The Jia Qing Emperor (November 13, 1760 – September 2, 1820) was the sixth emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the fifth Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1796 to 1820. The Manchu language is a member of the Tungusic languages of Altaic family; it used to be the language of the Manchu, though now most Manchus speak Mandarin Chinese and there are fewer than 100 native speakers of Manchu out of a total of nearly 10 million ethnic Manchus. ... 1796 was a leap year starting on Friday. ... The Xianfeng Emperor (July 17, 1831 - August 22, 1861) was the eighth emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the seventh Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1850 to 1861. ... // Events and Trends Technology Production of steel revolutionised by invention of the Bessemer process Benjamin Silliman fractionates petroleum by distillation for the first time First transatlantic telegraph cable laid First safety elevator installed by Elisha Otis Science Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species, putting forward the theory of evolution... November 13 is the 317th day of the year (318th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 48 days remaining. ... 1760 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... September 2 is the 245th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (246th in leap years). ... 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... The emperor or huángdì (皇帝) of China was the head of government and head of state of China from the Qin dynasty in 221 BC until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911. ... The Manchu (Manchu: Manju; Simplified Chinese: , Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: MÇŽnzú, Mongolian: Манж) are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchuria (todays Northeast China). ... The Qing Dynasty (Chinese: ; Pinyin: QÄ«ng cháo; Wade-Giles: Ching chao; Manchu: daicing gurun), occasionally known as the Manchu Dynasty, is a Chinese term for the Empire of the Great Qing (Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: dàqÄ«ngguó), founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro, in what... 1796 was a leap year starting on Friday. ... 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

Son of the famous Qian Long Emperor, he is remembered for his prosecution of Heshen (和珅), the infamously corrupt favorite of the Qian Long Emperor (Gao Zong), as well as for attempts to restore the state and curb the smuggling of opium inside China. The Qianlong Emperor (born Hongli, September 25, 1711 – February 7, 1799) was the fifth emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China. ... Baron Heshen (Chinese: ; pinyin: HéshÄ“n; other transliteration: Hoshen) (1750 - February 22, 1799), from the Manchu Niohuru clan, was a Manchu official of the Qing Dynasty. ... Opium, or opïum is a narcotic analgesic drug which is obtained from the unripe seed pods of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L. or the synonym paeoniflorum). ...

Early years

Jia Qing was born at the Old Summer Palace (圓明園), 8km (5 mi) northwest of the walls of Beijing, and was given the name Yong Yan (永琰), changed into Yongyan (顒琰) when he became emperor: the first character of his private name was changed from 永 to 顒, both pronounced Yong, so that his brothers and cousins of the same generation would not have to change the first character of their names (a character identical for all relatives of the same generation), which they should normally have done given that the private name of an emperor is taboo and cannot be written or pronounced. This novelty was introduced by his father the Qian Long Emperor who thought it not proper to have a whole generation of people changing their names on his son's accession to the throne. The Imperial Gardens as they once stood The Old Summer Palace, known in China as the Gardens of Perfect Brightness (Traditional Chinese: 圓明園; Simplified Chinese: 圆明园; pinyin: Yuánmíng Yuán), and originally called the Imperial Gardens (Traditional Chinese: 御園; pinyin: Yù Yuán), was an extremely large complex of palaces and... Beijing [English Pronunciation] (Chinese: 北京 [Chinese Pronunciation]; Pinyin: BÄ›ijÄ«ng; IPA: ), a city in northern China, is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ... The Qianlong Emperor (born Hongli, September 25, 1711 – February 7, 1799) was the fifth emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China. ...

He was the fifteenth son of the Qian Long Emperor. His mother was a Han Chinese concubine, Noble Ling Concubine (令貴妃), who became a favorite of Qianlong. She was posthumously made Empress Xiao Yi Chun (孝儀純皇后) when her son became emperor. She was the daughter of Wei Qingtai (魏清泰), an official in the Qing administration whose Han Chinese family had long been integrated in the Manchu elites. In 1818 Emperor Jiaqing made his mother's family officially Manchu, and changed their Chinese family name Wei into the Manchu clan name Weigiya. Han Chinese (Simplified Chinese: 汉族; Traditional Chinese: 漢族; Pinyin: hànzú) is a term which refers to the majority ethnic group within China and the largest single human ethnic group in the world. ... A swampy marsh area ... Empress Xiao Yi Chun (Chinese: 孝仪纯皇后魏佳氏) 1727 - 1775 came from the Han Chinese Wei clan. ... Han Chinese (Simplified Chinese: 汉族; Traditional Chinese: 漢族; Pinyin: hànzú) is a term which refers to the majority ethnic group within China and the largest single human ethnic group in the world. ... 1818 (MDCCCXVIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar. ...

After the first two original choices for heir to the throne succumbed early to disease, in December 1773 Yongyan was secretly chosen by Qianlong to be the next emperor. In 1789 he was made Prince of the 1st rank Jia (嘉親王). 1773 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1789 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

At the end of his reign, Gaozong became infatuated with a Manchu government minister called Heshen. Prince Jia hated the notoriously corrupt Heshen for his abuse of power, and vowed to punish the minister once he became emperor. The Manchu (Manchu: Manju; Simplified Chinese: , Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Mǎnzú, Mongolian: Манж) are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchuria (todays Northeast China). ... Baron Heshen (Chinese: ; pinyin: Héshēn; other transliteration: Hoshen) (1750 - February 22, 1799), from the Manchu Niohuru clan, was a Manchu official of the Qing Dynasty. ...

Accession to the throne

In October 1795, in the 60th year of his reign, Emperor Qian Long announced his intention to abdicate in favor of Prince Jia, because he did not think it proper to rule longer than his grandfather, the late Kangxi Emperor. Prince Jia acceded to the throne and proclaimed the era name of Jiaqing in February 1796. For the next three years however, Jiaqing ruled as Emperor in name only. Decisions were made by his father, the Grand Emperor Qianlong. 1795 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The Kangxi Emperor (Chinese: ; Pinyin: KāngxÄ«; Wade-Giles: Kang-hsi; May 4, 1654 – December 20, 1722) was the fourth Emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the second Qing emperor to rule over all of China, from 1661 to 1722. ... A Chinese era name (traditional Chinese: 年號, simplified Chinese: 年号, pinyin nían hào) is the era name, reign period, or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperors reign and naming certain Chinese rulers (see the conventions). ... 1796 was a leap year starting on Friday. ... Taishang Huang (Chinese: 太上皇, tàishàng huáng) was a Chinese title, sometimes translated in English as Grand Emperor or Emperor Emeritus, used all across Eastern Asia for a retired emperor. ...

At the death of Qian Long at the beginning of February 1799, Jia Qing took control of the government and prosecuted He Shen. He Shen was charged with corruption and abuse of power. He was stripped of his titles and properties, and he was ordered to commit suicide. Heshen's son and daughter-in-law was a sister of the new emperor and she was spared from the punishment. She was given a few properties from Heshen's estates. 1799 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

At the time the empire was facing internal disorders, including a large scale rebellion White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804) and an empty treasury. Emperor Jiaqing engaged in the pacification of the empire and the quelling of rebellions, and he tried to bring the country back to its 18th-century prosperity and power. But, due to large outflows of silver out of the country as payment for the opium smuggled into China from British India, the economy was in decline. The White Lotus Rebellion was a Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ching dynasty. ... 1796 was a leap year starting on Friday. ... 1804 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... General Name, Symbol, Number silver, Ag, 47 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 5, d Appearance lustrous white metal Atomic mass 107. ... British India (otherwise known as The British Raj) was a historical period during which most of the Indian subcontinent, or present-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar, were under the colonial authority of the British Empire (Undivided India). ...

Family

Consorts

• Principal wife - Empress Xiao Shu Rui of the Hitara (Manchu) clan, who became Empress when Emperor Jia Qing ascended the throne in 1796. She was the mother of Emperor Daoguang (2nd son of Emperor Jia Qing) She is known posthumously as Empress Xiao Shu Rui (孝淑睿皇后).
• Empress Xiao He Rui, of the Niuhuru clan (孝和睿皇后) (1776 - 1849).
• Gongsun Huang Gui Fei, of the Niuhuru clan (恭順皇貴妃) (1787 - 1860).
• Imperial Concubine He Yu (? - 1833).
• Concubine Hua (? - 1808).
• Concubine Zhuang (? - 1811) of the Wang clan.
• Concubine Rong (? - 1826).
• Concubine Chun (? - 1819).
• Concubine An (? - 1837) of the Guargiya clan.

Children Empress Xiao Shu Rui (Chinese: 孝淑睿皇后喜塔拉氏)，? - 1797, came from the Manchu Hitara (Xitala) clan. ... Empress Xiao He Rui (Chinese: 孝和睿皇后钮祜禄氏), 1776 - 1850, came from the Manchu Niuhuru clan. ... The Niohuru were a powerful Manchu clan during the Qing dynasty in China. ... The Niohuru were a powerful Manchu clan during the Qing dynasty in China. ...

• Second son: Prince Mianning (綿寧) succeeded his father as the Daoguang Emperor in 1820
• Son: Prince Mianyu (绵愉) (1814 - 1865). Son of Gongsun Huang Kuai Fei, of the Niuhuru clan (恭順皇貴妃)

Daughters: The Daoguang Emperor (September 16, 1782 - February 25, 1850) was the seventh emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the sixth Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1820 to 1850. ... Gongsun Huang Kuai Fei (zh:恭顺皇贵妃) of the Niuhuru clan. ...

• First daughter (1780 - 1783).
• Second daughter(1780 - 1783) her mother was empress Xiaoshu Rui.
• Princess Zhuangjing [庄敬和硕公主] (1781 - 1811) daughter of Helu Huang Kuai Fei.
• Princess Zhuangjing [庄静固伦公主] (1784 - 1811) daughter of empress Xiaoshu Rui.
• Princess Hui-An (1786 - 1795).
• Sixth daughter (1789 - 1790) daughter of Hua Fei.
• Seventh daughter (1793 - 1795) daughter of empress Xiaohe Rui.
• Eight daughter (1805) daughter of Gonsun Huang Kuai Fei.
• Ninth daughter (1811 - 1815) daughter of Gongsun Huang Kuai Fei.

Death and burial

On September 2, 1820, the Jiaqing Emperor died at the Rehe Traveling Palace (熱河行宫), 230 km (140 mi) northeast of Beijing, where the imperial court was in summer quarters. Allegedly he died after being struck by lightning, but not all sources agree on that. He was succeeded by his second son, the Daoguang Emperor. September 2 is the 245th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (246th in leap years). ... 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Beijing [English Pronunciation] (Chinese: 北京 [Chinese Pronunciation]; Pinyin: BÄ›ijÄ«ng; IPA: ), a city in northern China, is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ... The Daoguang Emperor (September 16, 1782 - February 25, 1850) was the seventh emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the sixth Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1820 to 1850. ...

Renzong was interred amidst the Western Qing Tombs, 120 km (75 mi) southwest of Beijing, in the Changling (昌陵 - meaning "Splendid tomb") mausoleum complex. Beijing [English Pronunciation] (Chinese: 北京 [Chinese Pronunciation]; Pinyin: BÄ›ijÄ«ng; IPA: ), a city in northern China, is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). ...