Jasenovac concentration camp (in Croatian: Logor Jasenovac in Serbian: Логор Јасеновац / Logor Jasenovac) was the largest concentration and extermination camp in Croatia during World War II. It was established by the Ustaša (Ustasha) regime of the Independent State of Croatia in August 1941. It was dismantled in April 1945. Unlike other concentration and extermination camps, in Jasenovac the main victims were ethnic Serbs, whom Ante Pavelić considered the main racial enemy of NDH, although other groups, like Jews and Gypsies, were also the victims there. There are many famous Holocaust survivors who survived the Nazi genocides in Europe and went on to achievements of great fame and notability. ... This is a list of victims of Nazism who were noted for their achievements. ... This is a list of people who helped Jewish people and others to escape from the Nazi Holocaust during World War II, often called rescuers. The list is not exhaustive, concentrating on famous cases, or people who saved the lives of many potential victims. ... Holocaust resources for main article The Holocaust. ... Book cover The Destruction of the European Jews is a three-volume work published in 1961 by historian Raul Hilberg. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Functionalism versus intentionalism is a historiographical debate about the origins of the Holocaust as well as most aspects of the Third Reich, such as foreign policy. ... Serbian (; ) is one of the standard versions of the Shtokavian dialect, used primarily in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia, and by Serbs in the Serbian diaspora. ... It has been suggested that Internment be merged into this article or section. ... Extermination camps were one type of facility that Nazi Germany built during World War II for the systematic killing of millions of people in what has become known as the Holocaust. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The Ustaše (often spelled Ustashe in English; singular Ustaša or Ustasha) was a Croatian far-right organisation put in charge of the Independent State of Croatia by the Axis Powers in 1941. ... Capital Zagreb Language(s) Croatian Religion Roman Catholicism Political structure Puppet-state King  - 1941-1943 Tomislav II Poglavnik  - 1941-1945 Ante Pavelić Legislature None Historical era World War II  - Established April 10, 1941  - Disestablished May 8, 1945 Population  - 1941 est. ... Languages Serbian Religions Predominantly Serbian Orthodox Christian Related ethnic groups Other Slavic peoples, especially South Slavs See Cognate peoples below Serbs (Serbian: Срби or Srbi) are a South Slavic people who live mainly in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and, to a lesser extent, in Croatia. ... Ante Pavelić (July 14, 1889 – December 28, 1959) was the leader (Poglavnik) and founding member of the Croatian national socialist/fascist UstaÅ¡e movement in the 1930s and later the leader of the Independent State of Croatia, a puppet state[1] [2] of Nazi Germany during World War II. // Paveli... The Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH) was a Nazi/Fascist puppet state in World War II. It was set up in April 1941 on parts of the territory of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia after its occupation. ... Languages Romani, languages of native region Religions Christianity, Islam Related ethnic groups South Asians (Desi) The Roma (singular Rom; sometimes Rroma, Rrom) or Romanies are an ethnic group living in many communities all over the world. ...

Jasenovac was a complex of five subcamps and three smaller camps spread out over 240 square kilometers (93 square miles), in relatively close proximity to each other, on the bank of the Sava river. Most of the camp was at Jasenovac, about 100 km (62 miles) southeast of Zagreb. The complex also included large grounds at Donja Gradina directly across the Sava river, a camp for children in Sisak to the northwest, and a women's camp in Stara Gradiška to the southeast. Sava also Save (in Serbian: Сава; German: Save; Hungarian: Száva) is a river in Europe, a right side tributary of Danube at Belgrade. ... Jasenovac is a municipality in Central Croatia, in the southern part of the Sisak-Moslavina county at the confluence of the river Una into Sava. ... Location of Zagreb within Croatia Coordinates: , Country Croatia RC diocese 1094 Free royal city 1242 Unified 1850 Government  - Mayor Milan Bandić Area [1]  - City 641. ... For other uses of this word, see Sava (disambiguation). ... Sisak on the map of Croatia Sisak (German: Sissek, Hungarian: Sziszek, Italian: Siscia) is a city in central Croatia. ... Stara GradiÅ¡ka was the fifth subcamp of the Jasenovac concentration camp, established in 1941 to the east of the main camp near the village of Stara GradiÅ¡ka. ...

Prelude

Some of the first legal orders of the new country reflected the acceptance of the ideology of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, with an emphasis placed on Croatian national issues. Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, refers to the right-wing authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ...

The first "Legal order for the defence of the people and the state" dated April 17, 1941 ordered the death penalty for "infringement of the honour and vital interests of the Croatian people and the survival of the Independent State of Croatia". It was soon followed by the "Legal order of races" and the "Legal order of the protection of Aryan blood and the honour of the Croatian people" dated April 30, 1941, as well as the "Order of the creation and definition of the racial-political committee" dated June 4, 1941. The enforcement of these legal acts was done not only through normal courts but also new out-of-order courts as well as mobile court-martials with extended jurisdictions. is the 107th day of the year (108th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is the execution of a convicted criminal by the state as punishment for crimes known as capital crimes or capital offences. ... is the 120th day of the year (121st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... June 4 is the 155th day of the year (156th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ...

The normal jails could no longer sustain the rate of new inmates and the Ustaša government started preparing the grounds what would become the Jasenovac concentration camp by July 1941.

The Jasenovac complex was built between August 1941 and February 1942. The first two camps, Krapje and Bročica, were closed in November 1941.

The three newer camps continued to function until the end of the war:

• Ciglana (Jasenovac III)
• Kozara (Jasenovac IV)
• Stara Gradiška (Jasenovac V)

Stara Gradiška was the fifth subcamp of the Jasenovac concentration camp, established in 1941 to the east of the main camp near the village of Stara Gradiška. ...

The camp

Jasenovac gate, with the inscription "Work service of Ustaša defence / Collection camp no. 3"

The creation of the camp and its management and supervision were entrusted to Department III of a special police force called Ustaška Narodna Služba or UNS (lit. "Ustaše People's Service"). This organization was headed by Vjekoslav "Maks" Luburić. Several others were involved in commanding the camp at different times, including Miroslav Majstorović and Dinko Šakić. jasenovac File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... jasenovac File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... An UstaÅ¡e guard pose among the bodies of prisoners murdered in the Jasenovac concentration camp The UstaÅ¡e (also known as Ustashas or Ustashi) was a Croatian extreme nationalist movement. ... The Ustaše (often spelled Ustashe in English; singular Ustaša or Ustasha) was a Croatian far-right organisation put in charge of the Independent State of Croatia by the Axis Powers in 1941. ... The Ustaše (often spelled Ustashe in English; singular Ustaša or Ustasha) was a Croatian far-right organisation put in charge of the Independent State of Croatia by the Axis Powers in 1941. ... Vjekoslav Maks Luburić (1914-1969) was a member of the Croatian World War II regime the Ustaše, best known as the commander of the Jasenovac concentration camp. ... Miroslav Filipović (1915-1946) was a former Franciscan friar from Bosnia and Herzegovina who commanded the Jasenovac concentration camp in Yugoslavia during World War II. As a Croatian nationalist and a fascist, Filipović/Majstorović combined religion with his political ideology. ... One of the leaders of NDH - Independent State of Croatia Army. ...

The Ustaše interned mostly Serbs in Jasenovac. Other victims included Jews, Bosniaks^[1],Gypsies, and opponents of the Ustaša regime. Most of the Jews were murdered there until August 1942, when they started being deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp. Jews were sent to Jasenovac from all parts of Croatia after being gathered in Zagreb, and from Bosnia and Herzegovina after being gathered in Sarajevo. Some came directly from other cities and smaller towns. On their arrival most were killed at execution sites near the camp: Granik, Gradina, and other places. Those kept alive were mostly skilled at needed professions and trades (doctors, pharmacists, electricians, shoemakers, goldsmiths, and so on) and were employed in services and workshops at Jasenovac. Languages Serbian Religions Predominantly Serbian Orthodox Christian Related ethnic groups Other Slavic peoples, especially South Slavs See Cognate peoples below Serbs (Serbian: Срби or Srbi) are a South Slavic people who live mainly in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and, to a lesser extent, in Croatia. ... Languages Bosnian Religions Predominantly Islam Related ethnic groups Slavs (South Slavs) The Bosniaks or Bosniacs[1] (Bosnian: BoÅ¡njaci, IPA: ) are a South Slavic people, living mainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnia) and the Sandžak region of Serbia and Montenegro, with a smaller autochthonous population also present in Croatia... The Roma people (pronounced rahma, singular Rom, sometimes Rroma, and Rrom) along with the closely related Sinti people are commonly known as Gypsies in English, and as Tsigany in most of Europe. ... Auschwitz (Konzentrationslager Auschwitz) was the largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. ... Location of Zagreb within Croatia Coordinates: , Country Croatia RC diocese 1094 Free royal city 1242 Unified 1850 Government  - Mayor Milan Bandić Area [1]  - City 641. ... Map of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sarajevo) Coordinates: , Country Bosnia and Herzegovina Entity Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Canton Sarajevo Canton Government  - Mayor Semiha Borovac (SDA) Area [1]  - City 141. ...

Children in Jasenovac

The living conditions in the camp were extremely severe: a meager diet, deplorable accommodations, a particularly cruel regime, and cruel behavior by the Ustaše guards. The conditions improved only for short periods during visits by delegations, such as the press delegation that visited in February 1942 and a Red Cross delegation in June 1944. jasenovac File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... jasenovac File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The Anarchist Black Cross was originally called the Anarchist Red Cross. The band Redd Kross was originally called Red Cross. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

Similar to Nazi concentration camp badges, at first the prisoners were marked with colors: blue for Serbs, and red for communists, while Gypsies had no marks. This was later abandoned. A contemporary table of badges worn in the Dachau concentration camp (see also translation of table below) Nazi concentration camp badges, primarily triangles, were part of the system of Identification in Nazi camps. ...

Mass murder and cruelty

Srbosjek, a special knife worn over the hand that was used by the Ustasa militia for the fast killing of inmates in concentration camps.^[2]

The acts of murder and of cruelty in the camp reached their peak in the late summer of 1942, when tens of thousands of Serbian villagers were deported to Jasenovac from the area of the fighting against the partisans in the Kozara mountain (in Bosnia). Most of the men were killed at Jasenovac. The women were sent to forced labor in Germany, and the children were taken from their mothers; some were murdered and others were dispersed in orphanages throughout the country. jasenovac File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... jasenovac File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Srbosjek, the Serb-cutter knife, invention of Croat Ustashas Srbosjek (Serb-cutter) was a knife attached to a glove. ... Yugoslav Partisan Flag The Yugoslav Partisans were one of the two main resistance movements engaged in the fight against the Axis forces in the Balkans during World War II, alongside rival Chetniks, the Yugoslav Peoples Liberation War. ... Kozara is mounitne western part of Republika Srpska. ... Motto None Anthem Intermeco Bosnia and Herzegovina() on the European continent()  —  [] Capital (and largest city) Sarajevo Official languages Bosnian Croatian Serbian Government Parliamentary democracy  -  Presidency members Željko KomÅ¡ić1 NebojÅ¡a Radmanović2 Haris Silajdžić3  -  Chairman of the Council of Ministers Nikola Å pirić  -  High Representative 4 Independence...

On the night of August 29, 1942, bets were made among the prison guards as to who could liquidate the largest number of inmates. One of the guards named Petar Brzica reportedly cut the throats of 1,360 prisoners with a especially designed butcher knife.^[3] Having been proclaimed the prize-winner of the competition, he was dubbed "King of the Cut-throats". A gold watch, a silver service, a roasted suckling pig, and wine were among his rewards. There was also a unique child and infant sub-camp where babies were burned. Children were taken to woods and then killed one by one manually with a "malj"—mallet in head. The Germans (General Edmund Glaise von Horstenau and others) said that the Ustasha were the worst and most cruel murderers in the whole world. ^{[citation needed]} Prisoners in Jasenovac were forced to drink water from Sava river with "ren". At the last moment, in January, 1945, more than 50,000 prisoners who were able to walk were led from the camp. is the 241st day of the year (242nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Petar Brzica was a fascist and World War II war criminal. ... Srbosjek, the Serb-cutter knife, invention of Croat Ustashas Srbosjek (Serb-cutter) was a knife attached to a glove. ...

End of the camp

In April 1945 the partisan army approached the camp. The Ustaša attempted to erase traces of the atrocities by working the death camp at full capacity. Yugoslav Partisan Flag The Yugoslav Partisans were one of the two main resistance movements engaged in the fight against the Axis forces in the Balkans during World War II, alongside rival Chetniks, the Yugoslav Peoples Liberation War. ...

On April 22, 600 prisoners revolted: 520 were killed and 80 escaped.[1] Before leaving the camp around April 22, the Ustaša killed the remaining prisoners, blasted and destroyed the buildings, guard-houses, torture rooms, the "Picili Furnace" and the other structures. Upon entering the camp, the liberators found only ruins, soot, smoke, and dead bodies. is the 112th day of the year (113th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 112th day of the year (113th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

During the following months of 1945, the grounds of Jasenovac were thoroughly destroyed by forced labourers, composed of 200 to 600 Domobran soldiers captured by the Partisans, thereby making the area a labor camp. They levelled the camp to the ground and among other things dismantled a two-kilometer long, four-meter high wall that surrounded it. Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for forms of work, especially in modern or early modern history, in which adults and/or children are employed without wages, or for a minimal wage. ... Croatian Home Guard (Croatian: Hrvatsko domobranstvo, often abbr. ... A labor camp is a simplified detention facility where inmates are engaged in penal labor. ...

Victim counts

Many victims were thrown into the Sava river.

The approximations in the death count also come from the fact that in cases where entire families were exterminated, no one was left to submit their names to the lists. Additionally, sometimes it happened that some people from the lists were killed elsewhere, or that they survived but were not heard of, or that there were duplicates. jasenovac victim File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... jasenovac victim File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Sava also Save (in Serbian: Сава; German: Save; Hungarian: Száva) is a river in Europe, a right side tributary of Danube at Belgrade. ...

Victim count estimations

There are various statistics and estimates about the number of victims who died in the Jasenovac camp, mainly due to lack of exact records, and to various interests involved in estimating them. The numbers mentioned most often range from the tens of thousands, which is the most common cited contemporary figure, to the hundreds of thousands, which was the most frequently quoted assessment until the 1990s. Serbs constituted the majority of victims. The actual number of victims killed in the Jasenovac camp is impossible to ascertain definitely, so the figures vary widely. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 797 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1680 × 1264 pixel, file size: 308 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 797 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1680 × 1264 pixel, file size: 308 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Languages Serbian Religions Predominantly Serbian Orthodox Christian Related ethnic groups Other Slavic peoples, especially South Slavs See Cognate peoples below Serbs (Serbian: Срби or Srbi) are a South Slavic people who live mainly in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and, to a lesser extent, in Croatia. ...

In the 60s, a death toll was estimated by exhumations and sampling of grave sites to be around 700,000, by a team which had experience from similar research in Auschwitz and was using similar methods. Although this was comparable to the official figure given at the time, the research was not published until recently and the Tito government has not supported continuation of this research as the priority at the time became the policy of brotherhood and unity and the government was trying to move past the WWII atrocities of the Ustashe. [2][3] Auschwitz, in English, commonly refers to the Auschwitz concentration camp complex built near the town of Oświęcim, by Nazi Germany during World War II. Rarely, it may refer to the Polish town of Oświęcim (called by the Germans Auschwitz) itself. ... Brotherhood and unity (known locally as Bratstvo i jedinstvo or Bратство и јединство or Bratstvo in enotnost) was the catch phrase for the official policy of inter-ethnic relations in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. ...

The world's eminent authority on Holocaust victims, Yad Vashem Center estimates more than 500,000 were killed, with the majority of the victims being Serbs. ^[4][5]According to some Croatian sources, victim counts were exaggerated. ^[6][7] An exterior view of the Yad Vashem Holocaust memorial museum in Jerusalem. ... Languages Serbian Religions Predominantly Serbian Orthodox Christian Related ethnic groups Other Slavic peoples, especially South Slavs See Cognate peoples below Serbs (Serbian: Срби or Srbi) are a South Slavic people who live mainly in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and, to a lesser extent, in Croatia. ...

According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, the victims figures are as follows [4]:

Further research on the victims of the Ustaša regime in Croatia during World War II is necessary to enable historians and demographers to determine more precisely the number of those who perished under the rule of the Independent State of Croatia. Due to differing views and lack of documentation, estimates for the number of Serbian victims in Croatia range widely, from 25,000 to more than one million. The estimated number of Serbs killed in Jasenovac ranges from 25,000 to 700,000. The most reliable figures place the number of Serbs killed by the Ustaša between 330,000 and 390,000, with 45,000 to 52,000 Serbs murdered in Jasenovac. Germans and Ustaša killed approximately 32,000 Jews from Croatia between 1941 and 1945. The precise number of Jews murdered in the Jasenovac complex is not known, but estimates range from 8,000 to 20,000 victims. These numbers do not include Jews whom the Ustaša authorities turned over to the Germans for deportation to Auschwitz and other camps. Statistics for Romani people victims are difficult to assess, as there are no firm estimates of their number in pre-war Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina. The best estimates calculate the number of Romani victims at about 26,000, of whom between 8,000 and 15,000 perished in Jasenovac. There are only loose estimates for the number of Croats murdered by the Ustaša. This group included political and religious opponents of the regime, both Catholic and Muslim. Between 5,000 and 12,000 Croats are believed to have died in Jasenovac.

A progression of numbers were reported by various German generals as the war was progressing. Various German military commanders gave different figures for the number of Serbs, Jews and others killed on the territory of the Independent State of Croatia. They circulated figures of 400,000 Serbs (Alexander Löhr); 350,000 Serbs (Lothar von Rendulic); between 300,000 (Edmund Glaise von Horstenau); more than "3/4 of million of Serbs" (Hermann Neubacher) in 1943; 600-700,000 until March 1944 (Ernst Fick); 700,000 (Massenbach). Languages Serbian Religions Predominantly Serbian Orthodox Christian Related ethnic groups Other Slavic peoples, especially South Slavs See Cognate peoples below Serbs (Serbian: Срби or Srbi) are a South Slavic people who live mainly in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and, to a lesser extent, in Croatia. ... Capital Zagreb Language(s) Croatian Religion Roman Catholicism Political structure Puppet-state King  - 1941-1943 Tomislav II Poglavnik  - 1941-1945 Ante Pavelić Legislature None Historical era World War II  - Established April 10, 1941  - Disestablished May 8, 1945 Population  - 1941 est. ... Alexander Löhr (May 20, 1885–February 26, 1947) was an Austrian Air Force commander during the 1930s before the Anschluss and, later on, a Luftwaffe Commander during the Second World War. ...

Maks Luburić, commander-in-chief of all the Croatian camps, announced the great "efficiency" of this slaughterhouse at a ceremony on October 9, 1942. During the banquet which followed, he reported with pride: "We have slaughtered here at Jasenovac more people than the Ottoman Empire was able to do during its occupation of Europe." Many consider these statements to belong to the drunk bragging of a mass murderer, and therefore of dubious value as a historical testimony. Vjekoslav Luburić, aka Maks Luburi&#263 (1914-1969), was a member of the Croatian World War II regime the UstaÅ¡e, best known as the commander of the Jasenovac concentration camp. ... is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

A report made by the new government under Tito, the National Committee of Croatia for the investigation of the crimes of the occupation forces and their collaborators, dated November 15, 1945 stated that 500,000-600,000 people were killed at the Jasenovac complex. These numbers were officially supported while Yugoslavia existed. The figures were cited by researcher Israel Gutman in the Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, by the Simon Wiesenthal Center and others. The proponents of these numbers were subsequently accused of artificial inflation because of the war reparations. Josip Broz Tito (May 7, 1892 - May 4, 1980) was the ruler of Yugoslavia between the end of World War II and his death in 1980. ... is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... The Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust was published in 1990, in tandem Hebrew and English editions, by Yad Vashem, the Israeli Holocaust Memorial Authority. ... The Simon Wiesenthal Center The Simon Wiesenthal Center is an international Jewish organization that declares itself to be a human rights group dedicated to preserving the memory of the Holocaust by fostering tolerance and understanding through community involvement, educational outreach and social action. ... War reparations refer to the monetary compensation provided to a triumphant nation or coalition from a defeated nation or coalition. ...

In the 60s, exhumations of bodies and use of sampling method suggested gave strong support to the victim counts of over 500,000, with estimates of 700,000-800,000 being realistic. The team consisted of anthropologists, medical doctors, archaeologists and other experts, who have had experience in similar research at Auschwitz and used the same methods. The results were only made public recently, as Tito government started to suppress the Jasenovac research in the name of brotherhood and unity, and less accent was put on the crimes of the Ustashe. [5][6] The 'Jasenovac Memorial Area', keeps a list of 69,842 names of Jasenovac victims counted by Croatian authorities,which always try to minimize Ustase crimes: 39,580 Serbs, 14,599 Roma, 10,700 Jews, 3,462 Croats as well as people of some other ethnicities.^[8] Several other partial lists from other sources exist. Auschwitz, in English, commonly refers to the Auschwitz concentration camp complex built near the town of Oświęcim, by Nazi Germany during World War II. Rarely, it may refer to the Polish town of Oświęcim (called by the Germans Auschwitz) itself. ... Brotherhood and unity (known locally as Bratstvo i jedinstvo or Bратство и јединство or Bratstvo in enotnost) was the catch phrase for the official policy of inter-ethnic relations in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. ... The Ustaše (often spelled Ustashe in English; singular Ustaša or Ustasha) was a Croatian far-right organisation put in charge of the Independent State of Croatia by the Axis Powers in 1941. ...

In the 1980s, independent calculations were done by Croat economist Vladimir Žerjavić and Serb statistician Bogoljub Kočović, who claimed that total number of victims in Yugoslavia was less than 1.7 million, an official figure at the time, both coming to similar figure of around one million. Žerjavić went much further into national composition of the victims, even giving a figure for Jasenovac complex death count of 80,000 people, which was almost under margin of error of this method. Žerjavić claimed that the count of death in the Independent State of Croatia is between 300,000 and 350,000, also listing thousands of deaths in other camps and prisons. Kočović, who made general estimate of total number of victims without going into minimising Jasenovac death toll, accused Žerjavić of being motivated by nationalism. Also, these numbers were accused of artificial deflation because the total growth rate of all nations in Yugoslavia together (the value of 1.1% at the time) as the growth rate for Serbs in Bosnia (which was part of the Independent State of Croatia during the war time) while according to Serbian sources the actual growth rate was 2.4% (in 1921-1931) and 3.5% (in 1949-1953). The problem with this method is that there is no reliable data on growth rate and results depend strongly on the birth rate - just a change of 0.1% in birth rate gives up to 50,000 error in victim count. For this reason the demographic method is not considered very reliable. Vladimir Žerjavić (August 2, 1912 - September 5, 2001) was a Croatian economist and a United Nations specialist who published a series of revisionist historical articles and books during the 1980s and 1990s in which he argued that the scope of the Holocaust in World War II-era Croatia was exaggerated. ... Bogoljub Kočović (1920) is a Serbian statistician. ... Capital Zagreb Language(s) Croatian Religion Roman Catholicism Political structure Puppet-state King  - 1941-1943 Tomislav II Poglavnik  - 1941-1945 Ante Pavelić Legislature None Historical era World War II  - Established April 10, 1941  - Disestablished May 8, 1945 Population  - 1941 est. ...

Demise of the Ustaše

Ante Pavelić fled via Bleiburg to Austria, and few months later was transferred to Rome. It is alleged that he was hidden there by members of the Roman Catholic Church. Upon his arriving in Argentina, he became security advisor to Juan Peron. In April 1957 he was shot twice by a Serbian nationalist, Blagoje Jovović, and forced to flee Argentina. Pavelić found refuge in Spain, where he died of his wounds in Madrid in late 1959. Ante Pavelić (July 14, 1889 – December 28, 1959) was the leader (Poglavnik) and founding member of the Croatian national socialist/fascist UstaÅ¡e movement in the 1930s and later the leader of the Independent State of Croatia, a puppet state[1] [2] of Nazi Germany during World War II. // Paveli... Bleiburg (Pliberk in Slovenian) is a small city in the state of Carinthia, Austria, south-east of Klagenfurt, in the district of Völkermarkt, near the Slovenian border. ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area  - City 1,285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban 5... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic... Juan Domingo Perón (October 8, 1895 – July 1, 1974) was an Argentine military officer and the President of Argentina from 1946 to 1955 and from 1973 to 1974. ... Motto: (Spanish for From Madrid to Heaven) Location Coordinates: , Country Spain Autonomous Community Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid Province Madrid Administrative Divisions 21 Neighborhoods 127 Founded 9th century Government  - Mayor Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón Jimémez (PP) Area  - Land 607 km² (234. ...

Miroslav Majstorović was captured by the Yugoslav communist forces, tried and executed in 1946. Miroslav Filipović (1915-1946) was a former Franciscan friar from Bosnia and Herzegovina who commanded the Jasenovac concentration camp in Yugoslavia during World War II. As a Croatian nationalist and a fascist, Filipović/Majstorović combined religion with his political ideology. ...

Maks Luburić fled to Spain but was assassinated by a Yugoslav agent in 1969. Vjekoslav Luburić, aka Maks Luburi&#263 (1914-1969), was a member of the Croatian World War II regime the UstaÅ¡e, best known as the commander of the Jasenovac concentration camp. ...

Andrija Artuković fled to America, but was extradited by the US to Zagreb in the 1980s. There he was tried and sentenced to death May 14, 1986, but died of natural causes in prison on January 16, 1988. Andrija Artuković (November 29, 1899 - January 16, 1988), was an ethnically Croatian right-wing politician convicted of war crimes and genocide committed against minorities in the WWII Independent State of Croatia (NDH). ... Motto: (Out Of Many, One) (traditional) In God We Trust (1956 to date) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington D.C. Largest city New York City None at federal level (English de facto) Government Federal constitutional republic  - President George Walker Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence from... Location of Zagreb within Croatia Coordinates: , Country Croatia RC diocese 1094 Free royal city 1242 Unified 1850 Government  - Mayor Milan Bandić Area [1]  - City 641. ... May 14 is the 134th day of the year (135th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 16th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ...

Dinko Šakić fled to Argentina but was eventually brought to justice in the 1990s and sentenced by Croatian authorities to 20 years in prison. Dinko Å akić was a Croatian who was one of the leaders of the Army of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) during World War II. He commanded the Jasenovac concentration camp at one time. ...

Petar Brzica fled to the United States. His name was on a list of 59 Nazis living in the US given by a Jewish organization to the Immigration and Naturalization Service during the 1970s. Brzica has remained unrevealed. Petar Brzica was a fascist and World War II war criminal. ... National Socialism redirects here. ... For other uses, see Jew (disambiguation). ... The United States Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) was a part of the United States Department of Justice and handled legal and illegal immigration and naturalization. ...

Later events

During the Yugoslav wars, the grounds of Jasenovac concentration camp and the Memorial area were vandalised by Croatian nationalists. In November 1991, Simo Brdar, a former associate director of the Memorial area collected the documentation from the museum and brought it with him to Bosnia and Herzegovina, where he kept it until it was transferred to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 2001 with the help of SFOR and the then government of Republika Srpska. This does not cite any references or sources. ... Interior of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Exterior of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum viewed from Raoul Wallenberg Place (15th St. ... Members of the Dutch, French, German and U.S. military watch as an Italian honour guard hoists the new Stabilisation Force flag during the Stabilisation Force (SFOR) activation ceremony in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, on the 20 of December 1996 Pocket badge of the SFOR The Stabilisation Force (SFOR) was... Anthem: Bože Pravde2 (English: God of Justice) Patron Saint: Saint Stephen3 The location of Republika Srpska as part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ...

In 1999, Jasenovac survivors and their families filed a class action lawsuit against the Vatican Bank and the Franciscan Croatians for post war laundering of loot taken from Jasenovac victims - as of 2007 the lawsuit was still pending in US Federal Court [7].

In April 2005 in New York City on the sixtieth anniversary of the liberation of the camps, a public monument to the victims of Jasenovac was established by the New York City Parks Department, the Holocaust Park Committee and the Jasenovac Research Institute with the help of US Congressman Anthony Weiner. It remains the only public monument to Jasenovac established outside of the Balkans in the world. Its unveiling was attended by some ten Survivors of the Holocaust in Yugoslavia and diplomats from Serbia, Bosnia and Israel. Annual commemorations are held there every April.

The Jasenovac Memorial Museum re-opened in November 2006 with a new exhibition designed by Croatian architect Helena Paver Njirić and an Educational Center by the firm Produkcija. The Memorial Museum features an interior of rubber-clad steel modules, video and projection screens, and glass cases displaying artifacts from the camp. Above the exhibition space, which is quite dark, is a field of glass panels inscribed with the names of the victims. Helena Njirić won the first prize for the 2006 Zagreb Architectural Salon for her work on the museum.

Bibliography

1. The Yugoslav Auschwitz and the Vatican, Vladimir Dedijer (Editor), Harvey Kendall (Translator) Prometheus Books, 1992.
2. Witness to Jasenovac's Hell Ilija Ivanovic, Wanda Schindley (Editor), Aleksandra Lazic (Translator) Dallas Publishing, 2002
3. Crimes in the Jasenovac Camp, State Commission investigation of crimes of the occupiers and their collaborators in Croatia, Zagreb, 1946.
4. Ustasha Camps by Mirko Percen, Globus, Zagreb, 1966. Second expanded printing 1990.
5. Ustashi and the Independent State of Croatia 1941-1945, by Fikreta Jelic-Butic, Liber, Zagreb, 1977.
6. Romans, J. Jews of Yugoslavia, 1941- 1945: Victims of Genocide and Freedom Fighters, Belgrade, 1982
7. Antisemitism in the anti-fascist Holocaust: a collection of works, The Jewish Center, Zagreb, 1996.
8. The Jasenovac Concentration Camp, by Antun Miletic, Volumes One and Two, Belgrade, 1986. Volume Three, Belgrade, 1987. Second edition, 1993.
9. Hell's Torture Chamber by Djordje Milica, Zagreb, 1945.
10. Die Besatzungszeit das Genozid in Jugoslawien 1941-1945 by Vladimir Umeljic, Graphics High Publishing, Los Angeles, 1994.
11. Srbi i genocidni XX vek (Serbs and XX century, Ages of Genocide) by Vladimir Umeljić, (vol 1, vol 2), Magne, Belgrade, 2004. ISBN 86-903763-1-3
12. Magnum Crimen, by Viktor Novak, Zagreb, 1948.
13. Caput, by Curzio Malaparte, Napoli, 1943.
14. Der koatische Ustasa-Staat 1941-1945, Schriftenreihe der Vierteljahreshefte fűr Zeitgeschichte, by L. Horry and M. Broszat, Stuttgart.

Footnotes

See also

• Stara Gradiška concentration camp
• Kragujevac massacre
• List of Nazi-German concentration camps
• Holocaust
• World War II casualties

Stara Gradiška was the fifth subcamp of the Jasenovac concentration camp, established in 1941 to the east of the main camp near the village of Stara Gradiška. ... The massacre The Kragujevac massacre was the massacre of over 6,000 civilians, mostly Serbs, Jews, communist and Gypsys — men, women and schoolchildren — in Kragujevac, Serbia, then Yugoslavia, by the soldiers of Nazi Germany, on 20 October 1941. ... are marked with pink, while major concentration camps of are marked with blue. ... For other uses, see Holocaust (disambiguation) and Shoah (disambiguation). ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

External links

• Holocaust Encyclopedia: Jasenovac, hosted at USHMM
• US Holocaust Memorial Museum: Jasenovac
• Spomen Područje Jasenovac
• Jasenovac Memorial Museum
• Jasenovac victims list
• Balkan Repository Project - Jasenovac
• Jasenovac commander Šakić trial documents by Republic of Croatia
• Concentration camp Jasenovac, Archive of Republika Srpska
• Jasenovac at the Simon Wiesenthal Center Museum of Tolerance
• Pavelic Papers' Documents on Jasenovac (includes "Encyclopedia of the Holocaust" quotes)
• Jasenovac Committee of the Holy Assembly of Bishops of the Serbian Orthodox Church
• Kosta Brandic Archives: Jasenovac
• Jasenovac Research Institute
• Eichmann Trial - Alexander Arnon testimony
• Unscrambling the History of a Nazi Camp, The New York Times, 6 December 2006
• New expanded Jasenovac Memorial opened
• Lawsuit against Vatican Bank and Croatian Franciscans by Jasenovac survivors and their families