| | Sustainable development Portal | Hydrogen production is commonly completed from hydrocarbon fossil fuels via a chemical path. Hydrogen may also be extracted from water via biological production in an algae bioreactor, or using electricity (by electrolysis) or heat (by thermolysis); these methods are less efficient for bulk generation in comparison to chemical paths derived from hydrocarbons. The discovery and development of less expensive methods of bulk production of hydrogen will accelerate the establishment of a healthy hydrogen economy. Image File history File links Sustainable_development. ...
Look up Hydrocarbon in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
For other uses, see Fossil (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the chemistry of hydrogen. ...
An Algae farm. ...
A bioreactor may refer to any device or system that supports a biologically active environment. ...
Electricity (from New Latin Ä“lectricus, amberlike) is a general term for a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge. ...
In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an electric current through them. ...
For other uses, see Heat (disambiguation) In physics, heat, symbolized by Q, is energy transferred from one body or system to another due to a difference in temperature. ...
Thermolysis (from thermo- meaning heat and -lysis meaning break down) is a chemical process by which a substance is decomposed into other substances by use of heat. ...
A hydrogen economy is a hypothetical economy in which the energy needed for motive power (for automobiles or other vehicle types) or electricity (for stationary applications) is derived from reacting hydrogen (H2) with oxygen. ...
From hydrocarbons Hydrogen can be generated from natural gas with approximately 80% efficiency, or other hydrocarbons to a varying degree of efficiency. The hydrocarbon conversion method releases greenhouse gases. Since the production is concentrated in one facility, it is possible to separate the gases and dispose of them properly, for example by injecting them in an oil or gas reservoir (see carbon capture), although this is not currently done in most cases. A carbon dioxide injection project has been started by Norwegian company StatoilHydro in the North Sea, at the Sleipner field. For other uses, see Natural gas (disambiguation). ...
Look up Hydrocarbon in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Top: Increasing atmospheric CO2 levels as measured in the atmosphere and ice cores. ...
Carbon sequestration from a fossil-fuel power station A carbon dioxide (CO2) sink is a carbon reservoir that is increasing in size, and is the opposite of a carbon source. The main natural sinks are (1) the oceans and (2) plants and other organisms that use photosynthesis to remove carbon...
StatoilHydro ASA (OSE: STL) is a Norwegian energy company, formed by the 2007 merger of Statoil with the oil and gas business of Norsk Hydro. ...
The North Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, located between the coasts of Norway and Denmark in the east, the coast of the British Isles in the west, and the German, Dutch, Belgian and French coasts in the south. ...
Odin entering Valhalla riding on Sleipnir (Ardre image stone) In Norse mythology, Sleipnir is Odins magical eight-legged steed, and the first of all horses. ...
Steam reforming Commercial bulk hydrogen is usually produced by the steam reforming of natural gas. At high temperatures (700–1100 °C), steam (H2O) reacts with methane (CH4) to yield syngas. Steam reforming, hydrogen reforming or catalytic oxidation, is a method of producing hydrogen from hydrocarbons. ...
For other uses, see Natural gas (disambiguation). ...
Methane is a chemical compound with the molecular formula . ...
It has been suggested that Town gas be merged into this article or section. ...
- CH4 + H2O → CO + 3 H2 - 191.7 kJ/mol
The heat required to drive the process is generally supplied by burning some portion of the methane. Methane is a chemical compound with the molecular formula . ...
Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ...
R-phrases , , , , S-phrases , , , , Flash point Flammable gas Related Compounds Related oxides carbon dioxide; carbon suboxide; dicarbon monoxide; carbon trioxide Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ...
This article is about the chemistry of hydrogen. ...
Carbon monoxide Additional hydrogen can be recovered from the carbon monoxide (CO) through the lower-temperature water gas shift reaction, performed at about 130 °C: Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
R-phrases , , , , S-phrases , , , , Flash point Flammable gas Related Compounds Related oxides carbon dioxide; carbon suboxide; dicarbon monoxide; carbon trioxide Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ...
The water gas shift reaction is an organic reaction in which water and carbon monoxide react to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen (water splitting) CO + H2O → CO2 + H2 The water gas shift reaction is part of steam reforming of hydrocarbons and is involved in the chemistry of catalytic converters While...
- CO + H2O → CO2 + H2 + 40.4 kJ/mol
Essentially, the oxygen (O) atom is stripped from the water (steam) to oxidize the carbon (C), liberating the hydrogen formerly bound to the carbon and oxygen. General Name, symbol, number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, period, block 16, 2, p Appearance colourless (gas) colourless (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ...
For other uses, see Carbon (disambiguation). ...
Coal Coal can be converted into syngas and methane, also known as town gas, via coal gasification. Coal Example chemical structure of coal Coal (pronounced ) is a fossil fuel formed in swamp ecosystems where plant remains were saved by water and mud from oxidization and biodegradation. ...
It has been suggested that Town gas be merged into this article or section. ...
Methane is a chemical compound with the molecular formula . ...
Town gas is a generic term referring to manufactured gas produced for sale to consumers and municipalities. ...
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From water
Biological production -
Hydrogen can be produced in an algae bioreactor. In the late 1990s it was discovered that if the algae is deprived of sulfur it will switch from the production of oxygen, i.e. normal photosynthesis, to the production of hydrogen. An Algae farm. ...
Osborne (talk) 20:17, 5 December 2007 (UTC):For the programming language, see algae (programming language) Laurencia, a marine red alga from Hawaii. ...
A bioreactor may refer to any device or system that supports a biologically active environment. ...
This article is about the chemical element. ...
General Name, symbol, number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, period, block 16, 2, p Appearance colourless (gas) colourless (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ...
The leaf is the primary site of photosynthesis in plants. ...
It seems that the production is now economically feasible by trespassing the 7-10 percent energy efficiency (the conversion of sunlight into hydrogen) barrier.
Hydrogen can and is produced in bioreactors that utilize feedstocks other than algae, the most common feedstock being waste streams. The process involves bacteria feeding on hydrocarbons and exhaling hydrogen and CO2. The CO2 can be sequestered successfully by several methods, leaving hydrogen gas. A prototype hydrogen bioreactor using waste as a feedstock is in operation at Welch's grape juice factory in North East, Pennsylvania.
Electrolysis
Hydrogen from renewable resources -
It is more efficient to produce hydrogen through a direct chemical path than by electrolysis, but the chemical feedsource will always produce pollution or toxic byproducts as hydrogen is extracted. With electrolysis, when the energy supply is mechanical (hydropower or wind turbines), or photovoltaic from sunlight, hydrogen can be made via electrolysis of water. Usually, the electricity consumed is more valuable than the hydrogen produced so this method has not been widely used in the past, but with electrolysis production of hydrogen, there is virtually no pollution or toxic byproducts, and the feed sources are fully renewable, so the importance of electrolysis is increasing as human population and pollution increase, and electrolysis will become more economically competitive as non-renewable resources (carbon-based compounds) dwindle and as government removes subsidies on carbon-based energies. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Hoffman voltameter used to electrolyze water. ...
In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an electric current through them. ...
Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ...
When the energy supply is in the form of heat (solar thermal or nuclear), the path to hydrogen is through high-temperature electrolysis. In contrast with low-temperature electrolysis, high-temperature electrolysis (HTE) electrolysis of water converts more of the initial heat energy into chemical energy (hydrogen), potentially doubling efficiency, to about 50%. Because some of the energy in HTE is supplied in the form of heat, less of the energy must be converted twice (from heat to electricity, and then to chemical form), and so less energy is lost. HTE has been demonstrated in a laboratory, but not at a commercial scale. High-temperature electrolysis schema. ...
For other uses, see Heat (disambiguation) In physics, heat, symbolized by Q, is energy transferred from one body or system to another due to a difference in temperature. ...
Fuel efficiency, in its basic sense, is the same as thermal efficiency, meaning the efficiency of a process that converts energy contained in a carrier fuel into energy or work. ...
Irrespective of efficiency, hydrogen production by electrolysis is a clean and renewable agent for storing electrical and mechanical energy for retrieval on demand.
Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Using electricity produced by photovoltaic systems offers the cleanest way to produce hydrogen. Water is broken into hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis--a photoelectrochemical (PEC) process. Research aimed toward developing higher-efficiency multijunction cell technology is underway by the Photovoltaic industry.
High-temperature electrolysis (HTE) -
Main article: High-temperature electrolysis HTE processes are generally only considered in combination with a nuclear heat source, because the other non-chemical form of high-temperature heat (concentrating solar thermal) is not consistent enough to bring down the capital costs of the HTE equipment. Research into HTE and high-temperature nuclear reactors may eventually lead to a hydrogen supply that is cost-competitive with natural gas steam reforming. High-temperature electrolysis schema. ...
Some prototype Generation IV reactors operate at 850 to 1000 degrees Celsius, considerably hotter than existing commercial nuclear power plants. General Atomics predicts that hydrogen produced in a High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor (HTGR) would cost $1.53/kg. In 2003, steam reforming of natural gas yielded hydrogen at $1.40/kg. At 2005 gas prices, hydrogen cost $2.70/kg[citation needed]. Hence, just within the United States, a savings of tens of billions of dollars per year is possible with a nuclear-powered supply. Much of this savings would translate into reduced oil and natural gas imports. Generation IV reactors (Gen IV) are a set of theoretical nuclear reactor designs currently being researched. ...
The degree Celsius (°C) is a unit of temperature named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who first proposed it in 1742. ...
This article is about applications of nuclear fission reactors as power sources. ...
General Atomics is a nuclear physics and defense contractor headquartered in San Diego, California. ...
Kg redirects here. ...
2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
One side benefit of a nuclear reactor that produces both electricity and hydrogen is that it can shift production between the two. For instance, the plant might produce electricity during the day and hydrogen at night, matching its electrical generation profile to the daily variation in demand. If the hydrogen can be produced economically, this scheme would compete favorably with existing grid energy storage schemes. What is more, there is sufficient hydrogen demand in the United States that all daily peak generation could be handled by such plants[1].However the Generation IV reactors are not expected until 2030 and it's not sure the reactors can compete by then in safety and supply with the distributed generation concept. Electricity (from New Latin Ä“lectricus, amberlike) is a general term for a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge. ...
Ffestiniog pumped storage power station upper reservoir Grid energy storage lets energy producers send excess electricity over the electricity transmission grid to temporary electricity storage sites that become energy producers when electricity demand is greater. ...
Generation IV reactors (Gen IV) are a set of theoretical nuclear reactor designs currently being researched. ...
Distributed generation generates electricity from many small energy sources. ...
Thermochemical production Some thermochemical processes, such as the sulfur-iodine cycle, can produce hydrogen and oxygen from water and heat without using electricity. Since all the input energy for such processes is heat, they can be more efficient than high-temperature electrolysis. Thermochemical production of hydrogen using chemical energy from coal or natural gas is generally not considered, because the direct chemical path is more efficient. The sulfur-iodine cycle is a series of thermochemical processes used to produce hydrogen. ...
None of the thermochemical hydrogen production processes have been demonstrated at production levels, although several have been demonstrated in laboratories.
Other methods Buckminsterfullerene C60, also known as the buckyball, is the simplest of the carbon structures known as fullerenes. ...
The leaf is the primary site of photosynthesis in plants. ...
A photoelectrochemical cell uses electromagnetic radiation including visible light to produce hydrogen, in a similar way to electrolysis of water. ...
Hydridic Earth theory is a hypothesis proposed in 1968 by a Soviet geologist Vladimir Larin. ...
See also A hydrogen economy is a hypothetical economy in which the energy needed for motive power (for automobiles or other vehicle types) or electricity (for stationary applications) is derived from reacting hydrogen (H2) with oxygen. ...
Hydrogen leak testing is the normal way in which a hydrogen pressure vessel or installation is checked for leaks or flaws. ...
Hydrogen storage is the main technological problem of a viable hydrogen economy. ...
A hydrogen station is a storage or filling station for hydrogen, usually located along a road or highway, or at home as part of the distributed generation resources concept. ...
This article or section is incomplete and may require expansion and/or cleanup. ...
The Hype about Hydrogen, Fact and Fiction in the Race to Save the Climate is a book by Joseph J. Romm, published in 2004 (ISBN 1-55963-703-X) and updated in 2005 (ISBN 1-55963-704-8). ...
External links - USDOE Hydrogen from Coal Research
- [2] National Renewable Energy Laboratory article on hydrogen production
- Article advocating the use of nuclear power to produce hydrogen
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