Abu'l Qasim Ubaid'Allah ibn Khordadbeh (c. 820-912 CE) was a Muslimgeographer and bureaucrat of the 800's CE. A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is a believer in or follower of Islam. ... A geographer is a scientist whose area of study is geography, the study of the physical environment and human habitat. ... A bureaucrat is a member of a bureaucracy, usually within an institution of the government. ...
Ibn Khordadbeh was the son of a wealty Persian family in northern Iran. He was appointed "Director of Posts and Police" for the province of Djibal under the Abbasid Caliph al-Mutammid (r.869-885 CE). In this capacity ibn Khordadbeh served as both postmaster general and the Caliph's personal spymaster in that vital province. Persia or Persian most often refer to: Persia The Persians, an ethnic group, also called Tajiks Persian language Persian (Pokémon) See also Iranian, Iranian peoples, Iranian languages and Aryan. ... Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ...
Around 870 ibn Khordadbeh wrote al-Qitab al Masalik w’al Mamalik ("The Book of Roads and Kingdoms"). In this work, ibn Khordadbeh described the various peoples and provinces of the Abbasid Caliphate. It is one of the only surviving sources that describes the Jewish merchant company known as the Radhanites. Abbasid provinces during the caliphate of Harun al-Rashid Abbasid was the dynastic name generally given to the caliphs of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Muslim empire, that overthrew the Umayyid caliphs. ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. ... Radhanites (also Radanites, Arabic al-Radhaniyya) The Radhanites were a medieval group or guild of Jewish merchants. ...
Ibn al-Faqih reported in the 10th century that "all the Khazars are Jews." Notwithstanding this statement, most scholars believed that only the upper classes converted to Judaism; there is some support for this in contemporary Muslim texts.
Ibn Fadlan relates that around 920 the Khazar ruler received information that Muslims had destroyed a synagogue in the land of Babung, in Iran; he gave orders that the minaret of the mosque in his capital should be broken off, and the muezzin executed.
Abraham ibn Daud, a twelfth-century Spanish rabbi, reported meeting Khazar rabbinical students in Toledo, and that they informed him that the "remnant of them is of the rabbinic faith." This reference indicates that some Khazars maintained ethnic, if not political, autonomy at least two centuries after the sack of Atil.
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