Partisans parading in Milan

The Italian resistance movement was a partisan force during World War II. Partisans parading in Milan after the Liberation of the city. ... Partisans parading in Milan after the Liberation of the city. ... This article is about the city in Italy. ... A resistance movement is a group or collection of individual groups, dedicated to fighting an invader in an occupied country through either the use of physical force, or nonviolence. ... Look up partisan in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

Origins of the movement

After Italy's capitulation on 8 September 1943, the Italian resistance movement became massive. The Italian partisans, as military formations of the Italian resistance movement, fought German occupying forces in Italy and Greece. The Italian partisans also fought the formations of the Fascist Italian Social Republic (RSI). More than 200,000 armed fighters (among them 35,000 women) fought as partisans for the Italian resistance movement. The Armistice with Italy is an armistice that occurred on September 8, 1943, during World War II. It was signed by Italy and the Allied armed forces, who were occupying the southern half of the country at the time. ... September 8 is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years). ... 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1943 calendar). ... Fascism is an authoritarian political ideology (generally tied to a mass movement) that considers individual and other societal interests inferior to the needs of the state, and seeks to forge a type of national unity, usually based on ethnic, religious, cultural, or racial attributes. ... War flag of the Italian Social Republic. ...

In a broad sense, all opposition to Nazi-Fascism in Italy during the final period of World War II, is called the Resistenza. The Italian resistance movement included opposition both inside the country and opposition among the Italian armed forces abroad. Thus, participants in the 1944-1945 strike movement in the factories of Turin, Milan, and other industrial cities are considered to be a part of the Italian resistance movement. After all, many of the strikers were later deported to German concentration camps as a result of their "sabotage" of the war effort. In addition, Italian soldiers who refused to cooperate with the Wehrmacht after the Armistice are considered as Italian resistance heroes. For example, Italian soldiers in Cefalonia refused to join the Germans and sufferred accordingly. The 1948 democratic Constitution of the Italian Republic declares itself to be "based on the Resistance". Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday. ... “Torino” redirects here. ... This article is about the city in Italy. ... It has been suggested that Internment be merged into this article or section. ... Wehrmacht   (armed forces, literally defence force(s)) was the name of the armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. ... Geography The capital of the Cephallonia prefecture is Argostoli. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ...

Initially, the movement was composed of independent troops, spontaneously formed by members of political parties previously outlawed by the Fascist regime or by former officers of the disbanded Royal Army loyal to the monarchy. Later, the " Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale" (CNL; Committee of National Liberation) created by the Italian Communist Party, the Italian Socialist Party, the Partito d'Azione (a republican liberal party), Democrazia Cristiana and other minor parties took control of the movement, in accordance with King Victor Emmanuel III's ministers and the Allies. Political parties Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      A political party is a political organization that seeks to attain political power within a government, usually by participating in electoral campaigns. ... Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      A monarchy, from the Greek μονος, one, and αρχειν, to rule, is a form of government that has a monarch as head of state(KING)In most monarchies the monarch usually reigns as head of state for life; this is... The Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI) or Italian Communist Party emerged as Partito Comunista dItalia or Communist Party of Italy from a secession by the Leninist comunisti puri tendency from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) during that bodys congress on 21 January 1921 at Livorno. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Action Party (1942-1947) // Italian political party of the anti-fascist opposition, in the tradition of Mazzini and the Risorgimento. ... Republicanism is the ideology of governing a nation as a republic, with an emphasis on liberty, rule by the people, and the civic virtue practiced by citizens. ... Social liberalism is either a synonym for new liberalism or a label used by progressive liberal parties in order to differentiate themselves from the more conservative liberal parties, especially when there are two or more liberal parties in a country. ... Christian Democracy, (Democrazia Cristiana), the christian democratic party of Italy, commonly called the democristiani or DC, dominated government for nearly half a century until its demise amid a welter of corruption allegations in 1992-94. ... The House of Savoy or in Italian, La Casa di Savoia, or simply Casa Savoia, (or Savoie, French) is a dynasty of nobles who traditionally had their domain in Savoy, a region that includes present-day Piemonte, other parts of Northern Italy, and a smaller region in France. ... Victor Emmanuel III (Italian: Vittorio Emanuele III; 11 November 1869 – 28 December 1947) was King of Italy (29 July 1900 – 9 May 1946), Emperor of Ethiopia (1936 - 1943) and King of Albania (1939 - 1943). ... The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. ...

In the end, the bands were divided between the communist Garibaldi's Brigades, Giustizia e Libertà Brigades (related to Partito d'Azione), socialist Matteotti's Brigades, and several Catholic and autonomous groups; the greater part of fighters were in the former two. Between the autonomous formations there were the Green Flames, Di Dio and Mauri, that were composed of monarchists or former soldiers, and some anarchist formations. Relations between the different groups were not always fraternal. For example, in 1945 in Porzus (in the province of Udine), Garibaldi Brigade partisans under Yugoslav command attacked and killed partisans of the Catholic and azionista Osoppo band. The Garibaldi Brigade partisans claimed that the Catholic and azionista Osoppo band partisans had refused to accept the authority of Josip Broz Tito, the Yugoslavian partisan leader. They were also accused of sharing intelligence with the fascist enemy. Garibaldi in 1866. ... In military science a brigade is a military unit that is part of a division and includes regiments (where that level exists), or (in modern armies) is composed of several battalions (typically two to four) and directly attached supporting units. ... JUSTICE AND LIBERTY(1929-1945). ... Giacomo Matteotti (22 May 1885, Fratta Polesine, Province of Rovigo—10 June 1924, near Rome) was an Italian socialist politician. ... Monarchism is the advocacy of the establishment, preservation, or restoration of a monarchy as a form of government in a nation. ... Anarchism is a political philosophy or group of doctrines and attitudes centered on rejection of any form of compulsory government (cf. ... Udine (It. ... Yugoslav Partisan Flag The Yugoslav Partisans were the main resistance movement engaged in the fight against the Axis forces in the Balkans during World War II, the Yugoslav Peoples Liberation War. ... Osoppo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Udine in the Italian region Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about 90 km northwest of Trieste and about 25 km northwest of Udine. ... Osoppo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Udine in the Italian region Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about 90 km northwest of Trieste and about 25 km northwest of Udine. ... Josip Broz Tito (Cyrillic: Јосип Броз Тито, May 7, 1892 (May 25th according to official birth certificate) – May 4, 1980) was the leader of the Second Yugoslavia, which lasted from 1943 until 1991. ...

While the largest troops operated in mountainous districts of the Alps and the Apennine Mountains, there were also big formations in the Po plain; in the principal towns, the Gruppi di azione patriottica (G.A.P., Patriotic Action Groups) carried out many acts of sabotage and guerrilla warfare, and the Squadre di azione patriottica (S.A.P., Patriotic Action Squads) arranged massive strike actions and campaigns of propaganda. Not unlike the French Resistance, women were important leaders and couriers both in the armed groups, as well as in the industrial areas. [1] The west face of the Petit Dru above the Chamonix valley near the Mer de Glace. ... The Apennine Mountains (Greek: Απεννινος; Latin: Appenninus--in both cases used in the singular; Italian: Appennini) is a mountain range stretching 1000 km from the north to the south of Italy along its east coast, traversing the entire peninsula, and forming, as it were, the backbone of the country. ... The Po (Latin: Padus, Italian: Po) is a river that flows 652 kilometers (405 miles) eastward across northern Italy, from Monviso (in the Cottian Alps) to the Adriatic Sea near Venice. ... German supply train blown up by the Armia Krajowa during World War II Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening an enemy, oppressor or employer through subversion, obstruction, disruption, and/or destruction. ... Look up guerrilla in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... See also general strike, or for other uses see: strike (disambiguation). ... An Australian anti-conscription propaganda poster from World War One U.S. propaganda poster, which warns against civilians sharing information on troop movements (National Archives) The much-imitated 1914 Lord Kitchener Wants You! poster Swedish Anti-Euro propaganda for the referendum of 2003. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

New territorial structures

In 1944, with the Allied forces nearby, the partisan resistance in Italy staged an uprising behind German lines, led by the Committee of National Liberation of Upper Italy (CLNAI). This rebellion led to the establishment of a number of provisional partisan governments throughout the mountainous regions of northern Italy, of which Ossola was the most important and received recognition from Switzerland and from Allied consulates in Switzerland. By the end of 1944, German reinforcements and Benito Mussolini's remaining forces had crushed the uprising, and the area's liberation had to wait until the final offensives of 1945. 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Look up partisan in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Ossola is an area of Italy situated North of the Lago Maggiore. ... Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (July 29, 1883 – April 28, 1945) was the prime minister and dictator of Italy from 1922 until 1943, when he was overthrown. ...

Partisan fighters in trucks are transported through Bologna

Italian partisans in Bologna during the Liberation of the city. ... Italian partisans in Bologna during the Liberation of the city. ... Bologna (IPA , from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Emiliano-Romagnolo) is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy, in the Pianura Padana, between the Po River and the Apennines, exactly between the Reno River and the Sàvena River. ...

List of partisan governments

• Alto Monferrato (Sep-2 Dec)
• Alto Tortonese (Sep-Dec)
• Bobbio (7 Jul - 27 Aug)
• Cansiglio (Jul-Sep)
• Carnia (Jul-Oct)
• Friuli Orientale (30 Jun - Sep)
• Imperia (Aug-Oct)
• Langhe (Sep-Nov)
• Montefiorino (17 Jun - 1 Aug)
• Ossola (10 Sep - 23 Oct)
• Val Ceno (10 Jun - 11 Jul)
• Val d'Enza e Val Parma (Jun-Jul)
• Val Maira e Val Varaita (Jun - 21 Aug)
• Val Taro (15 Jun - 24 Jul)
• Valli di Lanzo (25 Jun - Sep)
• Valsesia (11 Jun - 10 Jul)
• Varzi (19/24 Sep - 29 Nov)

Italian partisan hung by Fascists of the Decima Flottiglia MAS. The sign says "He attempted to shoot the Decima".

Stone arch bridge over the Trebbia river Bobbio is a city in the Piacenza province of the Emilia-Romagna region in northern Italy. ... Imperia may be: Imperia is an italian city Province of Imperia, the italian province of the above city of Imperia Imperia (statue), a statue in Constance, Germany Imperia constructor, a Belgian car constructor This is a disambiguation page — a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ... The Langhe is the an hilly area in southern Piedmont, Italy. ... Montefiorino is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Modena in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 60 km southwest of Bologna and about 40 km southwest of Modena. ... Ossola is an area of Italy situated North of the Lago Maggiore. ... Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Province of Pavia (PV) Mayor Elevation 426 m Area 58. ... Italian partisan Ferruccio Nazionale, hanged by soldiers of Decima Flottiglia MAS. The sign says He attempted to shoot the Decima. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Italian partisan Ferruccio Nazionale, hanged by soldiers of Decima Flottiglia MAS. The sign says He attempted to shoot the Decima. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... The Decima Flottiglia MAS (Decima Flottiglia Mezzi dAssalto, also known as La Decima or Xª MAS) (Italian for 10th Assault Vehicle Flotilla) was an Italian commando frogman unit created during the Fascist government. ...

April 25

After a few months of reorganization, another massive uprising was planned. On April 25, 1945, concurrent with the renewal of the Allied offensive, the CLNAI called out a general insurrection. This insurrection ended with the surrender of German forces in Italy and the liberation of most Italian cities. April 25 is the 115th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (116th in leap years). ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday. ...

The toll of Nazi and Fascist violence

The April uprising showed to the world that not all Italians agreed with the Fascist rule. Furthermore, it proved that Italians were even prepared to fight against Fascist rule at great cost to themselves. Casualties from the uprising amounted to:

• Approximately 44,700 Italian partisans killed
• Approximately 21,200 Italian partisans wounded or disabled partisans
• Approximately 10,000 Italian civilians killed in retaliations
• Approximately 40,000 former Italian soldiers died in concentration camps

During the war, German and Italian Fascist soldiers committed a number of other war crimes including: A concentration camp is a large detention centre created for political opponents, aliens, specific ethnic or religious groups, civilians of a critical war-zone, or other groups of people, often during a war. ... In the context of war, a war crime is a punishable offense under International Law, for violations of the laws of war by any person or persons, military or civilian. ...

• Summary Executions
• Ransacking
• Retaliations against civilians

Most of these were common practices.

Some of the most notorious events were the Ardeatine massacre, the Marzabotto massacre, and the Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre. Captured partisans or civilians were often tortured. The Decima Flottiglia MAS, an Italian unit under German command, is now remembered as one of the most ruthless military corps of the war. The massacre of Fosse Ardeatine took place in Italy during World War II. On 23 March 1944, 33 German soldiers were killed when members of the Italian Resistance set off a bomb close to a column of German soldiers who were marching on via Rasella. ... The Marzabotto massacre was a World War II massacre that took place in the small Italian town of Marzabotto. ... SantAnna di Stazzema is a village in Italian Tuscany where, on August 12, 1944, SS of 16. ... Torture is defined by the United Nations Convention Against Torture as any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he... The Decima Flottiglia MAS (Decima Flottiglia Mezzi dAssalto, also known as La Decima or Xª MAS) (Italian for 10th Assault Vehicle Flotilla) was an Italian commando frogman unit created during the Fascist government. ...

The Germans profited greatly from the weakness of the Fascist puppet state in Northern Italy. The Germans determined that they would "annex" Italian territories into the Third Reich. Two new German regions were to be established. One was the Alpenvorland and it was to comprise the region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and the Province of Belluno. The other was Adriatisches Kustenland and it was to comprise Istria, Quarnero, and most of today's region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia. In the valley of Carnia, anti-Communist forces from the Soviet Union under the command of ataman Timofey Ivanovich Domanov were used; they were promised the establishment of a Cossack republic in Northeastern Italy, to be called Kosakenland.[2] A puppet state is a state whose government, though notionally of the same culture as the governed people - owes its existence (or other major debt) to being installed, supported or controlled by a more powerful entity, typically a foreign power. ... Northern Italy encompasses nine of the countrys 20 autonomous regions: Emilia-Romagna Friuli-Venezia Giulia Liguria Lombardia Piemonte Toscana Trentino-Alto Adige Valle dAosta Veneto Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trentino-Alto Adige and Valle dAosta are regions with a special statute. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol (Italian: Trentino-Alto Adige, German and Ladin: Trentino-Südtirol) is an autonomous region in northern Italy. ... Belluno (It. ... Map of Istria Istria (Croatian and Slovenian: Istra, Italian: Istria) is the largest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea. ... Map of the Kvarner Gulf The Kvarner Gulf (Croatian: Kvarnerski zaljev, Italian: Golfo del Quarnero/Quarnaro/Carnaro; sometimes also Kvarner Bay) is a bay in the northern Adriatic Sea, located between the Istrian peninsula and the northern Croatian seacoast. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Ataman (variants: wataman, vataman, otaman, Cyrillic: атаман (Russian), ватаман (Russian, regional), отаман (Ukrainian)) was a title of Cossack and haidamak leaders of various kinds. ... Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan Mehmed IV of Ottoman Empire. ...

Capture and execution of Mussolini

Around 27 April 1945, Mussolini and his mistress Clara Petacci were captured by partisans while trying to escape to Switzerland. Upon the arrival of Communist partisans under "Lieutenant-Colonel Valerio" (Walter Audisio), Mussolini, Petacci, several high-ranking Fascist officials, and some other Fascist hanger-ons were taken to Dongo. On April 28 they were summarily executed. Many of the corpses, including those of Mussolini and Petacci, were later taken to Milan and hung up-side down in a square in the centre of the city. A total of fifteen Fascists were thus exhibited. April 27 is the 117th day of the year (118th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 248 days remaining. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday. ... Clara Petacci (Claretta Petacci) (February 28, 1912 – April 28, 1945) was a young Roman girl from an upper-class family who became Benito Mussolinis mistress. ... Dongo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Como in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 70 km north of Milan and about 40 km northeast of Como. ... April 28 is the 118th day of the year (119th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 247 days remaining. ...

The Fascists executed in Dongo included: Benito Mussolini (Il Duce), Francesco Barracu (Undersecretary in cabinet office), Fernando Mezzasoma (Ministry of Popular Culture - Propaganda), Nicola Bombacci (Minister of Interior and a personal friend of Mussolini), Luigi Gatti (Mussolini's private secretary), Pisenti Liverani (Minister of Communications), Alessandro Pavolini (ex-Ministry of Popular Culture), Paolo Zerbino (Minister of Interior), Ruggero Romano (Minister Public Works), Paolo Porta (Head of Fascist Party in Lombardy), Alfredo Coppolo (Rector of the Bologna University), Ernesto Daquanno (Director of Stefani agency), Mario Nudi (President of Fascist Agriculture Association), Colonel Vito Casalinuovo (Mussolini's adjutant), Pietro Calistri (Air Force pilot), Idreno Utimperghe (possibly a journalist or Black Shirt leader), and Clara Petacci (Mussolini's mistress). Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (July 29, 1883 – April 28, 1945) was the prime minister and dictator of Italy from 1922 until 1943, when he was overthrown. ... Fernando Mazzasoma (August 3, 1907-April 28, 1945), born in Rome, Italy, was a political figure during the fascist regime. ... Alessandro Pavolini (September 27, 1903—April 28, 1945) was an Italian politician, journalist, and essayist, notable for his involvement in the Fascist government in during World War II. A native of Florence, Pavolini was the son of Paolo Emilio Pavolini—a major scholar of Sanskrit and other Indo-European languages. ... Clara Petacci (Claretta Petacci) (February 28, 1912 – April 28, 1945) was a young Roman girl from an upper-class family who became Benito Mussolinis mistress. ...

Archille Starace (Secretary of Fascist Party 1931-1939) was arrested and executed earlier in Milan. He was one of the fifteen Fascists exhibited in the square.

Marcello Petacci (Clara Petacci's brother) was captured with the others. But, rather than being executed in Dongo, he was shot trying to escape.

External links

• Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d'Italia (Italian)
  • La mappa delle Repubbliche partigiane provides a source for the List of partisan governments

• Il portale della guerra di Liberazione (Italian)
• 1943-1945: Anarchist partisans in the Italian Resistance
• (Italian) The photographies of the resistance