Shah Ismail I, the founder of Safavid Dynasty of Iran pictured at battle against Abul-khayr Khan in a scene from the Tarikh-i alam-aray-i

Shāh Ismā'il Abu'l-Mozaffar bin Sheikh Haydar bin Sheikh Junayd Safawī (Persian: شاه اسماعیل - Azerbaijani: Şah İsmayıl Səfəvi) (July 17, 1487 - May 23, 1524), Shah of Iran and the founder of the Safavid dynasty, which survived until 1736. Shah Ismail first proclaimed Safavid Shia state in Azerbaijan in 1501, and year later, in 1502, in all of Iran.^[1] He was a Shia Muslim from Ardabil in Northwestern Iran and reigned as Shāh Ismā'il I of Irān from 1502 to 1524. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 398 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (600 × 903 pixel, file size: 368 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Image of shah of Iran, Ismail I; Description from Smithsonian: The Battle between Shah Ismail and Abul-khayr Khan from the Tarikh-i alam-aray-i... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 398 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (600 × 903 pixel, file size: 368 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Image of shah of Iran, Ismail I; Description from Smithsonian: The Battle between Shah Ismail and Abul-khayr Khan from the Tarikh-i alam-aray-i... Persian (Local names: فارسی Fârsi or پارسی Pârsi)* is an Indo-European language spoken in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan as well as by minorities in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, India, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Southern Russia, neighboring countries, and elsewhere. ... is the 198th day of the year (199th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events Richard Fox becomes Bishop of Exeter. ... is the 143rd day of the year (144th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events March 1, 1524/5 - Giovanni da Verrazano lands near Cape Fear (approx. ... One of the worlds longest-lasting monarchies, the Iranian monarchy went through many transformations over the centuries, from the days of Persia to the creation of what is now modern day Iran. ... The Safavid Empire at its 1512 borders. ... Events January 26 - Stanislaus I of Poland abdicates his throne. ... Shiʻa Islam (Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite) makes up the second largest sect of believers in Islam, constituting about 30%–35% of all Muslim. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... Ardabil (Persian: اردبیل; Azeri: اردبيل; also known as Ardebil; Old Persian: Artavil) is a historical city in north-western Iran. ... Azerbaijan or Azarbaijan, also Iranian Azarbaijan, Iranian Azerbaijan, or Persian Azarbaijan (Persian: آذربایجان ایران; Ä€zārbāijān-e Irān; Azerbaijani language: آذربایجان), is a region in northwestern Iran and south of Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan. ... 1502 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Events March 1, 1524/5 - Giovanni da Verrazano lands near Cape Fear (approx. ...

Shah Ismail was also a prolific poet who, under the pen name Khatā'ī, contributed greatly to the literary development of Azerbaijani language.^[2] The Azerbaijani language, also called Azeri, Azari, Azeri Turkish, or Azerbaijani Turkish, is the official language of the Republic of Azerbaijan. ...

Life and Political History

Shah Ismail I, the founder of Safavid Dynasty of Iran. Medieval European rendering

The language used by Shah Ismail is not identical with that of his "race" or "nationality" and he was bilingual at birth^[3]. Ismāil was of mixed Turkic, Iranic, and Pontik Greek descent^[4], although others speculate that he was non-Turkic^[3]. He was a descendant of the Sufi saint Safi Al-Din (1252-1334) of Ardabil, a man of obscure but possible Kurdish^[5] or Persian^[6] origin. As such, Ismā'il was the last in line of hereditary Grand Masters of the Safaviyeh Sufi order, prior to its ascent to a ruling dynasty. As a young boy only a year old, he had lost his father Haydar Safavi Sultan, Sufi Grand Master and belligerent leader of a swelling Shi'a Islam community in Azerbaijan region of Iran who was killed in battle. Ismā'il's mother was an Aq Qoyunlu noble, Martha, the daughter of Uzun Hasan by his Pontic Greek wife Theodora, better known as Despina Hatun ^[7]. Theodora was the daughter of Emperor John IV of Trebizond whom Uzun Hassan married in a deal to protect Trebizond from Ottomans ^[8]. Shah Ismail I Medieval European rendering by an unknown Venetian artist. ... Shah Ismail I Medieval European rendering by an unknown Venetian artist. ... This article is about the various peoples speaking one of the Turkic languages. ... This article is about the group of peoples who speak Iranian languages. ... The term Pontic Greeks, Pontian Greeks, Pontians or Greeks of Pontus (Greek: Πόντιοι, Ποντιακός Ελληνισμός or Έλληνες του Πόντου, Turkish: Pontus Rumları) can refer to Greeks specifically from the area of Pontus in the region of the former Empire of Trebizond on the Black Sea coast of Eastern Turkey, or in other cases more generally all... Sufism is a mystic tradition within Islam and encompasses a diverse range of beliefs and practices dedicated to divine love and the cultivation of the heart. ... In traditional Christian iconography, Saints are often depicted as having halos. ... Sheikh Safi al-Dins tomb Sheikh Safi al-Din Ardebili (of Ardebil) (1252-1334), eponym of the Safavid dynasty, was the spiritual heir and son in law of the great Sufi Murshid (Grand Master) Sheikh Zahed Gilani, of Lahijan in Gilan Province in northern Iran. ... For broader historical context, see 1250s and 13th century. ... Events Births January 4 - Amadeus VI of Savoy, Count of Savoy (died 1383) January 13 - King Henry II of Castile (died 1379) May 25 - Emperor Suko of Japan, third of the Northern Ashikaga Pretenders (died 1398) August 30 - King Peter I of Castile (died 1369) James I of Cyprus (died... Languages Kurdish Religions Predominantly Sunni Muslim also some Shia, Yazidism, Yarsan, Judaism, Christianity Related ethnic groups other Iranian peoples (Talysh Baluch Gilak Bakhtiari Persians) The Kurds are an ethnic group who consider themselves to be indigenous to a region often referred to as Kurdistan, an area which includes adjacent parts... For information about all peoples of Iran, see Demographics of Iran. ... Shī‘a Islam, also Shi‘ite Islam, or Shi‘ism (Arabic ) is the second largest denomination of the Islamic faith. ... ... Uzun Hassan, prince of the Ak-Koyunla dynasty, or White Sheep Turkmen, ruled parts of western Persia, Iraq and Turkey between 1435 and 1478. ... John IV Megas Komnenos (Greek: Ιωάννης Δ΄ Μέγας Κομνηνός, IōannÄ“s IV Megas KomnÄ“nos), (c. ... Uzun Hasan (1423 - January 6, 1478), prince of the Ak Koyunlu dynasty, or White Sheep Turkmen, he ruled in parts of western Persia, Iraq and Turkey between 1453 and 1478. ...

As legend has it, infant Ismā'il went into hiding for several years. With his followers, he finally returned to Tabriz, vowing to make Shi'a Islam the official religion of Iran. Ismā'il found significant support among the people of Azerbaijan as well as some parts of the Ottoman Empire, mainly in eastern Anatolia. Ismail's advent to power was due to Turkoman tribes of Anatolia and Azerbaijan, who formed the most important part of the Qizilbash movement.^[9] Centuries of Sunni rule followed by non-Muslim Mongol hegemony lent fertile ground for new teachings. In 1501, Ismā'il I proclaimed himself Shah, choosing Tabriz, in Iran's northernmost province of Azerbaijan, as his capital. In that year he also defeated the Aq Qoyunlu (White Sheep Turks). This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–65) Edirne (1365–1453) Constantinople (Ä°stanbul, 1453–1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy [[Category:Former monarchies}}|Ottoman Empire, 1299]] Sultans  - 1281–1326... Anatolia and Europe Anatolia (Turkish: from Greek: Ανατολία - Anatolia) is a peninsula of Western Asia which forms the greater part of the Asian portion of Turkey, as opposed to the European portion (Thrace, or traditionally Rumelia). ... Qizilbash or Kizilbash (Ottoman Turkish/Persian: Qezelbāš, Turkish: KızılbaÅŸ, Azerbaijani: QızılbaÅŸ) - Turkish for Red Heads - name given to a wide variety of extremist Shiite militant groups (ghulāt) who helped found the Safavid Dynasty of Iran. ... Sunni Muslims are the largest denomination of Islam. ... Honorary guard of Mongolia. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... ...

When the Safavids came to power in 1501, Shah Ismail was 14 or 15 years old, and by 1510 Ismail had conquered the whole of Iran. ^[10]

In 1510 Ismā'il I moved against the Sunni Uzbeg tribe. In battle near the city of Merv, some 17,000 Kizilbashs ambushed and defeated a superior Uzbek force numbering 28,000. The Uzbek ruler Muhammad Shaybani was caught and killed trying to escape the battle, and the shah had his skull made into a jeweled drinking goblet. Year 1510 (MDX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... Uzbeks are a Turkic ethnic group found primarily in Uzbekistan, but also in Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Xinjiang province of China and other countries in Central Asia. ... Merv (Russian: Мерв, from Persian: مرو, Merw, sometimes transliterated Marw or Mary; cf. ... Kizilbash (Turkish: KızılbaÅŸ, Azerbaijani: QızılbaÅŸ, Persian: قزلباش Qezelbāsh) - Red Heads - name given to a wide variety of extremist Shiite militant groups (ghulāt) who helped found the Safavid Dynasty of Iran. ... Portrait of Muhammad Shaybani Abu I-Fath Muhammad Shaybani Khan (c. ...

In 1514, Selim I, the Sunni Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, attacked Ismā'il's kingdom to stop the spread of Shiism into Ottoman dominions. Selim and Ismā'il had been exchanging a series of belligerent letters prior to the attack. 1514 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Selim I (Ottoman: سليم الأول, Turkish: ); also known as the Grim or the Brave, Yavuz in Turkish, the long name is Yavuz Sultan Selim (October 10, 1465 in Amasya – September 22, 1520 in Edirne) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520. ... Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–65) Edirne (1365–1453) Constantinople (Ä°stanbul, 1453–1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy [[Category:Former monarchies}}|Ottoman Empire, 1299]] Sultans  - 1281–1326...

Selim I decisively defeated Ismā'il at the battle of Chaldiran in 1514, in modern-day Turkey. Ismā'il's army was more mobile and their soldiers were better prepared but the Ottomans prevailed due in large part to their efficient modern army, and possession of artillery, black powder and muskets. Ismā'il was wounded and almost captured in battle. Selim I entered the Iranian capital in triumph on September 7, but did not linger, a mutiny among his troops forcing him to withdraw. This saved Ismā'il, and allowed him to recover. Sultan Selim I also took Ismā'il's favorite wife hostage, demanding huge concessions for her release. Ismā'il refused to cede to the Ottoman demands, and is said to have died of a broken heart in 1524 at the early age of thirty-six, never having seen his beloved spouse again. Selim I (Ottoman: سليم الأول, Turkish: ); also known as the Grim or the Brave, Yavuz in Turkish, the long name is Yavuz Sultan Selim (October 10, 1465 in Amasya – September 22, 1520 in Edirne) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520. ... The Battle of Chaldiran was a military conflict that occurred on 23 August 1514 and ended with a decisive military victory of the Ottoman Empire over the Safavids. ... 1514 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Artillery with Gabion fortification Cannons on display at Fort Point Continental Artillery crew from the American Revolution Firing of an 18-pound gun, Louis-Philippe Crepin, (1772 – 1851) A forge-welded Iron Cannon in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu. ... Black powder was the original gunpowder and practically the only known propellant and explosive until the middle of the 19th century. ... A musket is a muzzle-loaded, smooth-bore long gun. ... is the 250th day of the year (251st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Ismā'il's reign was marked by enormous conquests, shaping the map of Iran up to the present day. Baghdad and the holy Shi'a shrines of Najaf نجف and Karbalā' كربلاء were seized from the Ottoman Turks, lost and reconquered again. Baghdad (Arabic: ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ... Najaf (Arabic: ‎; BGN: An Najaf) is a city in Iraq about 160 km south of Baghdad. ... Shrine of Karbala Karbala (Arabic: ‎; BGN: Karbalā’; also spelled Kerbala, Kerbela, Karbila) is a city in Iraq, located about 100 km southwest of Baghdad at 32. ... The Ottoman Turks were the ethnic subdivision of the Turkish people who dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. ...

He was succeeded by his son Tahmasp I.

The Poet Khatā'ī

Shāh Ismā'il was also a prolific Sufi poet and wrote under the pen name Khatā'ī. He wrote in the Azerbaijani language, which he chose to use for political reasons, as most of his followers at the time spoke Turkmen Turkish^[3], and in the Persian language. His Azeri dīvān, or collected poems, numbers about 400 ghazals, together with some 100 qasīdas and rubā'īs, and it remains popular to this day. His surviving poetical output in Persian is much less sizeable: all that remains of his Persian verse are four bayts, or couplets, and one mukammas, a kind of poem written in cinquains. Sufism (Arabic تصوف taṣawwuf) is a system of esoteric philosophy commonly associated with Islam. ... The Azerbaijani language, also called Azeri, Azari, Azeri Turkish, or Azerbaijani Turkish, is the official language of the Republic of Azerbaijan. ... Persian (Local names: فارسی Fârsi or پارسی Pârsi)* is an Indo-European language spoken in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan as well as by minorities in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, India, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Southern Russia, neighboring countries, and elsewhere. ... Diwan (Persian دیوان), also transliterated as Deewan or Divan, is a Persian word used also in to Arabic (Arabic: الدیوان) and Turkish, and was borrowed also at an earlier date into Armenian. ... Information in this article or section has not been verified against sources and may not be reliable. ... Qasida (also spelled qasidah) in Arabic قصيدة, in Persian قصیده, is a form of poetry from pre-Islamic Arabia. ... Rubaiyat is a common shorthand name for the collection of Persian verses known more formally as the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. ... A couplet is a pair of lines of verse. ... In poetry, a cinquain or quintain is a five line stanza, varied in rhyme and line, usually with the rhyme scheme ababb. ...

Most of the poems are concerned with love — particularly of the mystical Sufi kind — though there are also poems propagating Shia doctrine and Safavi politics. His other serious works include the Nasīhatnāme, a book of advice, and the unfinished Dahnāme, a book which extols the virtues of love. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Shiʻa Islam (Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite) makes up the second largest sect of believers in Islam, constituting about 30%–35% of all Muslim. ... An example of Safavid architecture Safavi is an adjective, created for the name Safi. Translated to English, Safavi would correspond roughly to Safi-ish or Safidian Safavi is the correct Persian Language reference to Safi, the name of Sheikh Safi Al-Din Ardebili. ...

As Ismā'il believed in his own divinity and in his descent from `Alī, in his poems he tended to strongly emphasize these claims: ‘AlÄ« ibn AbÄ« Tālib (Arabic: )‎ Approximately: March 17, 599 - February 28, 661[1] was an early Islamic leader, the fourth and last Sunni caliph, and the first Shia Imam. ...

Yedi iqlimə oldi hökmũ fərman

Əzəldən yoluna can-başî fədadir

Ki, hər kim on iki imami bildi

ona qīrmīzī tac geymək rəvadur

Şah-i mərdan "Əliyyi" ibn-i talib

Xətaini yuridən pişvedur

On all seven climes has His judgment become a decree

Since forever all lives are forfeit for His sake

For whoever knows twelve imams

It is only fitting that he shall wear the Red Crown

For, the King of Men, Ali ibn Abu Talib

Is the leader of Khatā'ī in his walk.

Along with the poet Nesîmî, Khatā'ī is considered to be among the first proponents of using a simpler Azeri language in verse that would thereby appeal to a broader audience. His work is most popular in Azerbaijan, as well as among the Bektashis of Turkey. There is a large body of Alevi and Bektashi poetry that has been attributed to him. The major impact of his religious propaganda, in the long run, was the conversion of many in Iran and Azerbaijan to Shiism. [1] Ali ibn Abi Talib (علي بن أبي طالب) (c. ... Nesîmî (نسيمى) was the pen name (Ottoman Turkish: ﻡﺨﻠﺺ mahlas) of one of the greatest poets of the Azerbaijani and Divan traditions, and was the first to write using the Azerbaijani language in its modern form. ... The Bektashi order (Turkish: BektaÅŸi) is a syncretic religious order related to Shia Alevi faith, and is generally considered to be a Shia Sufi sect (Tarika). ... Alevis or Alevi-Bektashis (Kurdish: Alevi, Turkish: Aleviler or Alevilik) are a religious community in Turkey, and they make up some 20% of the population of the country. ...

The following anecdote demonstrates the status of vernacular Turkish and Persian in the Ottoman Empire and in the incipient Safavid state. Khatā'ī sent a poem in Turkish to the Ottoman Sultan Selim I before going to war in 1514. In a reply the Ottoman Sultan answered in Persian to indicate his contempt. Here is the excerpt from poet's letter to Sultan Selim I: The Safavids were a long-lasting Turkic-speaking Iranian dynasty that ruled from 1501 to 1736 and first established Shiite Islam as Persias official religion. ... Selim I (Ottoman: سليم الأول, Turkish: ); also known as the Grim or the Brave, Yavuz in Turkish, the long name is Yavuz Sultan Selim (October 10, 1465 in Amasya – September 22, 1520 in Edirne) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520. ... Selim I (Ottoman: سليم الأول, Turkish: ); also known as the Grim or the Brave, Yavuz in Turkish, the long name is Yavuz Sultan Selim (October 10, 1465 in Amasya – September 22, 1520 in Edirne) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520. ...

Mən pirimi hak bilirəm,

Yoluna qurban oluram,

Dün doğdum bugün ölürəm,

Ölən gəlsin iştə meydan.

I know the Truth as my supreme guide,

I would sacrifice myself in his way,

I was born yesterday, I will die today,

Come, whoever would die, here is the arena.

One of the worlds longest-lasting monarchies, the Iranian monarchy went through many transformations over the centuries, from the days of Persia to the creation of what is now modern day Iran. ... The Safavid Empire at its 1512 borders. ... 1501 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Events March 1, 1524/5 - Giovanni da Verrazano lands near Cape Fear (approx. ... Tahmasp I (1514-1576) was an influential Shah of Persia of the Safavid Dynasty. ...

Literature

• R.M. Savory, "Esmā'il Safawī", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK)
• Mirză Răsul İsmailzadä, Şah İsmail Säfävi (Xätai) küllüyyatı : qäzällär, qäsidälär, näsihätnamä, dähnamä, qoşmalar / Xätai ; mätnin elmi-tänqidi täktibatçısı; Alhoda Publishers, Iran, 2004 (in Azeri), ISBN 9648121095, OCLC 62561234
• M. Momen, "An Introduction to Shi'i Islam", Yale Univ. Press, 1985, pp. 397, ISBN 0-300-03499-7

Encyclopædia Iranica is a project in Columbia Universitys Center for Iranian studies, to create an English language encyclopedia about Iran and Persia. ... OCLC Online Computer Library Center was founded in 1967 and originally named the Ohio College Library Center (OCLC). ...

See also

• Sheikh Safiaddin Ardabili's Mausoleum Virtual Tour (Ismail I tomb)
• List of Turkic Languages poets

This is a list of poets writing in Turkic languages. ...

References