The Jat people (IAST: Jāṭ, Hindi: जाट, Punjabi: ਜੱਟ جاٹ, Urdu: جاٹ‎) of Northern India and Pakistan, are descendants of Indo-Aryan/Indo-Scythian tribes.^{[1] [2] [3]} The Indo-Gangetic Plain is a rich, fertile and ancient land encompassing most of northern and eastern India, the most populous parts of Pakistan, and virtually all of Bangladesh. ... Hindi (Devanagari: हिन्दी or हिंदी; IPA: ), an Indo-European language spoken mainly in northern and central India, is the official language of the Union government of India [1][2]. It is part of a dialect continuum of the Indic family, bounded on the northwest and west by Punjabi, Sindhi, Urdu, and Gujarati... Punjabi redirects here. ... (اردو), historically spelled Ordu, is an Indo-Aryan language of the Indo-Iranian branch, belonging to Indo-European family of languages. ... For other uses, see Kashmiri (disambiguation) Kashmiri is a Dardic language spoken primarily in Kashmir, an Asian region now split between India, Pakistan and China. ... Dogri is an Indic language spoken by some two million people in South Asia, chiefly in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir but also in Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, other parts of Kashmir and elsewhere. ... SindhÄ« (सिन्धी, سنڌي) is the language of the Sindh region of South Asia, which is now a province of Pakistan. ... GujarātÄ« is an Indo-Aryan language, part of the greater Indo-European language family. ... This article discusses the historical religious practices in the Vedic time period; see Dharmic religions for details of contemporary religious practices. ... Hinduism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Sikhism (IPA: or ; Punjabi: , , IPA: ) is a religion that began in sixteenth century Northern India with the teachings of Nanak and nine successive human gurus. ... hi guys if you are reading this it means you are very gay and geekish so i suggest you get of this site ... Jaina redirects here. ... Islam (Arabic:  ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. ... IAST, or International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration is the academic standard for writing the Sanskrit language with the Latin alphabet and very similar to National Library at Calcutta romanization standard being used with many Indic scripts. ... Hindi (हिन्दी) is a language spoken mainly in North and Central India. ... Punjabi redirects here. ... The phrase Zaban-e Urdu-e Mualla written in Urdu Urdu () is an Indo-European language of the Indo-Aryan family that developed under Persian, Turkish, Arabic, Hindi, and Sanskrit influence in South Asia during the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire (1200-1800). ... The Indo-Gangetic Plain is a rich, fertile and ancient land encompassing most of northern and eastern India, the most populous parts of Pakistan, and virtually all of Bangladesh. ... The Indo-Aryans who make up around 74% of Indias population (Hindustani: इन्दो-आर्यन, اِندو آریایی) are a wide collection of peoples united by their common status as the ethno-linguistic descendents of the Indic branch of the ancient Indo-Iranians (also known as Aryans). ... Early anepigraphic coinage of the Indo-Scythians (c. ... http://www. ...

Jats were designated in a British report as a Martial Race^[4]. 'Martial Race' was a designation created by officials of British India to describe "races" (peoples) that were thought to possess qualities such as courage, loyalty, self sufficiency, physical strength, resilience, orderliness, hard working, fighting tenacity and military tactics. The British recruited heavily from these so-called 'Martial Races' for service in the colonial army^[5]. Martial Race or Martial races theory is an ideology based on the assumption that certain ethnic races were more martially inclined as opposed to the general populace or other races. ... British India (otherwise known as The British Raj) was a historical period during which most of the Indian subcontinent, or present-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar, were under the colonial authority of the British Empire (Undivided India). ... Fortitudo, by Sandro Botticelli Courage, also known as fortitude, is the ability to confront fear, pain, danger, uncertainty or intimidation. ... Loyalty is faithfulness or devotion to a person or cause. ... Autonomy is the condition of something that does not depend on anything else. ... The magnitude of physical strength, often referred to as just strength, determines the ability of a person or animal to exert force on physical objects using muscles. ... For the band see Resilience (band) Resilience generally means the ability to recover from (or to resist being affected by) some shock, insult, or disturbance. ... Military tactics (Greek: Taktikē, the art of organizing an army) is the collective name for methods of engaging and defeating an enemy in battle. ... Call-up ad inviting citizens to enlist in French Colonial Forces, after colonies of North Africa (Algeria, Tunisia) had been reconquered by the Allies in WW2. ...

Officer and soldier of the 10th Jat Regiment of the British Indian Army

Map of Jat distribution of India and Pakistan. Jats are mostly concentrated in greater Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat.

Image File history File links Jat_soldier. ... Image File history File links Jat_soldier. ... The Jat Regiment is an infantry regiment of the Indian Army. ... A group of native Indian muslim soldiers posing for volley firing orders. ... Image File history File links Jat_distribution. ... Image File history File links Jat_distribution. ... Punjab (or Panjab) may refer to: Punjab region, an area of South Asia shared by India and Pakistan Punjab (India), a state in India Punjab (Pakistan), the most populated province in Pakistan Haryana, a former part of Punjab Himachal Pradesh, a former part of Punjab A number of former states... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Rājasthān (DevanāgarÄ«: राजस्थान, IPA: )   is the largest state of the Republic of India in terms of area. ... For the capital of India, see New Delhi. ... Uttar Pradesh (Hindi: , Urdu: ‎, translation: Northern Province, IPA: ,  ), also popularly known by its abbreviation U.P. It is the most populous and fifth largest state in the Union of India. ... Madhya PradeÅ›   (HindÄ«: मध्य प्रदेश, English: , IPA: ), often called the Heart of India, is a state in central India. ... This article is for the Indian state. ...

Distribution

In India, Jats inhabit the states of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat. In Pakistan, they are found mainly in the provinces of Punjab and Sindh. In large parts of these areas the Jats are the dominant land owner tribe, particularly in Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan. Large numbers of Jats also live overseas in many countries. This article is about the Indian state of Punjab. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Rājasthān (DevanāgarÄ«: राजस्थान, IPA: )   is the largest state of the Republic of India in terms of area. ... For the capital of India, see New Delhi. ... Uttar Pradesh (Hindi: , Urdu: ‎, translation: Northern Province, IPA: ,  ), also popularly known by its abbreviation U.P. It is the most populous and fifth largest state in the Union of India. ... Madhya PradeÅ›   (HindÄ«: मध्य प्रदेश, English: , IPA: ), often called the Heart of India, is a state in central India. ... This article is for the Indian state. ... This article is about the Pakistani province of Punjab. ... Sindh (SindhÄ«: سنڌ, UrdÅ«: سندھ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and is home to the Sindhis, and Muhajirs and various other groups. ...

The Jats are mostly landlords; however, they are also found in many other professions. Traditionally they have formed part of the land & gentry and ruling upper classes ^[6]. A landlord, is the owner of a house, apartment, condominium, or real estate which is rented or leased to an individual or business, who is called the tenant. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A social class is, at its most basic, a group of people that have similar social status. ...

A large number of Jats belong to the political classes and have produced many powerful leaders, including the 7th Prime Minister of India, Prime Minister Choudhary Charan Singh. Moreover, there have been many Jat Kings and warriors throughout history^[7]. A large number of Jats serve in the Indian Army, including the Jat Regiment, Rajputana Rifles, Sikh Regiment and the Grenadiers and have won many of the highest military awards for gallantry and bravery. Jats also serve in the Pakistan Army especially in the Punjab Regiment, where they have also been highly decorated. The Prime Minister of India is, in practice, the most powerful person in the government of India. ... This article is about the Indian Prime Minister. ... The Indian Army is the largest branch of the Armed Forces of India and has the primary responsibility of conducting land-based military operations. ... The Jat Regiment is an infantry regiment of the Indian Army. ... The Rajputana Rifles are a regiment of the Indian Army, formerly the 6th Rajputana Rifles when part of the British Indian Army. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with The Sikh Regiment. ... The Grenadiers are a regiment of the Indian Army, and formerly the 4th Bombay Grenadiers when part of the British Indian Army. ... Bravery can mean: Courage, the human condition to confront pain and fear The Bravery, a rock band from the US The Bravery (album), the bands self-titled debut album This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Pakistan Army Flag The Pakistan Army (Urdu: پاک فوج) is the largest branch of the Pakistan military, and is responsible for protection of the state borders, the security of administered territories and defending the national interests of Pakistan within the framework of its international obligations. ... The Punjab Regiment is an infantry regiment of the Pakistan Army. ...

The Jats are the most prosperous in India on a per-capita basis and Jat regions (Haryana, Punjab, and Gujarat are the wealthiest of Indian states). ^[8]

Background

Theories of origin

There are many theories about the origin of the Jats. Jats are sometimes considered to be of Scythian (Saka), Indo-European, Indo-Iranian or Indo-Aryan stock in view of the similar physical features and common practices with one or the other of these groups. Scythia was an area in Eurasia inhabited in ancient times by an Indo-Aryans known as the Scythians. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with shakya. ... For the language group see Indo-European languages; for other uses see Indo-European (disambiguation) Indo-Europeans are speakers of Indo-European languages. ... Indo-Iranian can refer to: The Indo-Iranian languages The prehistoric Indo-Iranian people, see Aryan This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The Indo-Aryan languages form a subgroup of the Indo-Iranian languages, thus belonging to the Indo-European family of languages. ...

Indo-Aryan origin

Main article: Indo-Aryan origin of Jats

The Indo-Aryan origin of Jats has been advocated on the basis of ethnological, physical and linguistic standards by many historians like E.B.Havell ^[9], Qanungo^[10], C.V.Vaidya^[11], Sir Herbert Risley ^[12], Thakur Deshraj^[13], Mangal Sen Jindal^[14]etc. The approximate extent of Iron Age (Vedic civilization) Aryavarta is highlighted The Indo-Aryan origin of Jats has been advocated by many historians on the basis of ethnological, physical and linguistic standards. ... Thakur Deshraj (1903-1970) was a social worker, nationalist and a historian of Rajasthan in India. ...

The Persian traveller Biruni stated that Lord Krishna was a Jat. ^[15] Look up Persian in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Biruni commemorated on a Soviet stamp for his millennial anniversary. ... Krishna (IAST , the Sanskrit for dark or black) (see below), is according to common Hindu tradition the eighth avatar of Vishnu. ...

The original home of Jats is possibly connected with the original home of Indo-Aryans, the Aryavarta (North & Central India), since the Jats are considered by many to be a tribe of largely Aryan origins. Jats are now preeminently a farming community. ... The Indo-Aryans who make up around 74% of Indias population (Hindustani: इन्दो-आर्यन, اِندو آریایی) are a wide collection of peoples united by their common status as the ethno-linguistic descendents of the Indic branch of the ancient Indo-Iranians (also known as Aryans). ... The vedic name for India, meaning Categories: Indo-European language stubs ... Aryan () is an English language word derived from the Sanskrit and Iranian terms ārya-, the extended form aryāna-, ari- and/or arya- (Sanskrit: आर्य, Persian: آریا). Beyond its use as the ethnic self-designation of the Proto-Indo-Iranians, the meaning noble/spiritual has been attached to it in Sanskrit and...

Indo-Scythian origin

Both Sir Alexander Cunnigham ^[1] and Col James Tod ^[2] agreed in considering the Jats to be of Indo-Scythian stock. The former identified them with the "Xanthi" of Strabo^[16] and the "Jatii" of Ptolemy^[17] and Pliny (in some manuscripts);^[18] and held that they probably entered the Punjab from their home on the Oxus very shortly after the Meds or Mands. These Meds or Mands, who he also considered to be Indo-Scythians, who moved into the Punjab about a century before Christ. The Jats seem to have first occupied the Indus valley as far down as Sindh, whither the Meds followed them about the beginning of the Common era. Sir Alexander Cunningham (23 January 1814–28 November 1893) was an English archaeologist and army engineer, known as the father of the Archaeological Survey of India. ... James Tod (1782-1835), British officer and Oriental scholar, was born on March 20 1782, and went to India as a cadet in the Bengal army in 1799. ... The Indo-Scythian King of Kings Azes II (c. ... The Greek geographer Strabo in a 16th century engraving. ... A medieval artists rendition of Claudius Ptolemaeus Claudius Ptolemaeus (Greek: ; c. ... There are two famous persons named Pliny: Pliny the Elder, a Roman nobleman, scientist and historian who died in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD The great-nephew of the former, Pliny the Younger, a statesman, orator, and writer who lived between 62 AD and 113 AD. This... The Amu Darya (in Persian آمودریا; Darya means river in Persian) rises in the Pamirs and flows mainly north-west through the Hindu Kush, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan to join the Aral Sea in a large river delta. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... The Indus (सिन्‍धु नदी) (known as Sindhu in ancient times) is the principal river of Pakistan. ... Sindh (SindhÄ«: سنڌ, UrdÅ«: سندھ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and is home to the Sindhis, and Muhajirs and various other groups. ... The Common Era (CE), sometimes known as the Current Era or as the Christian Era, is the period of measured time beginning with the year 1 on the Gregorian calendar. ...

Before the earliest Muslim conquests, the Jats had spread into Punjab proper, where they were firmly established by the beginning of the eleventh century. By the time of Babar, the Jats of the salt range had been in constant conflict with the Gakkhars, Awans and Janjuas. Tod classed the Jats as one of the great Rajput tribes; but here Cunningham differed from him holding the Rajputs to belong to the original Aryan stock, and the Jats to a late wave of immigrants from the north west, probably of Scythian race. A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Turkish: Müslüman, Persian and Urdu: مسلمان, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of Islam. ... (10th century - 11th century - 12th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100. ... Babar can refer to: Babar the Elephant The BaBar Experiment at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Babur (also spelled Baber or Babar), 16th-century ruler of India and founder of the Mogul Empire Babar Island, an island of Indonesia Safir A Babar, This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid... // Earliest History of the Gakhars The Gakhars ( Gakkhars, Gurkkhars, Gurkhars) have been suggested, by the great British archaeologist Sir Alexander Cunningham to have been Indo-Sassanians in origin. ... There are several references to Awan: Awan was an Elamite dynasty of Iran. ... The young Janjua Raja Amir Khan in action The Janjua Rajput (Urdu: جنجوعہ, Hindi: जन्जुआ)(also spelt Janjuha, Janjuah) are one of the most dominant royal warrior clans of Punjab. ...

In Punjab Castes, Sir Denzil Ibbetson wrote:

" .... the original Rajput and the original Jat entered India at different in its history. But if they do originally represent to separate waves of immigration, it is at least exceedingly probable, both from there almost identical physique and facial character and from the close communion which has always existed between them, that they belong to one and the same ethnic stock; and it is almost certain that the joint Jat Rajput stock contains not a few tribes of aboriginal descent, though it is probably in the main Aryo-Scythian, if Scythian be not Aryan."

An ethnic group is a group of people who identify with one another, or are so identified by others, on the basis of a boundary that distinguishes them from other groups. ...

Common Indo-European Ancestry of Jats

Main article: Common Ancestry of Jatt Names

History shows that between 1000 to 3000 years ago a number of Central Asian tribes classified as Indo-Iranian/Indo-European/Indo-Aryan migrated into both Europe and South Asia. In both Europe and South Asia there are many surnames which are common. These common tribal names stayed intact in some places which were settled such as India due to a strong tradition of heritage preservation. Alternatively , these tribes may have originated from South Asia and spread into Central Asia. ^[19] Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Central Asia is a region of Asia. ... Indo-Iranian can refer to: The Indo-Iranian languages The prehistoric Indo-Iranian people, see Aryan This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... For the language group see Indo-European languages; for other uses see Indo-European (disambiguation) Indo-Europeans are speakers of Indo-European languages. ... The Indo-Aryan languages form a subgroup of the Indo-Iranian languages, thus belonging to the Indo-European family of languages. ... World map showing Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. ... This article is about the geopolitical region in Asia. ... This article is about the geopolitical region in Asia. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ...

Jats in the Deva Samhitā

Deva Samhita is a collection of Sanskrit hymns in which it is mentioned that after the destruction of Daksha's sacrifice by Virabhadra and his ganas, the followers of Shiva, the defeated gods sought Brahma and asked his counsel. Brahma advised the gods to make their peace with Shiva. Shiva accepted his advice and restored the burnt head of Daksha and the broken limbs were made whole. Then the devas thanked Shiva for his gentleness, and invited him to sacrifice. There Daksha looked on him with reverence, the rite was duly performed, and there also Vishnu appeared. A compromise was achieved between Vaishnavas and followers of Shiva. Devasamhita records the discussion between Shiva and Parvati. Pārvatī asks Shiva about the origin of Jats, their antiquity and characters of Jats, Shiva tells her these things in form of shloka (verses) numbering from 12 - 17. Some relevant verses are given below. The Samhita (Sanskrit: joined or collected) is the basic text of each of the Vedas, comprising collections of hymns and ritual texts. ... In Hinduism, Daksha is an ancient creator god, one of the Prajapatis, the Rishis and the Adityas, and a son of Aditi and Brahma. ... In Hinduism, Virabhadra is a monster created by Shiva who eventually blinded Bhaga. ... In Hinduism, Ganas are attendants of Shiva and live in Kailasa. ... Pinaki redirects here. ... Vishnu (IAST , Devanagari , with honorific Shri Vishnu; , ), (also frequently referred to as Narayana) is the most popularly worshipped form of God in Hinduism [1]. Within the Vaishnava tradition he is viewed as the Ultimate Reality or Supreme God (similarly to Shiva within Shaivism). ... Vaishnavism is the branch of Hinduism in which Vishnu or one of his avatars (i. ... Pinaki redirects here. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Pinaki redirects here. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

There is mention of Jats in “Deva Samhitā” ^[20] in the form of powerful rulers over vast plains of Central Asia. For example in the 'Deva Samhitā' of Gorakh Sinha from the early medieval period, when Pārvatī asks Shiva about the origin of Jats, their antiquity and characters of Jats, Shiva tells her like this in sanskrit shloka-15 as under: The Samhita (Sanskrit: joined or collected) is the basic text of each of the Vedas, comprising collections of hymns and ritual texts. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Pinaki redirects here. ... Sanskrit ( , ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

महाबला महावीर्या, महासत्य पराक्रमाः Mahābalā mahāvīryā, Mahāsatya parākramāḥ

सर्वाग्रे क्षत्रिया जट्‌टा देवकल्‍पा दृढ़-व्रता: Sarvāgre kshatriyā jattā Devakalpā dridh-vratāḥ || 15 ||

Meaning - "They are, like gods, firm of determination and of all the kshatriyā, the Jats are the prime rulers of the earth."

Shiva explains Parvati about the origin of Jats in Shloka –16 of Deva samhita as under: Kshatriya (Hindi: , from Sanskrit: , ) is the title of the princely military order in the Vedic society. ... Jatt refers to group of people who mainly lived in Punjab. ... Kshatriya (Hindi: , from Sanskrit: , ) is the title of the princely military order in the Vedic society. ... Pinaki redirects here. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

श्रृष्टेरादौ महामाये वीर भद्रस्य शक्तित: Shrishterādau mahāmāye Virabhadrasya shaktitaḥ

कन्यानां दक्षस्य गर्भे जाता जट्टा महेश्वरी Kanyānām Dakshasya garbhe jātā jatta maheshwarī. || 16 ||

Meaning – "In the beginning of the universe with the personification of the illusionary powers of Virabhadra and Daksha's daughtergana's womb originated the caste of Jats."

In the shloka-17 of 'Deva Samhitā' when Pārvatī asks about the origin of Jats, Shiva tells Parvati that: In Hinduism, Virabhadra is a monster created by Shiva who eventually blinded Bhaga. ... In Hinduism, Daksha is an ancient creator god, one of the Prajapatis, the Rishis and the Adityas, and a son of Aditi and Brahma. ... Jatt refers to group of people who mainly lived in Punjab. ... In Hinduism, Virabhadra is a monster created by Shiva who eventually blinded Bhaga. ... In Hinduism, Daksha is an ancient creator god, one of the Prajapatis, the Rishis and the Adityas, and a son of Aditi and Brahma. ... The Samhita (Sanskrit: joined or collected) is the basic text of each of the Vedas, comprising collections of hymns and ritual texts. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Pinaki redirects here. ...

गर्व खर्चोत्र विग्राणां देवानां च महेश्वरी Garva kharchotra vigrānam devānām cha maheshwarī

विचित्रं विस्‍मयं सत्‍वं पौराण कै साङ्गीपितं Vichitram vismayam satvam Pauran kai sāngīpitam || 17 ||

Meaning - "The history of origin of Jats is extremely wonderful and their antiquity glorious. The Pundits of history did not record their annals lest it should injure and impair their false pride and of the vipras and gods. We describe that realistic history before you."

Brahman (Devanagari: ब्रह्म ) in the Vedantic schools of Hindu philosophy, is the signifying name given to the concept of the unchanging, infinite, immanent and transcendent reality of all things in this universe. ...

Jats in Mahabharata period

Jats find a mention in most ancient Indian literature. Over sixty clans are named in the Rig Veda.^[21] In the Mahabharata as they are mentioned ‘Jartas’ in ‘Karna Parva’. The famous Sanskrit scholar Panini (traditionally dated 520-460 BCE, with estimates ranging from the 7th to 4th centuries BCE) has mentioned in his Sanskrit grammar known as Aṣṭādhyāyī in the form of shloka as जट झट संघाते or “Jat Jhat Sanghate”. This means that the terms 'Jat' and 'democratic federation' are synonymous. He has mentioned many Jat clans as settled in Punjab and North west areas. They are mentioned in the grammar treatise of Chandra of the fifth century in the phrase sentence अजय जर्टो हुणान or “Ajay Jarto Huṇān”, which refers to the defeat of Huns by the Jats under the leadership of Yasodharman. The inscriptions of Mandsaur and Bijayagadh indicate that Yasodharman, the ruler of Malwa, was a Jat of the Virk gotra ( clan). ^[22][23] - ^[24] The Rig Veda ऋग्वेद (Sanskrit ṛc praise + veda knowledge) is the earliest of the four Hindu religious scriptures known as the Vedas. ... Manuscript illustration of the Battle of Kurukshetra The (Devanagari: ), is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being the . ... Sanskrit ( , ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Panini can refer to: Pāṇini, the 5th century BC Sanskrit grammarian Panini (sandwich), a type of Italian sandwich Panini (stickers), a brand of collectible stickers Giovanni Paolo Panini, an Italian artist This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Sanskrit ( , ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Democracy is a form of government under which the power to alter the laws and structures of government lies, ultimately, with the citizenry. ... A map displaying todays federations. ... This article is about the Hindu moon deity. ... (4th century - 5th century - 6th century - other centuries) Events Rome sacked by Visigoths in 410. ... Many historians consider the Huns (meaning person in Mongolian language) the first Mongolian and Turkic people mentioned in European history. ... Yasodharman was the king of Malwa, in central India, during the early part of the 6th century. ... Inscriptions are words or letters written, engraved, painted, or otherwise traced on a surface and can appear in contexts both small and monumental. ... Mandsaur or Mandsaor is a city in the Malwa region and district of Madhya Pradesh state of central India. ... Bayana is a historical town in Bharatpur district of Rajasthan in India. ... Yasodharman was the king of Malwa, in central India, during the early part of the 6th century. ... Malwa (Malvi:माळवा) is a region in western India occupying a plateau of volcanic origin in the western part of Madhya Pradesh state and the south-eastern part of Rajasthan. ... Virk (Urdu: ورک ) is a Jat gotra or clan. ... A gotra (lit. ... For other uses, see Clan (disambiguation). ...

Etymology

One theory about the origin of the word, 'Jat' is that it has originated from the Sanskrit language word “Gyat” . The Mahabharata mentions in chapter 25, shloka 26 that Lord Krishna founded a federation ‘Gana-sangha’ of the Andhak and Vrishni clans. This federation was known as ‘Gyati-sangh’. Over a period of time ‘Gyati’ became ‘Gyat’ and it changed to Jat.^[25] The Sanskrit language (Skt. ... Manuscript illustration of the Battle of Kurukshetra The (Devanagari: ), is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being the . ... Krishna (IAST , the Sanskrit for dark or black) (see below), is according to common Hindu tradition the eighth avatar of Vishnu. ... A map displaying todays federations. ... In Hinduism, Ganas are attendants of Shiva and live in Kailasa. ... Sangha is a word in Pali or Sanskrit that can be translated roughly as association or assembly. It is commonly used in several senses to refer to Buddhist or Jain groups. ... Andhak or Antall or Aundh or Anlak is a gotra of Jats found in Haryana, India. ... Vrishni (वृषणि) was a descendent of Yadu in Yadav vansh. ... For other uses, see Clan (disambiguation). ...

Another popular theory of the word's origins is that Jat came from the word Gaut tribal name of some Indo-Aryan tribes of Central Asia (such as those which later became Gauts/Goths or Jutes and settled in Europe), which was written in Jattan Da Ithihas. It has also been mentioned by Bhim Singh Dahiya. ^[26] Jats have many surnames common to German people even today. Gautr, Gauti, Guti, Gothus and Geats are name forms based on the same Proto-Germanic root, * (see god). ... The Indo-Aryan languages form a subgroup of the Indo-Iranian languages, thus belonging to the Indo-European family of languages. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... Gautr, Gauti, Guti, Gothus and Geats are name forms based on the same Proto-Germanic root, * (see god). ... Invasion of the Goths: a late 19th century painting by O. Fritsche, is a highly romanticized portrait of the Goths as cavalrymen. ... Jutland peninsula The Jutes were a Germanic people who are believed to have originated from Jutland in modern Denmark and part of the Frisian coast. ... World map showing Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. ... Bhim Singh Dahiya was a historian and civil servant belonging to the Indian Revenue Service (IRS). ...

According to the historian Ram Lal Hala, the word Jat is derived from word 'Yat'. There was a Chandra Vanshi king named Ushana (उशना), ancestor of Lord Krishna. Ushana was born after nine generations of Yadu. Ushana performed hundred Ashvamedha Yagyas and got the title of 'yat'. The word 'Yat' later changed to 'Jat'.^[27] Yat or Jat (, ) is the 32nd letter of the old Cyrillic alphabet and name of the sound represented by it. ... Chandra Vansh (the Lunar lineage) represents an ancient lineage of the Kshatriyas in India. ... Ushna (उशना) or Yat (याट) was a brave king in Yadava Vansh born after three generations of Maharaja Shashabindu, who was born after six generations of Yadu. ... Krishna (IAST , the Sanskrit for dark or black) (see below), is according to common Hindu tradition the eighth avatar of Vishnu. ... Yadu is the name of one of the five Aryan clans mentioned in the Rig Veda. ... The Ashvamedha ( horse sacrifice) is one of the most important royal rituals of Vedic religion, described in detail in the Yajurveda (TS 7. ... See Yajna and Yagyas ...

There are many variations of the term Jat. In the Punjab, the phonetic sound is "Jutt" or "Jatt."

Jats in Islamic History

The Jats of the lower Indus comprise both Jats and Rajputs, and the same rule applies to Las-Bela where descendants of former ruling races like the Sumra and the Samma of Sind and the Langah of Multan are found. At the time of the first appearance of the Arabs they found the whole of Makran in possession of Jats known by the Islamic Arabs as Zutts. Samma dynasty ruled in Sindh and parts of Punjab and Balochistan from 1351-1551 A.D. The Samma dynasty declined and was replaced by Arghun Dynasty. ... Langah (Urdu: لنگاہ) is a city in located in southern Punjab, Pakistan. ... It has been suggested that Hindu temples in Multan be merged into this article or section. ... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب ) are an ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa. ... Makran is the southern region of Balochistan, in Iran and Pakistan along the coast of the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman. ...

According to a Hadith, Hazrat Abdulla Bin Masood, a companion of Muhammad saw some strangers with Muhammad and said that their features and physique were like those of Jats. ^[28] This indicates that Jats were in Arabia even during Muhammad's time. It is mentioned in the Abadis i.e., the authentic traditions of Prophet Mohammad compiled by Hazrat Imam Bukhari (d. 875 A.D - 256 A.H) that the Indian tribe of Jats had settled in Arabia before Prophet Mohammad’s times. Bukhari also tells us that an Indian Raja (king) sent a jar of ginger pickles to the Prophet. This shows that the Indian Jat Raja ruled an adjacent area.^[29] Furthur writing about the period of the Companions in his book "Al adab al Mufarrad" has stated that once when Hazrat Aisha (Muhammads's wife) fell ill, her nephews brought a Jat doctor for her treatment. We hear of them next when the Arab armies clashed with the Persian forces which were comprised of Jat soldiers as well. The Persian Command Hurmuz used Jat soldiers against Khalid ibn al-Walid in the battle of 'salasal' of 634 A.D (12 hijri). This was the first time that Jats were captured by the Arabs. They put forward certain conditions for joining the Arab armies which were accepted, and on embracing Islam they were associated with different Arab tribes. ^[30] This event proves that the first group of people from the Indian subcontinent to accept Islam were Jats who did it as early as 12 hijri (634 A.D) in the time of Hazrat `Umar ibn al-Khattāb. <sup>[31]</sup> For other persons named Muhammad, see Muhammad (name). ... The Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula is a mainly desert peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia and an important part of the greater Middle East. ... Muhammad Ibn Ismail Ibn Ibrahim Ibn al-Mughirah Ibn Bardizbah al-Bukhari &#1605;&#1581;&#1605;&#1583; &#1576;&#1606; &#1575;&#1587;&#1605;&#1575;&#1593;&#1610;&#1604; &#1576;&#1606; &#1575;&#1576;&#1585;&#1575;&#1607;&#1610;&#1605; &#1576;&#1606; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1594;&#1610;&#1585;&#1577; &#1576;&#1606; &#1576;&#1585;&#1583;&#1586;&#1576... The Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula is a mainly desert peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia and an important part of the greater Middle East. ... Aisha bint Abu Bakr (RA) (Arabic `āisha, she who lives, also transcribed as Aishah, Ayesha, Aisha, or Aisha, Turkish AyÅŸe etc. ... The Persian Empire was a series of historical empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau (Irān - Land of the Aryans[1]) and beyond. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar is the calendar used to date events in predominately Muslim countries, and used by Muslims everywhere to determine the proper day on which to celebrate Muslim holy days. ... For other uses, see Umar (disambiguation). ...

The Persian King Yazdgerd III had also sought the help of the Sind ruler who sent Jat soldiers and elephants which were used against the Arabs in the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah. Look up Persian in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Yazdgerd III (Persian: یزدگرد سوم, made by God), last king of Sassanid dynasty, a grandson of Khosrau II (590–628), who had been murdered by his son Kavadh II of Persia in 628, and was raised to the throne in 632 after a series of internal conflicts. ... The Battle of al-Qādisiyyah (in Arabic: معارك القادسيّة, alternate spellings: Qadisiyya, Qadisiyyah, Kadisiya) was the decisive engagement between the Arab Muslim army and the Sāsānian Persian army during the first period of Islamic expansion which resulted in the Islamic conquest of Iran. ...

According to Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (Tabari), Hazrat Ali ibn Abi Talib had employed Jats to guard Basra treasury during the battle of Jamal. Balamis 14th century Persian version of Universal History by al-Tabari Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Jarir at-Tabari 838–923 (father of Jafar, named Muhammad, son of Jarir from the province of Tabaristan, Arabic الطبري), was an author from Persia, one of the earliest, most prominent and famous Persian... Ali ibn Abu Talib (Arabic: علي بن أبي طالب translit: ‘Alī ibn Abu Ṭālib Persian: علی پسر ابو طالب) ‎ (599 – 661) is an early Islamic leader. ... Location of Basra Basra (Arabic: ‎ ; BGN: Al Başrah) is the second largest city of Iraq with an estimated population of 2,600,000 (2003). ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

^[32] Amir Muawiya had settled them on the Syrian border to fight against the Romans. It is said that 4,000 Jats of Sind joined Mohammad Bin Qasim's army and fought against Raja Dahir. Sindhi Jats henceforth began to be regularly recruited in the Muslim armies. Leave this page if youre under 18!! - Page contains huge lies and hardly has any facts > it will surely misguide you! Uthman ibn Affan (Arabic: عثمان بن عفان) (c. ... Ali ibn Abu Talib (Arabic: علي بن أبي طالب translit: ‘Alī ibn Abu Ṭālib Persian: علی پسر ابو طالب) ‎ (599 – 661) is an early Islamic leader. ... Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent c. ... Sindhi refers to an ethnic group of people originating in Sindh which is part of present day Pakistan. ...

The line of rulership before Islam runs: Siharus, Raja Sahasi II, Chach, Raja Dahir. The first two were Buddhist Rajputs and the last two Hindu Brahmins.There is a difference of opinion among historians concerning the social dynamic between the Jatts and the Brahmins.Some historians suggest that the relationship was an adversarial one, with Brahmins using their high caste status to exploit and oppress the Jatts, Meds and Buddhists, who formed the bulk of the peasantry ^[33]. According to a quote by historian U.T Thakkur, "When Chach, the Brahmim chamberlain who usurped the throne of Rajput King Sahasi II went to Brahmanabad, he enjoined upon the Jats and Lohanas not to carry swords, avoid velvet or silken cloth, ride horses without saddles and walk about bare-headed and bare-footed" ^[34]. Islam (Arabic:  ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. ... Siharus was the father of the last rajput ruler of Sind Raja Sahasi II and was a follower of Buddhism. ... This article or section may contain inappropriate or misinterpreted citations. ... Chach (632-671)[1] is the name of the Brahmin Chamberlain and Secretary to Rai Sahasi the Second, of the Rai Dynasty who succeeded him to the throne of Sindh. ... Raja Dahir was the brahmin ruler of Deol State situated in Sindh and parts of Punjab during the beggining of what would come to be known as the Islamic conquest of South Asia under the banner of Muhammad bin Qasim for the Umayyad Caliphate. ... A Rajput (possibly from Sanskrit r&#257;ja-putra, son of a king) is a member of a prominent caste who live throughout northern and central India, primarily in the northwestern state of Rajasthan. ... Young Indian brahmachari Brahmin A Brahmin (less often Brahman) is a member of the Hindu priestly caste. ... Meds is Placebos fifth album. ... Mansura (Arabic: منصورہ) was the capital of the Arab empire in Pakistan. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

However, Thakkur also writes that Hinduism and Buddhism existed side by side, suggesting a more complex dynamic between the endogamous groups. [The king followed early Hindusim, but a majority of his advisers were a mix of Buddhists,and other faiths. The ruler of Brahmanabad, a Jatt, also had professed Buddhism as his spiritual guide. Nonetheless, there was a strong sense of "ideological dualism" between them, which he wrote was the inherent weakness that the Arabs exploited in their favor when they invaded the region^[34].

It was because of this internal dissenion that that Muhammad bin Qasim received cooperation from some of the Buddhists as well as some of the Jats and Meds during his campaign in Sind [3](An advanced history of India by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar; Hemchandra Raychaudhuri; Kalikinkar Datta Delhi: Macmillan India, 1973) In fact he was hailed as deliverer by several sections of local population. The position of the Buddhists in Sind seeking support from outside can be read in the Chach Nama. Muhammad bin Qasim Al-Thaqafi (Arabic: محمد بن قاسم) (c. ... For the capital of India, see New Delhi. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... Chach Nama is a Muslim chronicle. ...

Sind had a large Buddhist population at this time but the ruler, Dahir, followed Brahminism, and to te Arabs was a Brahmin. It is said that the Buddhists been receiving constant information from their co-religionists in Afghanistan and Turkistan about the liberal treatment meted out to them by the Arab conquerors of those regions^[36]. Thus, bin-Qasim received cooperation from the Buddhist population ^[37]. The Buddhist ruler of Nerun (Hyderabad) had secret correspondence with Muhammad Bin Qasim. Similarly, Bajhra and Kaka Kolak, Buddhist Rajas of Sewastan, allied themselves with Muhammad Bin Qasim ^[38]. Türkistan (also spelled Turkistan or Turkestan) is a region in Central Asia, largely inhabited by Turkic people. ... For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ... Hyderabad or Haydarābād (Urdu: حيدر آباد) is located in the Sindh province of Pakistan (formerly known as Neroon Kot نيرُون ڪوٽ). Formerly the capital of Sindh and known as the city of perfumes, it is now a regional headquarter of the district of Hyderabad. ...

Ancient Jat Kingdoms

According to historians and scholars^[39] some ancient Jat kingdoms included those of:

• Chandragupta Maurya
• Ashok Maurya
• Samudragupta
• Chandragupta II
• Kaniska
• Yasodharman
• Harshavardhana

Allegiance: Magadhan Empire Rank: Emperor Succeeded by: Bindusara Maurya Reign: 322 BC-298 BC Place of birth: India Chandragupta Maurya (Sanskrit: चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य; Greek: Sandrakottos) (born c. ... Allegiance: Magadhan Empire Rank: Emperor Succeeded by: Dasaratha Maurya Reign: 273 BC-232 BC Place of birth: Pataliputra, India Battles/Wars Kalinga War Emperor Ashoka the Great (Devanagari: अशोक(:); IAST transliteration: , pronunciation: ) (304 BC–232 BC) (Imperial Title:Devanampiya Piyadassi ie He who is the beloved of the Gods who, in... Samudragupta, ruler of the Gupta Empire (c. ... Coins of Chandragupta II. The period of prominence of the Gupta dynasty is very often referred to as the Golden Age of India. ... Gold coin of Kanishka I (c. ... Yasodharman was the king of Malwa, in central India, during the early part of the 6th century. ... Harsha or Harshavardhana (606-648) was an Indian emperor who ruled northern India as paramount monarch for over forty years. ...

Rai Dynasty

The Jats of Balhara clan and the Rai Dynasty ruled Sindh and followed Buddhisms, Shaivism, Vaishnavism,Jainism. There were internal dissentions shortly before the invasion of the Arabs under Muhammad Bin Qasim. It is said 4000 Jatts supported Quasimand fought against the Raja Dahir. Balhara is a gotra of Jats found in Rajasthan. ... The Rai Dynasty rulers of Sindh were Buddhists of the Mauryan clan Balhara Jats. ... Sindh (Sindhī: سنڌ, Urdū: سندھ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and is home to the Sindhis, and Muhajirs and various other groups. ... hi guys if you are reading this it means you are very gay and geekish so i suggest you get of this site ... Raja Dahir was the brahmin ruler of Deol State situated in Sindh and parts of Punjab during the beggining of what would come to be known as the Islamic conquest of South Asia under the banner of Muhammad bin Qasim for the Umayyad Caliphate. ...

During Raja Dahir's rule, he supplied the Persians with war elephants and Jatt soldiers who they used to fight against the Arab Muslims. Some captured Jatt soldiers may have converted to Islam and may have been employed in the armies and defenses of prominent Muslim leaders such as the Caliphs Ali and Muawiyah. Prophet Muhammad ( peace be upon him ) was the final prophet in Islam. ... Muawiyah I (602 - May 6, 680), early Muslim leader and founder of the great Umayyad Dynasty of caliphs. ...

Many Jats continued to resist, and a century later, Jatts would stage rebellions against the Abbasid Caliphs, even killing some of their Amirs. Abbasid provinces during the caliphate of Harun al-Rashid Abbasid (Arabic: العبّاسيّون, Abbāsīyūn) is the dynastic name generally given to the caliph of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Arab Empire, that overthrew the Umayyad caliphs from all but Spain. ...

Jat Kingdoms in Medieval India

Gohad

Main article: Gohad

Maharaja Bhim Singh Rana

According to the Rajputana Gazetteer, the Jagir of village Bamrauli near Agra, was transferred to the Chauhan and Kachwaha Rajputs of Bairath (near Alwar), during the rule of the Tomar Rajputs in Delhi in the 11th century. During Firuz Shah Tughluq's regime , his satrap in Agra, Muneer Mohammad, forced the Jats of Bamrauli to leave the village in 1367. The Bamraulia Jats moved to the region of Gwalior beyond the Chambal river. Gohad is a town of historical importance of Bhind district in Madhya Pradesh in India. ... Image File history File links Maharaja_Bhim_Singh_Rana. ... Image File history File links Maharaja_Bhim_Singh_Rana. ... A Jagir is a small territory granted by a ruler to an army chieftain (called a sardar in Marathi language) in recognition of his military service. ... Agra   (Hindi: , Urdu: ‎), (IPA: ) is a medevial city on the banks of the Yamuna River in India. ... Alwar or Ulwar was a princely state in India during the time of British rule, in what is now Rajasthan. ... District or region Santarém Mayor   - Party António Paiva PSD Area 351. ... For the capital of India, see New Delhi. ... Firuz Shah Tughlaq (also known as Firoz Shah Tughluq) was a Muslim ruler of the Tughlaq Dynasty (1351 - 1388). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

According to Cunningham and William Cook, the Bamraulia Jats founded the city of Gohad near Gwalior in 1505. Later it developed into an important Jat State that continued till Indian Independence. The Jat rulers of Gohad were awarded the title of Rana. In sailing, a cunningham or cunninghams eye is a type of downhaul used on a Bermuda rigged sailboat to change the shape of a sail. ... William Cook (1932-) is the founder of medical equipment manufacturer Cook Group. ... Gohad is a town of historical importance of Bhind district in Madhya Pradesh in India. ... Rana is: Rana, Norway Rana (title), a variation on Raja, a Hindu (Hindi and other languages, mainly Rajput) princely title of royalty (see also Maharana); hence: The Rana dynasty, an influential family in Nepal since the 19th century The name of a Hindu Gujarati family Rana (clan), a clan in...

Singhan Deo was the first Jat ruler of the state of Gohad. The chronology of Jat rulers of Gohad has 17 names: Singhan Deo I, Singhan Deo II, Devi Singh, Udyaut Singh, Rana Anup Singh, Sambhu Singh, Abhay Chander, Ratan Singh, Uday Singh, Bagh Raj, Gaj Singh, Jaswant, Bhim Singh, Girdhar Pratap, Chhatra Singh, Kirat Singh and Pohap Singh.

Dholpur

Main article: Dholpur

Rana Udaybhanu Singh

The present town of Dholpur, which dates from the 16th century, stands somewhat to the north of the site of the older town built in the 11th century by Raja Dholan (or Dhawal) Deo, a Tomara Rajput chieftain; it was named as Dholdera or Dhawalpuri after him. Dholpur (also Dhaulpur) is a city in eastern Rajasthan state of India. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (925x961, 349 KB) Self created image of Rana Udaybhanu Singh I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (925x961, 349 KB) Self created image of Rana Udaybhanu Singh I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ...

In 1450, Dholpur had a Raja of its own. However, the fort was taken by Sikander Lodi in 1501 and transferred to a Muslim governor in 1504. In 1527, after strenuous resistance, the fort fell to Babur and came under the sway of the Mughals along with the surrounding country. It was assigned by Emperor Akbar to the province of Agra. A fortified sarai built during the reign of Akbar still stands in the town, within which is the fine tomb of Sadik Mohammed Khan, one of his generals. Sikandar Lodhi (born Nizam Khan, died November 21, 1517) was the second ruler of the Lodhi Dynasty. ... Zāhir ud-Dīn Mohammad, commonly known as Bābur (February 14, 1483 – December 26, 1530) (Chaghatay/Persian: ‎ , Hindi: ज़हिर उद-दिन मुहम्मद) also spelled ), was a Muslim Emperor from Central Asia who founded the Mughal dynasty of India. ... The Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. ... Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar (Persian: جلال الدین محمد اکبر), (alternate spellings: Jellaladin, Celalettin) also known as Akbar the Great (Akbar-e-Azam) (October 15, 1542 – October 27, 1605) was the son of Nasiruddin Humayun whom he succeeded as ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1556 to 1605. ... Sarai can refer to: The Biblical figure Sarah. ...

During the dissensions which followed the death of emperor Aurangzeb in 1707, Raja Kalyan Singh Bhadauria obtained possession of Dholpur. His family retained it until 1761, after which it was taken successively by the Jat Maharaja Suraj Mal of Bharatpur; by Mirza Najaf Khan in 1775; by the Scindia ruler of Gwalior in 1782; and finally, by the British East India Company in 1803. It was restored by the British to the Scindias under the "Treaty of Sarji Anjangaon", but in consequence of new arrangements, was again occupied by the British. Finally, in 1806, the territories of Dholpur, Ban and Rajakhera were handed over to Kirat Singh of Gohad, in exchange for his own state of Gohad, which was ceded to the Scindias. Aurangzeb (Persian: ‎, English: ) (November 3, 1618 – March 3, 1707, also known as Alamgir I, was the ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1658 until 1707. ... Maharaja Suraj Mal (1707-1763) was ruler of Bharatpur in Rajasthan in India. ... Bharatpur is a city in Rajasthan state of India. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Scindia Family of India. ... The British East India Company, sometimes referred to as John Company, was one of the first joint-stock company (preceded only by the Dutch East India Company) which was granted an English Royal Charter by Elizabeth I on December 31, 1600, with the intention of favouring trade privileges in India. ...

From this point begins the history of the princely state of Dholpur, a vassal of the British during the Raj. After Independence, it was incorporated into the newly-formed state of Rajasthan. The British Empire at its zenith in 1919. ... Rājasthān (DevanāgarÄ«: राजस्थान, IPA: )   is the largest state of the Republic of India in terms of area. ...

Bharatpur

Main article: Bharatpur

Maharaja Surajmal

In the disorder following Aurangzeb's death in 1707, Jat resistance resumed, organised under the leadership of Churaman. Churaman's nephew,Badan Singh, established a kingdom centered at Deeg, from which he extended his rule over Agra and Mathura. Bharatpur is a city in Rajasthan state of India. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1157x1677, 404 KB)Maharaja Surajmal of Bharatpur State in India This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1157x1677, 404 KB)Maharaja Surajmal of Bharatpur State in India This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years... Events January 1 - John V is crowned King of Portugal March 26 - The Acts of Union becomes law, making the separate Kingdoms of England and Scotland into one country, the Kingdom of Great Britain. ... Churaman (1695 – 1721) was Zamindar of Sinsini and the real founder of Jat state of Bharatpur in Rajasthan, India. ... Badan Singh (1722 – 1756) was the formal founder of the princely state of Bharatpur. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

Badan Singh's adopted son and successor was Maharaja Suraj Mal. Suraj Mal, described as the "Jat Plato" and the "Jat Ulysses", extended his kingdom to include Agra, Mathura, Dholpur, Mainpuri, Hathras, Aligarh, Etawah, Meerut, Rohtak, Farrukhnagar, Mewat, Rewari and Gurgaon. He was described as the greatest warrior and the ablest statesman that the Jats had ever produced. He moved the capital from Deeg to Bharatpur after 1733. Rustam, a Jat king of the Sogariya clan, laid the foundation of the modern city of Bharatpur. After him, control passed to his son, Khemkaran and then to Suraj Mal. Khemkaran was a warrior. He was awarded with the title "Faujdar", which is still used by all Sogariyas. The beautiful palace and gardens at Deeg and the Bharatpur fort, both built by Suraj Mal, symbolised the coming of age of the Jat state. Suraj Mal died on 25 December, 1763. For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation). ... Head of Odysseus from a Greek 2nd century BC marble group representing Odysseus blinding Polyphemus, found at the villa of Tiberius at Sperlonga Odysseus (Greek Odusseus), pronounced /oʊˈdɪs. ... Mainpuri Town, the administrative headquarters of the Mainpuri District, is situated to the north-east of Agra, in Uttar Pradesh. ... Hathras Hathras district is a new district made recently by taking some part of Aligarh, Mathura and Agra districts. ... Aligarh   is a city in Aligarh district in the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. ... Etawah is a city on the Yamuna River in the Uttar_Pradesh state of India. ... Meerut is an ancient city located to the north-east of New Delhi in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. ... Rohtak (Hindi: रोहतक) is located in Rohtak District, Haryana, India. ... Mewat is a region of Rajasthan and Haryana states in northwestern India. ... OpenToppedBus - Talk to the driver 10:25, August 18, 2005 (UTC) Categories: Possible copyright violations ... Gurgaons population has grown exponentially in past few years. ... Rostam (&#1585;&#1587;&#1578;&#1605; Rostæm in Persian) is a mythical warrior of ancient Persia, son of Zal and Rudabe. ... Khemkaran is an area also known as a graveyard of tanks. ... Faujdar was a title awarded by Muslim rulers to people who had responsibility of protecting some territory. ...

During the Raj, the state covered an area of 5,123 sq.km. Its rulers enjoyed a salute of 17 guns. The state acceded unto the dominion of India in 1947. It was merged with three nearby princely states to form the 'Matsya Union', which in turn was merged with other adjoining territories to create the present-day state of Rajasthan. In many Indian languages, Raj literally means Prince or Royalty though is often used to mean something more like the English term of empire and as such is often used in reference to the Mughal Raj and the British Raj: the period of direct colonial rule of India by the... The Dominion of India was a political entity that existed between August 15, 1947 and January 26, 1950. ...

Kuchesar

Main article: Kuchesar

In the mid-eighteenth century the Dalal Jats of Mandoti, Haryana, built the mud fort of Kuchesar in Uttar Pradesh. Categories: Possible copyright violations ... Dalal is clan or gotra of Jats found in Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Delhi. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Categories: Possible copyright violations ...

Ballabhgarh

Main article: Ballabhgarh

The founders of the princely state of Ballabhgarh had come from village Janauli, which is more than 2000 years old. The Tevatia Jat Sardar Gopal Singh left Janauli in 1705 (in Palwal) and got settled at Sihi, a village of Tewatia Jats in Ballabgarh at a distance of about 5 km from Ballabhgarh. Charan Das's son, Balram Singh, rose to a powerful king in this dynasty. Princely state of Ballabgarh is after his name. He was brother in law of Maharaja Suraj Mal and mama of Jawahar Singh. Raja Nahar Singh (1823 – 1858) was a notable King of this princely state. The forefathers of Jat Raja Nahar Singh had built a fort here around 1739 AD. The small kingdom of Ballabhgarh is only 20 miles from Delhi. The name of the Jat Raja Nahar Singh will always be highly regarded among those who martyred themselves in the 1857 war of independence. Ballabhgarh is a town in Faridabad District of Haryana, India. ... Ballabhgarh is a town in Faridabad District of Haryana, India. ... Tewatia, Tewathia, Tebatiya, Tevatia or Teotia is clan or gotra found in Jats of Haryana, Rajasthan, Western Uttar Pradesh and Delhi in India. ... // Events Construction begins on Blenheim Palace, in Oxfordshire, England. ... Palwal is a town in Haryana, India, situated at a distance of 135 km from Delhi. ... Maharaja Suraj Mal (1707-1763) was ruler of Bharatpur in Rajasthan in India. ... Jawahar Singh was ruler of Bharatpur state . ... Raja Nahar Singh (1823 – 1858) was a King of princely state Ballabhgarh in Faridabad District of Haryana, India. ... 1823 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1858 (MDCCCLVIII) is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

Patiala

Main article: Patiala

Patiala was a state of Siddhu Jats ancestry in Punjab ^[40]. Its area was 5932 sq. mile and annual income Rs 1,63,00,000/-. The rulers of the erstwhile states of Patiala, Nabha and Jind trace their ancestry to Jat sardar Phul of Siddhu ancestry.^[41] Apparently the appellation of dynasty "Phulkian" is derived from their common founder. One of sons of Phul, Ram Singh had son Ala Singh, who assumed the leadership in 1714 when Banda Bahadur was engaged in the fierce battle against the Mughals. Ala Singh carved out an independent principality from a petty Zamindari of 30 villages. Under his successors, it expanded into a large state, touching the Shivaliks in north, Rajasthan in the south and upper courses of the Yamuna and Sutlej rivers while confronting the most trying and challenging circumstances. Patiala is a city in the Punjab state of India. ... Patiala is a city in the Punjab state of India. ... Common nickname to people with there first names as Siddarth. ... Punjab (or Panjab) may refer to: Punjab region, an area of South Asia shared by India and Pakistan Punjab (India), a state in India Punjab (Pakistan), the most populated province in Pakistan Haryana, a former part of Punjab Himachal Pradesh, a former part of Punjab A number of former states... Nabha is a city in north-western India and lies to the south-east of the state of Punjab. ... Jind (Hindi: जींद) is a town in Jind District, Haryana state, India. ...

Nabha

Main article: Nabha

Nabha was a state of Siddhu Jats ^[42]. founded by grandson of Chaudhary Phul Singh. Chaudhary Phul Singh had six sons namely, 1.Tiloka 2.Ram Singh 3.Rudh 4.Chunu 5. Jhandu and 6.Takhtmal. Annual income of Nabha state was Rs 1,50,000/-. ^[43] Phul, was Chaudhri (Governor) of a country located at the south east of Dihli. Phul’s descendants founded 3 States: Patiala, Jind and Nabha. Nabha was founded by the great-grandson of Phul in 1755. ^[44] According to another version they Claim the founder of this Sikh dynasty descent from Jaisal, clan of Bhatis the founder of the State of Jaisalmer in 1156, . Nabha is a city in north-western India and lies to the south-east of the state of Punjab. ... Nabha is a city in north-western India and lies to the south-east of the state of Punjab. ... Common nickname to people with there first names as Siddarth. ... Patiala is a city in the Punjab state of India. ... Jind (Hindi: जींद) is a town in Jind District, Haryana state, India. ... Nabha is a city in north-western India and lies to the south-east of the state of Punjab. ... Bhatti (Hindi: भाटी, Urdu: بھٹی) is a Rajput clan and is one of the largest tribes among Rajputs. ...

Jind

Main article: Jind

Jind state in Haryana was founded by descendants of Phul Jat of Siddhu ancestry ^[45]. Jind was a state of Siddhu Jats founded by grandson of Chaudhary Phul Singh. Chaudhary Phul Singh had six sons namely, 1.Tiloka 2.Ram Singh 3.Rudh 4.Chunu 5. Jhandu and 6.Takhtmal. Tiloka had two sons namely, 1. Gurudutta 2. Sukh Chain. Sukh Chain's descendants ruled Jind state and Gurudatta's descendants ruled Nabha state.Area of the state was 1259 sq mile and annual income of Jind state was Rs 30,00,000/-. ^[46] According to another version Claiming descent from Jaisal, founder of the State of Jaisalmer in 1156, the founder of this Sikh dynasty, Phul, was Chaudhri (Governor) of a country located at the south east of Dihli. Phul’s descendants founded 3 States: Patiala, Jind and Nabha. Jind (Hindi: जींद) is a town in Jind District, Haryana state, India. ... Jind (Hindi: जींद) is a town in Jind District, Haryana state, India. ... Common nickname to people with there first names as Siddarth. ... Common nickname to people with there first names as Siddarth. ... Jind (Hindi: जींद) is a town in Jind District, Haryana state, India. ... Nabha is a city in north-western India and lies to the south-east of the state of Punjab. ...

By the nineteenth century, Jats ruled the states of Bharatpur, Dholpur, Gohad, Kuchesar, Ballabhgarh, Patiala, Nabha and Jind. The Jats established a reputation of being determined and sturdy. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century &#8212; 19th century &#8212; 20th century &#8212; more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Bharatpur is a city in Rajasthan state of India. ... Dholpur (also Dhaulpur) is a city in eastern Rajasthan state of India. ... Gohad is a town of historical importance of Bhind district in Madhya Pradesh in India. ... Categories: Possible copyright violations ... Ballabhgarh is a town in Faridabad District of Haryana, India. ... Patiala is a city in the Punjab state of India. ... Nabha is a city in north-western India and lies to the south-east of the state of Punjab. ... Jind (Hindi: जींद) is a town in Jind District, Haryana state, India. ...

Genetics

A recent study of the people of Indian Punjab, where about 40% or more of the population are Jats, suggest that the Jats are similar to other populations of the Indus Valley. The study involved a genealogical DNA test which examined single nucleotide polymorphisms (mutations in a single DNA "letter") on the Y chromosome (which occurs only in males). (See Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups for a listing and explanation.) The Indus (&#2360;&#2367;&#2344;&#2381;&#8205;&#2343;&#2369; &#2344;&#2342;&#2368;) (known as Sindhu in ancient times) is the principal river of Pakistan. ... Genealogy is the study and tracing of family pedigrees. ... Genetic fingerprinting or DNA testing is a technique to distinguish between individuals of the same species using only samples of their DNA. Its invention by Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester was announced in 1985. ... A nucleotide is a chemical compound that consists of a heterocyclic base, a sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. ... In general, polymorphism describes multiple possible states for a single property (it is said to be polymorphic). ... The human Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes, it contains the genes that cause testis development, thus determining maleness. ...

Jats seem to share many common haplotypes with German, Slavic, Baltic, Iranian and Central Asian groups. Unusually, Jat groups share only two haplotypes, one of which is also shared with the population of present-day Turkey, and have few matches with neighbouring Pakistani populations( source Yhrd.org). This haplotype shared between the two Jat groups may be part of the Indo-Aryan (or Indo-European) genetic contribution to these populations, where as the haplotypes shared with other Eurasian populations may be due to the contribution of Indo-European Scythians (Saka, Massagetae) or White Huns. (These groups may of course all be branches of a larger ethnic complex). However using the same database Jats share many haplotypes (within the R1a haplogroup) with Southern Indians. Likewise Southern Indians share many haplotypes with European populations. Hence it seems as far as haplogroup R1a is concerned Jats, many Europeans and Southern Indians, but not non-Punjabi Pakistani populations, share a common recent history (based on R1a1 haplotypes). This in turn questions the theory that R1a marker on it own or in its entirety is indicative of the spread of Indo-European/Scythian populations. A haplotype, a contraction of the phrase haploid genotype, is the genetic constitution of an individual chromosome. ... Slav, Slavic or Slavonic can refer to: Slavic peoples Slavic languages Slavic mythology Church Slavonic language Old Church Slavonic language Slav, a former Jewish settlement in the Gaza Strip. ... The Baltic Sea The Balts or Baltic peoples (Latvian: balti, Lithuanian: baltai), defined as speakers of one of the Baltic languages, a branch of the Indo-European language family, are descended from a group of Indo-European tribes who settled the area between lower Vistula and upper Dvina and Dneper. ... Central Asia is a region of Asia. ... The Indo-Aryan languages form a subgroup of the Indo-Iranian languages, thus belonging to the Indo-European family of languages. ... For the language group see Indo-European languages; for other uses see Indo-European (disambiguation) Indo-Europeans are speakers of Indo-European languages. ... The term Eurasian refers to the cultural ties and linkages between those in a wider view of the Eurasian continent, centering on the Silk Road, and Central Asia. ... Scythia was an area in Eurasia inhabited in ancient times by an Indo-Aryans known as the Scythians. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with shakya. ... The Massagetae were a largely nomadic, pastoralist nation living somewhere in Central Asia, who warred with and killed Cyrus the Great of Persia around 530 BC, according to the early Greek historian Herodotus. ... Many historians consider the Huns (meaning person in Mongolian language) the first Mongolian and Turkic people mentioned in European history. ... South India is a geographic and linguistic-cultural region of India. ... This article is about the continent. ... South India is a geographic and linguistic-cultural region of India. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup R1a1 (M17) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup, that is spread across Eurasia. ... In human genetics, Haplogroup R1a1 (M17) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup, that is spread across Eurasia. ...

As for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), Jats contain haplogroups typical of North India, Pakistan, and West Asia. This suggests that, at least for mtDNA, there is very little connection with Central Asian or northwest European populations, even though Jats share many male Y-SNP markers with these populations. Hence this suggests that there has been male migration in or out of the Jat population in historical times. Alternatively, the formation of the Jat population may have occurred in West Asia or North India. ... Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is DNA which is not located in the nucleus of the cell but in the mitochondria. ... Dark green region marks the approximate extent of northern India while the regions marked as light green lies within the sphere of north Indian influence. ... A map showing Southwest Asia - The term Middle East is more often used to refer to both Southwest Asia and some North African countries Southwest Asia, or West Asia, is the southwestern part of Asia. ... Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is DNA which is not located in the nucleus of the cell but in the mitochondria. ... Central Asia is a region of Asia. ... This article is about the continent. ... This article is about non-human migration. ... A map showing Southwest Asia - The term Middle East is more often used to refer to both Southwest Asia and some North African countries Southwest Asia, or West Asia, is the southwestern part of Asia. ... Dark green region marks the approximate extent of northern India while the regions marked as light green lies within the sphere of north Indian influence. ...

Jats today

Life and culture of Jats

Main article: Life and culture of Jats

A typical Jat chaupal in a village smoking hubble-bubble (hukka)

The Life and culture of Jats is full of diversity and approaches most closely to that ascribed to the traditional Aryan colonists of India. The Jat lifestyle was designed to foster a martial spirit. When they lost their kingdom, states and social eminence, Jats retired to the country-side and began controlling and tilling the land with their swords girded round their waists. They would draw the sword out of the scabbard at the command of their panchayat to fight with the invaders. Jats have a history of being brave and ready fighters. Jats are thoroughly independent in character, and assert personal and individual freedom, as against communal or tribal control, more strongly than any other people. They usually have light brown skin, dark eyes(although light eyes are not uncommon) and dark hair. A typical Jat chaupal in a village smoking hubble-bubble (hooka) A Jat woman preparing lunch The Life and culture of Jats is full of diversity and approaches most closely to that ascribed to the traditional Aryan colonists of India. ... A typical Jat chaupal in a village smoking hubble-bubble (hooka) A Jat woman preparing lunch The Life and culture of Jats is full of diversity and approaches most closely to that ascribed to the traditional Aryan colonists of India. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Jat_chaupal. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Jat_chaupal. ... Diversity is the presence of a wide range of variation in the qualities or attributes under discussion. ... Aryan () is an English language word derived from the Sanskrit and Iranian terms ārya-, the extended form aryāna-, ari- and/or arya- (Sanskrit: आर्य, Persian: آریا). Beyond its use as the ethnic self-designation of the Proto-Indo-Iranians, the meaning noble/spiritual has been attached to it in Sanskrit and... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... // The Panchayat (पंचायत in Devanagiri) is an Indian political system that groups five villages in a quincunx (four peripheral villages around a central one were laid out as the 5 side of a die). ...

Food habits

In Haryana Jats are mostly non-meat eaters as a result of Buddhist influence and the Arya Samaj Sect of Hinduism. Their staple food is wheat or bajra, vegetables and plenty of milk and ghee. ^[47] In Gujarat and Rajesthan the Jat males usually eat meat, while the females are mostly vegetarians. Nutrition information for one cup of cooked millet Millet is the collective name of a group of genera of the grass family(Gramineae/Paniceae) widely grown around the world for food or animal feed. ... Vegetables in a market Venn diagram representing the relationship between (botanical) fruits and vegetables. ... A glass of cows milk A goat kid feeding on its mothers milk Milk is the nutrient fluid secreted by the mammary glands of female mammals (including monotremes). ... Ghee in a jar Wikibooks Cookbook has an article on Ghee Ghee (Hindi घी from Sanskrit ghṛta घृत sprinkled ) is a type of clarified butter important in Indian cuisine. ...

Jat Organizations

Main article: Khap

The Jats have always organized themselves into clans, Panchayat system or Khap. The Clan Organization of the Jats finds a parallel amongst the Pashtuns of Afghanistan. A clan was based on one large gotra or a number of closely related gotras under one elected leader whose word was law. Mutual quarrels of any intensity could be settled under his orders. In times of danger, the whole clan rallied under the banner of the leader. The Jat Khap or Panchayat "system is territorial and highly democratic. District and a number of Khaps form a 'Sarva Khap' embracing a full province or state. Negotiations with kings were done - at 'Sarva Khap' level. Khap and Sarv Khap was a system of social administration and organization in the republics of Northwestern states like Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh in India since ancient times. ... A gotra (lit. ... // The Panchayat (पंचायत in Devanagiri) is an Indian political system that groups five villages in a quincunx (four peripheral villages around a central one were laid out as the 5 side of a die). ... Khap and Sarv Khap was a system of social administration and organization in the republics of Northwestern states like Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh in India since ancient times. ... The Pashtuns (also Pushtun, Pakhtun, ethnic Afghan, or Pathan) are an ethno-linguistic group consisting mainly of eastern Iranian stock living primarily in eastern and southern Afghanistan, and the North West Frontier Province, Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Baluchistan provinces of Pakistan. ... For other uses, see Clan (disambiguation). ... A gotra (lit. ... Khap and Sarv Khap was a system of social administration and organization in the republics of Northwestern states like Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh in India since ancient times. ... Khap and Sarv Khap was a system of social administration and organization in the republics of Northwestern states like Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh in India since ancient times. ... Khap and Sarv Khap was a system of social administration and organization in the republics of Northwestern states like Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh in India since ancient times. ... Khap and Sarv Khap was a system of social administration and organization in the republics of Northwestern states like Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh in India since ancient times. ...

Social customs of Jats

Main article: Social customs of Jats

Tejaji fairs are organized in all areas inhahited by Jats

All Jats, irrespective of their official or financial positions in life, have equal social status. The only criterion of superiority is age. The Jats are required to marry within their community. Boys and girls of the same gotra are considered brothers and sisters to each other. It is therefore, prohibited to marry a girl of ones own gotra, of the gotra of ones another, as that would amount to incest. In fact earlier four [gotra]s used to be excluded - Boy's, Girl's, Boy's and Girl's mothers, Grandmothers and Maternal Grandmother. Though now-a-days excluding grandmothers are not that much insisted. Marriage within the same village is not permitted even if the boy and girl qualify for marriage according to gotra restriction. Marriages within the same Gohand are discouraged. Widow marriage is not only permitted and practiced but is also a social obligation. Widows are looked upon with sympathy and not despised as evil beings as is done amongst Rajputs, Brahmins and Baniyas. The Joint family system was popular amongst the Jats and large families use to share the same house and hearth. With the advancement of modern civilization, as people are becoming less dependent upon and less tolerant towards each other, the joint family system is going out of vogue. It is still prevalent in the less advanced areas. The social customs of Jats are those of Vedic Aryans. ... The social customs of Jats are those of Vedic Aryans. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1113x1469, 149 KB) Self created I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1113x1469, 149 KB) Self created I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... A gotra (lit. ... Matrimony redirects here. ... The royal Rajputs (anonymous, c. ... A Brahmin (anglicised from the Sanskrit word IAST ; Devanagari ), also known as Vipra, Dvija, Dvijottama (best of the Dvijas), (god on Earth) is a member of an upper caste within Hindu society. ... According to the Indian caste system, Vanika (Sanskrit) or Bania (Hindi) is a trader or merchant belonging to the business class. ... Complex Family is a generic term for any family structure involving more than two adults. ... Cities are a major hallmark of human civilization. ...

Religion

Jats are tolerant in their religious outlook. They were previously ardent followers and supporters of Buddhism and Jainism, along with the Historical Vedic religion, and its successor, modern Hinduism. Today they follow Hinduism, Islam, and Sikhism. hi guys if you are reading this it means you are very gay and geekish so i suggest you get of this site ... Jaina redirects here. ... This article discusses the historical religious practices in the Vedic time period; see Dharmic religions for details of contemporary religious practices. ... Hinduism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Islam (Arabic:  ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. ... Sikhism (IPA: or ; Punjabi: , , IPA: ) is a religion that began in sixteenth century Northern India with the teachings of Nanak and nine successive human gurus. ...

Language

Jats usually speak Hindi and its dialects (Rajasthani, Haryanvi, Malvi), Punjabi and its dialects, Urdu, Kashmiri, Dogri, Sindhi and Gujarati. Sikh and Muslim Jats from the Punjab mostly speak Punjabi and its various dialects (such as Maajhi, Malwi, Doabi,Seraiki, Pothohari, and Jhangochi). Hindi (Devanagari: हिन्दी or हिंदी; IPA: ), an Indo-European language spoken mainly in northern and central India, is the official language of the Union government of India [1][2]. It is part of a dialect continuum of the Indic family, bounded on the northwest and west by Punjabi, Sindhi, Urdu, and Gujarati... // Introduction Rajasthani is one of the prominent members of Indo-Aryan languages family. ... Haryanvi is a combination of dialects mainly spoken by natives in Haryana (North Indian State), Haryanvi is not classified as a language and has lots of similarities with Hindi, and has planty of Urdu words in it. ... RickK 07:03, May 22, 2005 (UTC) Categories: Possible copyright violations ... Punjabi (also Panjabi; in Gurmukhī, Panjābī in Shāhmukhī) is the language of the Punjab regions of India and Pakistan. ... (اردو), historically spelled Ordu, is an Indo-Aryan language of the Indo-Iranian branch, belonging to Indo-European family of languages. ... For other uses, see Kashmiri (disambiguation) Kashmiri is a Dardic language spoken primarily in Kashmir, an Asian region now split between India, Pakistan and China. ... Dogri is an Indic language spoken by some two million people in South Asia, chiefly in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir but also in Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, other parts of Kashmir and elsewhere. ... Sindhi refers to an ethnic group of people originating in Sindh which is part of present day Pakistan. ... Gujarātī is an Indo-Aryan language, part of the greater Indo-European language family. ... A Sikh (IPA: or ; Punjabi: , , IPA: ) is an adherent of Sikhism. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Turkish: Müslüman, Persian and Urdu: مسلمان, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of Islam. ... Punjabi (also Panjabi; in Gurmukhī, Panjābī in Shāhmukhī) is the language of the Punjab regions of India and Pakistan. ... Maajhi is referred to as the standard dialect of Punjabi language. ... Malvi is an Indo-European language with over a million speakers spoken in Malwa. ... A Doab, meaning two waters in Persian, is a term used in India and Pakistan for a tract of land between two confluent rivers. ... Seraiki is a language of great antiquity in Pakistan. ... Pothohari can mean either an inhabitant of Pothohar, an area in the north of Pakistani Punjab province, or the language spoken in the region. ... Jhangochi is the famous dialect of Punjabi language spoken in Bar areas of Punjab. ...

Clans

Main article: List of Jat Clans

Many Jat clans are also cross-listed as Rajput, Khatri, Choudhary, Zamindar, Gujjar, Tarkhan and Kamboj especially Sial, Kashyap, Kakkar (Khakkar/Ghakkar), Rai and Walia. It is not entirely clear in the case of many clans and surnames as to which subdivision of the Kshatriya caste they belong to. Eventually, Scythian, Parthian, Greek-Bactrian, and various other Central Asian tribal peoples (such as the Hephthalites, and the Tocharians or Yuezhi) were absorbed into the Kshatriya caste, given their warlike nature, and thus became one of the subgroups or in many cases, assimilated completely into older Indo-Aryan clans. It is probable that Khatris, Rajputs, Jats, Gujjars, Tarkhans and Kamboj, have varying degrees of both foreign and indigenous Indian stock. In many parts, it is largely due to familial tradition that some members of a certain clan dub themselves Khatris and others of the same clan are Rajputs, Jat, Gujjar, Tarkhan and Kamboj. This is more often the case in the Punjab, where there was already a large indigenous Kshatriya population when the invading tribes arrived.Many of the jat leaders were Sodhis as they were followed after a lot of the clans. Main article: Jat clan system This is a partial List of Jat Clans have been compiled by many Jat historians like Ompal Singh Tugania [1], Bhaleram Beniwal [2] [3] Dr Mahendra Singh Arya and others [4], Thakur Deshraj [5], Dilip Singh Ahlawat [6], Ram Swarup Joon[7] etc. ... The royal Rajputs (anonymous, c. ... Khatri is the Punjabi adaptation of Sanskrit word Kshatriya(Hindi: , from Sanskrit: , ). The Kshatriya are one of the four varnas of Hinduism, the other three being Brahmins, Vaishyas and Shudras. ... Chowdhury (variously spelt) a Sanskrit and Hindi term literally meaning a holder of four, the explanation of which is obscure. ... Zamindar, also known as Zemindar, Zamindari, or the Zamindari System (Persian: زمیندار) were employed by the Mughals to collect taxes from peasants. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Tarkhan tribe inhabits the Punjab area of Northern India. ... Look up Kamboj in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Kshatriya (Hindi: , from Sanskrit: , ) is the title of the princely military order in the Vedic society. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... The Hephthalites, also known as White Huns, were a nomadic people who lived across western China, Central Asia, South Asia and northern India in the fourth through sixth centuries AD. The term Hephthalite derives from Greek, supposedly a rendering of Hayathelite (from the term Haital = Big/Powerful in the dialect... The Tocharians or Tusharas as known in Indian literature were the easternmost speakers of an Indo-European language in antiquity, inhabiting the Tarim basin in what is now Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, northwestern Peoples Republic of China. ... The migrations of the Yuezhi through Central Asia, from around 176 BCE to 30 CE. Yuezhi (Chinese:月氏, also 月支, Wade-Giles: Yüeh-Chih) or Da Yuezhi (Chinese:大月氏, also 大月支, Great Yuezhi) The Great Clan of Yue, is the Chinese name for an ancient Central Asian people. ... The Indo-Aryans who make up around 74% of Indias population (Hindustani: इन्दो-आर्यन, اِندو آریایی) are a wide collection of peoples united by their common status as the ethno-linguistic descendents of the Indic branch of the ancient Indo-Iranians (also known as Aryans). ...

List of Jat Clans have been compiled by many Jat historians like Ompal Singh Tugania ^[48], Bhaleram Beniwal ^{[49] [50]} Dr Mahendra Singh Arya and others ^[51], Thakur Deshraj ^[52], Dilip Singh Ahlawat ^[53], Ram Swarup Joon^[54] etc. The above lists have more than 2700 Jat gotras. Thakur Deshraj, Ram Swarup Joon and Dilip Singh Ahlawat have mentioned history of some of Jat gotras. Some websites of Jats have also prepared list of Jat Gotras with details of history and distriburion. ^[55] Main article: Jat clan system This is a partial List of Jat Clans have been compiled by many Jat historians like Ompal Singh Tugania [1], Bhaleram Beniwal [2] [3] Dr Mahendra Singh Arya and others [4], Thakur Deshraj [5], Dilip Singh Ahlawat [6], Ram Swarup Joon[7] etc. ... Thakur Deshraj (1903-1970) was a social worker, nationalist and a historian of Rajasthan in India. ... Ram Swarup Joon is a Jat historian. ...

Famous Jats

Main article: List of famous Jats

The Jats have produced famous personalities in all the fields of life such as Rajas, Politicians, Generals, Administrators, Actors, Freedom fighters, Reformers, Technocrats, Players, Industrialists and Businessmen. The following is a list of famous personalities belonging to the Jat/Jatt community of Northern India and Pakistan. ...

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Alexander Cunningham, History of Sikhs
2. ^ ^{a b} James Tod, Annals
3. ^ Sir Herbert Risley: The People of India
4. ^ Glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and NWFP, H A Rose
5. ^ Glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and NWFP, H A Rose
6. ^ The modern history of Jats - Dr Mahendra Singh Arya, Agra India.
7. ^ History of the Jatt Clans - Dr H.S Duleh.
8. ^ Haryana Online
9. ^ E.B.Havell: The history of Aryan rule in India, page 32
10. ^ Qanungo: History of the Jats
11. ^ C.V.Vaidya: History of Medieval Hindu India
12. ^ Sir Herbert Risley: The People of India
13. ^ Thakur Deshraj: Jat Itihasa
14. ^ Mangal Sen Jindal: History of Origin of Some Clans in India
15. ^ Al-Biruni, India:Translated by Kayamuddin, Published by National Book Trust, India, 1997 page-176
16. ^ Stabo, Geography 11.8.2: καὶ τῶν Δαῶν οἱ μὲν προσαγορεύονται Ἄπαρνοι οἱ δὲ Ξάνθιοι οἱ δὲ Πίσσουροι "And of the Dahae, some are called Aparni, some Xanthii, and some Pissuri.
17. ^ Ptolemy, Geography 6.12.4: Κατέχουσι δὲ τῆς χώρας τὰ μὲν πρὸς τοῖς Ὠξείοις ὄρεσι Πάσκαι, τὰ δὲ πρὸς τῷ ἀρκτικῷ τμήματι τοῦ Ἰαξάρτου Ἰάτιοι, καὶ Τάχοροι, "Of this territory, the Pascae inhabit the regions towards the Oxian mountains, the Jatii and Tachori inhabit the regions towards the northern section of the Jaxartes."
18. ^ Pliny 6.18.47: sub eo tractu gentes Orciani, Commori, Berdrigae, Pharmacotrophi, Chomarae, Choamani, Murrasiarae, Mandruani, Iatii. However, Iatii doesn't show up in all manuscripts: for an apparatus criticus, see here.
19. ^ Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists: Sanghamitra Sengupta,1 Lev A. Zhivotovsky,2 Roy King,3 S. Q. Mehdi,4 Christopher A. Edmonds,3 Cheryl-Emiliane T. Chow,3 Alice A. Lin,3 Mitashree Mitra,5 Samir K. Sil,6 A. Ramesh,7 M. V. Usha Rani,8 Chitra M. Thakur,9 L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza,3 Partha P. Majumder,1 and Peter A. Underhill3
20. ^ Thakur Deshraj, Jat Itihas (Hindi), Maharaja Suraj Mal Smarak Shiksha Sansthan, Delhi, 1934, 2nd edition 1992 page 87-88.
21. ^ Bhim Singh Dahiya, Aryan Tribes and the Rig Veda, Dahinam Publishers, 16 B Sujan Singh Park, Sonepat, Haryana,India,1991
22. ^ CV Vaidya, History of Medieval Hindu India
23. ^ Bijayagadh Stone Pillar Inscription of Vishnuvardhana
24. ^ Mandasor Pillar Inscription of Yashodharman
25. ^ Dr Natthan Singh, Jat-Itihas, (Jat History), page-41:Jat Samaj Kalyan Parishad, F-13, Dr Rajendra Prasad Colony, Tansen marg, Gwalior, M.P, India 474 002 2004
26. ^ Bhim Singh Dahiya, Jats the Ancient Rulers, Dahinam Publishers, Sonepat, Haryana.
27. ^ Ram Lal Hala, Jat Kshatriya Itihas
28. ^ (Arab~o-Hind ke Tallukat, By Suiaiman Nadvi)
29. ^ PN Oak: Some Blunders of Indian Historical Research]
30. ^ (Tareekh-e-Sind, Part I, By Ijaaul Haq Quddusi)
31. ^ http://punjabi.net/talk/messages/1/21319.html?1016680803
32. ^ (Dr. Mohammad Ishaque in Journal of Pakistan Historical Society Vol 3 Part1)
33. ^ (An Advanced History of India, Part II, By R.C. Majumdar, H.C. Roychandra and Kalikinkar Ditta)
34. ^ ^{a b} (Sindhi Culture, by U.T Thakur Bombay 1959 )
35. ^ (An advanced history of India by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar; Hemchandra Raychaudhuri; Kalikinkar Datta Delhi: Macmillan India, 1973)
36. ^ [1](The Muslim community of the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent, 610-1947; a brief historical analysis by Ishtiaq Husain Qureshi)
37. ^ [2](The Muslim community of the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent, 610-1947; a brief historical analysis by Ishtiaq Husain Qureshi)
38. ^ link to the book(The Muslim community of the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent, 610-1947; a brief historical analysis by Ishtiaq Husain Qureshi
39. ^ Satyarth Prakash - Swami Dayananda Saraswati.
40. ^ History of the Jatt Clans - Dr H.S Duleh.
41. ^ Dr Mahendra Singh Arya, Dharmpal Singh Dudi, Kishan Singh Faujdar & Vijendra Singh Narwar: Ādhunik Jat Itihasa (The modern history of Jats), Agra 1998
42. ^ History of the Jatt Clans - Dr H.S Duleh.
43. ^ Dr Mahendra Singh Arya, Dharmpal Singh Dudi, Kishan Singh Faujdar & Vijendra Singh Narwar: Ādhunik Jat Itihasa (The modern history of Jats), Agra 1998
44. ^ Genealogy of the ruling chiefs of Nabha
45. ^ History of the Jatt Clans - Dr H.S Duleh.
46. ^ Dr Mahendra Singh Arya, Dharmpal Singh Dudi, Kishan Singh Faujdar & Vijendra Singh Narwar: Ādhunik Jat Itihasa (The modern history of Jats), Agra 1998
47. ^ Ram Swarup Joon, History of the Jats, Rohtak, India (1938, 1967)
48. ^ Dr Ompal Singh Tugania: Jat samudāy ke pramukh Ādhār bindu, Jaypal Agencies, Agra 2004
49. ^ Bhaleram Beniwal: Jāton kā Ādikālīn Itihāsa, Jaypal Agencies, Agra 2005.
50. ^ Bhaleram Beniwal: Jāt Yodhaon ke Balidān, Jaypal Agencies, Agra 2005
51. ^ Dr Mahendra Singh Arya, Dharmpal Singh Dudi, Kishan Singh Faujdar & Vijendra Singh Narwar: Ādhunik Jat Itihasa (The modern history of Jats), Agra 1998
52. ^ Thakur Deshraj: Jat Itihasa (Hindi), Maharaja Suraj Mal Smarak Shiksha Sansthan, Delhi, 1934, 2nd
53. ^ Dilip Singh Ahlawat: Jat viron ka Itihasa
54. ^ Ram Swarup Joon: History of the Jats, Rohtak, India (1938, 1967)
55. ^ List of Jat Gotras on Jatland

Sir Alexander Cunningham (23 January 1814–28 November 1893) was an English archaeologist and army engineer, known as the father of the Archaeological Survey of India. ... James Tod (1782-1835), British officer and Oriental scholar, was born on March 20 1782, and went to India as a cadet in the Bengal army in 1799. ... North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) is geographically the smallest of the four provinces of Pakistan. ... North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) is geographically the smallest of the four provinces of Pakistan. ... Thakur Deshraj (1903-1970) was a social worker, nationalist and a historian of Rajasthan in India. ... A statue of Biruni adorns the southwest entrance of Laleh Park in Tehran. ... Syr Darya (also known as Syrdarya or Sirdaryo) is a river in Central Asia. ... Bhim Singh Dahiya was a historian and civil servant belonging to the Indian Revenue Service (IRS). ... Dr Natthan Singh is an author of Hindi literature, a novelist and a Jat historian. ... Jat Samaj Kalyan Parishad Gwalior is an Organization of Jats in Gwalior region in Madhya Pradesh, India. ... Sindhi refers to an ethnic group of people originating in Sindh which is part of present day Pakistan. ... This article or section should be merged with Mumbai Mumbai (previously known as Bombay) is the worlds most populous conurbation, and is the sixth most populous agglomeration in the world. ... For the capital of India, see New Delhi. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... Ram Swarup Joon is a Jat historian. ...

Futher Reading

• Bamshad, M., T. Kivisild, et al. (2001). "Genetic evidence on the origins of Indian caste populations". Virus Research 75 (2): 95-106. [4]
• Basu et al. (2003). "Ethnic India: a genomic view, with special reference to peopling and structure". Genome Research 13: 2277-2290.
• Cann, R. (2001). "Genetic clues to dispersal in human populations: retracing the past from the present". Science 291: 1742-1748.
• Cordaux, R., R. Aunguer, G. Bentley, I. Nasidze, S.M. Sirajuddin, and M. Stoneking (3 February 2004). "Independent origins of Indian caste and tribal paternal lineages". Current Biology 14: 231-235.
• Elst, Koenraad (1999). Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate. Aditya Prakashan. ISBN 81-86471-77-4.  [5], [6]
• Hemphill & Christensen. The Oxus Civilization as a Link between East and West: A Non-Metric Analysis of Bronze Age Bactrain Biological Affinities, paper read at the South Asia Conference, 3-5 November 1994, Madison, Wisconsin, p. 13. 
• Hemphill, B.E. ; Lukacs, J.R.; and Kennedy, K.A.R. (1991). "Biological adaptions and affinities of the Bronze Age Harappans.". Harappa Excavations 1986-1990. (ed. R.Meadow): 137-182.
• Kenneth A.R. Kennedy (1984). “A Reassessment of the Theories of Racial Origins of the People of the Indus Valley Civilization from Recent Anthropological Data”, In Studies in the Archaeology and Palaeoanthropology of South Asia, 99-107. 
• Kenneth A.R. Kennedy (1995). “Have Aryans been identified in the prehistoric skeletal record from South Asia?”, George Erdosy: The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia, 49-54. 
• Toomas Kivisild, et al (1999). Deep common ancestry of Indian and western-Eurasian mitochondrial DNA lineages. 
• Toomas Kivisild, et al (1999). The Place of the Indian mtDNA Variants in the Global Network of Maternal Lineages and the Peopling of the Old World. 
• Toomas Kivisild, et al (2000). An Indian Ancestry: a Key for Understanding Human Diversity in Europe and Beyond. 
• Toomas Kivisild, et al (2000). The origins of southern and western Eurasian populations: an mtDNA study. 
• Toomas Kivisild, et al (2003). The Genetics of Language and Farming Spread in India. 
• Toomas Kivisild, et al (2003). The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations.  [7]
• Where west meets east: the complex mtDNA landscape of the southwest and Central Asian corridor.. Retrieved on 2006-04-21..
• Oppenheimer, Stephen (2003). The Real Eve: Modern Man's Journey out of Africa.  [8]
• Underhill, P. Inferring Human History: Clues from Y-Chromosome Haplotype. 
• Wells, S (2003). The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey. Princeton University Press, January. 
• Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia. Retrieved on 2006-04-21.
• Introduction to haplogroups and haplotypes. Retrieved on 2006-04-21. http://www.le.ac.uk/genetics/maj4/SurnamesForWeb.pdf
• High-resolution analysis of Y-chromosomal polymorphisms reveals signatures of population movements from Central Asia and West Asia into India. Retrieved on 2006-04-21.
• The human Y chromosome: an evolutionary marker comes of age. Retrieved on 2006-04-21.
• Minimal Sharing of Y-Chromosome STR Haplotypes Among Five Endogamous Population Groups from Western and Southwestern India. Retrieved on 2006-04-21.
• Negligible Male Gene Flow Across Ethnic Boundaries in India, Revealed by Analysis of Y-Chromosomal DNA Polymorphisms. Retrieved on 2006-04-21.
• Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area. Retrieved on 2006-04-21.
• (19 May 2001) "Written in blood". New Scientist 170 (2291): 17.
• Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in Pakistan. Retrieved on 2006-04-21.
• Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I Reveals Distinct Domains of Prehistoric Gene Flow in Europe. Retrieved on 2006-03-21.
• Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome variation in Ashkenazi Jewish and host non-Jewish European populations (Gives variances for R1a1. Retrieved on 2006-04-21.
• Genomic diversities and affinities among four endogamous groups of Punjab (India) based on autosomal and mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms.. Retrieved on 2006-03-21.
• A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios. Retrieved on 2006-03-21.
• Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists. Retrieved on 2006-03-21.
• [9]The Vikings and Baron Dupuytren’s disease
• The Genetic or Mythical Ancestry of Descent Groups: Lessons from the Y Chromosome.
• Rattan Singh Bhangoo. Prachin Panth Parkash, Punjabi, Published in 1841.
• Bal Kishan Dabas. Political and Social History of the Jats". Sanjay Prakashan, 2001. ISBN 81-7453-045-2
• Dharampal Singh Dudee. Indian Army History: France to Kargil. 2001.
• Dharampal Singh Dudee. Navin Jat History. Shaheed Dham Trust, Bhiwani, Haryana, India.
• Dr Kanungo. History of the Jats.
• Dr Natthan Singh. Jat-Itihas. Jat Samaj Kalyan Parishad, Gwalior, 2004.
• Hukum Singh Panwar (Pauria). The Jats: Their Origin, Antiquity & Migrations. Manthan Publications, Rohtak, Haryana. ISBN 81-85235-22-8
• K. Natwar Singh. Maharaja Suraj Mal.
• Dr. Prakash Chandra Chandawat. Maharaja Suraj Mal Aur Unka Yug (1745-1763). Jaypal Agencies, Agra. 1982. (in Hindi)
• Raj Pal Singh. Rise of the Jat Power. Harman Pub. House. ISBN 81-85151-05-9
• Aadhunik Jat Itihas. Dharmpal Singh Dudee & Dr Mahinder Singh Arya. Jaypal Agency, Agra. 1998.
• Ram Swaroop Joon. History of the Jats.
• Shashi Prabha Gupta. Demographic Differentials Among the Rajputs and the Jats: A Socio-Biological Study of Rural Haryana. Classical Pub. House. ISBN 81-7054-180-8
• Thakur Deshraj Jat Itihasa Maharaja Suraj Mal. Smarak Shiksha Sansthan, Delhi. 1936. (in Hindi)
• Girish Chandra Dwivedi The Jats - Their Role in the Mughal Empire. Surajmal Educational Society, New Delhi, India. ISBN- 81-7031-150-0.
• Dr. Atal Singh Khokkar. Jaton ki Utpati evam Vistar. Jaipal Agencies, 31-1 Subashpuram, Agra, UP, India 282007. 2002.
• Chaudhary Kabul Singh. Sarv Khap Itihasa (History of the Jat Republic). Shoram, Muzzafarnagar, U.P. India. 1976.
• Nihal Singh Arya. Sarv Khap Panchayat ka Rastriya Parakram (The National Role of the Jat Republic of Haryana). Arya mandal, B 11 Om Mandal, Nangloi, New Delhi, India. 1991
• Mangal sen Jindal. History of Origin of Some Clans in India (with special Reference to Jats). Sarup & Sons, 4378/4B, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110002. ISBN 81-85431-08-6
• Dr Vir Singh. The Jats - Their Role and Contribution to the Socio Economic Life and Polity of North and North West India. Surajmal Educational Society, D K Publishers, New Delhi, India. 2004. ISBN 81-88629-16-2

February 3 is the 34th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Koenraad Elst is a Belgian orientalist, writer and researcher[1]. He has authored fifteen books on topics related to Hinduism, Indian history, and Indian politics. ... Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate is a book by Koenraad Elst. ... November 5 is the 309th day of the year (310th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 56 days remaining. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 21 is the 111th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (112th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 21 is the 111th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (112th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 21 is the 111th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (112th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 21 is the 111th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (112th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 21 is the 111th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (112th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 21 is the 111th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (112th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 21 is the 111th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (112th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 21 is the 111th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (112th in leap years). ... May 19 is the 139th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (140th in leap years). ... 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 21 is the 111th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (112th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... March 21 is the 80th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (81st in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 21 is the 111th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (112th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... March 21 is the 80th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (81st in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... March 21 is the 80th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (81st in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... March 21 is the 80th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (81st in leap years). ... Kunwar Natwar Singh Kunwar Natwar Singh, popularly known as K. Natwar Singh (born May 16, 1931, Bharatpur, Rajastan, India) is an Indian politician and is a cabinet minister. ... Maharaja Suraj Mal (1707-1763) was ruler of Bharatpur in Rajasthan in India. ... Maharaja Suraj Mal (1707-1763) was ruler of Bharatpur in Rajasthan in India. ... Thakur Deshraj (1903-1970) was a social worker, nationalist and a historian of Rajasthan in India. ... Itihasa (Sanskrit: इतिहास - itihāsa in IAST notation, literally meaning that which happened) is the word for History. ... Maharaja Suraj Mal (1707-1763) was ruler of Bharatpur in Rajasthan in India. ... Khap and Sarv Khap was a system of social administration and organization in the republics of Northwestern states like Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh in India since ancient times. ... Itihasa (Sanskrit: इतिहास - itihāsa in IAST notation, literally meaning that which happened) is the word for History. ...

See also

• Indo-Scythians
• Jat Regiment
• Indo-Aryan

Early anepigraphic coinage of the Indo-Scythians (c. ... The Jat Regiment is an infantry regiment of the Indian Army. ... The Indo-Aryan languages form a subgroup of the Indo-Iranian languages, thus belonging to the Indo-European family of languages. ...

External links

• Jatland
• JATTS.com
• JattWorld
• jatt.com
• JatHistory
• JatsClub
• http://www.jat2020.org
• Punjabi Jatt
• JatWorld
• JatForum
• Jats
• Euroasian Nomads
• A Record of Buddhistic kingdoms by Fa-hsien
• Scythic Heritage of Jat/Rajput