NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Iran and weapons of mass destruction

Iran is not known to possess weapons of mass destruction, and has signed treaties repudiating possession of them, including the Biological Weapons Convention, the Chemical Weapons Convention, and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Over 100,000 Iranian troops and civilians were victims to chemical weapons during the 1980s Iran-Iraq War. ^[1]^[2] On ideological grounds, a public and categorical religious decree against the development, production, stockpiling and use of nuclear weapons has been issued by the leader of the Islamic Republic.^[3] The Peoples Republic of China is estimated to have an arsenal of about 400 nuclear weapons stockpiled as of 1999, although this number is questionable because the Chinese government releases little information regarding nuclear weapons other than stating that China possesses the smallest nuclear arsenal amongst the five nuclear... The Republic of China on Taiwan denies having chemical or nuclear weapons. ... For the Xzibit album, see Weapons of Mass Destruction (album). ... Biological Weapons Convention Opened for signature April 10, 1972 at Moscow, Washington and London Entered into force March 26, 1975 Conditions for entry into force ??? Parties ??? The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction (usually referred to... Chemical Weapons Convention Opened for signature January 13, 1993 in Paris Entered into force April 29, 1997 Conditions for entry into force Ratification by 50 states and the convening of a Preparatory Commission Parties 181 (as of Oct. ... Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Opened for signature July 1, 1968 in New York Entered into force March 5, 1970 Conditions for entry into force Ratification by the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, the United States, and 40 other signatory states. ... Chemical warfare is warfare (and associated military operations) using the toxic properties of chemical substances to kill, injure or incapacitate an enemy. ... Combatants Iran Patriotic Union of Kurdistan Iraq Peoples Mujahedin of Iran Commanders Ruhollah Khomeini Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani Ali Shamkhani Mostafa Chamran â€ Saddam Hussein Ali Hassan al-Majid Strength 305,000 soldiers 500,000 Pasdaran and Basij militia 900 tanks 1,000 armored vehicles 3,000 artillery pieces 470 aircraft... This article is about nuclear war as a form of actual warfare, including history. ... The post of Supreme Leader (Persian: Ø±Ù‡Ø¨Ø± Ø§Ù†Ù‚Ù„Ø§Ø¨, Rahbare Enqelab,[1] lit. ... Anthem SorÅ«d-e MellÄ«-e ÄªrÄn Â² Capital (and largest city) Tehran Official languages Persian Demonym Iranian Government Islamic Republic - Supreme Leader - President Unification - Unified by Cyrus the Great 559 BCE - Parthian (Arsacid) dynastic empire (first reunification) 248 BCE-224 CE - Sassanid dynastic empire 224â€“651 CE - Safavid dynasty...

The November 2007 United States National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) judged that Iran halted an active nuclear weapons program in fall 2003 and that it remained halted as of mid-2007. The estimate further judged that US intelligence did not know whether Iran intended "to develop nuclear weapons," but that "Iran probably would be technically capable of producing enough HEU [highly enriched uranium] for a weapon sometime during the 2010-2015 time frame" if it chose to do so.^[4] Iran states its nuclear program is peaceful.^[5] The head of the IAEA, Mohamed ElBaradei, has stated that he has seen "maybe some studies about possible weaponization", but "no evidence" of "nuclear material that can readily be used into a weapon" or "an active weaponization program" as of October 2007.^[6] November 2007 is the eleventh month of that year. ... National Intelligence Estimates (NIEs), produced by the National Intelligence Council, express the coordinated judgments of the US Intelligence Community made up of 16 intelligence agencies, and thus represent the most authoritative assessment of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) with respect to a particular national security issue. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Logo used on the Intelligence Community web site. ... These pie-graphs showing the relative proportions of uranium-238 (blue) and uranium-235 (red) at different levels of enrichment. ... 2010 (MMX) will be a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For the video game developer, see 2015, Inc. ...

The United Nations Security Council has imposed sanctions against Iran three times,^[7]^[8]^[9] because Iran refuses to suspend its nuclear enrichment.^[10] Iran's representative to the UN argued that Iran categorically rejected the development of nuclear weapons and that the sanctions compelled Iran to abandon its rights under the NPT to peaceful nuclear technology.^[7] The IAEA has been able to verify the non-diversion of declared nuclear material in Iran, but not the absence of undeclared activities,^[11] and has reached an agreement with Iran on the timeline for resolution of all the remaining verification issues specified in an August 2007 workplan.^[12] The Non-Aligned Movement has called on both sides to work through the IAEA for a solution.^[13] â€œSecurity Councilâ€ redirects here. ... This article outlines economic, trade, scientific and military Sanctions against Iran, which has been put forward by the U.S. government, or under U.S. pressure. ... Isotope separation is the process of concentrating specific isotopes of a chemical element by removing other isotopes, for example separating natural uranium into enriched uranium and depleted uranium. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for military purposes. ... Member states of the Non-Aligned Movement (2005). ... The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for military purposes. ...

Nuclear weapons

Overview

In September 2005, the IAEA Board of Governors, in a rare non-consensus decision with 12 abstentions^[14], recalled a previous Iranian "policy of concealment" regarding its enrichment program^[15] and found that Iran had violated its NPT Safeguards Agreement.^[16] Another IAEA report stated "there is no evidence that the previously undeclared nuclear material and activities ... were related to a nuclear weapons program."^[15] Iran has claimed that the military threat posed by Israel and the United States is forcing it to restrict the release of information on its nuclear program.^[17] Gawdat Bahgat, Director of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, speculates that Iran may have lack of confidence in the international community which was reinforced when many nations, under pressure from the United States, rejected or withdrew from signed commercial deals with the Iranian nuclear authority.^[18] Indiana University of Pennsylvania (or IUP) is a public university located in the borough of Indiana, Pennsylvania, USA, sixty miles northeast of Pittsburgh. ...

On 31 July 2006, the Security Council passed a resolution demanding Iran suspend its enrichment program.^[10] On December 23, 2006, the UN Security Council imposed sanctions against Iran,^[7] which were later tightened on March 24, 2007,^[8] because Iran refused to suspend enrichment. Iran's representative to the UN argued that the sanctions compelled Iran to abandon its rights under the NPT to peaceful nuclear technology.^[7] The Non-Aligned Movement called on both sides to work through the IAEA for a solution.^[13] is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 357th day of the year (358th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article outlines economic, trade, scientific and military Sanctions against Iran, which has been put forward by the U.S. government, or under U.S. pressure. ... is the 83rd day of the year (84th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Member states of the Non-Aligned Movement (2005). ... The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for military purposes. ...

US intelligence has predicted Iran is about a decade away from manufacturing the key ingredients for a nuclear weapon.^[19] On 25 October 2007 the United States declared the Revolutionary Guards a "proliferator of weapons of mass destruction", and the Quds Force a "supporter of terrorism".^[20] Iran responded that "it is incongruent for a country who itself is a producer of weapons of mass destruction to take such a decision."^[20] Mohamed ElBaradei, director of the IAEA, said he had no evidence Iran was building nuclear weapons and accused US leaders of adding "fuel to the fire" with their rhetoric.^[21] Israeli Deputy Prime Minister Shaul Mofaz has called for ElBaradei to be sacked, saying his policies regarding Iran "endanger world peace".^[22] is the 298th day of the year (299th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Quds Force (Persian: , translit. ... Mohamed ElBaradei (Arabic: Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ø¨Ø±Ø§Ø¯Ø¹ÙŠ) (born June 17, 1942) is an Egyptian diplomat and the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), an inter-governmental organization under the auspices of the United Nations. ... Shaul Mofaz during a meeting with U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld on November 10, 2003. ...

History

Iran, under the Iranian monarchy of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty on July 1, 1968 and ratified the treaty on February 2, 1970.^[23]. This monarchy was replaced by the Islamic republic in 1979, but Iran remains bound to the NPT and to state its support for the treaty. The United States and Western European governments actively encouraged Iran's nuclear program and participated in it.^[24] For the documentary series, see Monarchy (TV series). ... Shah or Shahzad is a Persian term for a monarch (ruler) that has been adopted in many other languages. ... Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran (Persian: ) (October 26, 1919, Tehran â€“ July 27, 1980, Cairo), styled His Imperial Majesty, and holding the imperial titles of Shahanshah (King of Kings), and Aryamehr (Light of the Aryans), was the monarch of Iran from September 16, 1941 until the Iranian Revolution on February... Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Opened for signature July 1, 1968 in New York Entered into force March 5, 1970 Conditions for entry into force Ratification by the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, the United States, and 40 other signatory states. ... is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... An Islamic republic, in its modern context, has come to mean several different things, some contradictory to others. ...

There are various estimates of when Iran might be able to produce a nuclear weapon, should it choose to do so:

The International Institute for Strategic Studies is a British think tank based in London. ... National Intelligence Estimates (NIEs), produced by the National Intelligence Council, express the coordinated judgments of the US Intelligence Community made up of 16 intelligence agencies, and thus represent the most authoritative assessment of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) with respect to a particular national security issue. ... Ernst Uhrlau (born December 7, 1946, Germany) is the President of the German Foreign Intelligence Service (Bundesnachrichtendienst - BND). ... The Bundesnachrichtendienst (Federal Intelligence Service, BND) is the foreign intelligence agency of the German government, under the control of the Bundeskanzleramt (Federal Chancellery). ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas US Government Portal Political relations between Iran (Persia) and the United States began when the Shah... December 2007 is the twelfth month of that year and has yet to occur. ... National Intelligence Estimates (NIEs), produced by the National Intelligence Council, express the coordinated judgments of the US Intelligence Community made up of 16 intelligence agencies, and thus represent the most authoritative assessment of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) with respect to a particular national security issue. ...

IAEA

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an autonomous body, established by the United Nations, that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for military purposes. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for military purposes. ...

According to the IAEA, Iran does not possess nuclear weapons, or even weapons-grade uranium. On March 6, 2006, Mohamed ElBaradei, Director General of the IAEA, reported that "the Agency has not seen indications of diversion of nuclear material to nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices ... however, after three years of intensive verification, there remain uncertainties with regard to both the scope and the nature of Iran's nuclear programme".^[33] However, the inspectors did find some sensitive documents, including instructions and diagrams on how to make uranium into a sphere, which is only necessary to make nuclear weapons. Iran furnished the IAEA with copies, claiming not to have used the information for weapons work, which it had obtained along with other technology and parts in 1987 and the mid-1990's.^[34] It is thought this material was sold to them by Abdul Qadeer Khan,^[35] though the documents did not have the necessary technical details to actually manufacture a bomb. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for military purposes. ... is the 65th day of the year (66th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Mohamed ElBaradei (Arabic: Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ø¨Ø±Ø§Ø¯Ø¹ÙŠ) (born June 17, 1942) is an Egyptian diplomat and the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), an inter-governmental organization under the auspices of the United Nations. ... This article is about the chemical element. ... For other uses, see Sphere (disambiguation). ... Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, NI & BAR, HI (Urdu: Ø¹Ø¨Ø¯Ø§Ù„Ù‚Ø¯ÛŒØ± Ø®Ø§Ù†) (born April 1, 1936 in Bhopal, British India) is a Pakistani Scientist and metallurgical engineer widely regarded as the founder of Pakistans nuclear program. ...

On December 18, 2003, Iran voluntarily signed, but did not ratify or bring into force, an Additional Protocol that allows IAEA inspectors access to individuals, documentation relating to procurement, dual-use equipment, certain military-owned workshops, and research and development locations.^[36] Iran agreed voluntarily to implement the Additional Protocol provisionally, however when the IAEA refered Iran to the United Nations Security Council on February 4, 2006 Iran withdrew from its voluntary adherence to the Additional Protocol.^[37] is the 352nd day of the year (353rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for military purposes. ... Dual-use is a term often used in politics and diplomacy to refer to technology which can be used for both peaceful and military aims, usually in regard to the proliferation of nuclear weapons. ... â€œSecurity Councilâ€ redirects here. ... is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

On May 12, 2006, claims that highly-enriched uranium (well over the 3.5% enriched level) was reported to have been found "at a site where Iran has denied such sensitive atomic work", appeared. "They have found particles of highly enriched uranium [HEU], but it is not clear if this is contamination from centrifuges that had been previously found [from imported material] or something new," said one diplomat close to the UN International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). These reports have not yet been officially confirmed by the IAEA (as of June 1, 2006).^[38]^[39]^[40] is the 132nd day of the year (133rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 152nd day of the year (153rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

On 31 July 2006, the United Nations Security Council passed a resolution demanding that Iran suspend its uranium enrichment activities.^[41] is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... â€œSecurity Councilâ€ redirects here. ...

In late 2006, "New traces of plutonium and enriched uranium — potential material for atomic warheads — have been found [by the IAEA] in a nuclear waste facility in Iran." However, "A senior U.N. official who was familiar with the report cautioned against reading too much into the findings of traces of highly enriched uranium and plutonium, saying Iran had explained both and they could plausibly be classified as byproducts of peaceful nuclear activities."^[42] In 2007 these traces were determined to have come from leaking used highly enriched uranium fuel from the TRR research reactor, which the U.S. supplied to Iran in 1967, and the matter was closed.^[43] Research reactors comprise a wide range of civil and commercial nuclear reactors which are generally not used for power generation. ...

In July 2007 the IAEA announced that Iran has agreed to allow inspectors to visit its Arak nuclear plant, and by August 2007 a plan for monitoring the Natanz uranium enrichment plant will have been finalised. ^[44]

In August 2007 the IAEA announced that Iran has agreed to a plan to resolve key questions regarding its past nuclear activities. The IAEA described this as a "significant step forward". ^[45]

In September 2007 the IAEA announced it has been able to verify that Iran's declared nuclear material has not been diverted from peaceful use. While the IAEA has been unable to verify some "important aspects" regarding the nature and scope of Iran's nuclear work, the agency and Iranian officials agreed on a plan to resolve all outstanding issues, Director-General Mohamed ElBaradei said.^[46] In an interview with Radio Audizioni Italiane the same month, ElBaradei remarked that "Iran does not constitute a certain and immediate threat for the international community".^[47] In October 2007, ElBaradei amplified these remarks, telling Le Monde that, even if Iran did intend to develop a nuclear bomb, they would need "between another three and eight years to succeed". He went on to note that "all the intelligence services" agree with this assessment and that he wanted to "get people away from the idea that Iran will be a threat from tomorrow, and that we are faced right now with the issue of whether Iran should be bombed or allowed to have the bomb".^[29] This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For the song by the Thievery Corporation, see Le Monde (song). ...

In late October 2007, according to the International Herald Tribune, the head of the IAEA, Mohamed ElBaradei, stated that he had seen "no evidence" of Iran developing nuclear weapons. The IHT quoted ElBaredei as stating that, The International Herald Tribune is a widely read English language international newspaper. ...

The IHT report went on to say that "ElBaradei said he was worried about the growing rhetoric from the U.S., which he noted focused on Iran's alleged intentions to build a nuclear weapon rather than evidence the country was actively doing so. If there is actual evidence, ElBaradei said he would welcome seeing it."^[6]

In November 2007 ElBaradei circulated his latest report to the upcoming meeting of the IAEA Board of Governors.^[48]^[49]^[50] Its findings conclude that Iran has made important strides towards clarifying its past activities, including provided access to documentation and officials involved in centrifuge design in the 1980s and 1990s. Answers provided by Iran regarding the past P-1 and P-2 centrifuge programs were found to be consistent with the IAEA's own findings. However, Iran has ignored the demands of the UN Security council, and has continued to enrich uranium in the past year. The IAEA is not able to conclusively confirm that Iran isn't currently enriching uranium for military purposes, as its inspections have been restricted to workshops previously declared as part of the civilian uranium enrichment program, and requests for access to certain military workshops have been denied; the report noted that "As a result, the agency's knowledge about Iran's current nuclear program is diminishing". The report also confirmed that Iran now possesses 3000 centrifuges, a 10-fold increase over the past year, though the feed rate is below the maximum for a facility of this design. Data regarding the P-2 centrifuge, which Ahmadinejad has claimed will quadruple production of enriched uranium, was provided only several days before the report was published; the IAEA plan to discuss this issue further in December. In response to the report the US has vowed to push for more sanctions, whilst Iran has called for an apology from the US.^[51]

The Iranian stance

Iran states the purpose of its nuclear program is the generation of power and that any other use would be a violation of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, of which it is a signatory, as well as being against Islamic religious principles. Iran claims that nuclear power is necessary for a booming population and rapidly-industrialising nation. It points to the fact that Iran's population has more than doubled in 20 years, the country regularly imports gasoline and electricity, and that burning fossil fuel in large amounts harms Iran's environment drastically. Additionally, Iran questions why it shouldn't be allowed to diversify its sources of energy, especially when there are fears of its oil fields eventually being depleted. It continues to argue that its valuable oil should be used for high value products and export, not simple electricity generation. Furthermore, Iran argues that nuclear power makes fairly good economic sense. Building reactors is expensive, but subsequent operating costs are low and stable, and increasingly competitive as fossil-fuel prices rise.^[52] Iran also raises funding questions, claiming that developing the excess capacity in its oil industry would cost it $40 billion, not to speak of paying for the power plants. Harnessing nuclear power costs a fraction of this, considering Iran has abundant supplies of accessible uranium ore.^[53] These claims have been echoed by Scott Ritter, the former UN weapons inspector in Iraq. This article is about Irans nuclear power program. ... Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Opened for signature July 1, 1968 in New York Entered into force March 5, 1970 Conditions for entry into force Ratification by the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, the United States, and 40 other signatory states. ... This article is about the chemical element. ... Scott Ritter speaks at SUNY New Paltz on March 16, 2006. ...

Iran claims a legal right to enrich uranium for peaceful purposes under the NPT. Twelve other countries are known to operate uranium enrichment facilities. Iran, along with many other developing nations who are parties to the NPT,^{[citation needed]} argues that the Western position is hypocritical since the nuclear-weapon states have failed to meet their nuclear disarmament obligations in Article VI of the NPT.^[54] Iran also compares its treatment as a signatory to the NPT with three nations that have not ratified the NPT.^{[citation needed]} Each of these nations developed an indigenous nuclear weapons capability: Israel by 1968, India by 1974, and Pakistan by 1998. However, as NPT Article II calls on non-nuclear-weapon states to refrain from receiving weapons technology, the weapons plans Iran received from AQ Khan^{[citation needed]} place it in technical violation of its NPT obligatons. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Opened for signature July 1, 1968 in New York Entered into force March 5, 1970 Conditions for entry into force Ratification by the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, the United States, and 40 other signatory states. ... These pie-graphs showing the relative proportions of uranium-238 (blue) and uranium-235 (red) at different levels of enrichment. ... Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Opened for signature July 1, 1968 in New York Entered into force March 5, 1970 Conditions for entry into force Ratification by the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, the United States, and 40 other signatory states. ... Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Opened for signature July 1, 1968 in New York Entered into force March 5, 1970 Conditions for entry into force Ratification by the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, the United States, and 40 other signatory states. ...

On December 3, 2004, Iran's former president and an Islamic cleric, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani alluded to Iran's position on nuclear energy: is the 337th day of the year (338th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (Persian: Ø§Ú©Ø¨Ø± Ù‡Ø§Ø´Ù…ÛŒ Ø±ÙØ³Ù†Ø¬Ø§Ù†ÛŒ Akbar HÄshemÄ« RafanjÄnÄ«), Hashemi Bahramani (Ù‡Ø§Ø´Ù…ÛŒ Ø¨Ù‡Ø±Ù…Ø§Ù†ÛŒ) born on August 25, 1934, is an influential Iranian politician, and is currently serving as the Chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council of Iran. ...

On November 14, 2004, Iran's chief nuclear negotiator said that his country agreed to voluntarily and temporarily suspend the uranium enrichment program after pressure from the European Union on behalf of the United Kingdom, France and Germany, as a confidence-building measure for a reasonable period of time, with six months mentioned as a reference. is the 318th day of the year (319th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has publicly stated Iran is not developing nuclear weapons. On August 9, 2005 Iran's Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, issued a fatwa that the production, stockpiling and use of nuclear weapons are forbidden under Islam and that Iran shall never acquire these weapons. The text of the fatwa has not been released although it was referenced in an official statement at a meeting of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna.^[55] [1] (born October 28, 1956)[2] is the sixth and current President of the Islamic Republic of Iran. ... is the 221st day of the year (222nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Ayatollah (disambiguation). ... Grand Ã‚yatollÃ¢h (Persian: Ø¢ÛŒØªâ€ŒØ§Ù„Ù„Ù‡ Ø³ÛŒØ¯ Ø¹Ù„ÛŒ ØØ³ÛŒÙ†ÛŒ Ú©Ø³ Ù†Ù†Ù‡ Ø§ÛŒ Ä€yatollÄh Seyyed `AlÄ« á¸¤oseynÄ« KhÄmeneÄ«) (born 17 July 1939), also known as Seyyed Ali Khamenei,[1] is the current Supreme Leader of Iran and was the president of Iran from 1981 to 1989. ... A fatwÄ (Arabic: ; plural fatÄwÄ Arabic: ), is a considered opinion in Islam made by a mufti, a scholar capable of issuing judgments on Sharia (Islamic law). ...

Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in a 2005 speech to the U.N. General Assembly said "We are concerned that once certain powerful states completely control nuclear energy resources and technology, they will deny access to other states and thus deepen the divide between powerful countries and the rest of the international community ... peaceful use of nuclear energy without possession of a nuclear fuel cycle is an empty proposition". [3] The President of Iran is the head of government. ... [1] (born October 28, 1956)[2] is the sixth and current President of the Islamic Republic of Iran. ... The United Nations General Assembly (GA, UNGA) is one of the five principal organs of the United Nations and the only one in which all member nations have equal representation. ...

On 6 August 2005, Iran rejected a 34 page European Union proposal intended to help Iran build "a safe, economically viable and proliferation-proof civil nuclear power generation and research program.” The Europeans, with US agreement, intended to entice Iran into a binding commitment not to develop uranium enrichment capability by offering to provide fuel and other long-term support that would facilitate electricity generation with nuclear energy. Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesman Hamid Reza Asefi rejected the proposal saying, "We had already announced that any plan has to recognize Iran’s right to enrich uranium".^[56] is the 218th day of the year (219th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Iran resumed its uranium enrichment program in January 2006, prompting the IAEA to refer the issue to the UN Security Council. These pie-graphs showing the relative proportions of uranium-238 (blue) and uranium-235 (red) at different levels of enrichment. ... â€œSecurity Councilâ€ redirects here. ...

On February 21, 2006, Rooz, a news website run by Iranian exiles, reported that Hojatoleslam Mohsen Gharavian, a student of Qom’s fundamentalist cleric Mesbah Yazdi, spoke about the necessity of using nuclear weapons as a means to retaliate and announced that "based on religious law, everything depends on our purpose".^[57] In an interview with the Islamic Republic News Agency the same day, Gharavian rejected these reports, saying "We do not seek nuclear weapons and the Islamic religion encourages coexistence along with peace and friendship...these websites have tried to misquote me."^[58] is the 52nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Rooz (Persian:Ø±ÙˆØ², literally day) is a Persian and English news website. ... Ayatollah Mohammad Taghi Mesbah Yazdi (Persian: Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ ØªÙ‚ÛŒ Ù…ØµØ¨Ø§Ø ÛŒØ²Ø¯ÛŒ) (born 1934) is an Iranian Shia cleric and politician. ... The Islamic Republic News Agency (Persian: Ø®Ø¨Ø±Ú¯Ø²Ø§Ø±ÙŠ Ø¬Ù…Ù‡ÙˆØ±ÙŠ Ø§Ø³Ù„Ø§Ù…ÙŠ Ø§ÙŠØ±Ø§Ù†), or IRNA, is the official news agency of the Islamic Republic of Iran. ...

On April 11, 2006, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad announced Iranian scientists working at the pilot facility at Natanz had successfully enriched uranium to the 3.5 percent level, using a small cascade of 164 gas centrifuges. In the televised address from the city of Mashhad he said, "I am officially announcing that Iran has joined the group of those countries which have nuclear technology".^[59] It is worth noting that the level of enrichment to produce a nuclear bomb is about 90%. is the 101st day of the year (102nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... [1] (born October 28, 1956)[2] is the sixth and current President of the Islamic Republic of Iran. ... Tomb of Abd al_Samad, built in 1304CE. Natanz (Persian: Ù†Ø·Ù†Ø²) is the centre of a township of the same name in the Isfahan province of Iran. ... A cascade of gas centrifuges at a United States enrichment plant. ... Mashhad (Persian: , literally the place of martyrdom) is the second largest city in Iran and one of the holiest cities in the Shiah world. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

In May 2006 some members of the Iranian legislature ("Majlis" or Parliament) sent a letter to UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan threatening to withdraw from the NPT if Iran's right to peaceful use of nuclear technology under the treaty was not protected.^[60] Majlis (Ù…Ø¬Ù„Ø³) is an Arabic term used to describe various types of formal legislative assemblies in countries with linguistic or cultural connections to Islamic countries. ... Kofi Atta Annan (born April 8, 1938) is a Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations from January 1, 1997 to January 1, 2007, serving two five-year terms. ...

On 21 February 2007, the same day the UN deadline to suspend nuclear activities expired, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad made the following statement: "If they say that we should close down our fuel production facilities to resume talks, we say fine, but those who enter talks with us should also close down their nuclear fuel production activities". The White House's spokesperson Tony Snow rejected the offer and called it a "false offer". ^[61] is the 52nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... This article is about the United Nations, for other uses of UN see UN (disambiguation) Official languages English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Arabic Secretary-General Kofi Annan (since 1997) Established October 24, 1945 Member states 191 Headquarters New York City, NY, USA Official site http://www. ... [1] (born October 28, 1956)[2] is the sixth and current President of the Islamic Republic of Iran. ... For other uses, see White House (disambiguation). ... Robert Anthony Tony Snow (born June 1, 1955) was the third White House Press Secretary for President George W. Bush, succeeding Scott McClellan and Ari Fleischer in that role. ...

The United States' stance

Dual-use is a term often used in politics and diplomacy to refer to technology which can be used for both peaceful and military aims, usually in regard to the proliferation of nuclear weapons. ... India is believed to possess an arsenal of nuclear weapons and maintains intermediate-range ballistic missiles to deliver them. ... The Iraqi insurgency denotes groups using armed resistance against the US-led Coalition occupation of Iraq. ... Nouri Kamel al-Maliki (Arabic: Ù†ÙˆØ±ÙŠ ÙƒØ§Ù…Ù„ Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù„ÙƒÙŠ, transliterated NÅ«rÄ« KÄmil al-MÄlikÄ«; born c. ... â€¹ The template below (Expand) is being considered for deletion. ... The U.S. list of state sponsors of international terrorism is a list, compiled by the U.S. State Department, of countries that the United States sees as sponsoring terrorism. ... Hamas (; acronym: , or Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya or Islamic Resistance Movement[1]) is a Palestinian Islamist[2][3] militant organization and political party. ... The emblem of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad shows a map of Israel superimposed on the images of the Dome of the Rock, two fists and two rifles. ... The State of Israel joined the United Nations on May 11, 1949. ... For other uses, see Tehran (disambiguation). ... Condoleezza Rice (born November 14, 1954) is the 66th United States Secretary of State, and the second in the administration of President George W. Bush to hold the office. ... The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for military purposes. ... Mohamed ElBaradei (Arabic: Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ø¨Ø±Ø§Ø¯Ø¹ÙŠ) (born June 17, 1942) is an Egyptian diplomat and the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), an inter-governmental organization under the auspices of the United Nations. ... Scott McClellan (born February 14, 1968) is a former White House Press Secretary (2003-2006) for President George W. Bush. ... is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... This article concerns the British newspaper. ... The 5th Fleet of the United States Navy is responsible for naval forces in the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Arabian Sea and coast off East Africa as far south as Kenya. ... The Nimitz-class supercarriers are a line of nuclear-powered aircraft carriers in service with the US Navy, and are the largest capital ships in the world. ... USS Enterprise, a supercarrier, and the conventionally-sized aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle USS A supercarrier is a ship belonging to the largest class of aircraft carrier, and generally has a displacement greater than 75,000 tons. ... USS (CVAN-69/CVN-69), nicknamed Ike, is the second of 10 Nimitz-class supercarriers in the United States Navy, named after the thirty-fourth President of the United States, Dwight D. Eisenhower. ... USS Nimitz (CVN-68) is a supercarrier in the United States Navy, the lead ship of its class. ... USS (CVN-74) is the seventh Nimitz-class nuclear-powered supercarrier in the United States Navy, named for Senator John C. Stennis of Mississippi. ... Condoleezza Rice (born November 14, 1954) is the 66th United States Secretary of State, and the second in the administration of President George W. Bush to hold the office. ... The United States Secretary of State is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with foreign affairs. ... National Intelligence Estimates (NIEs), produced by the National Intelligence Council, express the coordinated judgments of the US Intelligence Community made up of 16 intelligence agencies, and thus represent the most authoritative assessment of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) with respect to a particular national security issue. ... Harry Mason Reid (born December 2, 1939) is the senior United States Senator from Nevada and a member of the Democratic Party. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas US Government Portal The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders (also called Senate Floor Leaders) are two...

Other international responses

The claims and counter claims have put an immense amount of pressure on Iran to reveal all aspects of its nuclear program to date. A great deal of this pressure has come from Iran's trade partners: Europe, Japan, and Russia. Iran has been slow to respond, claiming the pressure is solely an attempt by the US government to prevent it from obtaining nuclear technology. For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ...

Russia

On December 5, 2007 Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov said he had seen no evidence of any nuclear weapons program in Iran, no matter how old.^[79] is the 339th day of the year (340th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Sergey Lavrov. ...

France

On February 16, 2006 French Foreign Minister Philippe Douste-Blazy said "No civilian nuclear programme can explain the Iranian nuclear programme. It is a clandestine military nuclear programme."^[80] is the 47th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Philippe Douste-Blazy at the United Nations summit on September 16, 2005 Philippe Douste-Blazy (b. ...

In January 2007, former French President Jacques Chirac, speaking "off the record" to reporters from The New York Times, indicated that if Iran possessed a nuclear weapon, the weapon could not be used. Chirac alluded to mutually assured destruction when he stated: ^[81] â€œChiracâ€ redirects here. ... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... Mutually assured destruction (MAD) is the doctrine of military strategy in which a full scale use of nuclear weapons by one of two opposing sides would result in the destruction of both the attacker and the defender. ...

United Kingdom

On 8 May 2006, Former Deputy Commander-in-Chief of British Land Forces, General Sir Hugh Beach, former Cabinet Ministers, scientists and campaigners joined a delegation to Downing Street opposing military intervention in Iran. The delegation delivered two letters to Prime Minister Tony Blair from 1,800 physicists warning that the military intervention and the use of nuclear weapons would have disastrous consequences for the security of Britain and the rest of world. The letters carried the signatures of academics, politicians and scientists including some of 5 physicists who are Nobel Laureates. is the 128th day of the year (129th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

On 17 July 2006, a meeting in the House of Commons challenged Tony Blair’s statement that Iran and Syria are to blame for the latest crisis in the Middle East and condemned a decision by the Foreign Ministers of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and Germany to refer Iran to the UN Security Council. Commons Meeting is the 198th day of the year (199th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Israel

Israel has frequently claimed that Iran is actively pursuing a nuclear weapons program and would use nuclear weapons against it. Reasons for Israeli concern can be summed up in 3 points:

On December 11, 2005 then Prime Minister of Israel, Ariel Sharon put the Israeli Defense Forces on high alert for the possibility of ordering airstrikes against Iran's nuclear installations.^[85] Nonetheless, airstrikes are seen as a last resort due to the dispersal, hardening and defence by Surface-to-air missiles of Iranian sites.^[86] is the 345th day of the year (346th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Prime Minister of Israel (Hebrew: ×¨××© ×”×ž×ž×©×œ×”, Rosh HaMemshala, lit. ... (Hebrew: , also known by his diminutive Arik ×Ö¸×¨Ö´×™×§) (born February 27, 1928) is a former Israeli politician and general. ... The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) (Hebrew: צבא ההגנה לישראל Tsva Ha-Haganah Le-Yisrael ([Army] Force [for] the Defense of Israel), often abbreviated צהל Tsahal, alternative English spelling Tzahal, is the name of Israels armed forces (army, air force and navy). ... Airstrike in Kosovo War An airstrike is a military strike by air forces on either a suspected or a confirmed enemy ground position, which depending on the selected tactics may or may not be followed up by artillery, armor, or infantry units. ... Akash Missile Firing French Air Force Crotale battery Bendix Rim-8 Talos surface to air missile of the US Navy A surface-to-air missile (SAM) is a missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy aircraft. ...

On January 6, 2007 a news report cited claims that Israel may be preparing for a nuclear strike on Iran's enrichment facilities using bunker-buster bombs.^[87] is the 6th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ...

On January 15, 2007, Ardeshir Hosseinpour, an Iranian junior scientist involved in The Uranium Conversion Facility at Isfahan died, reportedly due to "gassing"^[88]. Other reports indicate that several other scientists were killed or injured, and treated in nearby hospitals.^[89] is the 15th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Ardeshir Hosseinpour (1962-January 15, 2007) was an Iranian junior scientist and authority on electromagnetism. ... Naghsh-i Jahan Square, Isfahan This article is about the city of Isfahan. ...

On January 21, 2007, the death of Ardeshir Hosseinpour was finally reported, first by the Al-Quds daily^[90] and the Iranian Student's News Agency^[91] (both in Arabic)^[89]. is the 21st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Ardeshir Hosseinpour (1962-January 15, 2007) was an Iranian junior scientist and authority on electromagnetism. ...

On February 2, 2007, the U.S. private intelligence company Stratfor released a report saying that Ardeshir Hosseinpour was killed by the Israeli intelligence agency Mossad, through the use of radioactive poisoning^[92]^[93]^[94]^[95]. is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Strategic Forecasting, Inc. ... Ardeshir Hosseinpour (1962-January 15, 2007) was an Iranian junior scientist and authority on electromagnetism. ... For the Haganah branch responsible for coordinating Jewish immigration into the British Mandate of Palestine, see Mossad Lealiyah Bet. ...

On February 4, 2007, Rheva Bhalla of Stratfor confirmed the details of Stratfor's report to The Sunday Times^[93]. Despite the previous reports, the "semi-official"^[96] Fars News Agency reported that an unnamed informed source in Tehran told them that Ardeshir Hosseinpour was not involved in the nuclear facility at Isfahan, and that he "suffocated by fumes from a faulty gas fire in sleep."^[97] is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Strategic Forecasting, Inc. ... The Sunday Times is a Sunday broadsheet newspaper distributed in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland, published by Times Newspapers Ltd, a subsidiary of News International which is in turn owned by News Corporation. ... The Fars News Agency is an Iranian news agency based in Tehran. ... For other uses, see Tehran (disambiguation). ... Ardeshir Hosseinpour (1962-January 15, 2007) was an Iranian junior scientist and authority on electromagnetism. ...

On February 25, 2007, The Daily Telegraph reported that Israel has sought negotiations with the United States for permission to use Iraqi airspace for an air strike on Iran's nuclear facilities.^[98] is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... This article concerns the British newspaper. ... Airspace means the portion of the atmosphere controlled by a particular country on top of its territory and territorial waters or, more generally, any specific three-dimensional portion of the atmosphere. ... A military strike is a limited attack on a specified target. ... This article is about Irans nuclear power program. ...

On December 5, 2007, Israel said it will continue it's policy against the Iranian nuclear program despite a US report saying Iran had halted it's nuclear program in 2003. Israeli foreign minister Tzipi Livni traveled to Brussel on 7 December to argue in favour of more international sanctions against Iran because Israel believes Iran has restarted their nuclear program. ^[99] is the 339th day of the year (340th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney meets with Israeli Minister of Foreign Affairs, Tzipi Livni, at the White House. ... is the 341st day of the year (342nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Opinion in the Arab and Islamic world

The San Francisco Chronicle reported on October 31, 2003, that Grand Ayatollahs, like Ayatollah Yousef Sanei, and Iranian clerics led by Ayatollah Ali Khamenei have repeatedly declared that Islam forbids the development and use of all weapons of mass destruction. SFGate.com quoted Ayatollah Ali Khamenei as saying: "The Islamic Republic of Iran, based on its fundamental religious and legal beliefs, would never resort to the use of weapons of mass destruction. In contrast to the propaganda of our enemies, fundamentally we are against any production of weapons of mass destruction in any form."^[100] is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

On April 21, 2006, at a Hamas rally in Damascus, Anwar Raja, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine representative from Lebanon declared: is the 111th day of the year (112th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Hamas (; acronym: , or Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya or Islamic Resistance Movement[1]) is a Palestinian Islamist[2][3] militant organization and political party. ... For other uses, see Damascus (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

On May 3, 2006 Iraqi Ayatollah Ahmad Husseini Al Baghdadi was interviewed on Syrian TV. On his interview he declared his support for the Islamic world to obtain nuclear weapons: is the 123rd day of the year (124th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

On May 12, 2006 AP published an interview with Pakistan's former chief of staff Mirza Aslam Beg In the AP interview, Beg detailed nearly 20 years of Iranian approaches to obtain conventional arms and then technology for nuclear weapons. He described an Iranian visit in 1990, when he was army chief of staff. is the 132nd day of the year (133rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...

Beg said he is sure Iran has had enough time to develop them. But he insists the Pakistani government didn't help, even though he says former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto once told him the Iranians offered more than $4 billion for the technology. [11]

The Baku declaration

A declaration signed on June 20, 2006 by the foreign ministers of 56 nations of the 57-member Organisation of the Islamic Conference stated that "the only way to resolve Iran's nuclear issue is to resume negotiations without any preconditions and to enhance co-operation with the involvement of all relevant parties". is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The flag of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) The Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) is an inter-governmental organization with a Permanent Delegation to the United Nations. ...

Qatar and Arab vote against the U.N. Security Council resolution

July 31, 2006: The UN Security Council gives until August 31, 2006 for Iran to suspend all uranium enrichment and related activities or face the prospect of sanctions [12]. The draft passed by a vote of 14-1 (Qatar, which represents Arab states on the council, opposing). The same day, Iran's U.N. Ambassador Javad Zarif qualified the resolution as "arbitrary" and illegal because the NTP protocol explicitly guarantees under international law Iran’s right to pursue nuclear activities for peaceful purposes. In response to today’s vote at the UN, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad said that his country will revise his position vis-à-vis the economic/incentive package offered previously by the G-6 (5 permanent Security council members plus Germany.)[13] is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The non-aligned movement

On September 16, 2006 in Havana, Cuba, all of the 118 Non-Aligned Movement member countries, at the summit level, declared supporting Iran's nuclear program for civilian purposes in their final written statement [14]. That is a clear majority of the 192 countries comprising the entire United Nations, which comprise 55% of the world population. is the 259th day of the year (260th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Member states of the Non-Aligned Movement (2005). ... UN and U.N. redirect here. ... Map of countries by population â€” China and India, the only two countries to have a population greater than one billion, together possess more than a third of the worlds population. ...

On September 11, 2007 the Non-Aligned Movement rejected any "interference" in Iran's nuclear transparency deal with U.N. inspectors by Western countries through the UN Security Council. The movement also has become disenchanted with Iran's intransigent position on the situation surrounding its nuclear program. ^[13] is the 254th day of the year (255th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Member states of the Non-Aligned Movement (2005). ... A session of the Security Council in progress The United Nations Security Council is the most powerful organ of the United Nations. ...

Biological weapons

Iran ratified the Biological Weapons Convention on August 22, 1973.^[102] Biological Weapons Convention Opened for signature April 10, 1972 at Moscow, Washington and London Entered into force March 26, 1975 Conditions for entry into force ??? Parties ??? The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction (usually referred to... is the 234th day of the year (235th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ...

Iran has advanced biology and genetic engineering research programs supporting an industry that produces world-class vaccines for both domestic use and export.^[103] The dual-use nature of these facilities mean that Iran, like any country with advanced biological research programs, could easily produce biological warfare agents.

A 2005 report from the United States Department of State claimed that Iran began work on offensive biological weapons during the Iran-Iraq War, and that their large legitimate bio-technological and bio-medical industry "could easily hide pilot to industrial-scale production capabilities for a potential BW program, and could mask procurement of BW-related process equipment". The report further said that "available information about Iranian activities indicates a maturing offensive program with a rapidly evolving capability that may soon include the ability to deliver these weapons by a variety of means".^[104] Department of State redirects here. ... Combatants Iran Patriotic Union of Kurdistan Iraq Peoples Mujahedin of Iran Commanders Ruhollah Khomeini Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani Ali Shamkhani Mostafa Chamran â€ Saddam Hussein Ali Hassan al-Majid Strength 305,000 soldiers 500,000 Pasdaran and Basij militia 900 tanks 1,000 armored vehicles 3,000 artillery pieces 470 aircraft...

According to The Nuclear Threat Initiative, Iran is known to possess cultures of the many biological agents for legitimate scientific purposes which have been weaponised by other nations in the past, or could theoretically be weaponised. Although they do not allege that Iran has attempted to weaponise them, Iran possesses sufficient biological facilities to potentially do so.^[105] The Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI) is a an American public charity founded by Ted Turner and Sam Nunn which exists to strengthen global security by reducing the spread of nuclear, biological and chemical weapons, and also to reduce the risk that they will actually be used. ...

Chemical weapons

Iran has experienced chemical warfare (CW) on the battlefield, suffering hundreds of thousands of casualties, both civilian and military, in chemical attacks during the 1980-88 Iran-Iraq War. As a result, Iran has promulgated a very public stance against the use of chemical weapons, making numerous vitriolic comments against Iraq's use of such weapons in international forums. Iran did not resort to using chemical weapons in retaliation for Iraqi chemical weapons attacks during the Iran-Iraq War, though it would have been legally entitled to do so under the then-existing international treaties on the use of chemical weapons which only prohibited the first use of such weapons. Following its experiences during the Iran-Iraq war, Iran signed the Chemical Weapons Convention on January 13, 1993 and ratified it on November 3, 1997. Combatants Iran Patriotic Union of Kurdistan Iraq Peoples Mujahedin of Iran Commanders Ruhollah Khomeini Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani Ali Shamkhani Mostafa Chamran â€ Saddam Hussein Ali Hassan al-Majid Strength 305,000 soldiers 500,000 Pasdaran and Basij militia 900 tanks 1,000 armored vehicles 3,000 artillery pieces 470 aircraft... Chemical Weapons Convention Opened for signature January 13, 1993 in Paris Entered into force April 29, 1997 Conditions for entry into force Ratification by 50 states and the convening of a Preparatory Commission Parties 181 (as of Oct. ... is the 13th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 307th day of the year (308th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ...

A U.S. Central Intelligence Agency report dated January 2001 speculates Iran has manufactured and stockpiled chemical weapons - including blister, blood, choking, and probably nerve agents, and the bombs and artillery shells to deliver them. It further claims during the first half of 2001, Iran continued to seek production technology, training, expertise, equipment, and chemicals from entities in Russia and China that could be used to help Iran reach its goal of having indigenous nerve agent production capability.^[106] CIA redirects here. ... Blister agents are named for their ability to cause large, painful water blisters on the bodies of those affected. ... A blood agent (also called a cyanogen agent) is a compound that prevents the normal transfer of oxygen from the blood to the body tissues, resulting in chemical asphyxiation. ... Categories: Chemical weapons | Stub ... This article is about the chemical. ...

Iran is a signatory of the Chemical Weapons Convention, which bans chemical weapons, delivery systems, and production facilities. Iran has not made any declaration of a weapons stockpile under the treaty.

Delivery systems

Missiles

Iran is believed to have a current inventory of 25 to 100 Shahab-3 missiles which have a range of 2100 km and are capable of being armed with conventional high explosive, submunition, chemical, biological, radiological dispersion and potentially nuclear warheads. A Shahab-4 with a range of 2000 km and a payload of 1000 kg is believed to be under development. Iran has stated the Shahab-3 is the last of its war missiles and the Shahab-4 is being developed to give the country the capability of launching communications and surveillance satellites. A Shahab-5, an intercontinental ballistic missile with a 10,000km range, is also believed to be under development.^[107] Shahab-3 Type Ballistic missile Nationality Iran Era modern Launch platform Vehicle Target Vehicle, Fortification History Builder Date of design Production period Service duration Operators Iran Variants Number built Specifications Type Diameter between 1,32 and 1,35 metres Wing span Length 16 metres Weight between 15 852 and 16... The Shahab-4, while not officially operational, is a mobile, intermediate-range, liquid-propelled ballistic missile. ... The Shahab-5 is a long-range ballistic missile which is being developed by Iran. ... A Minuteman III ICBM test launch from Vandenberg AFB, California, United States. ...

Iran has 12 X-55 long range cruise missiles purchased without nuclear warheads from Ukraine in 2001. The X-55 has a range of 2500 to 3000 kilometers.^[108] The Raduga Kh-55 Granat (NATO reporting name AS-15 Kent) is a Soviet/CIS subsonic long-range cruise missile capable of delivering a nuclear warhead. ... A Taurus KEPD 350 cruise missile of the German Luftwaffe A cruise missile is a guided missile which carries an explosive payload and uses a lifting wing and a propulsion system, usually a jet engine, to allow sustained flight; it is essentially a flying bomb. ...

Iran's most advanced missile, the Fajr-3, has an unknown range but it's range is estimated to be 2500 km. The missile is radar evading and can strike targets simultaneously using multiple warheads. [15]. The Iranian-made Fajr-3 (meaning dawn in Persian) is believed to be a medium-range ballistic missile with an unknown range. ...

On November 2, 2006, Iran fired unarmed missiles to begin 10 days of military war games. Iranian state television reported "dozens of missiles were fired including Shahab-2 and Shahab-3 missiles. The missiles had ranges from 300 km to up to 2,000 km...Iranian experts have made some changes to Shahab-3 missiles installing cluster warheads in them with the capacity to carry 1,400 bombs." These launches come after some United States-led military exercises in the Persian Gulf on October 30, 2006, meant to train for blocking the transport of weapons of mass destruction [16]. is the 306th day of the year (307th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Military simulations, also known informally as war games, are simulations in which theories of warfare can be tested and refined without the need for actual hostilities. ... Shahab-2 Type Ballistic missile Nationality Iran Era modern Launch platform Vehicle Target Vehicle, Fortification History Builder Date of design 1990 Production period since 1990 Service duration since 1990 Operators Iran Variants Number built Specifications Type Diameter 0. ... Shahab-3 Type Ballistic missile Nationality Iran Era modern Launch platform Vehicle Target Vehicle, Fortification History Builder Date of design Production period Service duration Operators Iran Variants Number built Specifications Type Diameter between 1,32 and 1,35 metres Wing span Length 16 metres Weight between 15 852 and 16... A B61 nuclear bomb in various stages of assembly; the nuclear warhead is the bullet-shaped silver cannister in the middle-left of the photograph. ... Map of the Persian Gulf. ... is the 303rd day of the year (304th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Xzibit album, see Weapons of Mass Destruction (album). ...

Aircraft

Any aircraft could potentially be used to host some form of WMD distribution system. Iran has a varied airforce with planes purchased from many countries, including the United States. Due to sanctions, the Iranian government has encouraged production of domestically manufactured planes and, since 2002, has built its own transport aircraft, fighters, and gunship helicopters. Markings of the IRIAF The Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force (IRIAF) is the aviation branch of the Iranian armed forces. ...

See also

Flag of the United Nations Flag of Islamic Republic of Iran United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747 was adopted unanimously by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) on 24 March 2007. ... This article is about Irans nuclear power program. ... Operation Merlin is an alleged United States covert operation under the Clinton Administration to provide Iran with a flawed design for building a nuclear weapon in order to delay the Iranian nuclear weapons program. ... The Green Salt Project is an alleged secretive Iranian entity focusing on uranium processing, high explosives and a missile warhead design. ... The Iranian Space Agency (ISA) is a governmental space agency. ...

References

^ "Nuclear proliferation: The Islamic Republic of Iran]", Gawdat Bahgat, Iranian Studies Journal, vol. 39(3), September 2006
^ Center for Documents of The Imposed War, Tehran. (مرکز مطالعات و تحقیقات جنگ)
^ Ayat. Kashani: N-bomb production religiously forbidden.
^ Iran: Nuclear Intentions and Capabilities (National Intelligence Estimate)
^ AFP:Six powers to meet soon over Iran's nuclear program
^ ^a ^b ^c "UN nuclear watchdog chief expresses concern about anti-Iran rhetoric from US", International Herald Tribune, October 28, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-10-29.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Security Council Imposes Sanctions on Iran for failure to halt Uranium Enrichment, Unanimously adopting Resolution 1737 (2006) (2006-12-23).
^ ^a ^b Security Council tightens sanctions against Iran over uranium enrichment (2007-03-24).
^ Security Council Tightens Restrictions on Iran’s Proliferation-Sensitive Nuclear Activities, Increases Vigilance Over Iranian Banks, Has States Inspect Cargo
^ ^a ^b UN Security Council demands that Iran suspend nuclear activities. UN News Centre (2006-07-31).
^ Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and relevant provisions of Security Council resolutions 1737 (2006) and 1747 (2007) in the Islamic Republic of Iran
^ IAEA Chief Concludes Visit to Iran
^ ^a ^b ^c Developing states rap "interference" in Iran deal
^ ASIL Insight - Iran’s Resumption of its Nuclear Program: Addendum
^ ^a ^b Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran, IAEA, 10 November 2003, GOV/2003/75, <http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Board/2003/gov2003-75.pdf>. Retrieved on 25 October 2007
^ Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran, IAEA, 24 September 2005, GOV/2005/77, <http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Board/2005/gov2005-77.pdf>. Retrieved on 25 October 2007
^ [http://www.nti.org/d_newswire/issues/2007_4_2.html#Iran Iran Defends Nuclear Secrecy ]
^ "Nuclear proliferation: The Islamic Republic of Iran]", Gawdat Bahgat, Iranian Studies Journal, vol. 39(3), September 2006
^ Iran Is Judged 10 Years From Nuclear Bomb
^ ^a ^b US imposes new sanctions on Iran. BBC News (2007-10-25).
^ No evidence Iran is making nukes: ElBaradei
^ Israel minister: Sack ElBaradei. BBC News (2007-11-08).
^ Signatories and Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. Retrieved on 2006-04-17.
^ Blasts from the Past: Western Support for Iran's Nuclear program -IranAffairs.com, May 30, 2006
^ Iran's Strategic Weapons Programmes - A Net Assessment. International Institute for Strategic Studies (2005). Retrieved on 2006-06-03.
^ Iran Is Judged 10 Years From Nuclear Bomb U.S. Intelligence Review Contrasts With Administration Statements. Washington Post (2005). Retrieved on 2007-09-20.
^ Iran could have nuclear bomb by 2015 Reuters October 24, 2006
^ ^a ^b Q&A: Iran and the nuclear issue. BBC (2007).
^ ^a ^b "Iran bomb would take '3-8 years' to build", The Irish Times, 22/10/2007. Retrieved on 2007-10-22.
^ U.S. Says Iran Ended Atomic Arms Work New York Times December 3, 2007
^ [http://www.dni.gov/press_releases/20071203_release.pdf Iran: Nuclear Intentions and Capabilities (National Intelligence Estimate)
^ Iran: U.S. Spied to Get Nuke Info
^ Introductory Statement to the Board of Governors by IAEA Director General Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei (2006). Retrieved on 2006-04-17.
^ Iran made 15-page document available to IAEA inspectors, GlobalSecurity.org, February 24, 2006
^ Global Security article on the involvement of Abdul Qadeer Khan with Iran. (2007). Retrieved on 2007-02-16.
^ Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran, IAEA, 18 November 2005, GOV/2005/87, <http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Board/2005/gov2005-87.pdf>. Retrieved on 17 April 2006
^ Global Security: Iran, House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee, 20 February 2008, <http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmfaff/142/14202.htm>. Retrieved on 2 March 2008
^ UN finds highly enriched uranium traces in Iran (2006). Retrieved on 2006-06-01.
^ Diplomats: New traces of highly enriched uranium found in Iran (2006). Retrieved on 2006-06-01.
^ IAEA inspectors found traces of highly enriched uranium in Iran (2006). Retrieved on 2006-06-01.
^ UN Security Council demands that Iran suspend nuclear activities. UN News Centre (2006-07-31).
^ "IAEA finds traces of plutonium in Iran]", AP, 2006-11-15. Retrieved on 2007-03-01.
^ Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran, IAEA, 30 August 2007, GOV/2007/48, <http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Board/2007/gov2007-48.pdf>. Retrieved on 25 October 2007
^ "IAEA, Iran agree visit at disputed reactor site]", Reuters, 2007-07-16. Retrieved on 2007-07-18.
^ "Iran accepts fresh nuclear plan", BBC News, 2007-07-30. Retrieved on 2007-07-30.
^ "Iran angry with France over war warning", CNN, 2007-09-17. Retrieved on 2007-09-17.
^ Tehran not an 'immediate threat' Daily Times September 22, 2007
^ Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and relevant provisions of Security Council resolutions 1737 (2006) and 1747 (2007) in the Islamic Republic of Iran, IAEA, 15 November 2007, GOV/2007/58, <http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/15_11_07_iran_iaeareport.pdf>. Retrieved on 16 November 2007
^ Mark Heinrich. "Iran more transparent but expands nuclear campaign", Reuters, 2007-11-15.
^ "Report Raises New Doubts on Iran Nuclear Program", New York Times, 2007-11-16.
^ "Iran calls for US nuclear apology", BBC News, 2007-11-16.
^ Egypt & Nuclear Power
^ Saghand Mining Department Website
^ NPT: background
^ Leader’s Fatwa Forbids Nukes". Iran Daily (2005-08-11). Retrieved on 2006-05-23.
^ Iran rejects "unacceptable" EU nuclear proposals. Al Jazeera Magazine Online Edition (2005). Retrieved on 2006-05-19.
^ Shahram Rafizadeh (2006). Iranian Cleric Okays Use of Nuclear Weapons!. Rooz. Retrieved on 2006-09-29.
^ IRNA (2006). Islam forbids use of nuclear weapons: Theological scholar. The Muslim News. Retrieved on 2006-09-29.
^ Shuster, Mike (2006). Iran Enriches Uranium, Plans New Expansion. National Public Radio. Retrieved on 2006-05-20.
^ Iran lawmakers threaten withdrawal from Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
^ Democracy Now! | As Nuclear Deadline Passes, US and Iran Trade Accusations of Bombing Involvement
^ Capability versus intent: The latent threat of nuclear proliferation, By Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientist, 15 June 2007
^ The Iranian petroleum crisis and United States national security.
^ The Fuel Behind Iran's Nuclear Drive.
^ Past Arguments Don't Square With Current Iran Policy, Washington Post Sunday, March 27, 2005
^ U.S. Presents Evidence of Iranian Weapons in Iraq
^ U.S., Iran trade barbs in direct talks - Boston.com
^ BBC NEWS | World | Middle East | Iraq PM Maliki in Iran for talks
^ BBC NEWS | World | Middle East | Iran urges US pull-out from Iraq
^ UN envoy doubts U.S. assertion Iran arming Afghan insurgents
^ Lost in Translation: Experts confirm that Iran's president did not call for Israel to be 'wiped off the map'.
^ The Daily Telegraph: American armada prepares to take on Iran
^ U.S. Nuclear Arms Stance Modified by Policy Study, Washington Post, Saturday, March 23, 2002
^ Hersh: U.S. mulls nuclear option for Iran, CNN Monday, April 10, 2006
^ U.S. Nuclear Threats: Then and Now, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientist, Sept-Oct 2006
^ Rice tells nuke watchdog to butt out of Iran diplomacy
^ U.S. Says Iran Ended Atomic Arms Work New York Times December 3, 2007
^ [http://www.dni.gov/press_releases/20071203_release.pdf Iran: Nuclear Intentions and Capabilities (National Intelligence Estimate)
^ "Ahmadinejad declares victory in nuclear dispute", The Times, December 5, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-12-05.
^ France: Iran program 'military'. CNN (2006). Retrieved on 2006-05-23.
^ Chirac Strays From Assailing a Nuclear Iran. New York Times (2007). Retrieved on 2007-06-01.
^ Report on Iran Nuclear Safeguards Sent to Agency's Board. IAEA (2006-02-28).
^ Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran (PDF). IAEA (2006-02-04).
^ Iran threatens to attack Israel. Aljazeera Magazine (2006-05-02).
^ Mahnaimi, Uzi (2005). Israel readies forces for strike on nuclear Iran. The Times. Retrieved on 2006-05-07.
^ [1]
^ Report: Israel Planning Nuke Raid on Iran Uranium Enrichment Sites. FOXNews (2007-01-06).
^ مرگ مشکوک يک دانشمند هسته ای جمهوری اسلام (Scientist Nuk Dies) (HTML) (Persian). Radio Farda. Retrieved on 2007-02-04.
^ ^a ^b Melman, Yossi (2007-02-04). U.S. website: Mossad killed Iranian nuclear physicist (HTML) (English). Haaretz. Retrieved on 2007-02-05.
^ AL-Quds Daily Newspaper (HTML) (Arabic).
^ ISNA - Iranian Student's News Agency (HTML) (Arabic).
^ Geopolitical Diary: Israeli Covert Operations in Iran (HTML) (English). Stratfor (2007-02-02). Retrieved on 2007-02-04. (requires premium subscription)
^ ^a ^b Baxter, Sarah (2007-02-04). Iranian nuclear scientist ‘assassinated by Mossad’ (HTML) (English). The Sunday Times. Retrieved on 2007-02-05. (refers to interview of Stratfor's Rheva Bhalla)
^ Report: Mossad assassinated Iranian nuclear scientist (HTML) (English). Ynetnews (2007-02-04). Retrieved on 2007-02-05. (attributed to Ynet and AP; refers to the article in The Sunday Times referenced above)
^ Report: Iranian scientist assassinated by Mossad (HTML) (English). The Jerusalem Post (2007-02-04). Retrieved on 2007-02-05. (refers to the article in The Sunday Times referenced above)
^ U.S. troops allowed to kill Iranians plotting attacks in Iraq (English). CNN. Retrieved on 2007-02-05.
^ Moussad Incapable of Running Operations in Iran (HTML) (English). Fars News Agency (2007-02-04). Retrieved on 2007-02-05.
^ The Daily Telegraph: Israel seeks all clear for Iran air strike
^ almanar Israel to Press Campaign Against Iran December 5, 2007
^ Collier, Robert (2003). "Nuclear weapons unholy, Iran says. Islam forbids use, clerics proclaim.". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved on 2007-12-06.
^ Clip No. 1114. Middle East Media Research Institute (2006). Retrieved on 2006-09-25.
^ Signatories of the Biological Weapons Convention
^ Razi Institute produces dlrs 100 m worth of vaccines, serums a year. Retrieved on 2006-04-22.
^ Bureau of Verification and Compliance, U.S. Department of State, "Adherence to and Compliance With Arms Control, Nonproliferation, and Disarmament Agreements and Commitments" (30 August 2005).
^ NTI: Country Overviews: Iran: Biological Capabilities. Nuclear Threat Initiative. Retrieved on 2006-04-17.
^ Unclassified Report to Congress on the Acquisition of Technology Relating to Weapons of Mass Destruction and Advanced Conventional Munitions, 1 January Through 30 June 2001. Central Intelligence Agency (USA). Retrieved on 2006-04-26.
^ NTI: Country Overviews: Iran: Missile Capabilities. Nuclear Threat Initiative. Retrieved on 2007-03-06.
^ Pike, John. X-55 Long Range Cruise Missile. GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved on 2006-04-20.

id="External_links"> Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 302nd day of the year (303rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 357th day of the year (358th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 83rd day of the year (84th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 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It has been suggested that Irish Times Trust be merged into this article or section. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 295th day of the year (296th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... is the 337th day of the year (338th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 107th day of the year (108th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... GlobalSecurity. ... is the 55th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 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Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 152nd day of the year (153rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 152nd day of the year (153rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Associated Press, or AP, is an American news agency, the worlds largest such organization. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 60th day of the year (61st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Reuters Group plc (LSE: RTR and NASDAQ: RTRSY); pronounced is known as a financial market data provider and a news service that provides reports from around the world to newspapers and broadcasters. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 197th day of the year (198th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 199th day of the year (200th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... BBC News is the department within the BBC responsible for the corporations news-gathering and production of news programmes on BBC television, radio and online. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 211th day of the year (212th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 211th day of the year (212th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Cable News Network, commonly known as CNN, is a major cable television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Daily Times is a Pakistani newspaper. ... is the 265th day of the year (266th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 320th day of the year (321st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 320th day of the year (321st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 223rd day of the year (224th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 143rd day of the year (144th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 139th day of the year (140th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 272nd day of the year (273rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 272nd day of the year (273rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 140th day of the year (141st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... is the 337th day of the year (338th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... The Times is a national newspaper published daily in the United Kingdom (and the Kingdom of Great Britain before the United Kingdom existed) since 1788 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 339th day of the year (340th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 143rd day of the year (144th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 152nd day of the year (153rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for military purposes. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 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Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Yossi Melman Yossi Melman is an Israeli writer and journalist. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Haaretz (Hebrew: (helpÂ· info), The Land) is an Israeli newspaper, founded in 1919. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 36th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Strategic Forecasting, Inc. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Sunday Times is a Sunday broadsheet newspaper distributed in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland, published by Times Newspapers Ltd, a subsidiary of News International which is in turn owned by News Corporation. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 36th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Strategic Forecasting, Inc. ... Ynetnews is an English language Israel news and content website operated by Yedioth Ahronoth, Israelâ€™s most-read newspaper, and the Hebrew Israel news portal, Ynet. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 36th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Sunday Times is a Sunday broadsheet newspaper distributed in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland, published by Times Newspapers Ltd, a subsidiary of News International which is in turn owned by News Corporation. ... The May 16, 1948 Palestine Post headline announcing the creation of the state of Israel The Jerusalem Post is an Israeli daily English language broadsheet newspaper, originally founded on December 1, 1932, by American journalist-turned-newspaper-editor Gershon Agron as the The Palestine Post. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 36th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Sunday Times is a Sunday broadsheet newspaper distributed in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland, published by Times Newspapers Ltd, a subsidiary of News International which is in turn owned by News Corporation. ... The Cable News Network, commonly known as CNN, is a major cable television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 36th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Fars News Agency is an Iranian news agency based in Tehran. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 36th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 339th day of the year (340th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 340th day of the year (341st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 268th day of the year (269th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 112th day of the year (113th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 242nd day of the year (243rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 107th day of the year (108th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 116th day of the year (117th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 65th day of the year (66th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 110th day of the year (111th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

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News articles

Analysis

is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Trojan Shrine, better known as Tommy Trojan located in the center of University of Southern California campus. ... The Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) is an advocacy organization based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. ... is the 275th day of the year (276th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... â€œPDFâ€ redirects here. ... MiB redirects here. ... The United States Department of State, often referred to as the State Department, is the Cabinet-level foreign affairs agency of the United States government, equivalent to foreign ministries in other countries. ...

Commentary

This monthly magazine is not to be mistaken for the daily Le Monde. Le Monde diplomatique (nicknamed Le Diplo by its French readers) is a monthly publication offering analysis and opinion on politics, culture, and current affairs. ... For other uses, see Guardian. ... is the 5th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... James Risen is a reporter for the New York Times and previously the Los Angeles Times, and author/co-author of two books about the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). ... Antiwar. ... is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Political statements

John Robert Bolton (born November 20, 1948), is an jewish American diplomat in several Republican administrations, who served as the Permanent US Representative to the UN from August 2005 until December 2006, on a recess appointment. ... The U.S. House Committee on International Relations (also known as the House International Relations Committee, the House Foreign Relations Committee or the House Foreign Affairs Committee), is a standing committee of the United States House of Representatives which is in charge of bills and investigations related to the foreign... Flag Seal Nickname: DC, The District Motto: Justitia Omnibus (Justice for All) Location Location of Washington, D.C., with regard to the surrounding states of Maryland and Virginia. ... is the 175th day of the year (176th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... John Robert Bolton (born November 20, 1948), is an jewish American diplomat in several Republican administrations, who served as the Permanent US Representative to the UN from August 2005 until December 2006, on a recess appointment. ... Robert G. Joseph The Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security is a position within the U.S. Department of State that serves as Senior Adviser to the President and the Secretary of State for Arms Control, Nonproliferation, and Disarmament. ... The Hudson Institute is a right-leaning U.S. think tank, founded in 1961 in Croton-on-Hudson, New York, by the futurist Herman Kahn and other colleagues from the RAND Corporation. ... is the 229th day of the year (230th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 212th day of the year (213th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Contents

Nuclear weapons

Overview

History

IAEA

The Iranian stance

The United States' stance

Other international responses

Russia

France

United Kingdom

Israel

Opinion in the Arab and Islamic world

The Baku declaration

Qatar and Arab vote against the U.N. Security Council resolution

The non-aligned movement

Biological weapons

Chemical weapons

Delivery systems

Missiles

Aircraft

See also

References

External links

News articles

Analysis

Commentary

Political statements

Organizations

Contents

Nuclear weapons GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Overview

History

IAEA

The Iranian stance

The United States' stance

Other international responses

Russia

France

United Kingdom

Israel

Opinion in the Arab and Islamic world

The Baku declaration

Qatar and Arab vote against the U.N. Security Council resolution

The non-aligned movement

Biological weapons

Chemical weapons

Delivery systems

Missiles

Aircraft

See also

References

External links

News articles

Analysis

Commentary

Political statements

Organizations

Nuclear weapons