During the evolution of the process that would finally have brought to the Italian Unification (Risorgimento), the Italian Independence wars were three wars fought against Austria between 1848 and 1866 and ended with the conquest of the whole Italian territory. The expression usually also indicates related minor conflicts and campaigns, like 1860's campaigns. Italian unification process Italian unification (called in Italian the Risorgimento, or Resurgence) was the political and social process that unified disparate countries of the Italian peninsula into the single nation of Italy between the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. ... Italian unification, also known as Risorgimento (resurrection), was a historical process by which the Kingdom of Sardinia (ruled by the Savoy dynasty with Turin as its capital) gradually conquered the Italian peninsula, including the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the Duchy of Modena, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy... War is a state of widespread conflict between states, organisations, or relatively large groups of people, which is characterised by the use of lethal violence between combatants or upon civilians. ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1866 is a common year starting on Monday. ... ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ...

The first independence war

The first independence war was declared by the Savoy's Kingdom of Sardinia, in 1848, with the alliance of other Italian states. After an initial successful campaign, with the victories at Goito and Peschiera del Garda, the pope recalled his troops, soon being followed by the other allies. The kingdom of the Two Sicilies too retired, but the general Guglielmo Pepe refused to go back to Naples and went to Venice to protect it. The House of Savoy was a dynasty of nobles who traditionally had their domain in Savoy, a region between Piedmont, Italy, France and French-speaking Switzerland. ... Kingdom of Sardinia, in 1839: Mainland Piedmont, with Savoia upper left (pink) and Nizza (Nice) lower left (brown) both now French, and Sardinia in the inset The Kingdom of Sardinia is a former kingdom in Italy. ... 1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Peschiera del Garda is a commune in the province of Verona, in Veneto, Italy. ... The Pope (from Greek: pappas, father; from Latin: papa, Papa, father) is the successor of St. ... The Two Sicilies The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was the new name that the Bourbon king Ferdinand IV of Naples gave to his domain (including Southern Italy and Sicily) after the end of the Napoleonic Era and the full restoration of his power in 1816. ... Guglielmo Pepe (1783-1855), Neapolitan general, was born at Squillace in Calabria. ... Naples (Italian Napoli, Neapolitan Napule, from Greek Νέα Πόλις - Néa Pólis - meaning New City; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is the largest city in southern Italy and capital of Campania Region and the Province of Naples. ... Location within Italy Venice (Italian: Venezia, Venessia in the local dialect), the city of canals, is the capital of the region of Veneto and of the province of Venice, 45°26′N 12°19′E, population 271,663 (census estimate 2004-01-01). ...

After the annexion of Lombardy, the expansionist interests of Savoyards became quite evident, and - remained alone - Piedmont was defeated by Austrians at Custoza and forced to accept an armistice. In 1849, in Florence, the Grand-Duke of Tuscany, Leopold II, abandoned the town, which was ruled by a provisional government. In Rome, the Roman republic was declared (with Giuseppe Mazzini as one of the triumviri). Rome was attacked by French troops, but Giuseppe Garibaldi's forces prevailed; the republic would have however soon surrendered. Lombardy (Italian: Lombardia) is a region in northern Italy between the Alps and the Po Valley. ... Kingdom of Sardinia, in 1839: Mainland Piedmont, with Savoia upper left (pink) and Nizza (Nice) lower left (brown) both now French, and Sardinia in the inset The Kingdom of Sardinia is a former kingdom in Italy. ... The Battle of Custoza (1848) was fought (23-25 July 1848) during the Austro-Sardinian War (also known as First Independence War within Italian unification process) between the armies of the Austrian Empire, led by Field Marshal Radetzky, and of the Kingdom of Sardinia, led by king Charles Albert of... An armistice is the effective end of a war, when the warring parties agree to stop fighting. ... 1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Founded 59 BC as Florentia Region Tuscany Mayor Leonardo Domenici (Democratici di Sinistra) Area  - City Proper  102 km² Population  - City (2004)  - Metropolitan  - Density (city proper) 356,000 almost 500,000 3,453/km² Time zone CET, UTC+1 Latitude Longitude 43°47 N 11°15 E www. ... The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was a state in central Italy which came into existence in 1569, replacing the Duchy of Florence, which had been created out of the old Republic of Florence in 1532, and which annexed the Republic of Siena in 1557. ... City motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus – SPQR (The Senate and the People of Rome) Founded 21 April 753 BC mythical, 1st millennium BC Region Latium Mayor Walter Veltroni (Left-Wing Democrats) Area  - City Proper  1290 km² Population  - City (2004)  - Metropolitan  - Density (city proper) 2,823,807 almost 4,000,000 1... See also ancient Roman Republic and Roman Republic (18th century). ... Giuseppe Mazzini (Genoa, June 22, 1805 – Pisa, March 10, 1872) was an Italian writer and politician. ... Garibaldi in 1866 Giuseppe Garibaldi (July 4, 1807 – June 2, 1882) was an Italian patriot and soldier of the Risorgimento. ...

The second independence war

See main article: Austro-Sardinian War

The second independence war, also known as Austro-Sardinian War, was declared by the kingdom of Sardinia, in 1859, with the alliance of France. Major places of the Austro-Sardinian war 1859 Austro-Sardinian War was fought by Napoleon III of France and Kingdom of Sardinia against Austria in 1859. ... Major places of the Austro-Sardinian war 1859 Austro-Sardinian War was fought by Napoleon III of France and Kingdom of Sardinia against Austria in 1859. ... Kingdom of Sardinia, in 1839: Mainland Piedmont, with Savoia upper left (pink) and Nizza (Nice) lower left (brown) both now French, and Sardinia in the inset The Kingdom of Sardinia is a former kingdom in Italy. ... 1859 is a common year starting on Saturday. ...

In 1859 Emperor Napoleon III and Camillo Cavour, the prime minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia, signed a treaty of alliance against Austria: France would help Sardinia to fight against Austria and Sardinia would give Nice and Sabaudia to France. In the same year Austria started a war with Sardinia. French and Sardinian armies defeated the Austrians in the battles of Palestro (30 May), Montebello, Magenta (4 June) and Solferino (21 June) and took Milan, which was a province of the Austrian Empire. German states forced Napoleon to stop the war, so he signed an armistice with Austria at Villafranca. Kingdom of Lombardy (Milan was its capital), Austrian province in Italy, was transferred to France, which gave it to Sardinia. After the truce of Villafranca rebellions started in northern Italian states. Grand Duke Leopold II of Tuscany and duke Francis V of Modena escaped from their countries. People of Tuscany, Modena and Parma invited king Victor Emanuel II of Sardinia to rule over them. Napoleon III was afraid of being regarded as a supporter of a revolution, so he forced Victor Emanuel to relinquish the power over those states but in 1860 Cavour convinced the emperor to change his mind. People of Tuscany, Modena, Bologna and Parma decided in a plebiscite to unite their countries with Sardinia. May 30 is the 150th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (151st in leap years). ... The Battle of Magenta was fought on June 4, 1859 during the Franco-Austria, resulting in a French victory under Louis-Napoleon against the Austrians under General Gyulai. ... June 4 is the 155th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (156th in leap years), with 210 days remaining. ... Map of the battle. ... June 21 is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 193 days remaining. ... Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy, the Austrian Empire until 1867 and of the Austrian part of Austria-Hungary until 1918. ... The Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia (Italian: Regno Lombardo-Veneto, in German: Lombardo-Venezianisches Königreich) was established after the defeat of Napoleon, according to the decisions of the Congress of Vienna ( 9 June 1815). ... The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was a state in central Italy which came into existence in 1569, replacing the Duchy of Florence, which had been created out of the old Republic of Florence in 1532, and which annexed the Republic of Siena in 1557. ... The Duchy of Modena (in full, the Duchies of Modena and Reggio) was a small Italian state that existed (with a break between 1796 and 1814) from 1452 to 1859. ... The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 from that part of the Duchy of Milan south of the Po River, as a fief for Pope Paul IIIs illegitimate son, Pier Luigi Farnese, centered around the city of Parma. ...

In 1860 a revolution started in the Kingdom of Two Sicilies. Giuseppe Garibaldi took 1100 soldiers and sailed to Sicily. He defeated the army of sicilian king, Ferdinand II, in the battles of Calatafimi and Volturno. In 1861 a plebiscite in Naples and on Sicily decided for unification to Sardinia. Victor Emanuel was crowned king of Italy. Finally, the fortress of Gaeta was taken and Ferdinand II escaped to Rome. 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... The Two Sicilies The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was the new name that the Bourbon king Ferdinand IV of Naples gave to his domain (including Southern Italy and Sicily) after the end of the Napoleonic Era and the full restoration of his power in 1816. ...

The third independence war

The Third Independence War was declared by the kingdom of Italy (unified in 1860) against Austrian Empire, in 1866, with the alliance of Prussia. 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy, the Austrian Empire until 1867 and of the Austrian part of Austria-Hungary until 1918. ... 1866 is a common year starting on Monday. ... The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 The word Prussia (German: Preußen, Polish: Prusy, Lithuanian: Prūsai, Latin: Borussia) has had various (often contradictory) meanings: The land of the Baltic Prussians (in what is now parts of southern Lithuania, the Kaliningrad exclave of Russia and...

In 1866 Italy signed alliance with Prussia against Austria. During the war, Archduke Albrecht of Austria defeated Italian forces in the battle of Custoza, but thanks to Prussian victory over Austria Italy gained the Kingdom of Venice (the last Austrian province in Italy). The peace between Austria and Italy was signed in Vienna. The Austro-Prussian War (also called the Seven Weeks War or the German Civil War) was a war fought between the Austrian Empire and Prussia in 1866 that resulted in Prussian dominance in Germany. ... HI & RH Albrecht Friedrich Rudolf, Archduke of Austria, Prince of Hungary and Bohemia, Herzog von Teschen (3 August 1817-18 February 1895). ... Battle of Custoza Conflict Austro-Prussian War Date 24 June 1866 Place Italy Result Inconclusive The Battle of Custoza (1866) was fought (22 June 1866) during the Italian campaign of the Austro-Prussian War (also known as Third Independence war in Italian unification process). ...

In 1870, when Prussia destroyed French Empire, Italian forces overtook the Papal State. Pope Pius IX didn' t accept defeat and forbade Catholics to join Italian political life. Rome became the capital of Italy. The term French Empire can refer to: The First French Empire of Napoleon Bonaparte (1804 - 1814 or 1815) The Second French Empire of Napoleon III (1852 - 1870) The Second French Colonial Empire (1830 - 1960) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share... The Blessed Pope Pius IX, born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, ( May 13, 1792 – February 7, 1878) was pope for a record pontificate of over 31 years, from June 16, 1846 until his death. ...