cigarettes.^[5] Unlit filtered cigarettes. ...

South Africa

In South Africa, hookah, colloquially known as a hubbly bubbly, is popular amongst the Cape Malay, Indian population, where it is smoked as a social pastime.^[6] However, hookah is seeing increasing popularity with white South Africans, especially the youth. Hookah bars are relatively uncommon, and smoking is normally done at home or in public spaces such as beaches and picnic sites. The Cape Malays are an ethnic group who can claim descent from slaves brought to South Africa from Indonesia starting from 1667. ...

In South Africa, the terminology of the various hookah components also differ from other countries. The clay "head/bowl" is known as a "clay pot". The hoses are called "pipes" and the air release valve is known, strangely, as a "clutch".

Europe

This section is written like a personal reflection or essay and may require cleanup. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (December 2007)

In Spain, the use of the hookah has recently increased in popularity. They are usually readily available at tea-oriented coffeehouses, called teterías in Spanish, which are often run by Arab immigrants or have some other sort of affinity with the east. Hookahs are usually sold at prices between €10 and €70, and hookah tobacco and charcoal is easily found in those same coffee houses, or at stores run by eastern immigrants. Immigrants and native Spanish alike enjoy this custom, and it is usually seen as a lighter way of smoking than cigarettes. Buying one's own tobacco and hookah is usually noticeably less expensive than ordering hookahs at a coffee house. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... Discussing the War in a Paris Café, Illustrated London News 17 September 1870 Coffee shop redirects here. ... The term Eastern world refers very broadly to the various cultures, social structures and philosophical systems of the East, namely Asia (including China, India, Japan, and surrounding regions). ...

Hookahs are also becoming increasingly popular in Moscow and other Russian cities. Many bars employ a "hookah man" or "niam" which is commonly pronounced "ni-eem" (Russian: кальянщик, tr. kal'yanshchik), often of middle-eastern appearance and wearing an approximation of Arab or Turkish costume, to bring the pipes to customers' tables and wrappings may be provided to each person at the table for hygiene reasons. For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ...

Standard single-hosed hookah. The tobacco packet reads "Smoking may kill", as required by Danish law.

Hookahs are popular as well in Kyiv and other Ukrainian cities. All the youth hookah fashion looks the same way it looks in Russia. Kiev (Київ, Kyiv, in Ukrainian; Киев, Kiev, in Russian) is the capital and largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper river. ...

Hookaah has been recently very popular in Indian Youth and places like Mocks and Sigaaras have made it very popular with Metropolitan cities like Mumbai.

Hookah smoking has also risen in popularity in Germany, particularly in Berlin and Cologne, where many hookah bars exist due in part to a relatively large Turkish population. Hookahs are also very easy to acquire. During the 2006 World Cup, many booths in the area outside of the Zoologischer Garten Bahnhof specialized in selling the water-pipes and flavored tobacco. In addition, many people create homemade hookahs due to the relative ease of construction and the high cost of a quality pipe. Hooka (locally called Shisha) bars are even commonly found in towns with just 100,000 inhabitants. This article is about the capital of Germany. ...

In Italy, hookah bars are still not so common, but their number is increasing, as hookah (usually known only as narghilè) smoking is currently gaining favor and seen as less dangerous and irritating for other nearby then cigarettes (yet, it is covered by the no smoke in public locals law if not for dedicated places or rooms). As a matter of note the Italian government banned the selling of the usual hookah wet and fruits flavoured tobacco as it does not pass under the statal monopoly on tobaccos (Monopolio di Stato) and, more important to health, is not regulated by precise rules before selling, unlike the normal, dry tobacco, and being wet have actually more possibility of being of low quality, partially degraded or containing colonies of bacterias which could not be completely killed by ember's fire while smoking. It is legal in Switzerland.

In Sweden, as well as Norway, hookah smoking is on the rise. Cheap hookahs and hookah-related products, like tobacco and charcoal, are now available in the many kiosk-like businesses run by immigrants, mostly of middle-eastern origin, found in the larger cities. Hookahs are mostly used by teenagers and immigrants, but the use is slowly becoming more widespread. Hookah bars and similar establishments are still very rare though, in part due to anti-smoking laws which forbids smoking in restaurants and in public buildings.

In the Czech Republic, hookah is relatively common in many tearooms (usually cost between 100 and 150 CZK). Hookahs are usually sold in specialized orient-shops and tearooms at prices mostly between 500 and 2500 CZK. Local names for hookah are "šíša", "vodnice", "voďár", "vodní dýmka", etc. Entrance and outside seating, Tchai-Ovna Tearooms. ... ISO 4217 Code CZK User(s) Czech Republic Inflation 1. ...

Hookah ('vesipiip' in Estonian, 'vizipipa' in Hungarian) has also gained major popularity in Estonia and Hungary amongst teenagers, where it has caused controversy amongst the troubled parents. Still, it is difficult to find any party or youth gathering without a hookah.

United Kingdom

In England, as of 2007, Hookah cafes (sometimes known locally as "Shisha Bars") exist in most major cities. London's Edgware Road area is noted for a high distribution of shops which serve hookah, but there is at least one hookah place to be found in most cities in the south, including Canterbury, Portsmouth, Bristol, Salisbury, Exeter, and Plymouth. Until July of 2007, hookahs could be smoked inside any public place. But after smoking was banned inside public places by the government, hookahs are only allowed to be smoked outside. There are, however, a few exceptions to this. If the building has three areas of ventilation, such as two walls with windows and a roof with a skylight that can be opened, then it can be smoked inside. Because England has a somewhat rainy and cool climate, this can present a challenge to outdoor hookah smoking sessions. For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ...

Indian restaurants but are most commonly found in Lebanese restaurants and Egyptian-run "hubbly-bubbly" bars. Concentrations of these hookah establishments are often found in close proximity to University campuses, as on Rusholme's Curry Mile in Manchester or in Oxford, and they cater to a mixture of British and Middle-Eastern clientel amongst students. A ban on public smoking was enacted in Scotland in 2006, and a similar ban has taken effect in England on July 1st 2007. Hookah bars have since been closed, as there is a complete ban of smoking in enclosed public areas; however, some businesses have remained open, functioning as normal cafés.... Rusholme is a part of Manchester, in North West England, about two miles south of Manchester city centre. ... Photograph of the Curry Mile at nighttime The Curry Mile is a nickname for the main high street of Rusholme in Manchester, England, part of the larger Wilmslow Road. ... This article is about the City of Manchester in England. ... This article is about the city of Oxford in England. ...

United States and Canada

A hookah and a variety of tobacco products are on display in a Harvard Square store window in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.

Main article: Hookah lounge

Recently many cities, states and countries have implemented smoking bans. In some jurisdictions, hookah businesses can be exempted from the policies through special permits. Some permits however, have requirements such as the business earning a certain minimum percentage of their revenue from alcohol or tobacco. Shredded tobacco leaf for pipe smoking Tobacco can also be pressed into plugs and sliced into flakes Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the fresh leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. ... Chess players in Harvard Square in August of 2005 Harvard Square is a large triangular area in the center of Cambridge, Massachusetts, at the intersection of Massachusetts Avenue, Brattle Street, and John F. Kennedy Street. ... Shopping is the purchase of goods and services from retailers. ... Location in Middlesex County in Massachusetts Coordinates: , Country State County Middlesex Settled 1630 Incorporated 1636 Government  - Type Mayor-City Council  - Mayor Kenneth Reeves (D) Area  - Total 7. ... A hookah The hookah lounge or shisha bar (in Britain and parts of Canada) is an establishment where patrons share shisha (flavored tobacco) from a communal hookah or nargile which is placed at each table. ... No Smoking sign. ...

In some cases, hookah bars have been forced to close or consider alternatives, such as offering non-tobacco based maasel. In many cities though, hookah lounges have been growing in popularity - particularly near college campuses or cities with large Middle-Eastern communities. The activity continues to grow in popularity within the post-secondary student community of any culture or sub-culture. The Universitätscampus Wien, Austria ( details) Campus (plural: campi) is Latin for field or open space. English gets the words camp and campus from this origin. ...

Mexico

In Mexico hookah bars have gained popularity in recent years, becoming a popular trend among young people. Some places are simply hookah cafes, while others are night-clubs offering hookah along with alcoholic beverages. They are often located at fashion zones like La Condesa or Santa Fe, two of the richest neighborhoods in Mexico City. The increasing popularity of the hookah is also due to the Middle Eastern immigrant families that have been settled in Mexico for some time now. The smoking of the hookah has also become a social pass time for week end afternoons. Although there is an increasing demand for hookah there are still few places that offer this pleasure. Unlike in Middle Eastern countries it is not habitual to smoke a hookah while, or immediately after a dinner. The smoking of hookah is done later usually in the late afternoon, and very commonly use alcoholic beverages (such as vodka or tequila) as filters instead of the traditional usage of water.

Structure and operation

Components

A look-through of the components of a hookah

Excluding grommets, a hookah is usually made of five components, four of which are essential for its operation. Image File history File links Hookah-lookthrough. ... Image File history File links Hookah-lookthrough. ... Some rubber grommets. ...

The bowl

Also known as the head of the hookah, the bowl is a container, usually made out of clay or marble, that holds the tobacco and coal during the smoking session. It is covered in a small piece of tin foil and holes are made before the coal is placed on top.

Hose

The hose is a slender tube that allows the smoke to be drawn. The end is typically fitted with a metal or wooden mouthpiece.

Body, Gasket, Valve

The body of the hookah is a hollow tube with a gasket at its bottom. The gasket itself has at least one opening for the hose. The gasket seals the connection of the body of the hookah with the water jar. The gasket may have one more opening with a valve in it for clearing the smoke from the water jar not via the hose. In some cases the gasket may contain openings for more than one hose.

Water jar

Damascene woodworkers creating wood for hookahs, 19th century.

Placed at the bottom of the hookah, the water jar is a container through which the smoke from the tobacco passes before it reaches the hose. By passing through water, the smoke gains moisture and is lowered in temperature. This makes inhaling the smoke of the hookah easier than that of a cigarette. Also the water jar allegedly functions as a filter for the smoke. The level of the water has to be higher than the lowest point of the body's tube in order for the smoke to pass through it. Liquids other than water may be added, such as a strong mixture of alcohol,spirit and/or fruit juice. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The term Damascene can be used to refer to: A resident of Damascus Saint John Damascene A special type of steel, see Damascus steel A decorative metal inlay, see Damascening A tapestry-woven fabric, see Damask This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ...

The plate

The plate is usually just below the bowl and is used for "dead" coals from previous smoking sessions. It is not vital for the operation of the hookah.

Grommets

Grommets in a hookah are usually placed between the bowl and the body, the body's gasket and the water jar and between the body and the hose. The reason for the usage of grommets although not essential (the usage of paper or tape has become common) will help to seal the joints between the parts, therefore decreasing the amount of air coming in and maximizing the smoke breathed in. Some rubber grommets. ...

Operation

The jar at the bottom of the hookah is filled with water sufficient to submerge a few centimeters of the body tube, which is sealed tightly to it. Tobacco is placed inside the bowl at the top of the hookah and a burning charcoal is placed on top of the tobacco. Some cultures cover the bowl with perforated tin foil to separate the coal and the tobacco, which minimizes inhalation of coal ash with the smoke.

When one inhales via the hose, air is pulled through the coal and into the bowl. The air, hot from the charcoal, roasts, not burns, the tobacco, producing smoke. This smoke passes down through the body tube, which extends into the water in the jar. It bubbles up through the water and fills the top part of the jar, to which the hose is attached. When a smoker inhales from the hose, smoke passes into the lungs, and the change in pressure in the jar pulls more air through the charcoal, continuing the process.

The hookah's components must be sealed tightly with grommets, or air which does not flow through the coal will dilute the smoke. Some rubber grommets. ...

Tobacco

Hookah tobacco, as shown here, often has a damp and sticky appearance derived from the honey or other sweeteners added.

Download high resolution version (1000x723, 284 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1000x723, 284 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... For other uses, see Honey (disambiguation). ...

Tobamel

Tobamel A sweet substance smoked in a hookah pipe, usually containing tobacco. Tobamel is legal in Canada and the United States. Shredded tobacco leaf for pipe smoking Tobacco can also be pressed into plugs and sliced into flakes Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the fresh leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. ...

Ma'sal

Ma'sal, معسل, Arabic for, literally, honeyed, and is the name the "shisha tobacco" is labeled as by the Arabic producers like Egyptian based Nakhla Tobacco.

Tumbâk

Tumbâk is word of Turkish origin and refers simply to tobacco, not necessarily flavored or sweetened. The Persian word tumbeki and the Hindi/Urdu word Tumbako are similar. Farsi redirects here. ... Hindi (DevanāgarÄ«: or , IAST: , IPA:  ), an Indo-European language spoken all over India in varying degrees and extensively in northern and central India, is one of the 22 official languages of India and is used, along with English, for central government administrative purposes. ... Urdu ( , , trans. ...

Jurâk

Jurâk, mainly of Indian origin, might be considered as an intermediate substance between traditional sweetened tobaccos and the fruity hookah of modern times. The term applies both to a tobacco mixture that includes fruits or aromatic oils as well as tobacco that is just sweetened. For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ... Fragrance oils, also known as aroma oils, aromatic oils, and flavor oils, are blended synthetic aroma compounds or natural essential oils that are diluted with a carrier like propylene glycol, vegetable oil, or mineral oil. ...

Flavours

Molasses tobacco is sold in a variety of flavours. Some of the flavours in which it is available are derived from the addition of artificial flavourings; other manufacturers shun these. A few of the flavours are based upon the scent of flowers. Flavours include vanilla, coconut, rose, jasmine, honey, strawberry, watermelon, mint, cherry, orange, apple, apricot, chocolate, licorice, coffee, grape, peach, cola, bubblegum, etc. Wildflowers A flower is the reproductive organ of those plants classified as angiosperms ( flowering plants; Division Magnoliophyta). ... For other uses, see Vanilla (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Coconut (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Rose (disambiguation). ... This article is about the shrub of genus Jasminum. ... For other uses, see Honey (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Strawberry (disambiguation). ... For the political designation, see Eco-socialism. ... “Mint” redirects here. ... For other uses, see Cherry (disambiguation). ... Binomial name (L.) Osbeck Orange—specifically, sweet orange—refers to the citrus tree Citrus sinensis (syn. ... This article is about the fruit. ... Binomial name Prunus armeniaca L. For other uses, see Apricot (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Chocolate (disambiguation). ... Species Glycyrrhiza acanthocarpa Glycyrrhiza aspera Glycyrrhiza astragalina Glycyrrhiza bucharica Glycyrrhiza echinata Glycyrrhiza eurycarpa Glycyrrhiza foetida Glycyrrhiza glabra Glycyrrhiza iconica Glycyrrhiza korshinskyi Glycyrrhiza lepidota Glycyrrhiza pallidiflora Glycyrrhiza triphylla Glycyrrhiza uralensis Glycyrrhiza yunnanensis Ref: ILDIS Version 6. ... For other uses, see Coffee (disambiguation). ... This article is about the fruits of the genus Vitis. ... Binomial name (L.) Batsch Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. ... For other uses, see Cola (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Bubblegum (disambiguation). ...

The Double-Apple (Persian:دوسیب,Do-Sib) is also a very popular flavour in the middle-east by the every day hookah-smokers because of the strength.

Merchandising

Hookah dealership in a Cairo marketplace.

Some notable brands of flavored tobacco from include: Al Waha, Al Amir, Al Fakher, Habibi, Havana, Hookafina, Fumari, Fusion, Romman Tobacco, Shoreside, Starbuzz, Tangiers, Tonic, Layalina, Abajûra, El-bâshâ , El-'Esfahâny, En-nakhla, Ibyâry, Shîh 'el-beled, Zeglûl. All of these are Egyptian except for Shîh 'el-beled which is Tunisian, Tangiers which is produced in the United States, Fusion, Tonic, Al Waha, and Romman which is Jordanian, and Serbetli which is as well as Sima Sultan Turkish. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2560x1920, 2251 KB) Summary Sheesha dealership in Cairo souk April 2005 M. Disdero Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Hookah Metadata This file contains additional information... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2560x1920, 2251 KB) Summary Sheesha dealership in Cairo souk April 2005 M. Disdero Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Hookah Metadata This file contains additional information... For other uses, see Cairo (disambiguation). ...

This is in addition to Bahraini molasses such as Bahraini Apple(done by local firms, and adopted by huge international hookah molasses firms such as Al Nakhla as well), and Bahraini Zeglul, and UAE Based Al Fakher molasses, which is often softer in taste than the Egyptian molasses. Today there are also numerous varieties produced in the West with more coming to market each year. Occident redirects here. ...

Besides being sold in little packeyys as is rolling tobacco, hookah is also sold in cardboard boxes and plastic jars. Packaging is generally illustrated with bright floral motifs, fruit, lush gardens and romantic images of sultans or pashas. Shag or rolling tobacco is fine-cut tobacco used to make self made cigarettes by hand rolling the tobacco into rolling paper or injecting it into filter tubes. ... For other uses, see Garden (disambiguation). ... A sultan (Arabic: سلطان) is an Islamic monarch ruling under the terms of shariah. ... Pasha, pascha or bashaw (Turkish: paÅŸa) was a high rank in the Ottoman Empire political system, typically granted to governors and generals. ...

The relative proportions of tobacco, treacle, fruits and spices, on average, 30%, 50% and 20% respectively^{[citation needed]}. The substance is generally valid for two years; boxes usually indicate the production date. Health warnings about lung cancer risks and cardiovascular disease appear on these products similar to other tobacco products elsewhere in the world. Treacle is an obsolete pharmaceutical term for a medicinal salve, usually given for snakebites, poisons, and various diseases. ... For other uses, see Spice (disambiguation). ... Lung cancer is a disease of uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. ... Cardiovascular disease refers to the class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels (arteries and veins). ...

Some manufacturers like Soex produce tobacco-free flavored herbal blends and market these as shisha as well. These herbal blends typically advertise themselves as having no tar and nicotine, thus a safer alternative that is still enjoyable. Other Distributors provide tobacco-based flavored blends as well as a variety of hookahs. For other uses, see Herb (disambiguation). ...

Health benefits and risks

The Caterpillar using a hookah, from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.

Today's media sometimes suggests that hookah can be a more health threatening activity than smoking cigarettes. Research suggests that a session of hookah tobacco smoking (tobacco molasses) which lasts 45 minutes delivers slightly more tar and carbon monoxide (around 5-10%) than a pack of cigarettes.^[7] This study has, however, come under criticism for using unrealistically high temperatures for the tobacco (600-650 degrees C) and using arbitrary figures for tar filtration rates.^{[citation needed]} This could possibly have skewed results, as the carcinogenic and toxin levels of smoke increases dramatically with temperature (Wynder 1958). Common practice is to keep temperatures to degrees which do not "char" the hookah; that is within a temperature range of 100-150 C. (Chaouachi K: Patologie associate all'uso del narghile). The effects of these lower temperatures on tar are inconclusive, though Chaouachi indicates the tar would be less harmful. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1116x1492, 1017 KB) Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Hookah ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1116x1492, 1017 KB) Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Hookah ... The Caterpillar using a hookah; an illustration by John Tenniel The Caterpillar is a fictional character appearing in Lewis Carrolls book, Alices Adventures in Wonderland. ... Alice in Wonderland redirects here. ... Tar is the common name for the resinous partially combusted particulate matter produced by the burning of tobacco, cannabis, and other plant material in the act of smoking. ... R-phrases , , , , S-phrases , , , , Flash point Flammable gas Related Compounds Related oxides carbon dioxide; carbon suboxide; dicarbon monoxide; carbon trioxide Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... In pathology, a carcinogen is any substance or agent that promotes cancer. ...

Some hookah tobaccos claim to contain 0.0% Tar, but this is misleading due to the fact that tar is created when tobacco burns. However when smoking a hookah the tobacco is heated instead of burning it, when the tobacco flavour goes out it means the tobacco is burnt. More research is needed to know the exact amount of tar produced in a session before the burning of the tobacco.

However, research has indicated that the use of the hookah may reduce comparative cancer risks, though such studies are not conclusive (Hoffman^[8], Rakower, Salem 1983 and 90, Gupta Dheeraj 2001, Tandon 1995, Lubin 1992, Hazelton 2001, Stirling 1979). The levels of carbon monoxide produced during a hookah session varies widely depending on the type of coal used. Japanese charcoals are thought to produce lower amounts of carbon monoxide. However there is a notable difference in areas of carbon monoxide absorption, in that while cigarettes have a notable effect on the small respiratory tracts rather, shisha smoking mostly affects the major airways (Bakir 1991, Kiter). This means a lessened FEV vs FEV1/FVC ratio compared to cigarettes, which is believed to be less harmful for the airways long-term. Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these to spread, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion, or by implantation into distant sites by metastasis (where cancer cells are transported through the bloodstream or lymphatic system). ... Flow-Volume loop showing successful FVC maneuver. ... Flow-Volume loop showing successful FVC maneuver. ...

A popular article by K Chaouachi, a French researcher who has been studying hookah usage and effects throughout the world since 1997, highlighted the mistakes and errors made by the WHO TobReg in its report^[9]. The WHO TobReg's report is used in a lot of media articles about hookah smoking and its effects. Chaouachi also authored a book^[10] in 2007 which offers a complete look at data collected from his studies on hookahs and hookah users.

The level of impact on a smoker's health is linked to the set-up and components of the hookah as well. A hookah only utilizing the basic components listed above is believe to have much harsher health consequences than one setup properly and with various safety devices installed: Since the tobacco in a hookah is roasted opposed to burned, the density and temperature of the tobacco is paramount to ensure a safer quality of smoke (Wynder 1958). Distancing somewhat the coal from the tobacco and placing a perforated thermal cover (not to be confused with a wind cover) over the bowl will reduce tar output. Using a Heba diffuser around the downstem in the water basin may provide a slightly greater amount of filtration, however a properly conducted study is needed to validate these claims. The use of a nicotine filter at some stage of the smoke cycle, preferably in the hose, may reduce health risks, but once again a properly conducted study is needed to validate these claims.

Hookahs can also be smoked with herbal flavours. These contain Sugar Cane Bagasse with no tobacco, nicotine or tar. This new method of smoking is aimed at replacing tobacco and thus eliminating its negative health effects. There have been few studies to show the impact of smoking herbal flavors in Shisha pipes.^{[citation needed][11]}

Many articles^[12] suggest that there is simply not enough research to provide answers to determine the effects of hookah smoking. Research is under way by Fogarty International Center-funded Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Egyptian Smoking Prevention Research Institute, Research for International Tobacco Control-funded Tobacco Prevention and Control Research Group at the American University of Beirut, Lebanon.

References

The references in this article would be clearer with a different or consistent style of citation, footnoting, or external linking.

Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 204th day of the year (205th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 362nd day of the year (363rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. ... is the 200th day of the year (201st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 176th day of the year (177th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Hookahs

• The Sacred Narghile Facts about Shisha & Health Effects
• Hookah news page - Alcohol and Drugs History Society
• Hookah trend is puffing along - USA Today
• Hookah Smoking as Tough on Lungs as Cigarettes, LiveScience.com, 2007