Jesse Louis Jackson
United States Shadow Senator for the District of Columbia
In office January 1991 – January 1997 Serving with Florence Pendleton
Preceded by	none
Succeeded by	Paul Strauss
Born	October 8, 1941 (1941-10-08) (age 66) Greenville, South Carolina
Nationality	American
Political party	Democratic
Spouse	Jacqueline Lavinia Brown (m. 1962)
Children	Santita Jackson, Jesse Jackson Jr., Jonathan Jackson, Yusef DuBois Jackson, Jacqueline Lavinia Jackson, Ashley (with Karin Stanford)
Alma mater	North Carolina A&T
Occupation	American civil rights activist minister
Religion	Baptist

Jesse Louis Jackson, Sr. (born October 8, 1941) is an American civil rights activist and Baptist minister. He was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1984 and 1988 and served as "shadow senator" for the District of Columbia from 1991 to 1997. He was the founder of both entities that merged to form Rainbow/PUSH. Representative Jesse Jackson, Jr. is his eldest son. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (3203x4585, 519 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Jesse Jackson ... The offices of shadow representative and shadow senator are elective offices in the District of Columbia. ... ... Paul Strauss is a shadow senator from the District of Columbia. ... is the 281st day of the year (282nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ... For other places with the same name, see Greenville. ... Official language(s) English Capital Columbia Largest city Columbia Largest metro area Columbia Area  Ranked 40th  - Total 34,726 sq mi (82,965 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 260 miles (420 km)  - % water 6  - Latitude 32° 2′ N to 35° 13′ N  - Longitude 78° 32′ W to 83... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  Politics Portal      Further information: Politics of the United States#Organization of American political parties The Democratic... Jesse Jackson, Jr. ... For other uses, see Alma mater (disambiguation). ... Civil rights or positive rights are those legal rights retained by citizens and protected by the government. ... Activism, in a general sense, can be described as intentional action or inaction to bring about social or political change. ... For other types of minister, see Minister In Christian churches, a minister is a man or woman who serves a congregation or participates in a role in a parachurch ministry; such persons can minister as a Pastor, Preacher, Bishop, Chaplain, Deacon or Elder. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      Baptist is... is the 281st day of the year (282nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation). ... Motto: (traditional) In God We Trust (official, 1956–present) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City Official language(s) None at the federal level; English de facto Government Federal Republic  - President George W. Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence - Declared - Recognized... Civil rights or positive rights are those legal rights retained by citizens and protected by the government. ... Activism, in a general sense, can be described as intentional action or inaction to bring about social or political change. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      Baptist is... For other types of minister, see Minister In Christian churches, a minister is a man or woman who serves a congregation or participates in a role in a parachurch ministry; such persons can minister as a Pastor, Preacher, Bishop, Chaplain, Deacon or Elder. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  Politics Portal      Further information: Politics of the United States#Organization of American political parties The Democratic... In United States politics and government, the phrase presidential nominee has two distinct meanings. ... The offices of shadow representative and shadow senator are elective offices in the District of Columbia. ... ... The Rev. ... Jesse Louis Jackson, Jr. ...

Early life

Jackson was born Jesse Louis Burns in Greenville, South Carolina, to Helen Burns. Helen Burns was a 16-year old single mother when he was born. His biological father, Noah Louis Robinson, a former professional boxer and a prominent figure in the black community, was married to another woman when Jesse was born. He was not involved in his son's life. In 1943, two years after Jesse's birth, his mother married Charles Henry Jackson who would adopt Jesse 14 years later. Jesse went on to take the surname of his stepfather. For other places with the same name, see Greenville. ... Official language(s) English Capital Columbia Largest city Columbia Largest metro area Columbia Area  Ranked 40th  - Total 34,726 sq mi (82,965 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 260 miles (420 km)  - % water 6  - Latitude 32° 2′ N to 35° 13′ N  - Longitude 78° 32′ W to 83...

Education

Jackson attended Sterling High School, a segregated high school in Greenville, where he was a student-athlete. Upon graduating in 1959, he rejected a contract from a professional baseball team^[clarify] so that he could attend the racially integrated University of Illinois on a football scholarship. However, one year later, Jackson transferred to North Carolina A&T located in Greensboro, North Carolina. There are differing accounts for the reasons behind this transfer. Jackson claims that the change was based on the school's racial biases which included his being unable to play as a quarterback despite being a star quarterback at his high school as well as being demoted by his speech professor as an alternate in a public speaking competition team despite the support of his teammates who elected him a place on the team for his superior abilities.^[1] ESPN.com reports a different story, however. Claims of racial discrimination on the football team may be exaggerated because Illinois's starting quarterback that year was an African American. In addition, Jackson left Illinois at the end of his second semester after being placed on academic probation.^[2] Following his graduation from A&T, Jackson attended the Chicago Theological Seminary with the intent of becoming a minister, but dropped out in 1966 to focus full-time on the civil rights movement.^[3] He was ordained in 1968, without a theological degree; awarded an honorary theological doctorate from Chicago in 1990; and received his earned Master of Divinity Degree in 2000.^[4][5] The University of Illinois is the set of three public universities in Illinois. ... Greensboro redirects here. ... Chicago Theological Seminary is an ecumenical seminary of the United Church of Christ. ...

Civil rights leader

Jackson sits beside Ken Livingstone at an Anti-Apartheid rally in 1985

In 1965, he participated in the Selma to Montgomery marches organized by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and other civil rights leaders in Alabama. When Jackson returned from Selma, he threw himself into King’s effort to establish a beachhead of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in Chicago. In 1966, King selected Jackson to be head of the SCLC’s Operation Breadbasket in Chicago, and promoted him to be the national director in 1967. Following the example of Reverend Leon Sullivan of Philadelphia, a key goal of the new group was to foster “selective buying” (boycotts) as a means to pressure white businesses to hire blacks and purchase goods and services from black contractors. One of Sullivan's precursors was Dr. T.R.M. Howard, a wealthy South Side doctor and entrepreneur and key financial contributor to Operation Breadbasket. Before he moved to Chicago from Mississippi in 1956, Howard, as the head of the Regional Council of Negro Leadership, had successfully organized a boycott against service stations that refused to provide restrooms for blacks Image File history File links Livingstoneandjackson. ... Image File history File links Livingstoneandjackson. ... Kenneth Robert Livingstone (born 17 June 1945) is the outgoing Mayor of London, a post he has held from its creation in 2000 until 2008. ... Anti-Apartheid Movement, originally known as the Boycott Movement, was a British organization that was at the center of the international movement opposing South Africas system of apartheid and supporting South Africas Blacks. ... John Lewis (on right in trench coat) and Hosea Williams (on the left) lead marchers across the Edmund Pettus Bridge, March 7, 1965 The Selma to Montgomery marches, which included Bloody Sunday, were three marches that marked the political and emotional peak of the American civil rights movement. ... Martin Luther King redirects here. ... The Southern Christian Leadership Conference Logo. ... Operation Breadbasket is an organization dedicated to improving the economic conditions of black communities across the United States of America. ... Reverend Dr. Leon Howard Sullivan (October 16, 1922 - April 24, 2001) was a Baptist minister, a civil rights leader and social activist focusing on the creation of job training opportunities for African-Americans, a longtime General Motors Board Member, and an important part of the dismantling of Apartheid in South...

The Rev. Jesse Jackson speaks on a radio broadcast from the headquarters of Operation PUSH, (People United to Save Humanity) at its annual convention. July, 1973. Photograph by John H. White.

Jackson was with King in Memphis, Tennessee when King was assassinated on April 4, 1968, the day after King's famous "I’ve been to the mountaintop" speech at the Mason Temple. Image File history File links Rev_jesse_jackson. ... Image File history File links Rev_jesse_jackson. ... People United to Save Humanity (aka PUSH or Operation PUSH) was founded in 1971, through efforts led by the social activist Jesse Jackson and Operation Breadbasket, an organization which served as the economic foundation for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. ... For other uses, see Memphis (disambiguation). ... This article is about the U.S. state of Tennessee. ... is the 94th day of the year (95th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Mason Temple is the central house of worship of the Church of God in Christ, this denomination is the largest Pentecostal group in the United States. ...

Jackson has been known for commanding public attention since he first started working for King in 1966. His primary goal for this attention has been to give blacks a sense of pride. He has also stressed that success as a race will be achieved by command through the electoral process.^[6]

Beginning in 1968, Jackson increasingly clashed with Ralph Abernathy, King's successor as head of the national SCLC. In December, 1971, they had a complete falling out. Abernathy suspended Jackson for “administrative improprieties and repeated acts of violation of organizational policy.” Jackson resigned, called together his allies, and Operation PUSH was born during the same month. The new group was organized in the home of Dr. T.R.M. Howard who also became a member of the board of directors and chair of the finance committee. Ralph David Abernathy (March 11, 1926 – April 17, 1990) was an American civil rights activist and leader. ... People United to Save Humanity (aka PUSH or Operation PUSH) was founded in 1971, through efforts led by the social activist Jesse Jackson and Operation Breadbasket, an organization which served as the economic foundation for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. ... Theodore Roosevelt Mason Howard (T.R.M. Howard) (March 4, 1908 —- May 1, 1976) was an African American civil rights leader, fraternal organization leader, surgeon, and entrepreneur. ...

In 1984, Jackson organized the Rainbow Coalition, which later merged, in 1996, with Operation PUSH. The newly formed Rainbow PUSH organization brought his role as an important and effective organizer to the mainstream. Al Sharpton also left the SCLC in protest to follow Jackson and formed the National Youth Movement.^[7] The Rev. ... Alfred Charles Al Sharpton Jr. ... National Youth Movement was established in 1971, by Reverand Al Sharpton at the age of 16 years old. ...

International activities

Jackson surrounded by marchers carrying signs advocating support for the Hawkins-Humphrey Bill for full employment, January 1975.

During the 1980s, he achieved wide fame as an African American leader and as a politician, as well as becoming a well-known spokesman for civil rights issues. His influence extended to international matters in the 1980s and 1990s. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (4493x3030, 702 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Jesse Jackson ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (4493x3030, 702 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Jesse Jackson ...

In 1983, Jackson traveled to Syria to secure the release of a captured American pilot, Navy Lt. Robert Goodman who was being held by the Syrian government. Goodman had been shot down over Lebanon while on a mission to bomb Syrian positions in that country. After a dramatic personal appeal that Jackson made to Syrian President Hafez al-Assad, Goodman was released. Initially, the Reagan administration was skeptical about Jackson's trip to Syria. However, after Jackson secured Goodman's release, United States President Ronald Reagan welcomed both Jackson and Goodman to the White House on January 4, 1984^[8]. This helped to boost Jackson's popularity as an American patriot and served as a springboard for his 1984 presidential run. In June 1984, Jackson negotiated the release of twenty-two Americans being held in Cuba after an invitation by Cuban president Fidel Castro.^[9] Navy Lt. ... This page lists presidents and other Heads of State of Syria. ... Hafez al-Assad (Arabic: ) (October 6, 1930 – June 10, 2000) was president of Syria for three decades. ... For the pop band, see Presidents of the United States of America. ... Reagan redirects here. ... is the 4th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born on August 13, 1926) is the current President of Cuba but on indefinite medical hiatus. ...

He caused a stir in 1995 when he wrote to the FOX network protesting an episode of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers in which the "White Ranger" said "White Power" as a battle-cry. Jackson later retracted his statement, but FOX nonetheless censored the line in future airings. The Fox Broadcasting Company is a television network in the United States. ... Mighty Morphin Power Rangers (MMPR) is an American live-action television series, created for the American market, based on the sixteenth installment of the Japanese Super Sentai franchise, Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger. ... White Power is a white nationalist political slogan, and a name for the associated ideology. ...

He traveled to Kenya in 1997 to meet with Kenyan President Daniel arap Moi as United States President Bill Clinton's special envoy for democracy to promote free and fair elections. In April 1999, during the Kosovo War, Jackson traveled to Belgrade to negotiate the release of three U.S. POWs captured on the Macedonian border while patrolling with a UN peacekeeping unit. He met with the then-Yugoslav president Slobodan Milošević, who later agreed to release the three men.^[10] // Kenya Heads of Government of Kenya Vice-Presidents of Kenya Colonial Heads of Kenya lists of incumbents Categories: | ... Daniel Toroitich arap Moi (born September 2, 1924) was the President of Kenya from 1978 until 2002. ... William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III[1] on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ... The term Kosovo War or Kosovo Conflict is often used to describe two sequential and at times parallel armed conflicts (a civil war followed by an international war) in the southern Serbian province called Kosovo (officially Kosovo and Metohia), part of the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. ... For other uses, see Belgrade (disambiguation). ... MiloÅ¡ević redirects here. ...

His international efforts continued into the 2000s. On February 15, 2003, Jackson spoke in front of over an estimated one million people in Hyde Park, London at the culmination of the anti-war demonstration against the imminent invasion of Iraq by the U.S. and the United Kingdom. In November 2004, Jackson visited senior politicians and community activists in Northern Ireland in an effort to encourage better cross-community relations and rebuild the peace process and restore the governmental institutions of the Belfast Agreement. In August 2005, Jackson traveled to Venezuela to meet Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, following controversial remarks by televangelist Pat Robertson in which he implied that Chávez should be assassinated. Jackson condemned Robertson's remarks as immoral. After meeting with Chávez and addressing the Venezuelan Parliament, Jackson said that there was no evidence that Venezuela posed a threat to the U.S. Jackson also met representatives from the Afro Venezuela and indigenous communities.^[11] is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... “Hyde Park” redirects here. ... February 15, 2003 was a global day of protests against the imminent invasion of Iraq. ... This article is about the 2003 invasion of Iraq. ... This article is about the constituent country. ... The Belfast Agreement (Irish: ), although more commonly known as the Good Friday Agreement (Irish: ), and occasionally as the Stormont Agreement was a major political development in the Northern Ireland peace process. ... The President of Venezuela (Spanish: Presidente de Venezuela) is both the head of state and head of government of Venezuela. ... Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías (pronounced ) (born July 28, 1954) is the current President of Venezuela. ... Marion Gordon Pat Robertson (born March 22, 1930) is a televangelist from the United States. ...

According to an AP-AOL "Black Voices" poll in Feb 2006, Jackson was voted "the most important black leader" with 15% of the vote. He was followed by Condoleezza Rice with 11%.^[12] Condoleezza Rice (born November 14, 1954) is the 66th United States Secretary of State, and the second in the administration of President George W. Bush to hold the office. ...

Presidential candidate

1984 election

On November 3, 1983, he announced his campaign for presidency.^[13] In 1984, Jackson became the second African American (after Shirley Chisholm) to mount a nationwide campaign for President of the United States, running as a Democrat. is the 307th day of the year (308th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Jimi Hendrix song, see 1983. ... Shirley Anita St. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  US Government Portal      For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... The Democratic Party is one of two major political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. ...

In the primaries, Jackson, who had been written off by pundits as a fringe candidate with little chance at winning the nomination, surprised many when he took third place behind Senator Gary Hart and former Vice President Walter Mondale, who eventually won the nomination. Jackson garnered 3,282,431 primary votes, or 18.2 percent of the total, in 1984,^[14] and won five primaries and caucuses, including Louisiana, the District of Columbia, South Carolina, Virginia, and one of two separate contests in Mississippi.^[15] For other persons named Gary Hart, see Gary Hart (disambiguation). ... The Vice President of the United States[1] (sometimes referred to as VPOTUS,[2] Veep, or VP) is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death, resignation, or removal of the president. ... Walter Frederick Fritz Mondale (born January 5, 1928) is an American politician and member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (largely established by former Vice President Hubert Humphrey). ...

As he had gained 21% of the popular vote but only 8% of delegates, he afterwards complained that he had been handicapped by party rules. While Mondale (in the words of his aides) was determined to establish a precedent with his vice presidential candidate by picking a woman or visible minority, Jackson criticized the screening process as a "p.r. parade of personalities". He also mocked Mondale, saying that Hubert Humphrey was the "last significant politician out of the St. Paul–Minneapolis" area. ^[16] For other uses, see Hubert Humphrey (disambiguation). ...

1988 election

Four years later, in 1988, Jackson once again offered himself as a candidate for the Democratic Party presidential nomination. This time, his successes in the past made him a more credible candidate, and he was both better financed and better organized. Although most people did not seem to believe he had a serious chance at winning, Jackson once again exceeded expectations as he more than doubled his previous results, prompting R.W. Apple of the New York Times to call 1988 "the Year of Jackson". ^[17] The United States presidential election of 1988 featured an open primary for both major parties. ... Raymond Walter Apple, Jr. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ...

He captured 6.9 million votes and won 11 contests; seven primaries (Alabama, the District of Columbia, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Puerto Rico and Virginia) and four caucuses (Delaware, Michigan, South Carolina and Vermont).^[18]. Jackson also scored March victories in Alaska's caucuses and Texas's local conventions, despite losing the Texas primary.[3] [4] Some news accounts credit him with 13 wins. [5] Briefly, after he won 55% of the vote in the Michigan Democratic caucus, he was considered the frontrunner for the nomination, as he surpassed all the other candidates in total number of pledged delegates. This article is about the U.S. State. ... For delegates in the . ...

In early 1988, Jackson organized a rally at the former American Motors assembly plant in Kenosha, Wisconsin, approximately two weeks after new owner Chrysler announced it would close the plant by the end of the year. In his speech, Jackson spoke out against Chrysler's decision, stating "We have to put the focus on Kenosha, Wisconsin, as the place, here and now, where we draw the line to end economic violence!" and compared the workers' fight to that of the civil rights movement in Selma, Alabama. As a result, the UAW Local 72 union voted to endorse his candidacy, even against the rules of the UAW.^[19] However, Jackson's campaign suffered a significant setback less than two weeks later when he was defeated handily in the Wisconsin primary by Michael Dukakis. Jackson's showing among white voters in Wisconsin was significantly higher than in his 1984 run, but was also noticeably lower than pre-primary polling had indicated it would be. The discrepancy has been cited as an example of the so-called "Bradley effect".^{[citation needed]} American Motors Corporation (AMC) was an American automobile company formed on January 14, 1954 by the merger of the Nash-Kelvinator Corporation and the Hudson Motor Car Company. ... Location of Kenosha within Wisconsin Coordinates: , Country State County Kenosha Settled 1836 Government  - Mayor John M. Antaramian Area  - City 24. ... For other uses, including the Chrysler Brand, see Chrysler (disambiguation). ... Selma is a city in Alabama located on the banks of the Alabama River in Dallas County, Alabama, of which it is the county seat. ... The United Auto Workers (UAW), headquartered in Detroit, Michigan, officially the United Automobile, Aerospace & Agricultural Implement Workers of America International Union, is one of the largest labor unions in North America, The UAW has approximately 540,000 active members and over 500,000 retired members in the United States, Canada... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Michael Stanley Dukakis (born November 3, 1933) is an American Democratic politician, former Governor of Massachusetts, and was the Democratic presidential nominee in 1988. ... The term Bradley effect or Wilder effect refers to a phenomenon which has led to inaccurate voter opinion polls in some American political campaigns between a white candidate and a non-white candidate. ...

Jackson's campaign had also been interrupted by allegations regarding his half-brother Noah Robinson, Jr.'s criminal activity.^[20] Jackson had to answer frequent questions about his brother, who was often referred to as "the Billy Carter of the Jackson campaign". ^[21] Billy and Jimmy Carter William Alton Billy Carter (March 29, 1937 – September 25, 1988), the younger brother of United States President Jimmy Carter, was born in Plains, Georgia. ...

On the heels of Jackson's narrow loss to Dukakis the day before in Colorado, Dukakis' comfortable win in Wisconsin terminated Jackson's momentum. The victory established Dukakis as the clear Democratic frontrunner, and he went on to claim the party's nomination, but lost the general election in November.^[22]

Campaign platform

In both races, Jackson ran on what many considered to be a very liberal platform. Declaring that he wanted to create a "Rainbow Coalition" of various minority groups, including African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Arab-Americans, Asian Americans, Native Americans, family farmers, the poor and working class, and homosexuals, as well as European American progressives who fit into none of those categories, Jackson ran on a platform that included: Modern liberalism in the United States is a form of liberalism that began in the United States in the last years of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century. ... The definition of a minority group can vary, depending on specific context, but generally refers to either a sociological sub-group that does not form either a majority or a plurality of the total population, or a group that, while not necessarily a numerical minority, is disadvantaged or otherwise has... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... The Hispanic world Hispanic (Spanish: Hispano) is a term denoting a derivation from Spain, its people and culture. ... An Arab American is a United States citizen or resident alien whose ancestry traces back to any of various waves of immigrants, largely of Arab cultural and linguistic heritage and/or identity, originating from one or more of the twenty-two countries which comprise the Arab World; from the westernmost... An Asian American is a person of Asian ancestry or origin who was born in or is an immigrant to the United States. ... This article is about the people indigenous to the United States and their history after European contact, chiefly in what is now the United States. ... The family farm is a farm owned and operated by a family. ... Look up Poor in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The term working class is used to denote a social class. ... Homosexuality refers to sexual interaction and / or romantic attraction between individuals of the same sex. ... European American is a term for an American of European descent, who are usually referred as White or Caucasian. ... For other uses, see Progressivism (disambiguation). ...

• creating a Works Progress Administration-style program to rebuild America's infrastructure and provide jobs to all Americans,
• reprioritizing the War on Drugs to focus less on mandatory minimum sentences for drug users (which he views as racially biased) and more on harsher punishments for money-laundering bankers and others who are part of the "supply" end of "supply and demand"
• reversing Reaganomics-inspired tax cuts for the richest ten percent of Americans and using the money to finance social welfare programs
• cutting the budget of the Department of Defense by as much as fifteen percent over the course of his administration
• declaring Apartheid-era South Africa to be a rogue nation
• instituting an immediate nuclear freeze and beginning disarmament negotiations with the Soviet Union
• giving reparations to descendants of black slaves
• supporting family farmers by reviving many of Roosevelt's New Deal–era farm programs
• creating a single-payer system of universal health care
• ratifying the Equal Rights Amendment
• increasing federal funding for lower-level public education and providing free community college to all
• applying stricter enforcement of the Voting Rights Act and
• supporting the formation of a Palestinian state.

With the exception of a resolution to implement sanctions against South Africa for its apartheid policies, none of these positions made it into the party's platform in either 1984 or 1988. WPA Graphic The Works Progress Administration (later Work Projects Administration, abbreviated WPA), was created on May 6, 1935 by Presidential order (Congress funded it annually but did not set it up). ... For the Barenaked Ladies song War on Drugs, see Everything to Everyone. ... A mandatory sentence is a court decision setting where judicial discretion is limited by law. ... Money laundering, the metaphorical cleaning of money with regard to appearances in law, is the practice of engaging in specific financial transactions in order to conceal the identity, source, and/or destination of money, and is a main operation of underground economy. ... For other uses, see Bank (disambiguation). ... The supply and demand model describes how prices vary as a result of a balance between product availability at each price (supply) and the desires of those with purchasing power at each price (demand). ... Ronald Reagan, the US president from which Reaganomics derives its name Reaganomics (a blend of Reagan and economics, coined by radio broadcaster Paul Harvey) is a term that has been used to both describe and decry free market advocacy economic policies of U.S. President Ronald Reagan, who served from... A tax cut is a reduction in the rate of tax charged by a government, for example on personal or corporate income. ... ... For the rental car company, see Budget Rent a Car. ... The United States Department of Defense (DOD or DoD) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government relating directly to national security and the military. ... A segregated beach in South Africa, 1982. ... Rogue state is a term applied by some international theorists to states considered threatening to the worlds peace. ... The nuclear freeze was a proposed agreement between the worlds nuclear powers, primarily the United States and the then-Soviet Union, to freeze all production of new nuclear arms and to leave levels of nuclear armanent where they currently were. ... Disarmament means the act of reducing or depriving arms i. ... Reparations for slavery is a proposal by some in the United States that some type of compensation should be provided to the descendants of enslaved people, in consideration of the labor provided for free over several centuries, without which (it is argued) the United States would never have attained its... FDR redirects here. ... This article is about the policy program of US President Franklin D Roosevelt. ... Universal health care, or universal healthcare, is health care coverage which is extended to all citizens, and sometimes permanent residents, of a governmental region. ... The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution intended to guarantee equal rights under the law for Americans regardless of sex. ... // Public spending on education in 2005 Public education is education mandated for or offered to the children of the general public by the government, whether national, regional, or local, provided by an institution of civil government, and paid for, in whole or in part, by taxes. ... A community college is a type of educational institution. ... The National Voting Rights Act of 1965 ()[1] outlawed the requirement that would-be voters in the United States take literacy tests to qualify to register to vote, and it provided for federal registration of voters in areas that had less than 50% of eligible minority voters registered. ... It has been suggested that State of Palestine be merged into this article or section. ...

Abortion

Although Jackson was one of the most liberal members of the Democratic Party, his views on abortion were originally more in line with anti-abortion views. Jackson once endorsed the Hyde Amendment, which bars the funding of abortions for low-income women through the federal Medicaid program. He wrote an article published in a 1977 National Right to Life Committee News report: ... Holding Texas law making it a crime to assist a woman to get an abortion violated her due process rights. ... Medicaid is the US health insurance program for individuals and families with low incomes and resources. ... The National Right to Life Committee is a right to life/pro-life organization, that was founded in in Detroit as a non-sectarian, non-partisan group, opposed to abortion, euthanasia and infanticide. ...

"There are those who argue that the right to privacy is of [a] higher order than the right to life... that was the premise of slavery. You could not protest the existence or treatment of slaves on the plantation because that was private and therefore outside your right to be concerned. What happens to the mind of a person, and the moral fabric of a nation, that accepts the aborting of the life of a baby without a pang of conscience? What kind of a person and what kind of a society will we have twenty years hence if life can be taken so casually? It is that question, the question of our attitude, our value system, and our mind-set with regard to the nature and worth of life itself that is the central question confronting mankind. Failure to answer that question affirmatively may leave us with a hell right here on earth."

However, since then, Jackson has adopted an openly pro-choice view, believing the right of a woman to terminate a pregnancy is fundamental and should not be infringed in any way by the government.^[23] Issues of discussion Pro-choice describes the political and ethical view that a woman should have complete control over her fertility and pregnancy. ...

He ran for office as "Shadow Senator" for the District of Columbia in 1991,^[24] and served as such through 1997 when he did not run for re-election. This non-voting position in the Senate was created primarily as a post to lobby for statehood for the District of Columbia.^[25] In the mid-1990s, he was approached about being the United States Ambassador to South Africa but declined the opportunity in favor of helping Jesse Jackson, Jr. run for the United States House of Representatives.^[26] The offices of shadow representative and shadow senator are elective offices in the District of Columbia. ... This is a list of ambassadors from the United States. ... Jesse Louis Jackson, Jr. ... Type Bicameral Speaker of the House of Representatives House Majority Leader Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Steny Hoyer, (D) since January 4, 2007 House Minority Leader John Boehner, (R) since January 4, 2007 Members 435 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party...

2004 presidential election

Jackson gathered information and support to investigate the 2004 U.S. presidential election controversy, particularly the voting results in Ohio and its recount. He called for a congressional debate on the matter, asking for a fair count and national voting standards, saying that the elections in the United States are each run with different standards by different states with partisan tricks, racial bias, and widespread incompetence and are an open scandal. (Redirected from 2004 U.S. presidential election controversy) Introduction After the 2004 U.S. presidential election there were allegations of data irregularities and systematic flaws which may have changed the election result, if proven. ...

Jackson said that he held some hope that the election could be overturned, although he admitted that that was very doubtful. Jackson compared the voting irregularities of Ohio to that of the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election, saying that if Ohio were Ukraine, the U.S. presidential election would not have been certified by the international community. Jackson called Ohio Secretary of State Kenneth Blackwell inappropriately partisan and said that Blackwell may have been pressured by President George W. Bush and Vice-President Dick Cheney to deliver Ohio to the Republican Party. This article is about the U.S. State. ... (Redirected from 2004 Ukrainian presidential election) The presidential election held in November and December 2004 in Ukraine was mostly a political battle between Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych and former Prime Minister and opposition leader Viktor Yushchenko. ... The Ohio Secretary of State is responsible for overseeing the elections in the state of Ohio. ... John Kenneth Blackwell (born February 28, 1942) is an American politician of the Republican party, who currently (as of 2005) serves as the secretary of state for the U.S. state of Ohio. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the forty-third and current President of the United States of America, originally inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... Richard Bruce Dick Cheney (born January 30, 1941), is the 46th and current Vice President of the United States, serving under President George W. Bush. ... The Republican Party, often called the GOP (for Grand Old Party, although one early citation described it as the Gallant Old Party) [1], is one of the two major political parties in the United States. ...

Based on information obtained in hearings held by Rep. John Conyers (D-MI) and discovered during a flawed recount of the Ohio presidential vote called for by Green Party candidate David Cobb and Libertarian Party candidate Michael Badnarik, Jackson suggested that the Ohio voting machines were "rigged" and that some African-Americans were forced to stand in line for six hours in the rain before voting. When asked for evidence, Jackson did not give facts, but replied, "Based on distrusting the system, lack of paper trails, the anomaly of the exit polls." John Conyers, Jr. ... This article is about the American political party, Green Party. ... David Cobb appealing for votes at the annual Fighting Bob Fest in Baraboo, Wisconsin, September 2004 David Keith Cobb (born December 24, 1962 in San Leon, Texas) is an American ex-lawyer and activist, and was the 2004 presidential candidate of the Green Party of the United States (GPUS). ... The Libertarian Party is a United States political party founded on December 11, 1971. ... Badnarik campaigning in July 2004. ...

On January 6, 2005, the U.S. House Judiciary Committee Democratic staff released a 100 page report on the Ohio election. This challenge to the Ohio election was rejected by a vote of 74-1 by the United States Senate and 267-31 in the House. Many high-ranking Democrats chose to distance themselves from this debate, including John Kerry, despite Jesse Jackson personally asking Kerry for help. The call for election reform legislation and voting rights protection nonetheless continued. Type Bicameral Speaker of the House of Representatives House Majority Leader Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Steny Hoyer, (D) since January 4, 2007 House Minority Leader John Boehner, (R) since January 4, 2007 Members 435 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party... John Forbes Kerry (born December 11, 1943) is the junior United States Senator from Massachusetts, in his fourth term of office. ...

Current activities

Jesse Jackson at the Los Angeles mayoral inauguration of Antonio Villaraigosa in 2005.

While Jackson was initially critical of the "Third Way" or more moderate policies of Bill Clinton, he became a key ally in gaining African American support for Clinton and eventually became a close advisor and friend of the Clinton family. Clinton awarded Jackson the Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest honor bestowed on civilians. His son, Jesse Jackson, Jr., also emerged as a political figure, becoming a member of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois. Jackson is also known as a passionate orator, in the tradition of Southern U.S. and African American Protestant preaching. In 2003, Jackson surprised many observers by declining to endorse the campaigns of either Al Sharpton or former Senator Carol Moseley Braun, the two African American candidates, in the race for the Democratic Party's 2004 presidential nomination. Instead, Jackson remained largely silent about his preference in the race until late in the primary season, when he allowed Democratic Representative Dennis Kucinich of Ohio, another presidential candidate, to speak at a Rainbow/PUSH forum on March 31, 2004. Although he did not explicitly voice an endorsement of Rep. Kucinich, Jackson described Kucinich as "assuming the burden of saying 'you make the most sense, but you can't win.'"^[27] He also writes for The Progressive Populist. Bill Clinton and Tony Blair, adherents of the Third Way The Third Way, or Radical center, is a centrist political philosophy of governance that embraces a mix of market and interventionist philosophies. ... The Presidential Medal of Freedom is the highest civilian award in the United States. ... Jesse Louis Jackson, Jr. ... Type Bicameral Speaker of the House of Representatives House Majority Leader Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Steny Hoyer, (D) since January 4, 2007 House Minority Leader John Boehner, (R) since January 4, 2007 Members 435 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... Alfred Charles Al Sharpton Jr. ... Carol Elizabeth Moseley Braun (born August 16, 1947) is an American politician and lawyer who represented Illinois in the United States Senate from 1993 to 1999. ... Dennis John Kucinich (IPA: ) (born October 8, 1946) is an American politician of the Democratic party and a candidate for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States in both 2004 and 2008. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... is the 90th day of the year (91st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Progressive Populist is a magazine in newspaper form published twice a month. ...

In 2005, he was enlisted as part of the United Kingdom's "Operation Black Vote", a campaign to encourage more of Britain's ethnic minorities to vote in political elections ahead of the May 2005 General Election. Also in early 2005, Jackson visited the parents of Terri Schiavo and their supporters; he supported their unsuccessful bid to keep the disabled Florida woman alive. In March 2006, an African American woman accused three European American members of the Duke University men's lacrosse team of raping her. Jackson stated that his Rainbow/PUSH Coalition would pay for the rest her college tuition regardless of the outcome of the case. The case against the three men was later thrown out and the players were declared innocent by the North Carolina Attorney General.^[28] Theresa Terri Marie Schindler Schiavo (December 3, 1963 – March 31, 2005), from St. ... This article is about the U.S. State of Florida. ... Duke University is a private research university located in Durham, North Carolina, United States. ... The 2006 Duke University lacrosse team scandal began in March 2006 when a stripper claimed that she had been raped by three unidentified members of the Duke University mens lacrosse team. ...

Jackson took a key role in the scandal caused by comedic actor Michael Richards' racially charged comments in November 2006. Richards called Jackson a few days after the incident to apologize; Jackson accepted Richards' apology ^[29]and met with him publicly as a means of resolving the situation. Jackson also joined black leaders in a call for the elimination of the "N-word" throughout the entertainment industry. ^[30] For other persons named Michael Richards, see Michael Richards (disambiguation). ... For other persons named Michael Richards, see Michael Richards (disambiguation). ... // Nigger is a racial slur used to refer to dark-skinned people, especially those of African ancestry. ...

On June 23rd, 2007 Jackson was arrested in connection with a crowd protesting at a gun store in Riverdale, a poor suburb of Chicago, Illinois. Jackson was protesting the fact that the gun store allegedly had been selling firearms to local gang members and was contributing to the decay of the community. According to police reports, Jackson refused to stop blocking the front entrance of the store and let customers pass. He was charged with one count of criminal trespass to property. ^[31]

Controversies

Remarks about Jews

Jackson has been criticized for some of the remarks he has made about Jews and Jewish issues. Most infamously, Jackson referred to Jews as "Hymies" and to New York City as "Hymietown" in January 1984 during a conversation with Washington Post reporter Milton Coleman. Jackson at first denied the remarks, then accused Jews of conspiring to defeat him. When he finally did acknowledge that it was wrong to use the term, he said he did so in private to a reporter.^[32]

The Nation of Islam's leader Louis Farrakhan, threatened Coleman in a radio broadcast and issuing a public warning to Jews, made in Jackson's presence: "If you harm this brother [Jackson], it will be the last one you harm." Finally, Jackson apologized during a speech before national Jewish leaders in a Manchester, New Hampshire synagogue. Yet Jackson refused to denounce Farrakhan, and continuing suspicions have led to an enduring split between Jackson and many Jews.^[32] Louis Farrakhan (born Louis Eugene Walcott, May 11, 1933), is the acting head of the Nation of Islam (NOI) as the National Representative of Elijah Muhammad. ... Nickname: Location in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire Coordinates: Country United States State New Hampshire County Hillsborough County Incorporated 1751 Government  - Mayor Frank Guinta (R) Area  - City  34. ... For other uses, see New Hampshire (disambiguation). ... The synagogue Scolanova Trani in Italy. ...

Among Jackson's other remarks were that Richard Nixon was less attentive to poverty in the U.S. because "four out of five [of Nixon's top advisors] are German Jews and their priorities are on Europe and Asia"; that he was "sick and tired of hearing about the Holocaust"; and that there are "very few Jewish reporters that have the capacity to be objective about Arab affairs". Jackson has since apologized and was invited to speak in support of Al Gore and Joe Lieberman at the 2000 Democratic National Convention.^[33] Nixon redirects here. ... “Shoah” redirects here. ... For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ...

Extra-marital affair

Married since 1962 to Jacqueline Lavinia Brown, Jackson was in 2001 shown to have had an affair with a staffer, Karin Stanford, that resulted in the birth of a daughter, Ashley. According to CNN, in August of 1999, The Rainbow Push Coalition had paid Stanford $15,000 in moving expenses and $21,000 in payment for contracting work.^[34] This incident prompted Jackson to withdraw from activism for a short period of time.^[35] Separate from the 1999 Rainbow Coalition payments, Jackson pays $3,000 a month in child support.^[35] Dr. Karin L. Stanford is a writer and professor of Pan African Studies and Politics at California State University, Northridge. ... Activism, in a general sense, can be described as intentional action or inaction to bring about social or political change. ...

Remarks about Senator Barack Obama

On July 6, 2008, Jackson made crude remarks about Barack Obama, presumptive nominee of the Democratic Party in the 2008 presidential election, while unknowingly near a live microphone. The Reverend apologized for his remarks and reiterated his support for Obama.^[36] is the 187th day of the year (188th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... “Barack” redirects here. ... -1... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  Politics Portal      Further information: Politics of the United States#Organization of American political parties The Democratic... The United States presidential election of 2008, scheduled to be held on November 4, 2008, will be the 55th consecutive quadrennial president and vice president of the United States. ...

Family

• Wife: Jacqueline Lavinia (Brown) Jackson (m. 1962)
  • Son: Jesse Jackson, Jr. (b. March 11, 1965)
  • Son: Yusef DuBois Jackson
  • Son: Jonathan Jackson
  • Daughter: Santita Jackson
  • Daughter: Jacqueline Lavinia Jackson, Jr.
• Daughter: Ashley (b. May 1999) (with Karin Stanford)

Jesse Louis Jackson, Jr. ... is the 70th day of the year (71st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. ...

Electoral history

New York State Right to Life Party Presidential convention, 1980^[37]: The New York State Right to Life Party was founded to oppose the legalization of abortion in New York in 1970. ...

• Ellen McCormack - 79,609 (67.33%)
• Ronald Reagan - 34,293 (29.00%)
• No candidate - 2,729 (2.31%)
• Jesse Jackson - 1,606 (1.36%)

1984 Democratic presidential primaries^[38] Ellen McCormack was a third-party Right to life candidate for President of the United States in the United States presidential election, 1980; her running mate was Carroll Driscoll. ... Reagan redirects here. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ...

• Walter Mondale - 6,952,912 (38.32%)
• Gary Hart - 6,504,842 (35.85%)
• Jesse Jackson - 3,282,431 (18.09%)
• John Glenn - 617,909 (3.41%)
• George McGovern - 334,801 (1.85%)
• Unpledged - 146,212 (0.81%)
• Lyndon LaRouche - 123,649 (0.68%)
• Reubin O'Donovan Askew - 52,759 (0.29%)
• Alan Cranston - 51,437 (0.28%)
• Ernest Hollings - 33,684 (0.19%)

1984 Democratic National Convention^[39]: Walter Frederick Fritz Mondale (born January 5, 1928) is an American politician and member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (largely established by former Vice President Hubert Humphrey). ... For other persons named Gary Hart, see Gary Hart (disambiguation). ... For other persons named John Glenn, see John Glenn (disambiguation). ... George McGovern on May 8, 1972 cover of Time Magazine George Stanley McGovern, (born July 19, 1922) is a former United States Representative, Senator, and Democratic presidential nominee. ... Lyndon LaRouche at a news conference in Paris in February 2006. ... Reubin ODonovan Askew (born September 11, 1928) is an American politician. ... Alan MacGregor Cranston (June 19, 1914 – December 31, 2000) was a U.S. journalist and politician. ... Ernest Frederick Fritz Hollings (born January 1, 1922) was a Democratic United States Senator from South Carolina from 1966 to January 3, 2005. ... The 1984 Democratic National Convention was held in San Francisco, California in July of 1984, to select a candidate for the 1984 United States presidential election. ...

• Walter Mondale - 2,191 (56.41%)
• Gary Hart - 1,201 (30.92%)
• Jesse Jackson - 466 (12.00%)
• Thomas F. Eagleton - 18 (0.46%)
• George McGovern - 4 (0.10%)
• John Glenn - 2 (0.05%)
• Joe Biden - 1 (0.03%)
• Martha Kirkland

1988 Democratic presidential primaries^[40]: Walter Frederick Fritz Mondale (born January 5, 1928) is an American politician and member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (largely established by former Vice President Hubert Humphrey). ... For other persons named Gary Hart, see Gary Hart (disambiguation). ... Thomas Francis Eagleton, LL.B., (born September 4, 1929) is a former U.S. Senator from Missouri. ... George McGovern on May 8, 1972 cover of Time Magazine George Stanley McGovern, (born July 19, 1922) is a former United States Representative, Senator, and Democratic presidential nominee. ... For other persons named John Glenn, see John Glenn (disambiguation). ... Biden redirects here. ... The United States presidential election of 1988 featured an open primary for both major parties. ...

• Michael Dukakis - 9,898,750 (42.47%)
• Jesse Jackson - 6,788,991 (29.13%)
• Al Gore - 3,185,806 (13.67%)
• Dick Gephardt - 1,399,041 (6.00%)
• Paul M. Simon - 1,082,960 (4.65%)
• Gary Hart - 415,716 (1.78%)
• Unpledged - 250,307 (1.07%)
• Bruce Babbitt - 77,780 (0.33%)
• Lyndon LaRouche - 70,938 (0.30%)
• David Duke - 45,289 (0.19%)
• James Traficant - 30,879 (0.13%)
• Douglas E. Applegate - 25,068 (0.11%)

1988 Democratic National Convention^[41]: Michael Stanley Dukakis (born November 3, 1933) is an American Democratic politician, former Governor of Massachusetts, and was the Democratic presidential nominee in 1988. ... This article is about the former Vice President of the United States. ... Richard Andrew Dick Gephardt (born January 31, 1941) is senior counsel at the global law firm DLA Piper and a former prominent American politician of the Democratic Party. ... Paul Martin Simon (November 29, 1928 - December 9, 2003) was an American politician from Illinois. ... For other persons named Gary Hart, see Gary Hart (disambiguation). ... Bruce Edward Babbitt (born June 27, 1938), a Democrat, served as United States Secretary of the Interior and as Governor of Arizona. ... Lyndon LaRouche at a news conference in Paris in February 2006. ... David Ernest Duke (born July 1, 1950) is a former member of the Louisiana House of Representatives, a candidate in presidential primaries for both the Democratic and Republican parties, and former Grand Wizard of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. ... James Anthony Traficant, Jr. ... The 1988 National Convention of the U.S. Democratic Party was held at The Omni in Atlanta, Georgia from July 18–21, 1988 to select a candidate for the 1988 United States presidential election. ...

• Michael Dukakis - 2,877 (70.09%)
• Jesse Jackson - 1,219 (29.70%)
• Richard H. Stallings - 3 (0.07%)
• Joe Biden - 2 (0.05%)
• Dick Gephardt - 2 (0.05%)
• Lloyd Bentsen - 1 (0.02%)
• Gary Hart - 1 (0.02%)

Shadow Senator from District of Columbia, 1990^[42] Michael Stanley Dukakis (born November 3, 1933) is an American Democratic politician, former Governor of Massachusetts, and was the Democratic presidential nominee in 1988. ... Richard Howard Stallings (born October 7, 1940) is a Democratic politician from the state of Idaho. ... Biden redirects here. ... Richard Andrew Dick Gephardt (born January 31, 1941) is senior counsel at the global law firm DLA Piper and a former prominent American politician of the Democratic Party. ... Lloyd Millard Bentsen Jr. ... For other persons named Gary Hart, see Gary Hart (disambiguation). ... These are tables of congressional delegations from the District of Columbia to the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives. ...

Two candidates who won the highest number of vote takes two shadow seats.

• Jesse Jackson (D) - 105,633 (46.80%)
• Florence Pendleton (D) - 58,451 (25.89%)
• Harry T. Alexander (I) - 13,983 (6.19%)
• Milton Francis (R) - 13,538 (6.00%)
• Joan Gillison (R) - 12,845 (5.69%)
• Keith M. Wilkerson (D.C. Statehood) - 4,545 (2.01%)
• Anthony W. Peacock (D.S. Statehood) - 4,285 (1.90%)
• John West (I) - 3,621 (1.60%)
• David L. Whitehead (I) - 3,341 (1.48%)
• Sam Manuel (Socialist Workers) - 2,765 (1.23%)
• Lee Black (I) - 2,728 (1.21%)

Florence Pendleton is a shadow senator from the District of Columbia. ... The Rev. ...

See also

• I Am - Somebody
• Jesse Lee Peterson, an outspoken conservative African-American critic of Jesse Jackson
• With Apologies to Jesse Jackson, an episode of the popular animated comedy series, South Park

I Am - Somebody is a poem by Reverend Jesse Jackson, which he recited on Sesame Street in 1971. ... Jesse Lee Peterson (born May 24, 1949 in Midway, Alabama) is the president and founder of The Brotherhood Organization of A New Destiny (BOND), a group dedicated to promoting responsible fatherhood amongst African Americans. ... With Apologies to Jesse Jackson is episode 1101 (#154) of Comedy Centrals animated comedy series South Park and the premiere of the shows 11th season. ... This article is about the TV series. ...

References

• David T. Beito and Linda Royster Beito, T.R.M. Howard: Pragmatism over Strict Integrationist Ideology in the Mississippi Delta, 1942-1954 in Glenn Feldman, ed., Before Brown: Civil Rights and White Backlash in the Modern South (2004 book), 68-95.
• David T. Beito and Linda Royster Beito. T.R.M. Howard M.D.: A Mississippi Doctor in Chicago Civil Rights, A.M.E. Church Review (July-September 2001), 50-59.
• Dudley, K. (1994). The End of the Line: , Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-16908-1
• Jackson, Jesse L., Jr., with Frank E. Watkins, A More Perfect Union: Advancing New American Rights.., ISBN 1-56649-186-X, Welcome Rain Publishers: New York, 2001.

Notes

This article is about the year. ... is the 127th day of the year (128th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the concept of time. ... ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 121st day of the year (122nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Wikinews is a free-content news source and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. ... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... TIME redirects here. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 119th day of the year (120th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 5th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... HUMINT, a syllabic abbreviation of the words HUMan INTelligence, is a category of intelligence gathering disciplines that encompasses all gathering of intelligence by means of interpersonal contact. ... The Illinois State Police (ISP) is the state police force of Illinois. ... Murder is both a legal and a moral term, that are not always coincident. ... Life imprisonment or life incarceration is a sentence of imprisonment for a serious crime, often for most or even all of the criminals remaining life, but in fact for a period which varies between jurisdictions: many countries have a maximum possible period of time (usually 7 to 50 years... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... This article is about the year. ... is the 187th day of the year (188th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 5th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar. ... is the 86th day of the year (87th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... The New York Times Company (NYSE: NYT) is an American media company best known as the publisher of its namesake, The New York Times. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 5th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 65th day of the year (66th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... The New York Times Company (NYSE: NYT) is an American media company best known as the publisher of its namesake, The New York Times. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 115th day of the year (116th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 101st day of the year (102nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 101st day of the year (102nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... ... ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... is the 229th day of the year (230th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 190th day of the year (191st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 191st day of the year (192nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

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Jesse Jackson

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Jesse Jackson

Wikisource has original works written by or about:

Jesse Jackson

• Rainbow/Push Coalition
• broadcast
• Jesse Jackson - Keep Hope Alive
• affiliates
• quotes
• Ubben Lecture at DePauw University
• 1988 DNC speech transcript and audio
• 1984 DNC speech transcript and audio

v • d • e United States Shadow Senators from the District of Columbia Seat 1: Florence Pendleton (D) • Michael D. Brown (D) Seat 2: Jesse L. Jackson (D) • Paul Strauss (D)