Jean Moulin's most famous depiction

Jean Moulin (June 20, 1899–July 8, 1943) was a high-profile member of the French Resistance during World War II. He is remembered today as an emblem of the Resistance primarily due to his courage and death at the hands of the Germans. Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... is the 189th day of the year (190th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

Before the war

Moulin was born in Béziers, France, and enlisted in the French Army in 1918, but World War I ended before he saw any action. After the war, he resumed his studies and obtained a law degree in 1921. He then entered the prefectural administration as chef de cabinet to the deputy of Savoie in 1922, then as sous préfet of Albertville, from 1925 to 1930. He was France's youngest sous préfet at the time, and was also the youngest préfet in 1930. Béziers (Besièrs in Occitan, and Besiers in Catalan) is a town in Languedoc, in the southwest of France. ... The French Army, officially the Armée de Terre (Army of the land), is the land-based component of the French Armed Forces and the largest. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... Savoie is a French département located in the Alps. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ... Subprefecture is an administrative level that is below prefecture or province. ... Albertville is a town and commune in southeast France, in the Savoie département, in the French Alps. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Subprefecture is an administrative level that is below prefecture or province. ...

He married Marguerite Cerruti in September 1926, but the couple divorced in 1928. Year 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In 1930, he was the sous préfet of Châteaulin. During that time, he also drew political cartoons in the newspaper Le Rire, under the pseudonym Romanin. Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Subprefecture is an administrative level that is below prefecture or province. ... Châteaulin (Kastellin in the Breton language) is a town in the Bretagne région, north-west France, sous-préfecture of the Finistère département. ... Le Rire, meaning Laughter, was a successful humor magazine published in Paris, France from October 1894 through the Belle Epoque. Founded by Felix Juven, the magazine was put out as an illustrated weekly at a time when corruption and mismanagement was front and center in French politics. ...

He became France's youngest préfet in the Aveyron département, in the commune of Rodez, in January 1937. In France and many other French-speaking countries, a préfet (English: prefect) is the States representative in a département or région (in the later case, he is called a préfet de région). ... Aveyron (Occitan: Avairon) is a department in southern France named after the Aveyron River. ... The départements (or departments) are administrative units of France, roughly analogous to British counties. ... Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

During the Spanish Civil War, some believe he supplied arms from the Soviet Union to Spain. A more commonly accepted version of events is that he supplied French planes to the anti-fascist forces from his place within the Aviation Ministry. It has been suggested that Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War be merged into this article or section. ...

The Resistance

In 1939 Moulin was appointed préfet of the Eure-et-Loir département. The Germans arrested him in June 1940 because he refused to sign a German document that falsely blamed Senegalese French Army troops for civilian massacres. In prison, he attempted suicide by cutting his throat with a piece of broken glass. This left him with a scar that he would often hide with a scarf — the image of Jean Moulin remembered nowadays. In France and many other French-speaking countries, a préfet (English: prefect) is the States representative in a département or région (in the later case, he is called a préfet de région). ... Eure-et-Loir is a French département, named after the Eure and Loir rivers. ... Photographs of the My Lai massacre provoked world outrage and made it an international scandal. ... For other uses, see Suicide (disambiguation). ...

In November 1940, the Vichy government ordered all prefects to dismiss left-wing elected mayors of towns and villages. When Moulin refused, he was himself removed from office. He then lived in Saint-Andiol (Bouches-du-Rhône), and joined the resistance. Moulin reached London in September 1941 under the name Joseph Jean Mercier, and met General Charles de Gaulle, who asked him to unify the various resistance groups. On January 1, 1942, he parachuted into the Alpilles. Under the codenames Rex and Max, he met with the leaders of the resistance groups: Motto Travail, famille, patrie French: Unoccupied zone of Vichy France (until November 1942) Capital Vichy Capital-in-exile Sigmaringen (1944-1945) Language(s) French Religion Roman Catholic Government Dictatorship Chief of state  - 1940 — 1944 Philippe Pétain President of the Council  - 1940 — 1942 Philippe Pétain  - 1942 — 1944 Pierre Laval... A prefect (from the Latin praefectus, perfect participle of praeficere: make in front, i. ... Saint-Andiol is a town and commune of the Bouches-du-Rhône department in southern France. ... Bouches-du-Rhône is a département in the south of France named after the mouth of the Rhône River. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Alpilles landscape near Le Destet. ...

• Henri Frenay (Combat)
• Emmanuel d'Astier (Libération)
• Jean-Pierre Lévy (Francs-Tireur)
• Pierre Villon (Front National, not to be confused with the present-day far-right French political party Front National)
• Pierre Brossolette (Comité d'Action Socialiste)

In his work in the resistance, he was help by his private administrative assistant Laure Diebold. Henri Frenay (1905-1988) was a French military officer and French resistance member. ... Combat was the name of a French resistance group formed in 1942 by Henri Frenay and others. ... Emmanuel DAstier (1900-1969) was a French journalist, politician and member of the French Resistance. ... Pierre Villon (August 27, 1901 in Soultz, Haut-Rhin - November 6, 1980 in Vallauris, Alpes-Maritimes was a member of the French Communist Party and of the French Resistance during the war. ... This article is about the WWII French resistance movement, French right-wing conservative political party Front National Front National was a WWII French resistance movement, led by Pierre Villon Categories: Stub ... Far right, extreme right, ultra-right, or radical right are terms used to discuss the qualitative or relative position a group or person occupies within a political spectrum. ... The National Front (FN, French: ) is a French Far right, nationalist [1] political party, founded in 1972 by Jean-Marie Le Pen. ... Pierre Brossolette (June 25, 1903 - March 22, 1944) was a French socialist, journalist and member of French Resistance. ... A secretary is a person who performs routine, administrative, or personal tasks for a superior. ... Laure Diebold, sometimes written Laure Diebolt (January 10, 1915 - October 17, 1965) was a high-profile female member of the French Resistance during World War II. She was also the private secretary of Jean Moulin before being arrested then deported from 1943 to 1945 to the nazi camp of Auschwitz...

In February 1943, Moulin went back to London, accompanied by Charles Delestraint, head of the new armée secrète group. He left on March 21, 1943 with orders to form the Conseil National de la Résistance (CNR), a difficult task since each resistance movement wanted to keep its independence. The first meeting of the CNR took place in Paris on May 27, 1943. Charles Delestraint (1879-1945) was a French general and French Resistance member. ... is the 80th day of the year (81st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Conseil National de la Résistance (CNR) or the National Council of the Resistance is the body that directed and coordinated the different movements of the French Resistance - the press, trade unions, and members of political parties hostile to the Vichy regime, starting from mid-1943. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... is the 147th day of the year (148th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Jean Moulin was arrested June 21, 1943 in Caluire-et-Cuire (Rhône), in the home of Doctor Frédéric Dugoujon, where a meeting with most of the resistance leaders was taking place. Interrogated in Lyon by Klaus Barbie, head of the Gestapo there, and later in Paris, he never revealed anything to his captors. He eventually died under brutal torture near Metz, in the Paris-Berlin train which was taking him to a concentration camp. is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Rhône is a French département located in the central Eastern région of Rhône-Alpes. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: (Franco-Provençal: Forward, forward, Lyon the best) Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country Region Rhône-Alpes Department Rhône (69) Subdivisions 9 arrondissements Intercommunality Urban Community of Lyon Mayor Gérard Collomb  (PS) (since 2001) City Statistics Land... Klaus Barbie (October 25, 1913 – September 25, 1991) was a German soldier and Gestapo member. ... The   (contraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: “secret state police”) was the official secret police of Nazi Germany. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Si paix dedans, paix dehors (French: If peace inside, peace outside) Cathedral St. ... This article is about the capital of Germany. ... It has been suggested that Internment be merged into this article or section. ...

Controversy

Who betrayed Moulin?

René Hardy was caught and released by the Gestapo. They followed him when he came to the meeting at the doctor's house in Caluire, thus leading the Germans to Jean Moulin. Some believe that this was a deliberate act of treason; others think René Hardy was simply reckless. René Hardy (1911-1987) was a French resistor during World War 2. ... The   (contraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: “secret state police”) was the official secret police of Nazi Germany. ... Traitor redirects here. ...

Two trials were unable to determine that René Hardy was a traitor, and both concluded that he was innocent. Traitor redirects here. ...

A recent TV film about the life and death of Jean Moulin depicted René Hardy collaborating with the Gestapo, thus reviving the controversy. The Hardy family attempted to bring a lawsuit against the producers of the movie. For the Wikipedia policy regarding controversial issues in articles, see Wikipedia:Guidelines for controversial articles. ...

There have been many allegations of Communism in the post war years, due to the fact that some of Moulin's friends were Communists. While these allegations continue, no hard evidence has ever backed up this claim. As Prefect, Mssr. Moulin even ordered the repression of Communist 'agitators' and went so far as to have police keep some under surveillance (Marnham's "The Death of Jean Moulin, Biography of a Ghost," pg 104).

The legend

Notes for Malraux's discourse for the transfer of Moulin's ashes to the Panthéon.

Moulin was initially buried in Le Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. His ashes were later transferred to The Panthéon on December 19, 1964. The speech that André Malraux, writer and minister of the Republic, gave upon the transfer of his ashes is one of the most famous speeches in French history. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 600 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1908 × 1908 pixel, file size: 508 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Discourse by André Malraux for the transfer of Jean Moulins ashes to the Panthéon Discours de malraux pour le transfert des cendres de... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 600 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1908 × 1908 pixel, file size: 508 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Discourse by André Malraux for the transfer of Jean Moulins ashes to the Panthéon Discours de malraux pour le transfert des cendres de... Père Lachaise - Wikipedia /**/ @import /w/skins-1. ... The Panthéon The Panthéon is a building in the Latin Quarter in Paris, France. ... is the 353rd day of the year (354th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1964 (MCMLXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1964 calendar). ... André Malraux, French author, adventurer, and statesman André Malraux (November 3, 1901 - November 23, 1976) was a French author, adventurer and statesman preeminent in the world of French politics and culture during his lifetime. ...

In France, many schools and a university (Lyon III), as well as innumerable streets and squares, have been named after him.

Today, Jean Moulin is used in French education to illustrate civic virtues, moral rectitude and patriotism. He is a symbol of the Resistance.

References

• John F. Sweets. The Politics of Resistance in France, 1940-1944. A History Of The Mouvements Unis De La Resistance. Northern Illinois University Press: De Kalb, 1976. ISBN 0-87580-061-0
• Marguerite Storck-Cerruty. J'etais la femme de Jean Moulin.

Regine Desforges: Paris, 1977. [Avec lettre-preface de Robert Aron, de l'Academie francaise]. ISBN 2-901-98074-0

• Laure Moulin. Jean Moulin. Presses de la Cite: Paris, 1982.

[En preface le discours de Andre Malraux]. ISBN 2-258-01120-5

• Rene Hardy. Derniers mots. Memoires. Fayard: Paris, 1984. ISBN 2-213-01320-9
• Henri Nogueres.La verite aura le dernier mot. Seuil: Paris, 1985 ISBN 2-02-008683-2
• Jacques Baynac. Les secrets de l'affaire Jean Moulin. Archives Inedites Sur La Resistance. Contexte, Causes Et Circonstances. Seuil: Paris, 1998. ISBN 2-02-033164-0
• Pierre Pean. Vies et morts de Jean Moulin. Fayard: Paris, 1998. ISBN 2-213-60257-3
• Daniel Cordier. Jean Moulin. La Republique des catacombes. Gallimard: Paris, 1999. ISBN 2-07-074312-8

External links

• Jean Moulin and the French Resistance (English)
• Malraux's speech during Jean Moulin's transfer to the Panthéon (French)
• Brief list of important dates in the life of Jean Moulin (English)
• Son of Béziers and leader of the French resistance in WWII (English)
• Short film about Jean Moulin (English)

See also

• Lucie Aubrac
• Le Rire