Ichthyology (from Greek: ἰχθυ, ikhthu, "fish"; and λόγος, logos, "knowledge") is the branch of zoology devoted to the study of fish. This includes skeletal fish (Osteichthyes), cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes), and jawless fish (Agnatha). An estimated 25,000 fish species exist, comprising a majority of vertebrates. While a majority of species have probably been discovered and described, approximately 250 new species are officially described by science each year. This article considers the history of zoology in the years up to 1912, since the theory of evolution by natural selection proposed by Charles Darwin in 1859. ... Zoology (from Greek: ζῴον, zoion, animal; and λόγος, logos, knowledge) is the biological discipline which involves the study of animals. ... For other uses, see Fish (disambiguation). ... Classes Actinopterygii Sarcopterygii Osteichthyes are a taxonomic superclass of fish, also called bony fish that includes the ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii) and lobe finned fish (Sarcopterygii). ... Subclasses and Orders See text. ... Idealized agnatha. ...

The practice of ichthyology is associated with marine biology and limnology. Various species of reef fish in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. ... Limnology is a discipline that concerns the study of inland waters (both saline and fresh), specifically lakes, ponds and rivers (both natural and manmade), including their biological, physical, chemical, and hydrological aspects. ...

History

The study of fishes dates from the Upper Paleolithic Revolution (with the advent of 'high culture'). The science of ichthyology was developed in several interconnecting epochs, each with various significant advancements. The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, Africa and Asia. ...

Pre-historical Era

(38,000 BC–1500 BC)

Fish compose approximately 8% of all figurative depictions on Mimbres pottery.

The study of fish receives its origins from the human desire to feed, clothe, and equip themselves with useful implements. According to Michael Barton, a prominent ichthyologist and professor at Centre College, "The earliest ichthyologists were hunters and gatherers who had learned how to obtain the most useful fishes, where to obtain them in abundance, and at what times they might be the most available." These insights of early cultures were manifested in abstract and identifiable artistic expressions. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (762x724, 135 KB) The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (762x724, 135 KB) The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... For other uses, see Fish (disambiguation). ... The Mogollon (pronounced mo-goi-YONE) were an American Indian culture lived in the American Southwest from approximately AD 700 until sometime between AD 1300 and AD 1400. ... Unfired green ware pottery on a traditional drying rack at Conner Prairie living history museum. ... Michael Barton is a prominent ichthyologist and professor at Centre College in Danville, Kentucky since 1979. ... Centre College is an accredited, private, four-year liberal arts college located in Danville, Kentucky, USA, a community of about 15,000 in Boyle County, approximately 35 miles (56. ...

Judeo-Christian Era

(1500 BC–40 AD)

Informal, scientific descriptions of fish are represented within the Judeo-Christian tradition. Moses, in the development of the kashrut, forbade the consumption of fish without scales or appendages. Theologians and ichthyologists speculate that the apostle Peter and his contemporaries harvested the fish that are today sold in modern industry along the Sea of Galilee, presently known as Lake Kinneret. These fish include cyprinids of the genus Barbus and Mirogrex, cichlids of the genus Sarotherodon, and Mugil cephalus of the family Mugilidae. Jacob wrestling an angel, by Gustave Doré (1832-1883), a shared Judeo-Christian story. ... Moses with the Tablets, 1659, by Rembrandt This article is about the Biblical figure. ... Look up kosher in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Theology is literally rational discourse concerning God (Greek θεος, theos, God, + λογος, logos, rational discourse). By extension, it also refers to the study of other religious topics. ... “St Peter” redirects here. ... The Sea of Galilee or Lake Kinneret (Hebrew ים כנרת), is Israels largest freshwater lake. ... The Sea of Galilee with the Jordan River flowing out of it to the south and into the Dead Sea The Sea of Galilee is Israels largest freshwater lake, approximately 53 kilometers (33 miles) in circumference, about 21 km (13 miles) long, and 13 km (8 miles) wide; it... Genera (many, see text) The family Cyprinidae, named after the Greek word for goldfish, consists of the carps and minnows. ... For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ... Subfamilies Astronotinae Cichlasomatinae Cichlinae Etroplinae Geophaginae Heterochromidinae Paratilapiinae Pseudocrenilabrinae Ptychochrominae Retroculinae For genera, see below. ... The hierarchy of scientific classification In biological classification, family (Latin: familia, plural familiae) is a rank, or a taxon in that rank. ... Family Mugilidae The Mugilidae is the family of the mullets. ...

Mediterranean Era

(335 BC–80 AD)

Aristotle incorporated ichthyology into formal scientific study. Between 335 BC–322 BC, he provided the earliest taxonomic classification of fish, in which 117 species of Mediterranean fish were accurately described. Furthermore, Aristotle observed the anatomical and behavioral differences between fish and marine mammals. Proceeding his death, some of his pupils continued his ichthyological research. Theophrastus, for example, composed a treatise on amphibious fish. The Romans, although less devoted to the pursuit of science, wrote extensively about fish. Pliny the Elder, a notable Roman naturalist, compiled the ichthyological works of indigenous Greeks, including verifiable and ambiguous peculiarities such as the sawfish and mermaid respectively. Pliny's documentation was the last significant contribution to ichthyology until the European Renaissance. Aristotle (Greek: AristotélÄ“s) (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. ... Look up taxonomy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ... Human heart and lungs, from an older edition of Grays Anatomy. ... For other uses, see Fish (disambiguation). ... A Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), a member of Order Cetacea A Leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), a member of infrafamily Pinnipedia A West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus), a member of Order Sirenia A pair of Sea Otters (Enhydra lutris), a member of family Mustelidae yeahh boii ♥ A marine mammal is a... Theophrastus (Greek Θεόφραστος, 370 — about 285 BC), a native of Eressos in Lesbos, was the successor of Aristotle in the Peripatetic school. ... Look up Treatise in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Pliny the Elder: an imaginative 19th Century portrait. ... Table of natural history, 1728 Cyclopaedia Natural history is an umbrella term for what are now often viewed as several distinct scientific disciplines of integrative organismal biology. ... See: Sawfish is a window manager for Unix systems running X. Sawfish is a type of cartilaginous fish. ... A mermaid (from the Middle English mere in the obsolete sense sea (as in maritime, the Latin mare, sea) + maid(en)) is a legendary aquatic creature with the head and torso of human female and the tail of a fish. ... By Region: Italian Renaissance Northern Renaissance -French Renaissance -German Renaissance -English Renaissance The Renaissance was an influential cultural movement which brought about a period of scientific revolution and artistic transformation, at the dawn of modern European history. ...

European Renaissance Era

(13th–16th century)

The writings of three sixteenth century scholars, Hippolyte Salviani, Pierre Belon, and Guillaume Rondelet, signify the conception of modern ichthyology. The investigations of these individuals were based upon actual research in comparison to ancient recitations. This property popularized and emphasized these discoveries. Despite their prominence, Rondelet's De Piscibus Marinum is regarded as the most influential, identifying 244 species of fish. (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... Pierre Belon (1517‑1564) was a French naturalist. ... Guillaume Rondelet Guillaume Rondelet (1507-1566) was professor of medicine at the university of Montpellier in southern France. ...

Exploration and Colonization Era

(16th–17th century)

The incremental alterations in navigation and shipbuilding throughout the Renaissance marked the commencement of a new epoch in ichthyology. The Renaissance culminated with the era of exploration and colonization, and upon the cosmopolitan interest in navigation came the specialization in naturalism. Georg Marcgrave of Saxony composed the Naturalis Brasilae in 1648. This document contained a description of 100 species of fish indigenous to the Brazilian coastline. In 1686, John Ray and Francis Willughby collaboratively published Historia Piscium, a scientific manuscript containing 420 species of fish, 178 of these newly discovered. The fish contained within this informative literature were arranged in a provisional system of classification. Georg Marcgrave (1610-1648). ... Location Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DED Capital Dresden Minister-President Georg Milbradt (CDU) Governing parties CDU / SPD Votes in Bundesrat 4 (from 69) Basic statistics Area  18,416 km² (7,110 sq mi) Population 4,252,000 (11/2006)[1]  - Density 231 /km... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Francis Willughby (November 22, 1635 - July 3, 1672) was an English ornithologist and ichthyologist. ...

The classification used within the Historia Piscium was invented by Carolus Linnaeus, the "father of modern taxonomy". His taxonomic approach became the systematic approach to the study of organisms, including fish. Linnaeus was a professor at the University of Uppsala and an eminent botanist; however, one of his colleagues, Peter Artedi, earned the title "father of ichthyology" through his indispensable advancements. Artedi contributed to Linnaeus's refinement of the principles of taxonomy. Furthermore, he recognized five additional orders of fish: Malacopterygii, Acanthopterygii, Branchiostegi, Chondropterygii, and Plagiuri. Artedi developed standard methods for making counts and measurements of anatomical features that are modernly exploited. Another associate of Linnaeus, Albertus Seba, was a prosperous pharmacist from Amsterdam. Seba assembled a cabinet, or collection, of fish. He invited Artedi to utilize this assortment of fish; unfortunately, in 1735, Artedi fell into an Amsterdam canal and drowned at the age of 30. Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as  , (May 23, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ... Uppsala University Uppsala University (Swedish Uppsala universitet) is a public university in Uppsala, Sweden. ... Pinguicula grandiflora Example of a Cross Section of a Stem [1] Botany is the scientific study of plant life. ... Peter Artedi (February 22, 1705 – September 27, 1735) was a Swedish naturalist and is known as the father of Ichthyology. Artedi was born in the province of Angermannia. ... In scientific classification used in biology, the order (Latin: ordo, plural ordines) is a rank between class and family (termed a taxon at that rank). ... Albertus Seba (1665-1736) was a Zoologist who published an early Thesaurus of animal specimens. ... The mortar and pestle is an international symbol of pharmacists and pharmacies. ... For other uses, see Amsterdam (disambiguation). ...

Linnaeus posthumously published Artedi's manuscripts as Ichthyologia, sive Opera Omnia de Piscibus (1738). His refinement of taxonomy was culminated subsequent to the development of the binomial nomenclature which is in use by contemporary ichthyologists. Furthermore, he revised the orders introduced by Artedi, placing significance on pelvic fins. Fish lacking this appendage were placed within the order Apodes; fish containing abdominal, thoracic, or jugular pelvic fins were termed Abdominales, Thoracici, and Jugulares respectively. However, these alterations were not grounded within the evolutionary theory. Therefore, it would take over a century until Charles Darwin would provide the intellectual foundation from which we would be permitted to perceive that the degree of similarity in taxonomic features was a consequence of phylogenetic relationship. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Fish anatomy is primarily governed by the physical characteristics of water, which is much denser than air, holds a relatively small amount of dissolved oxygen, and absorbs light more than does air. ... For other people of the same surname, and places and things named after Charles Darwin, see Darwin. ... A phylogeny (or phylogenesis) is the origin and evolution of a set of organisms, usually of a species. ...

Modern Era

(17th century–Present)

Close to the dawn of the nineteenth century, Marcus Elieser Bloch of Berlin and Georges Cuvier of Paris made an attempt to consolidate the knowledge of ichthyology. Cuvier summarized all of the available information in his monumental Histoire Naturelle des Poissons. This manuscript was published between 1828 and 1849 in a 22 volume series. This documentation contained 4,514 species of fish, 2,311 of these new to science. This piece of literature still remained one of the most ambitious treatises of the modern world. The scientific exploration of the Americas progressed our knowledge of the remarkable diversity of fish. Charles Alexandre Lesueur, a student of Cuvier, who made a cabinet of fish dwelling within the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River regions. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Marcus Elieser Bloch (1723 - 1799) was a German medical doctor and naturalist. ... This article is about the capital of Germany. ... Georges Cuvier Baron Georges Léopold Chrétien Frédéric Dagobert Cuvier (August 23, 1769–May 13, 1832) was a French naturalist and zoologist. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... Histoire Naturelle des Poissons was a 22-volume study of Ichthyology written by Georges Cuvier and his student Achille Valenciennes in the 1830s. ... Lesueur in 1818, painted by Charles Wilson Peale. ... The Great Lakes from space The Laurentian Great Lakes are a group of five large lakes in North America on or near the Canada-United States border. ... TheSaint Lawrence River (In French: fleuve Saint-Laurent) is a large west-to-east flowing river in the middle latitudes of North America, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. ...

Adventurous individuals such as John James Audubon and Constantine Samuel Rafinesque figure in the faunal documentation of North America. These persons often traveled with one another and composed Ichthyologia Ohiensis in 1820. In addition, Louis Agassiz of Switzerland established his reputation through the study of freshwater fish and organisms and the pioneering of paleoichthyology. Agassiz eventually immigrated to the United States and taught at Harvard University in 1846. John James Audubon John James Audubon[1] (April 26, 1785 – January 27, 1851) was a Franco-American ornithologist, naturalist, and painter. ... C. S. Rafinesque Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz (October 22, 1783-September 18, 1840) was a nineteenth-century polymath who led a chaotic life. ... North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ... Louis Agassiz After the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, Stanford President David Starr Jordan wrote, Somebody—Dr. Angell, perhaps—remarked that Agassiz was great in the abstract but not in the concrete. ... Harvard University (incorporated as The President and Fellows of Harvard College) is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA and a member of the Ivy League. ...

Albert Günther published his Catalogue of the Fishes of the British Museum between 1859 and 1870, describing over 6,800 species and mentioning another 1,700. Generally considered one of the most influential ichthyologists, David Starr Jordan wrote 650 articles and books on the subject as well as serving as president of Indiana University and Stanford University. Albrecht Carl Ludwig Gotthilf Günther. ... David Starr Jordan David Starr Jordan, Ph. ... Indiana University is the principal campus of the Indiana University system. ... “Stanford” redirects here. ...

Modern Publications

Copeia is a quarterly published periodical pertaining to ichthyological and herpetological subjects. ... December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (362nd in leap years). ... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH) is an international organization devoted to the scientific studies of ichthyology (study of fish) and herpetology (study of reptiles and amphibians). ...

Organizations

The North American Native Fishes Association (NANFA) is a non-profit, tax-exempt US corporation that serves to bring together professional and amateur aquarists, anglers, fisheries biologists, ichthyologists, fish and wildlife officials, educators and naturalists who share an interest in the conservation, study, and captive husbandry of North Americas... The World Conservation Union or International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is an international organization dedicated to natural resource conservation. ...

Notable ichthyologists

The names are followed by their fields of specialization and major contributions:

• Alexander Emanuel Agassiz
• Louis Agassiz
• HM Emperor Akihito of Japan
• Peter Artedi
• William O. Ayres - California
• Spencer Fullerton Baird
• Tarleton Hoffman Bean
• Lev Berg - Russia
• Hans C. Bjerring
• Pieter von Bleeker - East Indies
• Marcus Elieser Bloch
• George Albert Boulenger
• Edward Drinker Cope
• Georges Cuvier
• Francis Day - India
• Bashford Dean
• Carl H. Eigenmann
• Rosa Smith Eigenmann
• Samuel Garman
• Charles Henry Gilbert
• Theodore Nicholas Gill
• Charles Frédéric Girard
• George Brown Goode
• Albert Günther
• Carl L. Hubbs
• Erik Jarvik
• David Starr Jordan
• Seth Eugene Meek
• George S. Myers
• John Treadwell Nichols - China, founder of Copeia
• John Richardson Norman
• C. Tate Regan
• Donn E. Rosen
• J.L.B. Smith
• Edwin C. Starks
• Franz Steindachner
• Erik Stensiö
• Achille Valenciennes
• Francis Willughby

Alexander Agassiz Alexander Emanuel Agassiz (December 17, 1835 – March 27, 1910), son of Louis Agassiz, was an American scientist and engineer. ... Louis Agassiz After the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, Stanford President David Starr Jordan wrote, Somebody—Dr. Angell, perhaps—remarked that Agassiz was great in the abstract but not in the concrete. ... Emperor Akihito reads the Speech from the Throne to the Japanese Diet His Imperial Majesty Akihito (明仁) (born December 23, 1933) is the current and 125th Emperor of Japan. ... Peter Artedi (February 22, 1705 – September 27, 1735) was a Swedish naturalist and is known as the father of Ichthyology. Artedi was born in the province of Angermannia. ... William Orville Ayres (September 11, 1817 - April 30, 1887) was an American physician and ichthyologist. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ... Spencer Fullerton Baird Spencer Fullerton Baird (February 3, 1823 – August 19, 1887) was an American ornithologist and ichthyologist. ... Tarleton Hoffman Bean (1846–1916) Tarleton Hoffman Bean (1846–1916) was an American ichthyologist, born at Bainbridge, Pennsylvania. ... Lev Semënovich Berg (1876, Bessarabia - December 24, 1950) was a geograher, biologist. ... Hans Christian Bjerring (born May 30, 1931) is a Danish-Swedish vertebrate paleontologist and comparative anatomist. ... Pieter Bleeker (1819 - 1878) was a Dutch medical doctor and ichthyologist, famous for his work on the fishes of East Asia. ... The Indies, on the display globe of the Field Museum, Chicago The Indies or East Indies (or East India) is a term used to describe lands of South and South-East Asia, occupying all of the former British India, the present Indian Union, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Maldives, and... Marcus Elieser Bloch (1723 - 1799) was a German medical doctor and naturalist. ... George Boulenger. ... Edward Drinker Cope Edward Drinker Cope (July 28, 1840–April 12, 1897) was an American paleontologist and comparative anatomist, as well as a noted herpetologist and ichthyologist. ... Georges Cuvier Baron Georges Léopold Chrétien Frédéric Dagobert Cuvier (August 23, 1769–May 13, 1832) was a French naturalist and zoologist. ... Francis Day (1829-1889) was Inspector-General of Fisheries in India and Burma and an ichthyologist. ... Bashford Dean, (1867-1928) was an American zoologist, specializing in ichtyology and expert in medieval armor. ... Carl H. Eigenmann (March 9, 1863 - April 24, 1927) was an ichthyologist who, along with his wife Rosa Smith Eigenmann, described many of the fishes of North America and South America for the first time. ... Rosa Smith Eigenmann (October 7, 1858 - January 12, 1947) was was the first notable female ichthyologist; first publishing in her own right, she later collaborated with her husband Carl H. Eigenmann, and some 150 species of fish are today credited Eigenmann & Eigenmann as a result. ... Samuel Garman (1846- 1927) was a naturalist/ zoologist from Pennsylvania. ... Charles Henry Gilbert (5 December 1859-1928) was an American ichthyologist who worked with Seth Eugene Meek and David Starr Jordan. ... Theodore Nicholas Gill (1837 - 1914) was an American ichthyologist. ... Charles Frédéric Girard (March 8, 1822 - January 29, 1895) was a French biologist specializing on ichthyology and herpetology. ... G. Brown Goode George Brown Goode (13 February 1851 - 6 September 1896), was an ichthyologist, although most of his time was spent as a museum administrator and he was very interested in the history of science, especially the history of the development of science in America. ... Albrecht Carl Ludwig Gotthilf Günther. ... Erik Jarvik (1907 - January 11, 1998) was a palaeozoologist who worked on ichthyostega, one of the first fish to develop limbs. ... David Starr Jordan David Starr Jordan, Ph. ... Seth Eugene Meek Seth Eugene Meek (1859, Hicksville, Ohio, - 6 July 1914, Chicago) was an American ichthyologist at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. ... Dr George S. Myers 1905-1985 spent most of his career at Stanford University, where he was one of the leading American Ichthyologists during the first half of the twentieth century. ... John Treadwell Nichols (1883 - November 10, 1958) was an American ichthyologist. ... Charles Tate Regan (February 1878 - 13 January 1943) was a British ichthyologist, working mainly around the beginning of the 20th century. ... Professor James Leonard Brierley Smith (born 26 October 1897 - died 7 January 1968) was a South African scientist who in 1938 was the first to identify a captured fish as a coelecanth, at the time thought long extinct. ... Franz Steindachner (November 11, 1834 - December 10, 1919) was an Austrian zoologist. ... Erik Helge Osvald Stensiö (2 October 1891 – 11 January 1984) was a Swedish paleozoologist. ... Achille Valenciennes (August 9, 1794 - April 13, 1865) was a French zoologist. ... Francis Willughby (November 22, 1635 - July 3, 1672) was an English ornithologist and ichthyologist. ...

See also

• Important publications in ichthyology
• Meristics
• Ichthyology terms

To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Meristics is an area of ichthyology which relates to counting quantative features of fish, such as the number of fins or scales. ... Ichthyology uses several terms that are unique to the science. ...

References

• Carl E. Bond, Biology of Fishes (Saunders, 1996) ISBN 0-03-070342-5
• Joseph S. Nelson, Fishes of the World (Wiley, 2006) ISBN 0-471-25031-7
• Michael Barton, Bond's Biology of Fishes Third Edition (Julet, 2007) ISBN 0-12-079875-1

Michael Barton is a prominent ichthyologist and professor at Centre College in Danville, Kentucky since 1979. ...

External links

• Brian Coad's Dictionary of Ichthyology
• Ichthyology Web Resources