For other uses, see Pavlov (disambiguation). Pavlov is either Ivan Pavlov, a Russian scientist, or F.P. Pavlov, the nom-de-plume of A.N. Bykov, a Russian engineer and writer the Soviet platoon commander Yakov Pavlov; see Pavlovs House. ...

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov Иван Петрович Павлов
Nobel Prize portrait, 1904
Born	September 14, 1849(1849-09-14) Ryazan, Russia
Died	February 27, 1936 (aged 86) Leningrad, Soviet Union
Residence	Russian Empire Soviet Union
Nationality	Russian Soviet
Field	Physiologist, psychologist, physician
Institutions	Military Medical Academy
Alma mater	Saint Petersburg University
Known for	Classical conditioning Transmarginal inhibition Behavior modification
Notable prizes	Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Religion	Russian Orthodox

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (Russian: Иван Петрович Павлов, September 14, 1849 – February 27, 1936) was a Russian physiologist, psychologist, and physician. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904 for research pertaining to the digestive system. Pavlov is widely known for first describing the phenomena of how he was able to train his many dogs to drool on command. Image File history File links Ivan_Pavlov_(Nobel). ... The Nobel Prize (Swedish: ) was established in Alfred Nobels will in 1895, and it was first awarded in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace in 1901. ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (see link for calendar). ... is the 257th day of the year (258th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1849 (MDCCCXLIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... , Ryazan (Russian: IPA: ) is a city in the Central Federal District of Russia, the administrative center of Ryazan Oblast. ... is the 58th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and... Image File history File links Flag_of_Russia. ... The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Russia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union. ... CCCP redirects here. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... A psychologist is an expert in psychology, the systematic investigation of the human mind, including behavior, cognition, and affect. ... For other uses, see Doctor. ... Saint Petersburg State University (Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет) is one of the oldest educational institutions in Russia, situated in the city of Saint Petersburg. ... Classical Conditioning (also Pavlovian or Respondent Conditioning) is a form of associative learning that was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov. ... Transmarginal inhibition, or TMI, is an organisms response to overwhelming stimuli. ... This article is about the behaviorist technique. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Emil Adolf von Behring was the first person to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his work on the treatment of diphtheria. ... The Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate (Russian: ), also known as the Orthodox Christian Church of Russia, is a body of Christians who are united under the Patriarch of Moscow, who in turn is in communion with the other patriarchs and primates of the Eastern Orthodox Church. ... is the 257th day of the year (258th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1849 (MDCCCXLIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 58th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Physiology (in Greek physis = nature and logos = word) is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. ... A psychologist is an expert in psychology, the systematic investigation of the human mind, including behavior, cognition, and affect. ... For other uses, see Doctor. ... Emil Adolf von Behring was the first person to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his work on the treatment of diphtheria. ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (see link for calendar). ...

Life and research

Pavlov was born in Ryazan, Russia. He began his higher education as a student at the Ryazan Ecclesiastical Seminary, but then dropped out and enrolled in the University of St. Petersburg to study the natural sciences. He received his doctorate in 1879. , Ryazan (Russian: IPA: ) is a city in the Central Federal District of Russia, the administrative center of Ryazan Oblast. ... Saint Petersburg State University (Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет) is one of the oldest educational institutions in Russia, situated in the city of Saint Petersburg. ...

In the 1890s, Pavlov was investigating the gastric function of dogs by externalizing a salivary gland so he could collect, measure, and analyze the saliva many had in response to food under different conditions. He noticed that the dogs tended to salivate before food coated with chili powder was actually delivered to their mouths, and set out to investigate this "psychic secretion", as he called it. He decided that this was more interesting than the chemistry of saliva, and changed the focus of his research, carrying out a long series of experiments in which he manipulated the stimuli occurring before the presentation of food. He thereby established the basic laws for the establishment and extinction of what he called "conditional reflexes" — i.e., reflex responses, like salivation, that only occurred conditionally upon specific previous experiences of the animal. These experiments were carried out in the 1890s and 1900s, and were known to western scientists through translations of individual accounts, but first became fully available in English in a book published in 1927. In anatomy, the stomach is a bean-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. ... Trinomial name Canis lupus familiaris The dog (Canis lupus familiaris) is a domestic subspecies of the wolf, a mammal of the Canidae family of the order Carnivora. ... The salivary glands produce saliva, which keeps the mouth and other parts of the digestive system moist. ... For the band, see Saliva (band). ... Year 1890 (MDCCCXC) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar). ... Äž: For the film, see: 1900 (film). ...

Unlike many pre-revolutionary scientists, Pavlov was highly regarded by the Soviet government, and he was able to continue his researches until he reached a considerable age. Moreover, he was praised by Lenin and as a Nobel laureate he was seen as a valuable political asset.^[1][2] CCCP redirects here. ... Emil Adolf von Behring was the first person to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his work on the treatment of diphtheria. ...

Portrait by Mikhail Nesterov (1935).

After the murder of Sergei Kirov in 1934, Pavlov wrote several letters to Molotov criticizing the mass persecutions which followed and asking for the reconsideration of cases pertaining to several people he knew personally. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 562 pixelsFull resolution (1000 × 702 pixel, file size: 97 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Mikhail Nesterov (1862-1942). ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 562 pixelsFull resolution (1000 × 702 pixel, file size: 97 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Mikhail Nesterov (1862-1942). ... Holy Vision to Youth Bartholomew (1890) Mikhail Vasilyevich Nesterov (May 19, 1862, Ufa - October 18, 1942, Moscow) was a leading representative of religious Symbolism in Russian art. ... Sergei Mironovich Kirov (Серге́й Миро́нович Ки́ров) (March 15 O.S. = March 27 N.S., 1886 - December 1, 1934) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and Soviet communist. ... Year 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Molotov (disambiguation). ...

In later life he was particularly interested in trying to use conditioning to establish an experimental model of the induction of neuroses. He died in Leningrad. His laboratory in Saint Petersburg has been carefully preserved as a museum. A neurosis, in psychoanalytic theory, is an ineffectual coping strategy that Sigmund Freud suggested was caused by emotions from past experience overwhelming or interfering with present experience. ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and...

Conscious until his very last moment, Pavlov asked one of his students to sit beside his bed and to record the circumstances of his dying. He wanted to create unique evidence of subjective experiences of this terminal phase of life. The great scientific courage of Pavlov is exhibited by this story: he tried to learn, and to increase knowledge of physiology, even on his deathbed.^[3] This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Reflex system research

Pavlov contributed to many areas of physiology and neurology . Most of his work involved research in temperament, conditioning and involuntary reflex actions. For temperament in dog fancy, see conformation point. ... Classical Conditioning (also Pavlovian or Respondent Conditioning) is a form of associative learning that was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov. ... A reflex action is an automatic (involuntary) neuromuscular action elicited by a defined stimulus. ...

One of Pavlov’s dogs with a surgically implanted cannula to measure salivation, Pavlov Museum, 2005

Pavlov performed and directed experiments on digestion which earned him the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine^[4] Experiments included surgically extracting portions of the digestive system from animals, severing nerve bundles to determine the effects, and implanting fistulas between digestive organs and an external pouch to examine the organ's contents. This research served as a base for broad research on the digestive system. Image File history File linksMetadata One_of_Pavlov's_dogs. ... Image File history File linksMetadata One_of_Pavlov's_dogs. ... A cannula (pl. ... For the band, see Saliva (band). ... In medicine, a fistula (pl. ...

Further work on reflex actions involved involuntary reactions to stress and pain. Pavlov extended the definitions of the four temperament types under study at the time: phlegmatic, choleric, sanguine, and melancholic. Pavlov and his researchers observed and began the study of transmarginal inhibition (TMI), the body's natural response of shutting down when exposed to overwhelming stress or pain. This research showed how all temperament types responded to the stimuli the same way, but different temperaments move through the responses at different times. He commented "that the most basic inherited difference. .. was how soon they reached this shutdown point and that the quick-to-shut-down have a fundamentally different type of nervous system."^[5] Transmarginal inhibition, or TMI, is an organisms response to overwhelming stimuli. ...

Carl Jung continued Pavlov's work on TMI and correlated the observed shutdown types in animals with his own introverted and extroverted temperament types in humans. Introverted persons, he believed, were more sensitive to stimuli and reached a TMI state earlier than their extroverted counterparts. This continuing research branch is gaining the name highly sensitive persons. Jung redirects here. ... A Highly sensitive person processes sensory data exceptionally deeply and thoroughly due to a biological difference in his or her nervous system. ...

William Sargant and others continued the behavioral research in mental conditioning to achieve memory implantation and brainwashing. William Walters Sargant (24 April 1907 - August 27, 1988), psychiatrist, Founder and Director of the Department of Psychological Medicine at St Thomas Hospital in London, where he established a laboratory for mind control experiments. ...

Legacy

Pavlov's term "conditional reflex" ("условный рефлекс") was mistranslated from the Russian as "conditioned reflex", and other scientists reading his work concluded that since such reflexes were conditioned, they must be produced by a process called conditioning. As Pavlov's work became known in the West, particularly through the writings of John B. Watson, the idea of "conditioning" as an automatic form of learning became a key concept in the developing specialism of comparative psychology, and the general approach to psychology that underlay it, behaviorism. The British philosopher Bertrand Russell was an enthusiastic advocate of the importance of Pavlov's work for philosophy of mind. Classical Conditioning (also Pavlovian or Respondent Conditioning) is a form of associative learning that was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov. ... John Broadus Watson (January 9, 1878–September 25, 1958) was an American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism, after doing research on animal behavior. ... A brain of a cat Psychologists and scientists do not always agree on what should be considered Comparative Psychology. ... Behaviorism (also called learning perspective) is a philosophy of psychology based on the proposition that all things which organisms do — including acting, thinking and feeling—can and should be regarded as behaviors. ... For other uses, see Philosophy (disambiguation). ... Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS, (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970), was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, advocate for social reform, and pacifist. ... A phrenological mapping of the brain. ...

Pavlov's research on conditional reflexes greatly influenced not only science, but also popular culture. The phrase "Pavlov's dog" is often used to describe someone who merely reacts to a situation rather than use critical thinking. Pavlovian conditioning was a major theme in Aldous Huxley's dystopian novel, Brave New World, and also to a large degree in Thomas Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow. Aldous Leonard Huxley (July 26, 1894 – November 22, 1963) was an English writer and one of the most prominent members of the famous Huxley family. ... A dystopia (or alternatively cacotopia) is a fictional society, usually portrayed as existing in a future time, when the conditions of life are extremely bad due to deprivation, oppression, or terror. ... For other uses, see Brave New World (disambiguation). ... Thomas Ruggles Pynchon, Jr. ... Gravitys Rainbow is an epic postmodern novel written by Thomas Pynchon and first published on February 28, 1973. ...

It is popularly believed that Pavlov always signaled the occurrence of food by ringing a bell. However, his writings record the use of a wide variety of stimuli, including whistles, metronomes, tuning forks, and a range of visual stimuli, in addition to ringing a bell. Catania^[6] cast doubt on whether Pavlov ever actually used a bell in his famous experiments. Littman^[7] tentatively attributed the popular imagery to Pavlov’s contemporaries Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev and John B. Watson, until Thomas^[8] found several references that unambiguously stated Pavlov did, indeed, use a bell. For other uses, see Whistle (disambiguation). ... A mechanical wind-up metronome in motion A digital metronome set to pulse at four beats per measure at a tempo of 130 BPM A metronome is any device that produces a regulated audible and/or visual pulse, usually used to establish a steady beat, or tempo, measured in beats... A tuning fork is a simple metal two-pronged fork with the tines formed from a U-shaped bar of elastic material (usually steel). ... Vladimir Bekhterev (January 20, 1857 – December 24, 1927) was a Russian neurophysiologist and psychiatrist who noted the role of the hippocampus in memory around 1900. ... John Broadus Watson (January 9, 1878–September 25, 1958) was an American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism, after doing research on animal behavior. ...

In Popular Culture

In 1971, The Rolling Stones released an album called Sticky Fingers. On the album, there is a song called "Bitch," in which the following is sung: "Yeah when you call my name I salivate like a Pavlov dog". Rolling Stones redirects here. ... Alternate cover Cover of Spanish edition Sticky Fingers is an album by The Rolling Stones and was released in 1971. ...

In the movie Stuck on You, the main characters try and get a job acting in a movie. They audition for a pornographic film called "Pavlov's Dong", a play on words of Pavlov's dogs. This article is about the song stuck on you. For the article about the comedy film featuring cojoined twins, see Stuck on You (2003 film). ...

In the song "Brian Wilson" by The Barenaked Ladies a section of the lyrics are as followed; "You can call me Pavlov's dog, Ring a bell and I'll salivate- how'd you like that?"

"Pavlov's Daughter" is a song by Regina Spektor from her 2001 Album 11:11, in which she describes being conditioned to the sounds made by a male neighbor. Regina Spektor (Russian: ; born February 18, 1980) is a Soviet-born American singer-songwriter and pianist. ...

In the NBC comedy The Office, Jim refers to Pavlov's Classical Conditioning theory when he conditions Dwight to expect an Altoid whenever he hears a computer sound in the episode Phyllis' Wedding. This article is about the television network. ... A comedy is a dramatic performance of a light and amusing character, usually with a happy conclusion to its plot. ... The Office is an Emmy Award-winning American television comedy that debuted on NBC as a midseason replacement on March 24, 2005. ... James Jim Halpert is a fictional character in the United States version of the television sitcom The Office, played by John Krasinski. ... Classical Conditioning (also Pavlovian or Respondent Conditioning) is a form of associative learning that was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov. ... Dwight Kurt Schrute is a fictional character on the NBCs The Office portrayed by Rainn Wilson. ... Altoids Wintergreen Altoids are a popular brand of breath mints that have existed since the turn of the 19th century. ... Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: The Office (US) Phyllis Wedding is the sixteenth episode of the third season of the U.S. version of The Office. ...

See also

• Classical conditioning
• Behavior Modification
• Ryazan
• G. P. Zeliony

Classical Conditioning (also Pavlovian or Respondent Conditioning) is a form of associative learning that was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov. ... This article is about the behaviorist technique. ... , Ryazan (Russian: IPA: ) is a city in the Central Federal District of Russia, the administrative center of Ryazan Oblast. ... G. P. Zeliony [Г. П. Зеленый] (c. ...

References

1. ^ Ivan Pavlov. Retrieved on 2007-01-01.
2. ^ http://wwwa.britannica.com/eb/article-5560
3. ^ Chance, Paul. Learning and Behaviour. Wadsworth Pub. Co., 1988. ISBN 0534085083. Page 48.
4. ^ 1904 Nobel prize laureates
5. ^ Rokhin, L, Pavlov, I & Popov, Y. (1963) Psychopathology and Psychiatry, Foreign Languages Publication House: Moscow.
6. ^ Catania, A. Charles (1994); Query: Did Pavlov's Research Ring a Bell?, PSYCOLOQUY Newsletter, Tuesday, June 7, 1994
7. ^ Littman, Richard A. (1994); Bekhterev and Watson Rang Pavlov's Bell, Psycoloquy, Vol. 5, No. 49
8. ^ Thomas, Roger K. (1994); Pavlov's Dogs "dripped Saliva at the Sound of a Bell", Psycoloquy, Vol. 5, No. 80 http://www.cogsci.ecs.soton.ac.uk/cgi/psyc/newpsy?5.80 (accessed 2006-aug-22)

• Boakes, Robert (1984). From Darwin to behaviourism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23512-9. 
• Firkin, Barry G.; J.A. Whitworth (1987). Dictionary of Medical Eponyms. Parthenon Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85070-333-4. 
• Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex. Translated and Edited by G. V. Anrep. London: Oxford University Press. Available online
• Todes, D. P. (1997). "Pavlov's Physiological Factory," Isis. Vol. 88. The History of Science Society, p. 205-246.

Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The headquarters of the Cambridge University Press, in Trumpington Street, Cambridge. ... Oxford University Press (OUP) is a highly-respected publishing house and a department of the University of Oxford in England. ...

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Ivan Pavlov

• Potty Training Infants using Pavlov's Dog Theory
• PBS article
• Nobel Prize website biography of I. P. Pavlov
• Institute of Experimental Medicine article on Pavlov
• A comic strip about Pavlos' work, by Wulffmorghenthaler.
• Link to full text of Pavlov's lectures
• Link to a list of Pavlov's dogs with some pictures

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