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Irish Rebellion of 1798
Depiction of the Battle of Vinegar Hill
Date 1798 Location Ireland Result British government victory, rebellion put down
Combatants
United Irishmen French First Republic	Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Commanders
Local leaders, General Humbert	Cornwallis Lake
Strength
? Various, at peak mid-June c.60,000, 1,100 French regulars August-September	? c. 20,000 yeomen 40,000 militia 30,000 regular 1,000 Hessian mercenaries
Casualties
? c. 14,000-28,000 United Irish and civilian deaths	? c. 1,500 soldiers and 1,000 loyalist civilians

The Irish Rebellion of 1798 (Irish: Éirí Amach 1798), or 1798 rebellion as it is known locally, was an uprising in 1798, lasting several months, against the British dominated Kingdom of Ireland. The United Irishmen, a republican revolutionary group influenced by the ideas of the American and French Revolutions, were the main organizing force behind the rebellion. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Vinegar_hill. ... Combatants Irish Rebels British Army, Hessian Mercenaries Commanders Rebel Council Gerard Lake Strength 20,000 15,000 Casualties 1,000 (inc. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Leinster. ... The Society of the United Irishmen was a political organisation in eighteenth century Ireland that sought independence from Great Britain. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Motto: (Liberty, equality, brotherhood, or death!) Anthem: La Marseillaise (unofficial) Capital Paris Language(s) French Government Republic Various  - 1792-1795 National Convention (rule by legislature)  - 1794-1799 Directory  - 1799-1804 First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte Legislature National Convention French Directory French Consulate History  - Storming of the Bastille/French Revolution 14 July... Image File history File links Union_flag_1606_(Kings_Colors). ... For an explanation of terms such as Scotland, Wales, England, (Great) Britain and United Kingdom, see British Isles (terminology). ... Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis (December 31, 1738-October 5, 1805) was a British general and colonial governor. ... The term Hessian refers to the inhabitants of the German state of Hesse. ... The Battle of Ballymore-Eustace was one of the events in the United Irish rebellion of 1798. ... In one of the first engagements of the 1798 rebellion, a force of over 1,000 rebels attacked Naas, the strongest Crown garrison in county Kildare, following the successful mobilisation of United Irishmen, Defenders and rebels throughout county Kildare on the night of 23rd May. ... United Irish taking of Prosperous, Co. ... // Battles of Kilcullen 24th May 1798 The battle of Kilcullen was one of the first engagements in the Irish Rebellion of 1798 consisting of two seperate clashes between a force of United Irish rebels and British military. ... Battle of Carlow, 25th May 1798 Following the outbreak of the 1798 Rebellion on 24th May in county Kildare, Carlow rebels assembled on the night of the 24th and set off at dawn to attack the County town and picked up more volunteers along the way. ... The Battle of Tara Hill was fought on 26 May 1798 between British forces and Irish rebels involved in the Irish Rebellion of 1798, resulting in a heavy defeat for the rebels and the end of the rebellion in County Meath. ... Battle of Oulart Hill 27th May 1798 The battle of Oulart Hill took place on 27th May 1798 when a rebel gathering of 1,000 annihilated a detachment of militia sent from Wexford town to stamp out the spread of 1798 rebellion in county Wexford. ... Gibbet Rath massacre, Curragh, Co. ... Battle of Three Rocks, Wexford 30th May 1798 The battle of Three Rocks was a United Irish victory during the 1798 rebellion against a British artillery column marching to reinforce Wexford town against anticipated rebel attack. ... The battle of Bunclody or Newtownbarry as it was then called, was a battle in the Irish Rebellion of 1798, which took place on 1st June 1798 when a force of some 5,000 rebels led by Catholic priest Fr. ... The Battle of Tuberneering was fought on June 4, 1798, between Great Britian and Ireland. ... The Battle of New Ross took place in county Wexford in south-eastern Ireland, during the Irish Rebellion of 1798. ... The Battle of Antrim was fought on June 7, 1798, between Great Britain and Ireland. ... The Battle of Arklow took place during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 on June 9th when a rebel force from Wexford, estimated at 10,000 strong, launched an assault into County Wicklow, on the British-held town of Arklow, in an attempt to spread the rebellion into Wicklow and to... The battle of Ovidstown, Co. ... The battle of Foulksmills (also known as the battle of Goffs Bridge) was a battle on 20th June 1798 between advancing British forces seeking to stamp out the rebellion in Wexford during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and a rebel army assembled to oppose them. ... Combatants Irish Rebels British Army, Hessian Mercenaries Commanders Rebel Council Gerard Lake Strength 20,000 15,000 Casualties 1,000 (inc. ... The battle of Ballyellis on 30th June 1798 was a clash during the 1798 rebellion between a surviving column of the dispersed Wexford rebel army and pursuing British forces which resulted in a total victory for the rebels. ... Combatants French Army & Irish Rebels British Army Commanders Jean Humbert Gerard Lake Strength 2,000 6,000 Casualties 150 80 killed, 270 wounded, captured and missing The Battle of Castlebar occurred on 27th August during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 when a combined force of 2,000 French troops and... Combatants French Army & Irish Rebels British Army Commanders Jean Humbert Col. ... Combatants French Army United Irishmen British Army Commanders Jean Humbert Gerard Lake Strength 2,350 5,000 Casualties 500 30 The Battle of Ballinamuck marked the defeat of the main force of the French incursion during the 1798 Rebellion in Ireland. ... Year 1798 (MDCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Coat of arms1 Capital Dublin Language(s) Irish, English Government Monarchy King2  - 1542-1547 Henry VIII  - 1760-1801 George III Chief Secretary  - 1660 Matthew Lock  - 1798-1801 Viscount Castlereagh Legislature Parliament of Ireland  - Upper house Irish House of Lords  - Lower house Irish House of Commons History  - Act of Parliament 1541... The Society of the United Irishmen was a political organisation in eighteenth century Ireland that sought independence from Great Britain. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Revolutionary, when used as a noun, is a person who either advocates or actively engages in some kind of revolution. ... The French Revolution (1789–1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on...

Background

Since 1691 and the end of the Williamite war, Ireland had been controlled by an Anglican Protestant Ascendancy loyal to the British Crown, which governed the majority Roman Catholic population by a form of institutionalised sectarianism codified in the Penal Laws. As the 18th century progressed, liberal elements among the ruling class were inspired by the example of the American Revolution and sought to form common cause with the Catholic populace to achieve reform and greater autonomy from Britain. Events March 5 - French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers besiege the Spanish-held town of Mons March 20 - Leislers Rebellion - New governor arrives in New York - Jacob Leisler surrenders after standoff of several hours March 29 - Siege of Mons ends to the city’s surrender May 6... For the context of this war see Jacobitism and Glorious Revolution. ... The Protestant Ascendancy refers to the political, economic, and social domination of Ireland by Anglican landowners, Church of Ireland clergy, and professionals during the 17th, 18th, and 19th century. ... The British monarch or Sovereign is the monarch and head of state of the United Kingdom and its overseas territories, and is the source of all executive, judicial and (as the Queen_in_Parliament) legislative power. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Sectarianism refers (usually pejoratively) to a rigid adherence to a particular sect or party or religious denomination. ... The Penal laws in Ireland (Irish: Na Péindlíthe) refers to a series of laws imposed under British rule that sought to discriminate against majority native Catholic population but also against Protestant dissenters in favour of the established Church of Ireland which recognised the English monarchy as its spiritual... Liberalism is an ideology, philosophical view, and political tradition which holds that liberty is the primary political value. ... John Trumbulls Declaration of Independence, showing the five-man committee in charge of drafting the Declaration in 1776 as it presents its work to the Second Continental Congress The American Revolution refers to the period during the last half of the 18th century in which the Thirteen Colonies that...

When France joined the American colonists in support of their revolution, London called for volunteers to join militias to defend Ireland against the threat of invasion from France. Many thousands joined the Irish Volunteers who used their new powerful position to force the Crown to grant the landed Ascendancy self-rule and a more independent parliament. In 1793 Catholics with some property were allowed to vote, but could neither be elected nor be appointed as state officials. A militia is a group of citizens organized to provide paramilitary service. ... Note The Irish Volunteers usually refers to an early twentieth century nationalist organisation in Ireland. ... 1793 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

Society of United Irishmen

"Equality -
It is new strung and shall be heard"
United Irish Symbol
- Harp without Crown and Cap of Liberty

Theobald Wolfe Tone - United Irish leader.

The promise of reform inspired a small group of Protestant liberals in Belfast to found the Society of the United Irishmen in 1791. The organisation crossed the religious divide with a membership comprising Roman Catholics, Presbyterians, Methodists, and other Protestant "dissenter" groups excluded from the Protestant Ascendancy. The Society openly put forward its policies of further democratic reforms and Catholic emancipation, reforms that the Irish Parliament had little intention of granting and the British government were just as unwilling to enforce, until pressured to do so in 1793. The outbreak of war with France earlier in 1793 following the execution of Louis XVI forced the Society underground and toward armed insurrection with French aid. The avowed intent of the United Irishmen was now to "break the connection with England"; the organisation spread throughout Ireland and had at least 100,000 members by 1797. It linked up with Catholic agrarian resistance groups, known as the Defenders, who had started raiding houses for arms in early 1793. Image File history File links United_Irish_badge. ... Image File history File links United_Irish_badge. ... The Society of the United Irishmen was a political organisation in eighteenth century Ireland that sought independence from Great Britain. ... The harp is a stringed instrument which has the plane of its strings positioned perpendicular to the soundboard. ... A crown is a symbolic form of headgear worn by a monarch or by a god, for whom the crown is traditionally one of the symbols of power and legitimacy (See Regalia for a broader treatment). ... A Phrygian cap The Phrygian cap or Bonnet Phrygien is a soft, red, conical cap with the top pulled forward, worn in antiquity by the inhabitants of Phrygia, a region of central Anatolia. ... Image File history File links 250px-Theobald_Wolfe_Tone_-_Project_Gutenberg_13112. ... Image File history File links 250px-Theobald_Wolfe_Tone_-_Project_Gutenberg_13112. ... Theobald Wolfe Tone - United Irish leader. ... The Society of the United Irishmen was a political organisation in eighteenth century Ireland that sought independence from Great Britain. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: , Statistics Province: Northern Ireland County: District: Belfast UK Parliament: Belfast North Belfast South Belfast East Belfast West European Parliament: Northern Ireland Dialling Code: 028, +44 28 posttown = Belfast Postal District(s): BT1-BT17, BT29 (part of), BT58 Area: 115 km² Population (2001) Website: www. ... The Society of the United Irishmen was a political organisation in eighteenth century Ireland that sought independence from Great Britain. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Presbyterianism is part of the Reformed churches family of denominations of Christian Protestantism based on the teachings of John Calvin which traces its institutional roots to the Scottish Reformation, especially as led by John Knox. ... The Methodist movement is a group of denominations of Protestant Christianity. ... The term dissenter (from the Latin dissentire, to disagree), labels one who dissents or disagrees in matters of opinion, belief, etc. ... The Protestant Ascendancy refers to the political, economic, and social domination of Ireland by Anglican landowners, Church of Ireland clergy, and professionals during the 17th, 18th, and 19th century. ... Catholic Emancipation was a process in Great Britain and Ireland in the late 18th century and early 19th century which involved reducing and removing many of the restrictions on Roman Catholics which had been introduced by the Act of Uniformity, the Test Acts and the Penal Laws. ... This article is about the legislature abolished in 1801. ... Combatants Great Britain Austria Prussia Spain[1] Russia Sardinia Ottoman Empire Portugal Dutch Republic[2] France The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of major conflicts, from 1792 until 1802, fought between the French Revolutionary government and several European states. ... Louis XVI, born Louis-Auguste de France (23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) ruled as King of France and Navarre from 1774 until 1791, and then as King of the French from 1791 to 1792. ... The Society of the United Irishmen was a political organisation in eighteenth century Ireland that sought independence from Great Britain. ... The Defenders were a militant agrarian secret society in 18th century Ireland, who were involved in the 1798 rebellion. ...

Despite their growing strength, the United Irish leadership decided to seek military help from the French revolutionary government, and to postpone the rising until French troops landed in Ireland. Theobald Wolfe Tone, leader of the United Irishmen, travelled in exile from America to France to press the case for intervention. These plans seemed to come to fruition when he accompanied a force of 15,000 French troops under General Hoche which arrived off the coast of Ireland at Bantry Bay in December 1796 after eluding the Royal Navy. However unremitting storms, indecisiveness and poor seamanship all combined to prevent invasion, prompting the despairing Wolfe Tone to remark, "England has had its luckiest escape since the Armada." The Society of the United Irishmen was a political organisation in eighteenth century Ireland that sought independence from Great Britain. ... Executive Directory (in French Directoire exécutif), commonly known as the Directory (or Directoire) held executive power in France from November 2, 1795 until November 10, 1799: following the Convention and preceding the Consulate. ... Theobald Wolfe Tone - United Irish leader. ... Louis Lazare Hoche (June 24, 1768 - September 19, 1797) was a French general. ... Bantry Bay is a bay located in southwest Ireland, in County Cork. ... The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore the Senior Service). ... Theobald Wolfe Tone - United Irish leader. ... Combatants England Dutch Republic Spain Portugal Commanders Charles Howard Francis Drake Duke of Medina Sidonia Strength 34 warships 163 armed merchant vessels 22 galleons 108 armed merchant vessels Casualties 50–100 dead[1] ~400 wounded 600 dead, 800 wounded,[2] 397 captured, 4 merchant ships sunk or captured The Spanish...

Government crackdown and counter-revolution

Arrest of Lord Edward Fitzgerald (George Cruikshank)

The shaken Establishment responded to widespread disorders by launching a campaign of repression and coercion using tactics that could in modern terms be described as "state terrorism", including house burnings, torture, pitchcapping and murder, particularly in Ulster as it was the one area of Ireland where large numbers of Catholics and Protestants (mainly Presbyterians) had effected common cause. Image File history File links Lordfitz. ... Image File history File links Lordfitz. ... Lord Edward FitzGerald (15 October 1763–4 June 1798) was an Irish aristocrat and revolutionary. ... Portrait of George Cruikshank Wood engraving published in Harpers Weekly newspaper March 16, 1878 A Young George Cruikshank George Cruikshank (September 27, 1792—February 1, 1878) was an English caricaturist and book illustrator. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... Pitchcapping refers to a form of torture devised by British forces in 18th century Ireland which was widely used against suspected rebels during the period of the 1798 Rebellion, most famously on Anthony Perry, one of the leaders of the Wexford rebels. ... Statistics Area: 24,481 km² Population (2006 estimate) 1,993,918 Ulster (Irish: Cúige Uladh, IPA: ) forms one of the four traditional provinces of Ireland. ... Presbyterianism is part of the Reformed churches family of denominations of Christian Protestantism based on the teachings of John Calvin which traces its institutional roots to the Scottish Reformation, especially as led by John Knox. ...

However, sectarianism was quickly recognised as a usefully divisive tool for the British establishment to employ against the United Irishmen in a classic instance of the divide and conquer method of colonial dominion and officially encouraged by the Government. For example, Brigadier-General C.E. Knox wrote to General Lake (who was responsible for Ulster):"I hope to increase the animosity between Orangemen and United Irishmen. Upon that animosity depends the safety of the centre counties of the North." The Lord Chancellor of Ireland, John Fitzgibbon wrote in a letter to the Privy Council in June 1798; "In the North nothing will keep the rebels quiet but the conviction that where treason has broken out the rebellion is merely popish". Sectarianism refers (usually pejoratively) to a rigid adherence to a particular sect or party or religious denomination. ... The Society of the United Irishmen was a political organisation in eighteenth century Ireland that sought independence from Great Britain. ... Divide and conquer (derived from the Latin saying Divide et impera) can mean either: In politics and sociology, a strategy to gain or maintain power: see divide and rule In computer science, an algorithm design paradigm based on recursion: see divide and conquer (computer science). ... Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake (July 27, 1744 - February 20, 1808), was a British general. ... Statistics Area: 24,481 km² Population (2006 estimate) 1,993,918 Ulster (Irish: Cúige Uladh, IPA: ) forms one of the four traditional provinces of Ireland. ... Orange parade in Glasgow (1 June 2003) The Orange Institution, more commonly known as the Orange Order, is a Protestant fraternal organisation based predominantly in Northern Ireland and Scotland with lodges throughout the Commonwealth and in Canada and the United States. ... The Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, or Lord Chancellor and prior to the Union the Chancellor of England and the Lord Chancellor of Scotland, is a senior and important functionary in the government of the United Kingdom, and its predecessor states. ... John Fitzgibbon (1748–1802), first Earl of Clare was known by the tenants of his Mountshannon estate as Black Jack Fitzgibbon. ... Historically, the word Popery has been used as a derogatory term of Catholicism. ...

Loyalists all over Ireland had already organised themselves in support of the Government, supplying recruits and vital local intelligence through the foundation of the Orange Order in 1795. The opposition of the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland to the expected rebellion had been secured by the establishment of Maynooth College in the same year and the church was, with a few individual exceptions, firmly on the side of the Crown throughout the entire period of the rebellion. Orange parade in Glasgow (1 June 2003) The Orange Institution, more commonly known as the Orange Order, is a Protestant fraternal organisation based predominantly in Northern Ireland and Scotland with lodges throughout the Commonwealth and in Canada and the United States. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic... St Patricks College, Maynooth is the National Seminary for Ireland, a college and seminary often called Maynooth College located at Maynooth, Ireland - official established as the Roman Catholic College of St Patrick. ...

Intelligence from informers also swept up much of the United Irish leadership in raids in Dublin in March 1798. A preemptive rising in March in Cahir, County Tipperary broke out in response, but was quickly crushed. Martial law was consequently imposed over much of the country, the unrelenting brutality of which put the United Irish organisation under severe pressure to act before it was too late. By May 1798 Lord Edward FitzGerald and most other leaders of the Dublin rebellion were arrested and the rump United Irish leadership finally decided to launch the rising without French aid, fixing the date of the rising for May 23rd. Those who supply information to enforcers of law or administration. ... Dublin city centre at night WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: , Statistics Province: Leinster County: Dáil Éireann: Dublin Central, Dublin North Central, Dublin North East, Dublin North West, Dublin South Central, Dublin South East European Parliament: Dublin Dialling Code: +353 1 Postal District(s): D1-24, D6W Area: 114. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 52. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 52. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Lord Edward FitzGerald (15 October 1763–4 June 1798) was an Irish aristocrat and revolutionary. ...

Plan

The initial plan was to take Dublin, with the counties bordering Dublin to then rise to prevent the arrival of reinforcements, whereupon the remainder of the country would rise and tie down other garrisons. The agreed signal for the rest of the country to rise was to be the interception of the outward bound mail coaches from Dublin. Dublin city centre at night WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: , Statistics Province: Leinster County: Dáil Éireann: Dublin Central, Dublin North Central, Dublin North East, Dublin North West, Dublin South Central, Dublin South East European Parliament: Dublin Dialling Code: +353 1 Postal District(s): D1-24, D6W Area: 114. ...

Last minute intelligence from informers however provided details of rebel assembly points at Smithfield and Haymarket, and those places were occupied by a huge force of military barely one hour before rebels were to assemble. Deterred by the preparedness of the military, dismayed groups of rebels slunk away from their intended rallying point, dumping weapons in the surrounding lanes. The plan to intercept the mail coaches miscarried with only the Munster bound coach halted near Naas on the first night. Those who supply information to enforcers of law or administration. ... Statistics Area: 24,607. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 53. ...

Outbreak of the rebellion

The nucleus of the rebellion had imploded but the counties surrounding Dublin rose as planned and the long threatened rising finally began. Surrounding districts of Dublin were first to rise and rebels quickly began to assemble in Wicklow, Meath and Kildare. The first clashes of the rebellion took place just after dawn on 24 May and the fighting quickly spread throughout Leinster with the county of Kildare bearing the brunt of the initial clashes. WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 52. ... Meath (An Mhí in Irish) is a county in the Republic of Ireland, the county is often informally called The Royal County. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 53. ... While page lists the principal engagements of the Irish Rebellion of 1798, some of these battles could be more accurately termed massacres and are denoted as such by the + symbol. ... is the 144th day of the year (145th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 53. ...

Despite the Government successfully beating off almost every rebel attack, all military forces in Kildare were ordered to withdraw to Naas for fear of their isolation and destruction as at Prosperous which temporarily handed control of much of Kildare to the rebels. However, rebel defeats at Carlow and the hill of Tara, County Meath, effectively ended the rebellion in those counties. News of the rising spread panic and fear among loyalists in Wicklow who responded by massacring rebel suspects held in custody at Dunlavin Green and in Carnew. WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 53. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 53. ... United Irish taking of Prosperous, Co. ... Battle of Carlow, 25th May 1798 Following the outbreak of the 1798 Rebellion on 24th May in county Kildare, Carlow rebels assembled on the night of the 24th and set off at dawn to attack the County town and picked up more volunteers along the way. ... The Battle of Tara Hill was fought on 26 May 1798 between British forces and Irish rebels involved in the Irish Rebellion of 1798, resulting in a heavy defeat for the rebels and the end of the rebellion in County Meath. ... Meath (An Mhí in Irish) is a county in the Republic of Ireland, the county is often informally called The Royal County. ... The massacre of Dunlavin Green refers to the summary execution of 36 suspected rebel prisoners the British military shortly after the outbreak of the rebellion of 1798. ... The Carnew massacre was the summary execution of 35 prisoners being held as suspected United Irishmen by the local garrison in the British army barracks base of Carnew Castle, County Wicklow, Ireland on May 25, 1798. ...

The rebellion spreads

The Battle of New Ross

In Wicklow large numbers rose but largely operated away from settled areas and engaged in a bloody rural guerrilla war with the military and loyalist forces. General Joseph Holt led up to 1,000 men in the Wicklow Hills forcing the British to commit substantial forces to the area until his capitulation in October. Image File history File links New_ross. ... Image File history File links New_ross. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 52. ... Joseph Holt (1756 – 16 May 1826) was a United Irish general and leader of a large guerrilla force which fought against British troops in county Wicklow from June-October 1798. ...

In the north-east, mostly Presbyterian rebels led by Henry Joy McCracken rose in Antrim on 6 June and briefly held most of the county but the rising there collapsed following defeat at Antrim town. In Down, after initial success at Saintfield, rebels led by Henry Munro were defeated in the longest battle of the rebellion at Ballynahinch. Presbyterianism is part of the Reformed churches family of denominations of Christian Protestantism based on the teachings of John Calvin which traces its institutional roots to the Scottish Reformation, especially as led by John Knox. ... Henry Joy McCracken Henry Joy McCracken (31 August 1767 – 17 July 1798) was a cotton manafacturer and industrialist, Presbyterian, radical Irish republican, and a founding member, along with Theobald Wolfe Tone, James Napper Tandy, and Robert Emmet, of the Society of the United Irishmen. ... Statistics Province: Ulster County Town: Antrim Area: 2,844 km² Population (est. ... is the 157th day of the year (158th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Battle of Antrim was fought on June 7, 1798, between Great Britain and Ireland. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 54. ... Statistics Province: Ulster County Town: Downpatrick Area: 2,448 km² Population (est. ... Saintfield (in Irish: Tamhnach Naomh, ie Field of Saints) is a large village located in mid-County Down, Northern Ireland, situated roughly halfway between Belfast and Downpatrick on the A7 road. ... Ballynahinch (Baile na hInse in Irish, meaning Townland of the Island) is a market town in County Down, Northern Ireland and with Newcastle and Downpatrick one of the three largest towns of Down District. ...

The rebels had most success in the south-eastern county of Wexford, where they seized control of the county, but a series of bloody defeats at New Ross, Arklow, and Newtownbarry prevented the effective spread of the rebellion beyond the county borders. 20,000 troops eventually poured into Wexford inflicting defeat at the battle of Vinegar Hill on 21 June. The dispersed rebels spread in two columns through the midlands, Kilkenny and finally towards Ulster. The last remnants of these forces fought on until their final defeat on 14 July at the battles of Knightstown Bog, Co. Meath and Ballyboughal, County Dublin. Statistics Province: Leinster County Town: Wexford Code: WX Area: 2,352 km² Population (2006) 131,615 Website: www. ... The Battle of New Ross took place in county Wexford in south-eastern Ireland, during the Irish Rebellion of 1798. ... The Battle of Arklow took place during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 on June 9th when a rebel force from Wexford, estimated at 10,000 strong, launched an assault into County Wicklow, on the British-held town of Arklow, in an attempt to spread the rebellion into Wicklow and to... The battle of Bunclody or Newtownbarry as it was then called, was a battle in the Irish Rebellion of 1798, which took place on 1st June 1798 when a force of some 5,000 rebels led by Catholic priest Fr. ... Combatants Irish Rebels British Army, Hessian Mercenaries Commanders Rebel Council Gerard Lake Strength 20,000 15,000 Casualties 1,000 (inc. ... is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 52. ... Statistics Area: 24,481 km² Population (2006 estimate) 1,993,918 Ulster (Irish: Cúige Uladh, IPA: ) forms one of the four traditional provinces of Ireland. ... is the 195th day of the year (196th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Statistics Province: Leinster County Town: Dublin Code: D Area: 921 km² Population (2006) 1,186,821 County Dublin (Irish: Contae Bhaile Átha Cliath), or more correctly today the Dublin Region[1] (Réigiúin Átha Cliath), is the area that contains the city of Dublin, the capital and largest city...

Atrocities

Half-Hanging of suspected United Irishmen by Government troops

The intimate nature of the conflict meant that the rebellion at times took on the worst characteristics of a civil war, especially in Leinster. Sectarian resentment was fuelled by the remaining Penal Laws still in force and by the ruthless campaign of repression prior to the rising. Rumours of planned massacres by both sides were common in the days before the rising and led to a widespread climate of fear. Image File history File links Hanging. ... Image File history File links Hanging. ... The Society of the United Irishmen was a political organisation in eighteenth century Ireland that sought independence from Great Britain. ... Statistics Area: 19,774. ... The Penal laws in Ireland (Irish: Na Péindlíthe) refers to a series of laws imposed under British rule that sought to discriminate against majority native Catholic population but also against Protestant dissenters in favour of the established Church of Ireland which recognised the English monarchy as its spiritual...

Government

The immediate aftermath of almost every British victory in the rising was marked by the massacre of captured and wounded rebels. The British were responsible for particularly gruesome massacres at Gibbet Rath, New Ross and Enniscorthy, burning rebels alive in the latter two^[1]. For those rebels who were taken alive in the aftermath of battle, being regarded as traitors to the Crown, they were not treated as prisoners of war but were executed, usually by hanging. Gibbet Rath massacre, Curragh, Co. ... The Battle of New Ross took place in county Wexford in south-eastern Ireland, during the Irish Rebellion of 1798. ... The castle in Enniscorthy, Co. ...

In addition, countless civilians were murdered by the rampaging military, who also practiced gang rape, particularly in County Wexford^[2]. Many individual instances of murder were also unofficially carried out by aggressive local Yeomanry Units before, during and after the rebellion as their local knowledge led them to target suspected rebels and "pardoned" rebels were a partcular target.^{[citation needed]} In the 1790s, the threat of invasion of England was high, with the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. ...

Rebel

The rebels in turn were guilty of a couple of small-scale atrocities near Saintfield, Co. Antrim and at Rathangan, County Kildare, but the vast majority of rebel atrocities took place in County Wexford at the Vinegar Hill camp, Scullabogue, Wexford bridge and in the vicinity of Gorey. Despite the United Irishmen being an avowedly non-sectarian organisation, the rebel atrocities at times took on a sectarian nature especially where rebel discipline broke down, with Protestantism often being equated with loyalism. Vinegar Hill could refer to: Vinegar Hill, a 1999 novel by A. Manette Ansay. ... The Scullabogue massacre was an atrocity committed on June 5, 1798, during the Irish Rebellion of 1798. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 52. ... The Society of the United Irishmen was a political organisation in eighteenth century Ireland that sought independence from Great Britain. ... Sectarianism is an adherence to a particular sect or party or denomination, it also usually involves a rejection of those not a member of ones sect. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Protestantism encompasses the forms... In general, a loyalist is an individual who is loyal to the powers that be. ...

French landing

"Charge of the 5th Dragoon Guards on the insurgents – a recreant yeoman having deserted to them in uniform is being cut down" - William Sadler (1782-1839)

On 22 August, nearly two months after the main uprisings had been defeated, about 1,000 French soldiers under General Humbert landed in the north-west of the country, at Kilcummin in County Mayo. Joined by up to 5,000 local rebels, they inflicted a humiliating defeat (known as the Castlebar races to commemorate the speed of the British retreat) on the British at Castlebar and set up a short-lived "Republic of Connaught", before final defeat at the Battle of Ballinamuck, in County Longford, on 8 September 1798. The French troops who surrendered were repatriated to France in exchange for British prisoners of war; the captured Irish rebels were massacred at the site of the battle. Image File history File links Vinhill. ... Image File history File links Vinhill. ... is the 234th day of the year (235th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... General Humbert (1755-1823) was a French revolutionary general famous for his failed invasion of Ireland in 1798. ... Statistics Province: Connacht County Town: Castlebar Code: MO Area: 5,397 km² Population (2006) 123,648 Website: www. ... Combatants French Army & Irish Rebels British Army Commanders Jean Humbert Gerard Lake Strength 2,000 6,000 Casualties 150 80 killed, 270 wounded, captured and missing The Battle of Castlebar occurred on 27th August during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 when a combined force of 2,000 French troops and... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Combatants French Army United Irishmen British Army Commanders Jean Humbert Gerard Lake Strength 2,350 5,000 Casualties 500 30 The Battle of Ballinamuck marked the defeat of the main force of the French incursion during the 1798 Rebellion in Ireland. ... Statistics Province: Leinster County Town: Longford Code: LD Area: 1,091 km² Population (2006) 34,361 Website: www. ... is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1798 (MDCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ... The word massacre has a number of meanings, but most commonly refers to individual events of deliberate and direct mass killing, especially of noncombatant civilians or other innocents without any reasonable means of defense, that would often qualify as war crimes or atrocities. ... While page lists the principal engagements of the Irish Rebellion of 1798, some of these battles could be more accurately termed massacres and are denoted as such by the + symbol. ...

On 12 October 1798, a larger French force consisting of 3,000 men, and including Wolfe Tone himself, attempted to land in County Donegal near Lough Swilly. They were intercepted by a larger Royal Navy squadron, and finally surrendered after a three hour battle without ever landing in Ireland. As a result of this French involvement, 1798 was often referred to as "The Year of the French". is the 285th day of the year (286th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1798 (MDCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Statistics Province: Ulster Dáil Éireann: Donegal North East, Donegal South West County Town: Lifford Code: DL Area: 4,841 km² Population (2006) 146,956 Website: www. ... Lough Swilly (Loch Súilí in Irish) in Ireland is a fjord-like body of water lying between the eastern side of the Inishowen Peninsula in County Donegal and the rest of northern Donegal. ... The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore the Senior Service). ... A Squadron is a small unit or formation of cavalry, aircraft (including balloons), or naval vessels. ...

Aftermath

Pockets of rebel resistance remained in Wexford with the last rebel group under James Corocoran not vanquished until February 1804. County Wicklow experienced a form of guerilla or "fugitive" warfare under the leadership of "General" Joseph Holt James Corocoran (c. ... Statistics Province: Leinster County Town: Wicklow Code: WW Area: 2,024 km² Population (2007) 114,676 Website: www. ... Guerrilla (also called a partisan) is a term borrowed from Spanish (from guerra meaning war) used to describe small combat groups. ... Joseph Holt (1756 – 16 May 1826) was a United Irish general and leader of a large guerrilla force which fought against British troops in county Wicklow from June-October 1798. ...

"General" Joseph Holt (1799)

and his Captain Michael Dwyer for several years after 1798 until the final demise of the United Irishmen with failure of Robert Emmet's rebellion in 1803 finally convinced the last organised rebel forces under Michael Dwyer to a negotiated surrender. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Michael Dwyer (1772-1825) was a United Irish leader in the 1798 rising and later fought a guerilla campaign against the British army in the Wicklow Mountains from 1798-1803. ... The Society of the United Irishmen was a political organisation in eighteenth century Ireland that sought independence from Great Britain. ... Robert Emmet Robert Emmet (4 March 1780 - 20 September 1803) was an Irish nationalist rebel leader. ... Michael Dwyer (1772-1825) was a United Irish leader in the 1798 rising and later fought a guerilla campaign against the British army in the Wicklow Mountains from 1798-1803. ...

The Act of Union on 1 January 1801 took away the measure of autonomy granted to Ireland's Protestant Ascendancy. This act passed largely in response to the rebellion and was underpinned by the perception that the rebellion was provoked as much by the brutish misrule of the Ascendancy as by the efforts of the revolutionaries. The Act of Union 1800 merged the Kingdom of Ireland and the Kingdom of Great Britain (itself a merger of England and Wales and Scotland under the Act of Union 1707) to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on 1 January 1801. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Union Jack, flag of the newly formed United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. ... The Protestant Ascendancy refers to the political, economic, and social domination of Ireland by Anglican landowners, Church of Ireland clergy, and professionals during the 17th, 18th, and 19th century. ...

Religious, if not economic, discrimination against the Catholic majority was gradually abolished after the Act of Union but not before widespread radical mobilisation of the Catholic population under Daniel O'Connell. Discontent at grievances and resentment persisted but resistance to British rule continued to manifest itself along sectarian lines as in the Tithe War of 1831-36. Act of Union can mean: United Kingdom The Act of Union is a name given to several acts passed by the English, Scottish and British Parliaments from 1536 onwards. ... Daniel OConnell Daniel OConnell (6 August 1775 – 15 May 1847) (Irish: Dónal Ó Conaill), known as The Liberator or The Emancipator, was Irelands predominant political leader in the first half of the nineteenth century who championed the cause of the down-trodden Catholic population. ... The Tithe War in Ireland (1831-36) refers to a series of periodic skirmishes and violent incidents connected to resistance to the obligation of Roman Catholics in Ireland to pay tithes for the upkeep of the Anglican Clergy. ...

Presbyterian radicalism was effectively tamed or reconciled to British rule by inclusion in a new Protestant Ascendancy, as opposed to a merely Anglican one. The resulting effect was that Irish politics in the 19th century was steered away from the unifying vision of the United Irishmen, encouraged by Unionists, Dublin Castle, and exploited by politicians such as Daniel O’Connell, towards a sectarian model which has largely endured to the present day. Presbyterianism is part of the Reformed churches family of denominations of Christian Protestantism based on the teachings of John Calvin which traces its institutional roots to the Scottish Reformation, especially as led by John Knox. ... The Protestant Ascendancy refers to the political, economic, and social domination of Ireland by Anglican landowners, Church of Ireland clergy, and professionals during the 17th, 18th, and 19th century. ... The term Anglican describes those people and churches following the religious traditions of the Church of England, especially following the Reformation. ... The Society of the United Irishmen was a political organisation in eighteenth century Ireland that sought independence from Great Britain. ... Unionism, in the context of Ireland, is a belief in the continuation of the Act of Union 1800 (as amended by the Government of Ireland Act 1920) so that Northern Ireland (created by the 1920 Act) remains part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. ... Dublin Castle. ... Daniel OConnell Daniel OConnell (August 6, 1776 – May 15, 1847), known as The Liberator or The Emancipator, was Irelands predominant politician in the first half of the nineteenth century. ... Sectarianism is an adherence to a particular sect or party or denomination, it also usually involves a rejection of those not a member of ones sect. ...

Legacy of 1798

The 1798 rebellion was probably the most concentrated outbreak of violence in Irish history and resulted in an estimated 15,000-30,000 deaths over the course of three months. Research into casualty figures suggests that a maximum of 1,500 troops and 1,000 civilians died at the hands of the rebels and that the remainder were killed by Government troops and loyalist militias. Atrocities were committed on both sides, the great majority being committed by the government forces but rebel killings of Protestants in Wexford were given much greater emphasis by the victors in the following years, as the loyalist version of events reduced the rebellion to a sectarian Catholic plot to massacre Protestants - a repeat of the Irish Rebellion of 1641. This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 52. ... The Irish Rebellion of 1641 began as an attempted coup détat by Irish Catholic gentry, but rapidly degenerated into bloody intercommunal violence between native Irish Catholics and English and Scottish Protestant settlers. ...

The aftermath of the rebellion caused a reluctance to speak of it; both to forget horrific experiences of the fighting and fear of the ensuing repression. As a result almost all initial histories of the rebellion were published by loyalists and their versions distorted the role of the Catholic Church in the rebellion. This version of events is still, to some extent, the lasting popular memory of the rebellion as, by the centenary of the Rebellion in 1898, conservative Irish nationalists and the Catholic Church claimed that the United Irishmen had been fighting for "Faith and Fatherland", emphasising the role of Catholic priests in the Rising and deliberately obscuring the secular Enlightenment ideology of the mostly Protestant United Irish leadership. An Irish nationalist is generally one who seeks (greater) independence of Ireland from Great Britain, including since 1921 the goal of a United Ireland. ... The Society of the United Irishmen was a political organisation in eighteenth century Ireland that sought independence from Great Britain. ... The Age of Enlightenment (French: ; German: ) was an eighteenth century movement in European and American philosophy, or the longer period including the Age of Reason. ...

At the bi-centenary in 1998, the non-sectarian and democratic nature of the Rebellion was emphasised in official commemorations, reflecting the desire for reconciliation at the time of the Good Friday Agreement which was hoped would end the Troubles in Northern Ireland. The Belfast Agreement (also known as the Good Friday Agreement and, more rarely, as the Stormont Agreement) was signed in Belfast on April 10, 1998 by the British and Irish Governments and endorsed by most Northern Ireland political parties. ... The Troubles is a term used to describe two periods of violence in Ireland during the twentieth century. ... Northern Ireland (Irish: ) is a part of the United Kingdom lying in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering 5,459 square miles (14,139 km², about a sixth of the islands total area). ...

References

1. ^ p. 146 "Fr. John Murphy of Boolavogue, 1753-98" (Dublin, 1991) Nicholas Furlong ISBN 0 906602 18 1
2. ^ p. 28, "The Mighty Wave: The 1798 Rebellion in Wexford" (Four Courts Press 1996) Daire Keogh (Editor), Nicholas Furlong (Editor) ISBN 1-85182-254-2

Sources

• Thomas Bartlett, Kevin Dawson, Daire Keogh, Rebellion, Dublin 1998

• W. Tone, The Life of T. W. Tone (Gales & Seaton, Washington 1826).

• James Smyth, The Men of No Property - Radical Politics in Ireland in the 1790s, 1992.

• Miles Byrne (1780-1862)- Memoirs.

• T. Packenham, The Year of Liberty (London 1969) reprinted in 1998.

• Kevin Whelan, The Tree of Liberty (Field Day series, Cork UP 1996).

• J.B Gordon "History of the Rebellion in Ireland in the year 1798" (1801)

• Edward Hay "History of the Insurrection of County Wexford" (1803)

• H.F.B Wheeler & A.M Broadley "The war in Wexford: an account of the rebellion in the south of Ireland in 1798, told from original documents" (1910)

• Richard Musgrave "Memoirs of the different rebellions in Ireland" (1801)

• C. Dickson "The Wexford Rising in 1798: its causes and course" (1955)

• G.A Hayes-Mc Coy "Irish Battles" (1969)

• CD by Martello Multimedia (National Library of Ireland, Dublin 1998).

• R. Madden, The United Irishmen (4 vols. to 1862).

See also

• Ireland 1691-1801
• Battles of 1798 rebellion
• United Irish Uprising in Newfoundland
• Croppy

While page lists the principal engagements of the Irish Rebellion of 1798, some of these battles could be more accurately termed massacres and are denoted as such by the + symbol. ... In April 1800, rumours flew through St. ... For other uses, see Newfoundland (disambiguation). ... Croppy (sometimes spelt croppie) was a derogatory nickname given to Irish rebels during the period of the 1798 rebellion. ...

External links

• National 1798 Centre - Enniscorthy, Co. Wexford
• The 1798 Irish Rebellion - BBC History
• The 1798 Rebellion in County Clare - Clare library
• The 1798 Rebellion - Irish anarchist analysis
• General Joseph Holt of the 1798 Rebellion in Wicklow
• Fugitive Warfare - 1798 in North Kildare