Ivan Asen II
King of Bulgaria
Reign	1218–24 June 1241
Died	24 June 1241
Predecessor	Boril
Successor	Kaliman Asen I
Consort	Anna (Anisija) Anna Maria of Hungary Eirene (Xene)
Issue	see below
Royal House	Asen
Father	Ivan Asen I
Mother	Elena

Ivan Asen II (Bulgarian: Иван Асен II, pronounced [iˈvan aˈsɛn ˈftɔri]; also Йоан Асен II, Yoan Asen II), in English sometimes known as John Asen II, ruled as Emperor (Tsar) of Bulgaria from 1218 to 1241, during the Second Bulgarian Empire. Image File history File links Ivan-asen-II-zograf-portrait. ... // Events Damietta is besieged by the knights of the Fifth Crusade. ... is the 175th day of the year (176th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events April 5 - Mongols of Golden Horde under the command of Subotai defeat feudal Polish nobility, including Knights Templar, in the battle of Liegnitz April 27 - Mongols defeat Bela IV of Hungary in the battle of Sajo. ... is the 175th day of the year (176th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events April 5 - Mongols of Golden Horde under the command of Subotai defeat feudal Polish nobility, including Knights Templar, in the battle of Liegnitz April 27 - Mongols defeat Bela IV of Hungary in the battle of Sajo. ... Boril was the son of a sister of Tsar Kaloyan. ... Kaliman I of Bulgaria was the son of Tsar Ivan Asen II and Anna Maria of Hungary. ... Anna Maria of Hungary (1204-1237) was a daughter of King Andrew II of Hungary and Gertrude of Merania. ... The Asen dynasty ruled the Second Bulgarian Empire between 1187 and 1280. ... Ivan Asen I (also Ioan Asen I, in English John Asen I), ruled as emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria 1189-1196. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Tsar (Bulgarian, Serbian and Macedonian цар, Russian  , in scientific transliteration respectively car and car ), occasionally spelled Czar or Tzar and sometimes Csar or Zar in English, is a Slavonic term designating certain monarchs. ... Imperial Emblem (under the Shisman Dynasty) Bulgarian Empire c. ...

Early rule

He was a son of Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria and Elena (religious name Evgenija). Elena, who survived until after 1235, is sometimes alleged to be a daughter of Stefan Nemanja of Serbia, but this relationship is questionable and would have caused various canonical impediments to marriages between various descendants. Ivan Asen II's father was one of the two founders of the Asen dynasty and the Second Bulgarian Empire. Under Ivan Asen II's rule, the empire would become the dominant force in the Balkans for about a decade, 1230–1241. Ivan Asen I (also Ioan Asen I, in English John Asen I), ruled as emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria 1189-1196. ... Stefan Nemanja (Old Church Slavonic: Стѣфань, Serbian: Стефан Немања, pronounced ) (1109-13 February 1199) was a Medieval Serb nobleman, descended from the Vukanović who was Grand Prince (Serbian: Велики Жупан) of the medieval Serb state of Rascia (Рашка) in 1166-1199. ... Not to be confused with Republika Srpska. ... The Asen dynasty ruled the Second Bulgarian Empire between 1187 and 1280. ... Imperial Emblem (under the Shisman Dynasty) Bulgarian Empire c. ... Balkan redirects here. ...

After the death of his uncle Kaloyan in 1207, Ivan Asen's cousin, Boril, usurped the throne and forced him to flee to the Russian principality of Galicia-Volhynia. With its support Ivan Asen returned to Bulgaria in 1218 to successfully overthrow his cousin and be crowned as emperor. Having established himself on the throne, Ivan Asen II set about recovering the losses sustained by Bulgaria during the reign of Boril. Kaloyan Asen, Kalojan, Johannizza, John, The Romankiller (c. ... Boril was the son of a sister of Tsar Kaloyan. ... Halych-Volynia principality was the Ruthenian successor state of Kievan Rus on the territory of Rus menora (Rus propria) including the lands of Red Ruthenia, Black Ruthenia, and the remainder of southwestern Rus. This state also briefly controlled the region of Bessarabia and Moldavia. ...

Initial relations with neighbouring powers

The return of Andrew II of Hungary from the Fifth Crusade in 1218 provided an opportunity to establish a marriage alliance and to obtain (probably in 1221) the return of the disputed territories around Belgrade on the Danube as the dowry of Princess Anna Maria of Hungary. Ivan Asen II also made an alliance with Theodore Komnenos Doukas of Epirus to his south, although the latter had expanded his control over various Bulgarian-inhabited territories, including Ohrid. The alliance was cemented with the marriage of Ivan Asen II's daughter to Theodore's brother Manuel. Andrew II of Hungary with queen Gertrude von Andechs-Meranien Andrew II (Hungarian: András or Endre, Slovak: Ondrej, Croatian: ) (c. ... Frisian crusaders confront the Tower of Damietta, Egypt. ... Anna Maria of Hungary (1204-1237) was a daughter of King Andrew II of Hungary and Gertrude of Merania. ... Theodore I Angelus Ducas was ruler of the Despotate of Epirus from 1215. ... The Despotate of Epirus was one of the medieval Greek successor states of the Byzantine Empire, founded in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade in 1204. ... City motto : Coordinates Municipality : Ohrid municipality Elevation 695 m Population 55 749 Time zone  - Standard  - Summer (DST) CET (UTC+1) CEST (UTC+2) Founded Area code +389 46 Postal code 6000 Car plates OH Official Website www. ... Manuel Ducas was a Balkan ruler in the early 13th century. ...

After the death of the Latin Emperor Robert of Courtenay in 1228, the barons in Constantinople considered Ivan Asen II as a possible choice of regent or guardian of the minor Baldwin II. By this time Theodore of Epirus had reconquered Thessalonica from the Latin Empire in 1224, had himself crowned emperor there by the autocephalous archbishop of Ohrid, had taken Adrianople and was poised to strike at Constantinople itself. Fearing Ivan Asen II's intervention in the Latin Empire, Theodore diverted his army, including many western mercenaries, northwards into Bulgaria in 1230. According to tradition, Ivan Asen II had the text of the broken treaty carried like a standard on a spear, and managed to decisively defeat and capture Theodore in the battle of Klokotnitsa. This victory allowed Ivan Asen II to sweep into Theodore's lands and to conquer the Epirote possessions from the Black Sea and Adrianople in the east to the Adriatic and Durazzo in the west. Coat of arms of the Latin Empire of Constantinople. ... Baldwin II (1217—1273) was the last emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople. ... The White Tower The Arch of Galerius Map showing the Thessaloníki prefecture Thessaloníki (Θεσσαλονίκη) is the second-largest city of Greece and is the principal city and the capital of the Greek region of Macedonia. ... Arms of the Latin Empire of Constantinople The Latin Empire with its vassals and the Greek successor states after the partition of the Byzantine Empire, c. ... Edirne is a city in (Thrace), the westernmost part of Turkey, close to the borders with Greece and Bulgaria. ... Combatants Bulgarian Empire Despotate of Epirus Commanders Ivan Asen II Theodore Komnenos Doukas Strength 25,000 85,000 Casualties Light Almost the whole army was killed or captured The Battle of Klokotnitsa (Bulgarian: , Bitka pri Klokotnitsa) occurred on 9 March 1230 near the village of Klokotnitsa (today in Haskovo Province... For other uses, see Black Sea (disambiguation). ... The Adriatic Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea separating the Apennine peninsula (Italy) from the Balkan peninsula, and the system of the Apennine Mountains from that of the Dinaric Alps and adjacent ranges. ... Durrës (Photo by Marc Morell) Durrës (Albanian: Durrës or Durrësi) is the most ancient city of Albania and one of the most economically important as the biggest port city. ...

Further south Epirus proper and the region of Thessalonica were left to Ivan Asen II's son-in-law Manuel, who governed from Thessalonica with the title of despot. The success of Ivan Asen II was due as much to his effective defeat of Theodore's army as to his humane treatment of the prisoners of war (recorded by the Byzantine historians), whom he released and allowed to return home unharmed. This restraint made it possible to readily obtain the submission of most of Theodore's fortresses.

Influence over Serbia and alliance with Nicaea

Elated by his success, Ivan Asen II caused a memorial inscription to be set up on a column in the Church of the Forty Martyrs in his capital Tărnovo, in which he boasted of defeating and capturing Theodore with the help of the martyrs, of conquering his lands, and of even acquiring the obedience of the Latins of Constantinople. But this optimism was rather hasty. By 1231 the Latin regency had finalized negotiations with John of Brienne, the former king of Jerusalem, who was invited to step in as the guardian and co-emperor of Baldwin II at Constantinople. This action led to the breach of the alliance between Bulgaria and the Latin Empire, and the creation of an alternate alliance with the Empire of Nicaea. The St Forty Martyrs Church (църква Св. Четиридесет мъченици, tsarkva Sv. ... Veliko Tarnovo (Bulgarian: Велико Търново; also transliterated as Veliko Turnovo) is a city in central northern Bulgaria and the administrative centre of Veliko Tarnovo Province. ... The coronation of John of Brienne as King of Jerusalem, with Maria of Montferrat, from a late 13th century MS of the Histoire dOutremer, painted in Acre. ... The Empire of Nicaea was the largest of the states founded by refugees from the Byzantine Empire after Constantinople was conquered during the Fourth Crusade. ...

In 1234 a Bulgarian-aided coup d'état in Serbia toppled Stefan Radoslav, a son-in-law of Theodore of Epirus, and replaced him with his brother Stefan Vladislav I, a son-in-law of Ivan Asen II. This has been seen as the extension of Bulgarian influence over Serbia, but the extent and nature of that relationship remains unclear. The two governments cooperated with each other and Stefan Vladislav did not long survive his father-in-law's death, being overthrown by his younger brother Stefan Uroš I in 1242. In 1235 another brother of the Serbian king, the archbishop of Serbia Saint Sava died in Tarnovo, and in 1237 Ivan Asen II allowed his son-in-law to transfer the prized body back to Serbia. Coup redirects here. ... Stefan Radoslav (Стефан Радослав) (around 1192-1234) was king of Serbia from 1228 to 1233. ... Stephen Ladislaus I (Stefan Vladislav I, Стефан Владислав I) (died after 1264) was Serb king from 1233 up to 1242, son of Stefan Prvovenčani and son-in-law of Bulgarian tzar Ivan Asen II. He overthrew his older brother, king Radoslav and succeeded with help from his father-in-law. ... Stefan Uros I (Стефан Урош I) (d. ... Saint Sava (Serbian: , Romanized: Sveti Sava) (1175 - January 14, 1235), originally the prince Rastko Nemanjić (Serbian: Растко Немањић) (son of the Serbian ruler and founder of the Serbian medieval state Stefan Nemanja and brother of Stefan Prvovenčani, first Serbian king), is the first Serb archbishop (1219-1233), the most important saint...

Hungarian invasions and Bulgarian intervention in the Latin Empire

The Bulgarian Empire during the reign of Ivan Asen II.

The alliance between Bulgaria and Nicaea, directed against the Latin Empire, provoked reprisals by the papacy and the kingdom of Hungary. In 1232 the Hungarians seized the Belgrade area and attacked Sredec (Sofia), but were defeated by Ivan Asen II's brother Alexander. In 1233, under the leadership of the future king Béla IV, the Hungarians invaded again, this time seizing Little or Western Wallachia (Oltenia) and setting up the banate of Severin. It is unclear how long the Hungarians were able to hold on to their conquests, but they had been recovered by Ivan Asen II before the Mongol invasion of 1240–1241. Both the Belgrade region and the banate of Severin were reconquered by Hungary in 1246. The Pope is the Catholic Bishop and patriarch of Rome, and head of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches. ... This article is about the capital of Bulgaria. ... Béla IV c. ... Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ... County Status County capital Mayor Dinu Constantin, Social Democratic Party, since 2004 Area 55 km² Population (2002) 104,557 (2002 census) 109,450 (as of July 1, 2004)[1] Density 1900 inh/km² Geographical coordinates Web site http://www. ... Honorary guard of Mongolia. ...

The new pro-Nicaean alignment of Bulgaria culminated with the marriage between Ivan Asen II's daughter Elena and the future Theodore II Laskaris, the son of Emperor John III Doukas Vatatzes of Nicaea. The dynastic union was celebrated in 1235 and coincided with the restoration of the Bulgarian patriarchate with the consent of the eastern patriarchs. In the aftermath Ivan Asen II and John III campaigned together against the Latin Empire in Europe, effectively dividing its territories in Thrace. The death of John of Brienne in 1237 gave Ivan Asen II new hopes of intervention in the Latin Empire, to the point of projecting the marriage of a daughter with Baldwin II and even abducting his own daughter Elena, whom he had married to the heir to Nicaea. However, this change of policy came to naught the same year, when, while besieging Nicaean Caenophrurion in alliance with the Latins, Ivan Asen II received news of the simultaneous deaths of his wife, one of his children, and the Patriarch of Tarnovo. Taking these events as signs of divine displeasure, Ivan Asen II broke off the siege and returned home, sending his daughter Elena back to her husband in Nicaea. Theodore II Lascaris (died August 1258) was Byzantine emperor, in exile in the Empire of Nicaea, from 1254 to 1258. ... John III Ducas Vatatzes (1193 - November 3, 1254) was Byzantine Emperor, in exile in the Empire of Nicaea, from 1222 to 1254. ... Çorlu Coat-of-arms Çorlu (pronounced chor-lu) is a city in Tekirdağ Province in inland Eastern Thrace, the European part of Turkey. ...

End of rule

The last years of Ivan Asen II's reign show unwillingness to fully commit on either side in the continued struggle between the Latin Empire and Nicaea. Although the Nicaean alliance was renewed, Ivan Asen II allowed Cuman detachments and a 60-thousand strong western army to cross his lands and reinforce the Latin Empire in 1240.

Following the death of his wife Anna Maria of Hungary, Ivan Asen II married Eirene, the daughter of Theodore of Epirus, who had remained a prisoner in the Bulgarian court since his capture in 1230, and had been blinded for conspiracy. According to a Byzantine author, Ivan Asen II loved Eirene "no less than Antony loved Cleopatra", and she may have been his mistress for some years before their marriage in 1237. Marrying Eirene, Ivan Asen II would have broken church canons, as his daughter from a previous marriage was married to Eirene's uncle Manuel of Thessalonica. There is moot evidence that the Bulgarian church opposed the marriage and that a patriarch (called either Spiridon or Visarion) was deposed or executed by the irate tsar. The marriage resulted in the release of Theodore, who returned to Thessalonica, chased out his brother Manuel (who retained control of Thessaly), and imposed his own son John as despot. Anna Maria of Hungary (1204-1237) was a daughter of King Andrew II of Hungary and Gertrude of Merania. ... Bust of Mark Antony Marcus Antonius (Latin: M·ANTONIVS·M·F·M·N[1]) ( January 14 83 BC – August 1, 30 BC), known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman politician and general. ... Cleopatra was a co-ruler of Egypt with her father (Ptolemy XII Auletes), her brothers/husbands Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy XIV, consummated a liaison with Gaius Julius Caesar that solidified her grip on the throne, and, after Caesars assassination, aligned with Mark Antony, with whom she produced twins. ...

The last recorded action of Ivan Asen II is his defeat of a column of the Mongol army of Batu Khan in the course of its retreat from Hungary in 1241. This was not a decisive defeat, and a new Mongol invasion in 1242 forced Bulgaria to become tributary to the Golden Horde. By this time, however, Ivan Asen II was already dead, having died on 24 June 1241. Batu Khan (Russian: , Ukrainian: , Chinese: ) (c. ... The Golden Horde (Mongolian: Altan Ordyn Uls; Tatar: ; Russian: ) is a Russian designation for the Mongol[1][2][3] — later Turkicized[4] — khanate established in the western part of the Mongol Empire after the Mongol invasion of Rus in the 1240s: present-day Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and the Caucasus. ... is the 175th day of the year (176th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events April 5 - Mongols of Golden Horde under the command of Subotai defeat feudal Polish nobility, including Knights Templar, in the battle of Liegnitz April 27 - Mongols defeat Bela IV of Hungary in the battle of Sajo. ...

Overview

Ivan Asen II is considered, with good reason, one of the most important and successful rulers of Bulgaria. His work included the restoration of the autocephalous Bulgarian patriarchate in 1235 (after a long hiatus since 1018), the minting of the first Bulgarian non-imitation coinage in both gold and copper, the suppression of the centrifugal forces that had plagued his predecessor's reign, and the expansion of Bulgaria's frontiers in all directions. Ivan Asen II had sought to bolster the effectiveness of his state by providing for some level of administrative control and concluding a commercial treaty with the republic of Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik), a dependency of Venice. He showed restraint on the field of battle and sought to face challenges through diplomatic solutions. However, his policies exhibit considerable inconsistencies, especially in the relationship towards Nicaea and the Latin Empire. It is possible that Ivan Asen II could not decide which of these rivals was more dangerous to him or more profitable as an ally. In the long run his actions (including the victory over Theodore of Epirus and the general preference for Nicaea) secured the position of Nicaea as the Byzantine successor state best able to reconquer Constantinople. Bulgarian influence over Serbia and Thessalonica lapsed on his death. The rudimentary administrative apparatus he left behind proved insufficient to cope with the challenges of two successive minorities on the throne, and led to significant territorial losses to Nicaea, Epirus, and Hungary in 1246, not to mention Bulgaria's status as a tributary to the Golden Horde in 1242. It is difficult to say to what extent Ivan Asen II may have been able to prevent these developments, but he may be credited with presiding over a period of rare prosperity, internal peace, and external hegemony for Medieval Bulgaria. Borders of the Republic of Ragusa, 1426-1808 Capital Ragusa Language(s) Latin, Italian since 1492 Religion Roman Catholic Government Republic Duke  - 1808 Auguste Marmont Historical era Renaissance  - Treaty of Zara June 27, 1358  - Invasion by France January 31, 1808  - Annexed October 14, 1808 Area  - 1808? 1,500 km2 579... Nickname: 1995 map of Dubrovnik The location of Dubrovnik within Croatia Coordinates: , Country County Government  - Mayor Dubravka Å uica (HDZ) Area  - City 143. ... For other uses, see Venice (disambiguation). ...

Family

Ivan Asen II was married three times. His first wife may be the Anna (religious name Anisija) mentioned in the Synodik of the Bulgarian Church. She may have been a concubine instead of a legitimate spouse, and she may have been the mother of his two eldest daughters:

1. Marija (?), who married Manuel of Thessalonica.
2. Beloslava (?), who married Stefan Vladislav I of Serbia.

His second wife was Anna Maria of Hungary, a daughter of King Andrew II of Hungary. She died in 1237 and by her he had several children, including: Stephen Ladislaus I (Stefan Vladislav I, Стефан Владислав I) (died after 1264) was Serb king from 1233 up to 1242, son of Stefan Prvovenčani and son-in-law of Bulgarian tzar Ivan Asen II. He overthrew his older brother, king Radoslav and succeeded with help from his father-in-law. ... Anna Maria of Hungary (1204-1237) was a daughter of King Andrew II of Hungary and Gertrude of Merania. ... Andrew II of Hungary with queen Gertrude von Andechs-Meranien Andrew II (Hungarian: András or Endre, Slovak: Ondrej, Croatian: ) (c. ...

1. Elena, who married Theodore II Doukas Laskaris of the Nicaea.
2. Thamar, at one point alleged to be engaged to the future Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos.
3. Kaliman Asen I, who succeeded as emperor of Bulgaria 1241–1246.
4. Peter, who died in 1237.

By his third wife, Eirene (religious name Xene) of Thessalonica, a daughter of Theodore of Epirus, he had three children: Theodore II Lascaris (died August 1258) was Byzantine emperor, in exile in the Empire of Nicaea, from 1254 to 1258. ... The Empire of Nicaea was the largest of the states founded by refugees from the Byzantine Empire after Constantinople was conquered during the Fourth Crusade. ... The Byzantine Empire in 1265 (William R. Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 1911) Michael VIII (1225 – December 11, 1282) was the founder of the Palaeologos dynasty that would rule the Byzantine Empire to the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. ... Kaliman I of Bulgaria was the son of Tsar Ivan Asen II and Anna Maria of Hungary. ... Theodore Komnenos Doukas or Theodore Comnenus Ducas (Greek: Θεόδωρος Κομνηνός Δούκας, Theodōros Komnēnos Doukas), ruler of Epirus from 1215 to 1230 and of Thessalonica from 1224 to 1230, died c. ...

1. Anna (or Theodora), who married the sebastokrator Peter before 1253.
2. Maria, who married Mitso Asen, who succeeded as emperor of Bulgaria 1256–1257.
3. Michael Asen I, who succeeded as emperor of Bulgaria 1246–1256.

Mitso Asen (more accurately transliterated Mico Asen) emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria 1256-1257, ascended the throne by virtue of his marriage to Marija, a daughter of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria by Eirene of Thessalonica. ... Michael II Asen of Bulgaria was the son of Tsar Ivan Asen II and his third wife Irina of Epir. ...

Honour

Ivan Asen Point on Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named for Ivan Asen II. South Shetland Islands Smith Island (63°00′ S 062°30′ W) is 29 km (18 mi) long and 8 km (5 mi) wide, lying 72 km (45 mi) west of Deception Island in the South Shetland Islands. ... Location of the South Shetlands The South Shetland Islands are a group of Antarctic islands, lying about 120 kilometres north of the Antarctic Peninsula. ...

References

• Canev, Stefan (2006). "6 (1218–1241) Zavoevateljat na duši. Car Ivan Asen II", Bǎlgarski hroniki (in Bulgarian). Sofia, Plovdiv: Trud, Žanet 45. ISBN 954-528-610-5. 
• Cawley, Charles (2006–2007). "Ivan Asen II 1218–1241, Koloman I 1241–1246, Mihail II Asen 1246–1257", Medieval Lands. Foundation for Medieval Genealogy. 
• Delev, Petǎr; Valeri Kacunov, Plamen Mitev, Evgenija Kalinova, Iskra Baeva, Bojan Dobrev (2006). "16 Bǎlgarskata dǎržava pri Car Simeon; 10 Zlatnijat vek na bǎlgarskata kultura", Istorija i civilizacija za 11. klas (in Bulgarian). Trud, Sirma. ISBN 9549926729. 
• Dimitrov, Božidar (1994). "Restoration and rise of the Bulgarian state and its hegemony on the Balkan Peninsula 1185–1246", Bulgaria: illustrated history. Sofia: Borina. ISBN 9545000449. 
• Fine, Jr., John V.A. (1987). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 9780472100798. 
• Forbes, Nevill; Arnold J. Toynbee, D. Mitrany, D.G. Hogarth [1915]. "The Rise and Fall of the Second Bulgarian Empire: 1186–1258", The Balkans: A History of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Romania and Turkey. Globusz Publishing. ISBN 0404024572. 
• Lalkov, Milčo (1997). "Tsar Ivan Assen II (1218–1241)", Rulers of Bulgaria. Kibea. ISBN 954-474-098-8. 
• Vasiliev, Alexander (1952). "The role of Bulgaria in the Christian East under Tsar John Asen II", A History of the Byzantine Empire. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. OCLC 2323191. 
• (2005) "2.1 Sǎzdavane i utvǎrždavane na Vtorata bǎlgarska dǎržava. Vǎzstanovenata dǎržavnost", Bǎlgarite i Bǎlgarija (in Bulgarian). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria, Trud, Sirma. 

Stefan Nedelchev Tsanev (Bulgarian: ) (born August 9, 1936) is a contemporary Bulgarian writer, known for his essays, plays and poems, as well as historical novels. ... Plovdiv (Bulgarian: ) is the second-largest city in Bulgaria after Sofia, with a population of 343,662. ... Bozhidar Dimitrov (Bulgarian: ) (born 3 December 1945) is a well-known Bulgarian historian working in the sphere of Medieval Bulgarian history, the Ottoman rule of Bulgaria and the Macedonian Question. ... Ann Arbor redirects here. ... The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (U of M, UM or simply Michigan) is a coeducational public research university in the state of Michigan. ... Alexander Alexandrovich Vasiliev (1867-1953) was considered the foremost authority on Byzantine history and culture in the mid-20th century. ... For other uses, see Madison (disambiguation). ... The University of Wisconsin Press (or UW Press), founded in 1936, is a university press that is part of the Graduate School of the University of Wisconsin-Madison. ... The Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) was founded in 1967 and originally named the Ohio College Library Center. ...

External links

• Borders of Bulgaria during the reign of Ioan Asen II
• Detailed List of Bulgarian Rulers