Boar hunting, tacuinum sanitatis casanatensis (14th century)

Hunting is the practice of pursuing animals for food, recreation, or trade. In modern use, the term refers to regulated and legal hunting, as distinguished from poaching, which is the killing, trapping or capture of animals contrary to law. Hunted animals are referred to as game animals, and are usually large or small mammals, migratory gamebirds, or non-migratory gamebirds. Hunting refers to the pursuit of prey by human society. ... Look up hunter in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1000x1107, 302 KB) Tacuina sanitatis (XIV century) Česky | Deutsch | English | Ελληνικά | Español | فارسی | Français | עברית | Indonesian | Italiano | 日本語 | 한국어 | Magyar | Nederlands | Polski | Português | Românǎ | Русский | Slovenščina | Српски | Sunda | 简体中文 | 正體中文 | Türkçe | Русский | Українська +/- File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1000x1107, 302 KB) Tacuina sanitatis (XIV century) Česky | Deutsch | English | Ελληνικά | Español | فارسی | Français | עברית | Indonesian | Italiano | 日本語 | 한국어 | Magyar | Nederlands | Polski | Português | Românǎ | Русский | Slovenščina | Српски | Sunda | 简体中文 | 正體中文 | Türkçe | Русский | Українська +/- File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this... Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 The wild boar (Sus scrofa) is the wild ancestor of the domestic pig. ... The Tacuinum (sometimes Taccuinum) Sanitatis is a medieval handbook on wellness, based on the Taqwin al‑sihha (Tables of Health), an Arab medical treatise by Ibn Butlan; it exists in several variant Latin versions, the manuscripts of which are profusely illustrated. ... For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). ... Fun redirects here. ... This article is about economic exchange. ... For other uses, see Poaching (disambiguation). ... Game is any animal hunted for food or not normally domesticated (such as venison). ... Orders Subclass Monotremata Monotremata Subclass Marsupialia Didelphimorphia Paucituberculata Microbiotheria Dasyuromorphia Peramelemorphia Notoryctemorphia Diprotodontia Subclass Placentalia Xenarthra Dermoptera Desmostylia Scandentia Primates Rodentia Lagomorpha Insectivora Chiroptera Pholidota Carnivora Perissodactyla Artiodactyla Cetacea Afrosoricida Macroscelidea Tubulidentata Hyracoidea Proboscidea Sirenia The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals primarily characterized by the presence of mammary... Flock of Barnacle Geese during autumn migration Bird migration refers to the regular seasonal journeys undertaken by many species of birds. ... Game is any animal hunted for food. ... Species that periodically migrate are called migratory bird. ...

domestic animals, or vermin as a means of pest control. Hunting advocates claim that hunting can be a necessary^[1] component of modern wildlife management, for example to help maintain a population of healthy animals within an environment's ecological carrying capacity when natural checks such as predators are absent.^[2] In the United States, wildlife managers are frequently part of hunting regulatory and licensing bodies, where they help to set rules on the number, manner and conditions in which game may be hunted. Dogs and sheep were among the first animals to be domesticated. ... Look up vermin in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A crop duster applies low-insecticide bait that is targeted against Western corn rootworms Pest control refers to the regulation or management of another species defined as a pest, usually because it is believed to be detrimental to a persons health, the ecology or the economy Pest control is... Wildlife management is the process of keeping certain wildlife populations at desirable levels determined by wildlife managers. ... The equilibrium maximum of the population of an organism is known as the ecosystems carrying capacity for that organism. ...

The pursuit, capture and release, or capture for food of fish is called fishing, which is not commonly categorized as a kind of hunting. Trapping is also usually considered a separate activity. Neither is it considered hunting to pursue animals without intent to take them, as in wildlife photography or birdwatching. The practice of hunting for plants or mushrooms is a colloquial term for gathering. For other uses, see Fish (disambiguation). ... For the computer security term, see Phishing. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... -1... Birdwatching or birding is the observation and study of birds. ... For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ... Basidiocarps (mushrooms) of the fungus Leucocoprinus sp. ... In anthropology, the hunter-gatherer way of life is that led by certain societies of the Neolithic Era based on the exploitation of wild plants and animals. ...

History

Ancient roots

Artemis with a Hind, a Roman copy of an Ancient Greek sculpture, circa 325 BC, by Leochares

Hunting has an extremely long history and may well pre-date the rise of species Homo sapiens. While our earliest primate ancestors were probably insectivores, there is evidence that we have used larger animals for subsistence for up to 1.8 million years and that hunting may have been one of the multiple environmental factors leading to replacement of holocene megafauna by smaller herbivores.^[3] The North American megafauna extinction was coincidental with the Younger Dryas impact event, making hunting a less critical factor in prehistoric species loss than had been previously thought.^[4] Download high resolution version (800x1230, 153 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (800x1230, 153 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ... The term ancient Greece refers to the periods of Greek history in Classical Antiquity, lasting ca. ... Sculptor redirects here. ... Leochares was an Greek sculptor, who lived in the 4th Century B.C. He is theorised as the creator of Apollo Belvedere, which is currently housed in Vatican City. ... For the history of humans on Earth, see History of the world. ... Families 15, See classification A primate is any member of the biological order Primates, the group that contains all the species commonly related to the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the latter category including humans. ... Any organism with a diet that consists chiefly of insects and similar small creatures is an insectivore. ... The following is a list of subsistence techniques: Hunting and Gathering, also known as Foraging freeganism involves gathering of discarded food in the context of an urban environment gleaning involves the gathering of food that traditional farmers have left behind in their fields Cultivation Horticulture - plant cultivation, based on the... In epidemiology, environmental factors are those determinants of disease that are not transmitted genetically. ... The Holocene epoch is a geological period, which began approximately 11,550 calendar years BP (about 9600 BC) and continues to the present. ... It has been suggested that Charismatic megafauna be merged into this article or section. ... In zoology, an herbivore is an animal that is adapted to eat primarily plants (rather than meat). ... The Younger Dryas impact event is the name of a hypothesized impact event at the beginning of the Younger Dryas cold spell about 10,900 BCE. The impact seems to have occurred near the North American Great Lakes; the bolide may have disintegrated in the air. ...

Hunting was a crucial component of hunter-gatherer societies before the domestication of animals and the dawn of agriculture. There is fossil evidence for spear use in Asian hunting dating from approximately 16,200 years ago.^[5] In anthropology, the hunter-gatherer way of life is that led by certain societies of the Neolithic Era based on the exploitation of wild plants and animals. ... Dogs and sheep were among the first animals to be domesticated. ...

With the establishment of language and culture, hunting became a theme of stories and myths, as well as proverbs, aphorisms, adages and metaphors which continue even today. In literature, a theme is a broad idea in a story, or a message or lesson conveyed by a work. ... For other uses, see Mythology (disambiguation). ... Look up proverb in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... An aphorism is a wise saying that bears repetition. ... An adage is a short, but memorable saying, which holds some important fact of experience that is considered true by many people, or it has gained some credibility through its long use. ... In language, a metaphor is a rhetorical trope where a comparison is made between two seemingly unrelated subjects. ...

Many species of animals have been hunted and caribou/wild reindeer "may well be the species of single greatest importance in the entire anthropological literature on hunting."^[6] Caribou redirects here. ...

Even as animal domestication became relatively widespread, hunting was usually a significant contributor to the human food supply, even after the development of agriculture. The supplementary meat and materials from hunting included protein, bone for implements, sinew for cordage, fur, feathers, rawhide and leather used in clothing. The earliest hunting tools would have included rocks, spears, the atlatl, bow and arrows. Dogs and sheep were among the first animals to be domesticated. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin showing coloured alpha helices. ... This article is about the skeletal organs. ... A tendon or sinew is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue, attached on one end to a muscle and on the other to a bone. ... For other uses, see Fur (disambiguation). ... Closeup on a single white feather A feather is one of the epidermal growths that forms the distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on a bird. ... Rawhide is a hide or animal skin that has not been exposed to tanning and thus is much lighter in color than treated animal hides. ... For other uses, see Leather (disambiguation). ... Look up spears in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... An atlatl (from Nahuatl ahtlatl ; in English pronounced [1] or [2]) or spear-thrower is a tool that uses leverage to achieve greater velocity in spear-throwing, and includes a bearing surface which allows the user to temporarily store energy during the throw. ... This article is about the projectile weapon bow. ... This article is about the weapon. ...

On ancient reliefs, especially from Mesopotamia, kings are often depicted as hunters of big game such as lions, especially from a war chariot. The cultural and psychological importance of hunting in ancient societies is represented by deities such as the horned god Cernunnos, or lunar goddesses of classical antiquity, Greek Artemis or Roman Diana. Taboos are often related to hunting, and mythological association of prey species with a divinity could be reflected in hunting restrictions such as a 'reserve' surrounding a temple, Euripides' tale of Artemis and Acteon, for example, may be seen as a caution against disrespect of prey or impudent boasting. For the torpedo-shaped underwater vehicle ridden by two frogmen, sometimes referred to as a chariot, see Human torpedo. ... Depiction of Cernunnos from the Pilier des nautes, Paris Cernunnos in Celtic polytheism is the deified spirit of horned male animals, especially of stags, a nature god associated with produce and fertility. ... Classical antiquity is a broad term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, which begins roughly with the earliest-recorded Greek poetry of Homer (7th century BC), and continues through the rise of Christianity and the fall of the Western Roman Empire (5th century AD... For other uses, see Artemis (disambiguation). ... The Diana of Versailles In Roman mythology, Diana was the goddess of the hunt, in literature the equivalent of the Greek goddess Artemis, though in cult she was Italic in origin. ... This article is about cultural prohibitions in general; for other uses, see Taboo (disambiguation). ... A statue of Euripides. ... A genus of Acteonidae Actéon, a work by Marc-Antoine Charpentier ...

Hunting is still vital in marginal climates, especially those unsuited for pastoral uses or agriculture. Inuit peoples in the Arctic trap and hunt animals for clothing. From the skins of sea mammals, they may make kayaks, clothing, and footwear. For other uses, see Pastoral (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Inuit (disambiguation). ...

With domestication of the dog, birds of prey and the ferret, various forms of animal-aided hunting developed including venery (scent hound hunting, such as fox hunting), coursing (sight hound hunting), falconry and ferreting. These are all associated with medieval hunting; in time various dog breeds were selected for very precise tasks during the hunt, reflected in such names as pointer and setter. Trinomial name Canis lupus familiaris The dog (Canis lupus familiaris) is a domestic subspecies of the wolf, a mammal of the Canidae family of the order Carnivora. ... Orders Accipitriformes     Cathartidae     Pandionidae     Accipitridae     Sagittariidae Falconiformes     Falconidae A bird of prey or raptor is a bird that hunts its food, especially one that preys on mammals or other birds. ... This article is about the mammal. ... Like most scent hounds, the Basset Hound has long ears, large nasal passages, and a sturdy body for endurance. ... A fox hunt Fox hunting is a form of hunting for foxes using a pack of scent hounds. ... Coursing is the pursuit of game by dogs—chiefly Greyhounds—running by sight, not by scent. ... The Whippet shows the characteristic long legs, deep chest, and narrow waist of a sight hound. ... Flying a Saker Falcon A Goshawk A Hobby Falconry or hawking is an art or sport which involves the use of trained raptors (birds of prey) to hunt or pursue game for humans. ... King William I and King Harold II of England are portrayed hawking in the Bayeux Tapestry. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Pointer (dog) redirects here. ... The Setter is a type of gundog used most often for hunting game such as quail, pheasant, and grouse. ...

Hunting in pastoral and agricultural societies

Ladies Hunting, Costumes of the fifteenth century, from a miniature in a ms. copy of Ovid's Epistles. No 7231 bis. Bibl. nat^le de Paris

Even as agriculture and animal husbandry became more prevalent, hunting often remained as a part of human culture where the environment and social conditions allow. Hunting may be used to kill animals who prey upon domestic animals or to attempt to extirpate native animals seen as competition for resources such as water or forage. Download high resolution version (2303x1663, 185 KB)Ladies Hunting. ... Download high resolution version (2303x1663, 185 KB)Ladies Hunting. ... Shepherd with his sheep in Făgăraş Mountains, Romania. ... Extirpation is the localized extinction of a species. ...

As hunting moved from a subsistence activity to a social one, two trends emerged. One was that of the specialist hunter with special training and equipment. The other was the emergence of hunting as a sport for those of an upper social class. The meaning of the word "game" in middle English evolved to include an animal which is hunted. Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions between individuals or groups in societies or cultures. ... Middle English is the name given by historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman invasion of 1066 and the mid-to-late 15th century, when the Chancery Standard, a form of London-based English, began to become widespread, a process aided by the...

As game became more of a luxury than a necessity, the stylized pursuit of it also became a luxury. Dangerous hunting, as for lions or wild boars, usually on horseback (or from a chariot had similar function to tournaments and manly sports. Hunting was considered to be an honourable, somewhat competitive pastime to help the aristocracy practice skills of war in times of peace. Game is any animal hunted for food or not normally domesticated (such as venison). ... For other uses, see Chariot (disambiguation). ... A Tournament, or tourney (from Old French torneiement, tornei[1]) is the name popularly given to chivalrous competitions or mock fights of the Middle Ages and Renaissance (12th to 16th centuries). ... -1...

Nobleman in Hunting Costume, preceded by his Servant, trying to find the Scent of a Stag, from a manuscript of the 14th century

In most parts of medieval Europe, the upper-class obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory. Game in these areas was certainly used as a source of food and furs, often provided via professional huntsmen; but it was also expected to provide a form of recreation for the aristocracy. The importance of this proprietary view of game can be seen in the Robin Hood legends, in which one of the primary charges against the outlaws is that they "hunt the King's deer". Image File history File links Size of this preview: 587 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1435 × 1465 pixel, file size: 146 KB, MIME type: image/png) (All user names refer to en. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 587 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1435 × 1465 pixel, file size: 146 KB, MIME type: image/png) (All user names refer to en. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Aristocrat redirects here. ... For other uses, see Robin Hood (disambiguation). ...

Hunting played an important role in the culture of the antebellum South. In most southern states, members of the slaveowning elite attempted to mimic the English aristocracy by imposing a variety of hunting laws and, in a few cases, by creating private game reserves.^{[citation needed]} In general, these efforts failed due to the determined efforts of slaves and poor whites to hunt. Consequently, beginning in the early 19th century, members of the elite began importing the idea of "sport" from England. This allowed them to construct a cultural difference between their approach to hunting, which focused on pursuit and the thrill of the chase, and the hunting methods used by poor whites and slaves, which focused on the acquisition of skins, hides, and fresh meat. Antebellum is a Latin word meaning before war(ante means before and bellum is war). ... Historic Southern United States. ...

Hunting with dogs

Hunting dogs with pheasants

Although various animals have been used to aid the hunter, none has been as important as the dog. The domestication of the dog has led to a symbiotic relationship in which the dog has lost its evolutionary independence to man in exchange for support. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1152 × 864 pixel, file size: 221 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1152 × 864 pixel, file size: 221 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... For other uses, see Symbiosis (disambiguation). ...

The word for hunting in Ancient Greek, kynègia, is derived from kynos 'dog'. In the Ottoman empire, some of the elite force of Janissaries, the ruler's guard, were Sekban, or dog guards.^{[citation needed]} Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–1365) Edirne (1365–1453) Ä°stanbul (1453–1922) Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 (first) Osman I  - 1918–22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers  - 1320... The Janissaries (or janizaries; in Turkish: Yeniçeri, meaning New Troops) comprised infantry units that formed the Ottoman sultans household troops and bodyguard. ...

Dogs today are used to find, chase and retrieve game and sometimes to kill it. Hunting dogs allow man to pursue and kill prey that would otherwise be very difficult or dangerous to hunt. Game is any animal hunted for food or not normally domesticated (such as venison). ... A hunting dog refers to any dog who assists humans in hunting, or whose breed was originally developed to do so. ...

Modern sport hunting

In time, hunting came to be seen as a sporting activity. Ultimately, the rising middle class or bourgeoisie adopted the practice and retained its image. The middle class (or middle classes) comprises a social group once defined by exception as an intermediate social class between the nobility and the peasantry. ... Bourgeois redirects here. ...

Although recreational hunters may choose to be selective hunters, many people hunt to enjoy the outdoors. Others enjoy game as an alternative to store bought meat.

The advent of recreational hunting spurred the advent of the modern environmental conservation movement.^{[citation needed]} Hunters such as Aldo Leopold, John Muir, and Teddy Roosevelt, became the founding fathers of the modern Conservation movement. The conservation movement is a political and social movement that seeks to protect natural resources including plant and animal species as well as their habitat for the future. ... Aldo Leopold (January 11, 1887 - April 21, 1948) was a United States ecologist, forester, and environmentalist. ... For other persons named John Muir, see John Muir (disambiguation). ... Theodore Roosevelt (October 27, 1858–January 6, 1919) was the twenty-fifth (1901) Vice President and the twenty-sixth (1901-1909) President of the United States, succeeding to the office upon the assassination of William McKinley. ... The conservation movement is a political and social movement that seeks to protect natural resources including plant and animal species as well as their habitat for the future. ...

Hunting and religion

Since prehistory, the importance of hunting for most cultures was reflected in their religions. For example, many old (often zoomorph) deities are either predators or prey of man. In pagan religions, specific rituals may be present before or after a hunt, the rituals done may vary according to the species hunted or the season the hunt is taking place. Zoomorphic decoration from the Book of Kells Zoomorphism, from Greek ζωον zōon, meaning animal, and μορφη, morphē, meaning shape or form, refers to the representation of animal forms in ornaments, or to the representation of gods in the form, or with attributes, of non-human animals, and also to the transformation...

Often a hunting ground, or the hunt for one or more species, was reserved or prohibited in the context of a temple cult.

Indian religions

The first Precept of Buddhism is the respect for all sentient life. The general approach by all Buddhists is to avoid killing any living creatures. The Buddha explained the issue by saying "all fear death; comparing others with oneself, one should neither kill nor cause to kill". The Hindu doctrine of Ahimsa is generally antagonistic to hunting. Jainism teaches to have tremendous respect for all of life. Prohibitions for hunting and meat eating are the fundamental conditions for being a Jain. Buddhism is a variety of teachings, sometimes described as a religion[1] or way of life that attempts to identify the causes of human suffering and offer various ways that are claimed to end, or ease suffering. ... Siddhartha and Gautama redirect here. ... Hinduism is a religious tradition[1] that originated in the Indian subcontinent. ... Ahimsa (Devanagari: ; IAST ) is a Sanskrit term meaning non-violence (literally: the avoidance of violence - himsa). ... Jain and Jaina redirect here. ... JAIN is an activity within the Java Community Process, developing APIs for the creation of telephony (voice and data) services. ...

Christianity and Judaism

From early Christian times, hunting has been forbidden to Roman Catholic Church clerics. Thus the "Corpus Juris Canonici" (C. ii, X, De cleric. venat.) we sais "We forbid to all servants of God hunting and expeditions through the woods with hounds; and we also forbid them to keep hawks or falcons." The Fourth Council of the Lateran, held under Pope Innocent III, decreed (canon xv): "We interdict hunting or hawking to all clerics." The decree of the Council of Trent is worded more mildly: "Let clerics abstain from illicit hunting and hawking" (Sess. XXIV, De reform., c. xii), which seems to imply that not all hunting is illicit, and canonists generally make a distinction declaring noisy (clamorosa) hunting unlawful but not quiet (quieta) hunting. Catholic Church redirects here. ... The Fourth Council of the Lateran was summoned by Pope Innocent III with his Bull of April 19, 1213. ... Pope Innocent III (c. ... The Council of Trent is the Nineteenth Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. ...

Ferraris (s.v. "Clericus", art. 6) gives it as the general sense of canonists that hunting is allowed to clerics if it be indulged in rarely and for sufficient cause, as necessity, utility or honest recreation, and with that moderation which is becoming to the ecclesiastical state. Ziegler, however (De episc., l. IV, c. xix), thinks that the interpretation of the canonists is not in accordance with the letter or spirit of the laws of the Church. An ecclesiastical government is a governmental body that derives its powers from spiritual or religious teachings. ...

Nevertheless, although the distinction between lawful and unlawful hunting is undoubtedly permissible, it is certain that a bishop can absolutely prohibit all hunting to the clerics of his diocese, as was done by synods at Milan, Avignon, Liège, Cologne and elsewhere. Benedict XIV (De synodo diœces., l. II, c. x) declared that such synodal decrees are not too severe, as an absolute prohibition of hunting is more conformable to the ecclesiastical law. In practice, therefore, the synodal statutes of various localities must be consulted to discover whether they allow quiet hunting or prohibit it altogether. Scholar Pope, Benedict XIV Benedict XIV, né Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini (Bologna, March 31, 1675 - Rome, May 3, 1758) was pope from 1740 to 1758. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Canon law is the term used for...

It is important to note that the Bible places no such restrictions on any Christian; however, the animal must be properly drained of blood before consuming.^{[citation needed]} Hence, Protestant clerics, Catholic lay parishioners, and Protestants have no religious restrictions on hunting. This is in accord with what is found in the Bible book of Acts 15:28-29. Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Relation to other religions Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Christianity Portal This box:      Protestantism encompasses the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated with the doctrines of the Reformation. ... For the literature genre, see Acts of the Apostles (genre). ...

Jewish hunting law, based on the Torah, is similar, permitting hunting of non-prey animals that are additionally considered Kosher for food, although hunting preying animals for food is strictly prohibited under Rabbinic law. Hence, birds of prey are specifically prohibited, being non-Kosher. Template:Jews and Jewdaism Template:The Holy Book Named TorRah The Torah () is the most valuable Holy Doctrine within Judaism,(and for muslims) revered as the first relenting Word of Ulllah, traditionally thought to have been revealed to Blessed Moosah, An Apostle of Ulllah. ... The circled U indicates that this can of tuna is certified kosher by the Union of Orthodox Congregations. ...

National hunting traditions

Shikar (India)

During the feudal and colonial epoch on the Indian continent, hunting was a true 'regal sport' in the numerous princely states, as many (Maha)rajas, Nawabs, as well as British officers maintained a whole corps of shikaris, who were native professional hunters. They would be headed by a master of the hunt, who might be styled Mir-shikar. Often these were recruited from the normally low-ranking local tribes because of their traditional knowledge of environment and hunting techniques. Big game, such as Bengal tigers, might be hunted from the back of an elephant. A princely state or native state was a feudal monarchy in British India ruled by a hereditary ruler, who was nominally sovereign. ... Traditional knowledge (TK), indigenous knowledge (IK), and local knowledge generally refer to the matured long-standing traditions and practices of certain regional, indigenous, or local communities. ... Genera and Species Loxodonta Loxodonta cyclotis Loxodonta africana Elephas Elephas maximus Elephas antiquus † Elephas beyeri † Elephas celebensis † Elephas cypriotes † Elephas ekorensis † Elephas falconeri † Elephas iolensis † Elephas planifrons † Elephas platycephalus † Elephas recki † Stegodon † Mammuthus † Elephantidae (the elephants) is a family of pachyderm, and the only remaining family in the order Proboscidea...

Indian social norms are generally antagonistic to hunting, while a few sects like the Bishnoi lay special emphasis on the conservation of particular species like the antelope. India's Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 bans the killing of all wild animals. However, the Chief Wildlife Warden may, if he is satisfied that any wild animal from a specified list has become dangerous to human life or is so disabled or diseased as to be beyond recovery, permit any person to hunt such animal. In such a case, the body of any wild animal killed or wounded becomes government property.^[7] It has been suggested that Convention (norm) be merged into this article or section. ... This article is about religious groups. ... The Bishnois are a community of nature worshippers in the state of Rajasthan, India. ... This article is about the herbivorous mammals. ... The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 refers to a sweeping package of legislation enacted in 1972 by the Government of India. ...

Safari

In 1977 Kenya chose to ban all hunting in favor of other tourism.

A safari, from Swahili word meaning a long journey, is an overland journey (especially in Africa). Image File history File links Hunters in Kenya. ... Image File history File links Hunters in Kenya. ... Map of Africa 1890 Look up safari in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about the language. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ...

Safari as a distinctive way of hunting was popularized by US author Ernest Hemingway and president Theodore Roosevelt. A safari may consist of several days or even weeks-long journey and camping in the bush or jungle, while pursuing big game. Nowadays, it's often used to describe tours through African national parks to watch or hunt wildlife. Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 — July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist. ... For other persons named Theodore Roosevelt, see Theodore Roosevelt (disambiguation). ... The Bush (Australian) The Bush (Australian) is Australian English for rural, undeveloped land or country areas, as distinct from the Outback. ... Box Log Falls, Lamington National Park, Queensland, Australia Jungle usually refers to a dense forest in a hot climate, such as a tropical rainforest. ... Game is any animal hunted for food or not normally domesticated (such as venison). ... This is a list of national parks ordered by nation. ...

Hunters are usually tourists, accompanied by (licensed and highly regulated) professional hunter ("PH"), local guides, skinners and porters in more difficult terrains. A special safari type is the solo-safari where all the license acquiring, stalking, preparation and outfitting is done by the hunter himself. This article is in need of attention. ... A porter carries objects. ... A hunting license is an American regulatory or legal mechanism to control recreational and sports hunting. ... Defined narrowly, a game stalker is a hunter who for sport, approaches close to his timid quarry before making a kill. ...

Photo-safaris were popular even before the advent of ecotourism. The synonym bloodless hunt for hunting with the use of film and a still photo camera was first used by the Polish photographer Włodzimierz Puchalski.^{[citation needed]} Tapanti National Park in Costa Rica Ecotourism, also known as ecological tourism, is a form of tourism that appeals to the ecologically and socially conscious individuals. ... WÅ‚odzimierz Puchalski (b. ...

United Kingdom

Fox hunting in 1850s England

See also: Hunting in the United Kingdom

Fox hunting is the type of hunting most closely associated with the United Kingdom. Originally a form of vermin control to protect livestock, it became a popular social activity for newly wealthy upper classes in Victorian times, and a traditional rural activity for riders and foot followers alike. The complicated rituals of the fox hunt are addressed in the article fox hunting. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (865x577, 74 KB) Summary http://www. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (865x577, 74 KB) Summary http://www. ... A Cocker Spaniel in a typical English shooting scene Hunting and Shooting in the United Kingdom has been practised there for many centuries and is a major part of British rural culture. ... A fox hunt Fox hunting is a form of hunting for foxes using a pack of scent hounds. ... Look up vermin in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Queen Victoria redirects here. ... A fox hunt Fox hunting is a form of hunting for foxes using a pack of scent hounds. ...

Similar to fox hunting in many ways is the chasing of hare with hounds. Sight hounds such as greyhounds may be used to run down hare in coursing with scent hounds such as beagles used for beagling, the hunting of hares on foot. Other sorts of foxhounds may also be used for hunting deer or mink. For other uses, see Hare (disambiguation). ... Categories: Dog stubs | Dog types ... The Whippet shows the characteristic long legs, deep chest, and narrow waist of a sight hound. ... This article is about the breed of dog; for other meanings of Greyhound, see Greyhound (disambiguation). ... Like most scent hounds, the Basset Hound has long ears, large nasal passages, and a sturdy body for endurance. ... This article is about the dog breed. ... The FOXHOUND emblem from the Metal Gear Solid series. ... Genera About 15 in 4 subfamilies. ... Binomial name (Schreber, 1777) The American Mink is a trademark of the American Legend Cooperative The American Mink, Neovison vison, is a North American member of the Mustelidae family found in Alaska, Canada and most of the United States. ...

These forms of hunting have been controversial in the UK. Animal welfare supporters believe that hunting causes unnecessary suffering to foxes, horses and hounds. Proponents argue that it is both culturally and economically important. Using dogs to chase wild mammals in this way was made illegal in February 2005 by the Hunting Act 2004. The issues involved are addressed in the article fox hunting legislation. Animal welfare is the viewpoint that animals, especially those under human care, should not suffer. ... The Hunting Act 2004 is an Act in the United Kingdom passed in 2004. ... Fox hunting legislation refers to various laws and legislative history related to fox hunting in the United Kingdom and elsewhere. ...

Hunting deer by foot without hounds is called game stalking. This article is about the ruminent animal. ... Defined narrowly, a game stalker is a hunter who for sport, approaches close to his timid quarry before making a kill. ...

The open season for grouse in the UK begins on August 12, the so-called Glorious Twelfth. The definition of game in the United Kingdom is governed by the Game Act 1831. Genera Tetrao Lagopus Falcipennis Centrocercus Bonasa Dendrapagus Tympanuchus Grouse are from the order Galliformes which inhabit temperate and subarctic regions of the northern hemisphere. ... is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Glorious Twelfth is usually used to refer to August 12, the start of the open season for grouse shooting in the United Kingdom. ... This is an incomplete list of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the years 1800-1899. ...

The British Shooting Tradition

The shooting of game birds, especially pheasants is a widespread sport in the UK, with the British Association for Shooting and Conservation saying that over a million people per year participate in shooting, though this figure includes game shooting, clay shooting and target shooting.^[8] Shooting, as opposed to traditional hunting, requires little questing for game - around 35 million birds are released onto shooting estates every year, some having been intensively reared. Shoots can be elaborate affairs with guns placed in assigned positions with assistants to help load shotguns. When in position, "beaters" move through the areas of cover swinging sticks or flags to drive the game out. Such events are often called "drives". Genera Ithaginis Catreus Rheinartia Crossoptilon Lophura Argusianus Pucrasia Syrmaticus Chrysolophus Phasianus † See also partridge, quail Pheasants are a group of large birds in the order Galliformes. ... The British Association for Shooting and Conservation (BASC) is a British organisation whose mission is to promote and protect sporting shooting and the well-being of the countryside throughout the United Kingdom and overseas. ... Game is any animal hunted for food or not normally domesticated (such as venison). ... Clay pigeon shooting, formally known as Inanimate Bird Shooting, is the art of shooting at special flying targets, known as clay pigeons or clay targets, with a shotgun. ... The shooting sports include those competitive sports involving tests of proficiency (accuracy and speed) using various types of guns such as firearms and airguns (see Archery for more information on shooting sports that make use of bows and arrows). ... The factual accuracy of part of this article is disputed. ...

United States

Carrying a bear trophy head at the Kodiak Archipelago

North American hunting predates the United States by thousands of years, and was an important part of many pre-Columbian Native American cultures. Native Americans retain some hunting rights and are exempt from some laws as part of Indian treaties and otherwise under federal law—examples include eagle feather laws and exemptions in the Marine Mammal Protection Act. This is considered particularly important in Alaska Native communities. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 477 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (835 × 1050 pixel, file size: 104 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Source: Fish and Wildlife Services image library Summary: Close view of man with huge bear head strapped to his back on the Kodiak Archipelago. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 477 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (835 × 1050 pixel, file size: 104 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Source: Fish and Wildlife Services image library Summary: Close view of man with huge bear head strapped to his back on the Kodiak Archipelago. ... For other uses, see Bear (disambiguation). ... The Kodiak Archipelago is an archipelago, or group of islands, south of the mainland of the United States state of Alaska, about 405 km (252 miles) by air south of Anchorage in the Gulf of Alaska. ... The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the American continents. ... This article is about the people indigenous to the United States. ... This article is about the people indigenous to the United States. ... Federal law is the body of law created by the federal government of a nation. ... There are a number of federal wildlife laws pertaining to eagles and their feathers (e. ... The Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 prohibits, with certain exceptions, the take of marine mammals in U.S. waters and by U.S. citizens on the high seas, and the importation of marine mammals and marine mammal products into the U.S. Congress defines take as “harass, hunt, capture... Alaskan Natives are Aboriginal Americans who live in Alaska. ...

Regulation of hunting is primarily regulated by state law; additional regulations are imposed through United States environmental law in the case of migratory birds and endangered species. State law, in the United States, is the law of each separate U.S. state, as passed by the state legislature and signed into law by the state governor. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Long-distance land bird migration Many species of land birds migrate very long distances, the most common pattern being for birds to breed in the temperate or arctic northern hemisphere and winter in warmer regions, often in the tropics or the southern hemisphere. ... The Siberian Tiger is a subspecies of tiger that are critically endangered. ...

Regulations vary widely from state to state, and govern the areas, time periods, techniques and methods by which specific game animals may be hunted. Some states make a distinction between protected species and unprotected species (often vermin or varmints) for which there are no hunting regulations. Hunters of protected species require a hunting license in all states, for which completion of a hunting safety course is sometimes a prerequisite. Look up vermin in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Vermin is a term given to animals which are considered by humans to be pests or nuisances, most associated with the carrying of disease. ... A hunting license is an American regulatory or legal mechanism to control recreational and sports hunting. ...

Typically game animals are divided into several categories for regulatory purposes. Typical categories, along with example species, are as follows:

• Big game: white-tailed deer, mule deer, moose, elk, reindeer (caribou), bear, bighorn sheep, pronghorn, boar, javelina as well as exotic species often found in canned hunts
• Small Game: rabbit, hare, squirrel, oppossum, raccoon
• Furbearers: beaver, red fox, mink, pine martin, musk rat, bobcat
• Predators: cougar (mountain lion/panther), coyote
• Upland game bird: grouse, turkey, chukar, pheasant, bobwhite quail, dove
• Waterfowl: ducks including mallard, geese including Canada goose

Hunting big game typically requires a "tag" for each animal harvested. Tags must be purchased in addition to the hunting license, and the number of tags issued to an individual is typically limited. In cases where there are more prospective hunters than the quota for that species, tags are usually assigned by lottery. Tags may be further restricted to a specific area or "wildlife management unit." Hunting migratory waterfowl requires a "duck stamp" from the Fish and Wildlife Service. Game is any animal hunted for food or not normally domesticated (such as venison). ... Binomial name Zimmermann, 1780 The White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), also known as the Virginia deer, or simply as the whitetail, is a medium-sized deer found throughout most of the continental United States, southern Canada, Mexico, Central America, northern portions of South America as far south as Peru, and... Binomial name (Rafinesque, 1817) The mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) is a deer whose habitat is in the western half of North America. ... For other uses, see Moose (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Elk (disambiguation). ... Caribou redirects here. ... For other uses, see Bear (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Shaw, 1804 Synonyms Desmarest Cuvier[1] Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis)[2] is one of three species of mountain sheep in North America and Siberia; the other two species being Ovis dalli, that includes Dall Sheep and Stones Sheep, and the Siberian Snow sheep Ovis nivicola. ... Binomial name Antilocapra americana Ord, 1815 Subspecies The Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) is the only surviving member of the family Antilocapridae, and the fastest mammal in North America running at speeds of 58 mph (90 km/h). ... Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 The wild boar (Sus scrofa) is the wild ancestor of the domestic pig. ... Species Dicotyles tajacu Tyassu pecari Catagonus wagneri A peccary (also known by its Spanish name, Javelina) is a medium-sized mammal of the family Tayassuidae. ... A canned hunt is essentially a trophy hunt where the customer is guaranteed a kill by the simple expedient of the hosts pre-capturing the animal, and releasing it into an area where the hunter can take a shot at it, such as in a fenced-in area. ... For other uses, see Rabbit (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Hare (disambiguation). ... This article is about the animal. ... This article or section should be merged with Virginia_opossum The word opossum (usually pronounced without the leading O, or with only a very slight schwa) refers either to the Virginia Opossum in particular, or more generally to any of the other marsupials of magnorder Ameridelphia. ... For the river, see Raccoon River. ... For other uses, see Beaver (disambiguation). ... For the American comedian, see Redd Foxx. ... For other uses, see Mink (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Ondatra zibethicus (Linnaeus, 1766) The Muskrat or Musquash (Ondatra zibethicus), the only species in genus Ondatra, is a large aquatic rodent native to North America, and introduced in parts of Europe. ... For other uses, see Bobcat (disambiguation). ... Predator and Prey redirect here. ... For other uses, see Cougar (disambiguation), Puma (disambiguation), or Panther. ... For other uses, see Coyote (disambiguation). ... Upland game is an American term which refers to those game birds hunted with pointing breeds, flushing spaniels, and retrievers which are not water fowl. ... Genera Tetrao Lagopus Falcipennis Centrocercus Bonasa Dendrapagus Tympanuchus Grouse are from the order Galliformes which inhabit temperate and subarctic regions of the northern hemisphere. ... Binomial name Alectoris chukar (Gray, JE, 1830) The chukar, Alectoris chukar, is a gamebird in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes, gallinaceous birds. ... Genera Ithaginis Catreus Rheinartia Crossoptilon Lophura Argusianus Pucrasia Syrmaticus Chrysolophus Phasianus † See also partridge, quail Pheasants are a group of large birds in the order Galliformes. ... Binomial name Colinus virginianus (Linnaeus, 1758) The Bobwhite Quail or Northern Bobwhite, Colinus virginianus, is a ground-dwelling bird native to North America. ... Subfamilies see article text Feral Rock Pigeon beside Weiming Lake, Peking University Dove redirects here. ... Falcated Duck at Slimbridge Wildfowl and Wetlands centre, Gloucestershire, England Wildfowl or waterfowl, also waterbirds, is the collective term for the approximately 147 species of swans, geese and ducks, classified in the order Anseriformes, family Anatidae. ... Subfamilies Dendrocygninae Oxyurinae Anatinae Aythyinae Merginae Duck is the common name for a number of species in the Anatidae family of birds. ... For other uses, see Mallard (disambiguation). ... Geese redirects here. ... For the outerwear manufacturer, see Canada Goose (clothing). ... The USFWS logo The United States Fish and Wildlife Service is a unit of the United States Department of the Interior that is dedicated to managing and preserving wildlife. ...