Ioannis Kapodistrias (1776-1831). Oil painting by D. Tsokos

Count Ioannis Antonios Kapodistrias (in Greek Ιωάννης Καποδίστριας - Ioannis Kapodistrias, in Italian Giovanni Capo d'Istria, Conte Capo d'Istria, and in Russian граф Иоанн Каподистрия - Graf Ioann Kapodistriya) (February 11, 1776 – October 9, 1831) was a Greek-born diplomat of the Russian Empire and later first head of state of independent Greece. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (452x613, 31 KB) Ioannis Kapodistrias (1776-1831). ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (452x613, 31 KB) Ioannis Kapodistrias (1776-1831). ... Mona Lisa, Oil on wood panel painting by Leonardo da Vinci La donna velata, painted in 1516, Oil on wood panel painting by Raphael Oil painting is done on surfaces with pigments that are ground and mixed into a medium of oil — especially in early modern Europe, linseed oil. ... Graf is a German noble title equal in rank to a count (derived from the Latin Comes, with a history of its own) or a British earl (an Anglo-Saxon title derived from the Viking title Jarl). ... February 11 is the 42nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... This article is about the year 1776. ... October 9 is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Leopold I 1831 (MDCCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Official language Russian Official Religion Russian Orthodox Christianity Capital Saint Petersburg (Petrograd 1914-1924) Area Approx. ...

Background and early career

Ioannis Capodistrias was born in Corfu, (Κέρκυρα (Kerkyra) in Greek), one of the Ionian Islands, which at the time of his birth were a possession of Venice. He studied medicine, philosophy and the law at Padua, in Italy. When he was 21 years old, in 1797, he started his medical practice as a doctor in his native island of Corfu. He was throughout his life a deeply liberal thinker and a true democrat, though born and raised as a nobleman. An ancestor of Capodistria's had been created a conte (count) by Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy, and the title was later (1679) inscribed in the Libro d'Oro of the Corfu nobility; the title originates from Capodistria, a city on the eastern shore of the Gulf of Venice, now Koper in Slovenia. His mother's family, the Gonemi, had been listed in the Libro d'Oro since 1606. In 1802 Ioannis Capodistria founded an important scientific and social progress organisation in Corfu, the "National Medical Association", of which he was an energetic member. In 1799, when Corfu was briefly occupied by the forces of Russia and Turkey, Capodistria was appointed chief medical director of the military hospital. Pontikonisi island in the background with the Vlaheraina Monastery in the foreground. ... // Headline text This article is about the group of islands west of Greece. ... Map of the Venetian Republic, circa 1000 CE. The republic is in dark red, borders in light red. ... This article is about the field and science of medical practice and health care. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Weighing scales represent the way law balances peoples interests For other senses of this word, see Law (disambiguation). ... Tronco Maestro Riviera: a pedestrian walk along a section of the inland waterway or naviglio interno of Padua. ... 1797 (MDCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 11-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Charles Emmanuel II (June 20, 1634 - June 12, 1675) was the Duke of Savoy from 1638 to 1675 and under regency of his mother Christine Marie until 1663. ... The House of Savoy was a dynasty of nobles who traditionally had their domain in Savoy (a small region between Piedmont, Italy, and France). ... Events January 24 - King Charles II of England disbands Parliament August 7 - The brigantine Le Griffon, which was commissioned by René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, is towed to the southern end of the Niagara River, to become the first ship to sail the upper Great Lakes. ... The Libro dOro (Italian: Golden Book) as list of the noblemen existed in many italian states and cities. ... Area: 311. ... Events January 27 - The trial of Guy Fawkes and other conspirators begins ending in their execution on January 31 May 17 - Supporters of Vasili Shusky invade the Kremlin and kill Premier Dmitri December 26 - Shakespeares King Lear performed in court Storm buries a village of St Ismails near... --69. ... Pontikonisi island in the background with the Vlaheraina Monastery in the foreground. ... 1799 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

Minister of the Septinsular Republic

After two years of revolutionary freedom, triggered by the French Revolution and the ascendancy of Napoleon, the seven Ionian islands were recognised in 1801 by Russia and the Ottoman Empire as a free and independent state — the Septinsular Republic — ruled by its nobles. Capodistria, substituting for his father, became one of two ministers of the new state. Thus, at the age of 25, Capodistria became involved in politics. In Cephallonia he was successful in convincing the populace to remain united and disciplined to avoid foreign intervention and, by his argument and sheer courage, he faced and appeased rebellious opposition without conflict. With the same peaceful determination he established authority in all the seven islands. He listened to the voice of the people and initiated democratic changes to the "Byzantine Constitution" that the Russian-Ottoman alliance had imposed, which caused the Great Powers to send an envoy, George Motsenigo, to reprimand him. However, when the envoy met Capodistria, he was impressed by the political and ethical worth of the man. When elections were carried for a new Senate, Capodistria was unanimously appointed as Chief Minister of State. In December, 1803, a less feudal and more liberal and democratic constitution was voted by the Senate. As a minister of state he organised the public sector, putting particular emphasis on education. The French Revolution (1789–1799) was a pivotal period in the history of French, European and Western civilization. ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... // Headline text This article is about the group of islands west of Greece. ... The Union Jack, flag of the newly formed United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. ... Motto: دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem: Ottoman imperial anthem At the height of its power (1683) Capital Söğüt (1299-1326) Bursa (1326-1365) Edirne (1365-1453) Constantinople (Istanbul) (1453-1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 Osman I  - 1918–1922 Mehmed VI... A republic that existed from 1800 to 1807 under joined Russian-Turkish sovereignity in the Ionian Islands. ... The Lords and Barons prove their Nobility by hanging their Banners and exposing their Coats-of-arms at the Windows of the Lodge of the Heralds. ... Kefalonia also known as Cephalonia, Kefallinia, or Cefalonia (Ancient Greek: Κεφαλλήνια Modern Greek: Κεφαλλονιά), is the largest of the Ionian Islands in western Greece. ... In the context of international relations and diplomacy, power (sometimes clarified as international power, national power, or state power) is the ability of one state to influence or control other states. ... A senate is a deliberative body, often the upper house or chamber of a legislature. ... 1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

Russian diplomatic service

A statue of John Capodistria in Panepistimiou Street, in front of the National Capodistrian University, Athens

In 1809 Capodistria entered the service of Alexander I of Russia. His first important mission, in November 1813, was as unofficial Russian ambassador to Switzerland, with the task of helping disentangle the country from the French dominance imposed by Napoleon. He secured Swiss unity, independence and neutrality, which were formally guaranteed by the Great Powers, and actively facilitated the initiation of a new Constitution for the 19 cantons that were the component states of Switzerland, with personal drafts. In the ensuing Congress of Vienna, 1815, as the Russian minister, he counterbalanced the paramount influence of the Austrian minister, Prince Metternich, and insisted on French state unity under a Bourbon monarch. He also obtained new international guarantees for the Constitution and neutrality of Switzerland through an agreement among the Powers. After these brilliant diplomatic successes, Alexander I appointed Capodistria joint Foreign Minister of Russia (with Karl Robert Nesselrode). Ioannis Kapodistrias statue (190px). ... 1809 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Aleksander I Pavlovich Romanov (Russian: Александр I Павлович) (December 23, 1777–December 1, 1825), was Emperor of Russia from March 23, 1801–December 1, 1825 and King of Poland from 1815–1825, as well as the first Grand Duke of Finland. ... 1813 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... The twenty-six cantons of Switzerland are the states of the federal state of Switzerland. ... The Congress of Vienna by Jean-Baptiste Isabey, 1819. ... The Battle of New Orleans 1815 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Klemens Wenzel von Metternich Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar Fürst von Metternich-Winneberg-Beilstein (May 15, 1773 - June 11, 1858) (sometimes rendered in English as Prince Clemens Metternich) was an Austrian politician and statesman and perhaps the most important diplomat of his era. ... Also see:  Early Modern France The House of Bourbon is an important European royal house. ... Count Karl Robert Nesselrode (December 14, 1780 - March 23, 1862) was a Russian diplomat and a leading European conservative statesman of the Holy Alliance. ...

He was always keenly interested in the cause of his native country, and in particular the state of affairs in the Seven Islands, which in a few decades’ time had passed from French revolutionary influence to Russian protection and then British rule. He always tried to attract his Emperor's attention to matters Greek.

Capodistria visited his Ionian homeland, by then under British rule, in 1818, and in 1819 he went to London to discuss the islanders' grievances with the British government, who told him that the islands were none of Russia's business. Capodistria became increasingly active in support of Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire, and in 1822 this led to his resignation as Foreign Minister. 1818 (MDCCCXVIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar. ... 1819 common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... London (pronounced ) is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom. ... Combatants Greek revolutionaries, United Kingdom, Russia, France Ottoman Empire, Egyptian troops Commanders Theodoros Kolokotronis, Alexander Ypsilanti Omer Vryonis, Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt. ... Motto: دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem: Ottoman imperial anthem At the height of its power (1683) Capital Söğüt (1299-1326) Bursa (1326-1365) Edirne (1365-1453) Constantinople (Istanbul) (1453-1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 Osman I  - 1918–1922 Mehmed VI... 1822 (MDCCCXXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

Return to Greece

Capodistria retired to Geneva, where he was greatly esteemed, having been made an Honorary Citizen for his past services to Swiss unity and particularly to the cantons. In 1827 he learned that the newly-formed Greek National Assembly had, as he was the most illustrious Greek-born politician in Europe, elected him as the first head of state of newly-liberated Greece, with the title of Kivernetis (Κυβερνήτης - Governor). Geneva (pronunciation //; French: Genève //, German: //, Italian: Ginevra) is the second most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich), and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French-speaking part of Switzerland). ... Naval Battle of Navarino by Carneray 1827 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

After touring Europe to rally support for the Greek cause, Capodistria landed at Nafplio in January 1828. It was the first time he had ever set foot on the Greek mainland, and he found a discouraging situation there. Even while fighting against the Ottomans was still going on, factional and dynastic conflicts had led to two civil wars which ravaged the country. Greece was bankrupt and the Greeks were unable to form a united national government. Náfplio (Ναύπλιον) is a town on the Peloponnese in Greece. ... 1828 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

Administration

Capodistria on the Greek 20 lepta (20 cent) coin

On his arrival, Capodistria launched a major reform and modernisation programme that covered all areas. He re-established military unity, bringing an end to the second phase of the civil war; re-organised the military, which was then able to reconquer territory lost to the Ottoman military during the civil wars; introduced the first modern quarantine system in Greece, which brought epidemics like typhoid fever, cholera and dysentery under control for the first time since the start of the War of Independence; negotiated with the Great Powers and the Ottoman Empire the borders and the degree of independence of the Greek state and signed the peace treaty that ended the War of Independence with the Ottomans; introduced the phoenix, the first modern Greek currency; organised local administration; and, in an effort to raise the living standards of the population, introduced the cultivation of the potato into Greece. Image of euro coinage. ... Quarantine, a medical term (from Italian: quaranta giorni, forty days) is the act of keeping people or animals separated for a period of time before, for instance, allowing them to enter another country. ... Typhoid fever is an illness caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. ... Cholera is a water-borne disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, which is typically ingested by drinking contaminated water, or by eating improperly cooked fish, especially shellfish. ... Dysentery is an illness (formerly known as the bloody flux or simply flux) involving severe diarrhea that is often associated with blood in the feces. ... Phoenix (Greek Φοίνιξ). The first currency of the modern Greek state. ... Binomial name Solanum tuberosum L. The potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a perennial plant of the Solanaceae, or nightshade, family, commonly grown for its starchy tuber. ...

The way Capodistrias introduced the cultivation of the potato remains famously anecdotal today. Having ordered a shipment of potatoes, at first he ordered that they should be offered to anyone who would be interested. However the potatoes were met with indifference by the population and the whole scheme seemed to be failing. Therefore Capodistrias, knowing of the contemporary Greek attitudes, ordered that the whole shipment of potatoes be unloaded in public display on the docks of Nafplion, and placed severe-looking guards guarding it. Soon, rumours circulated that for the potatoes to be so well guarded they had to be of great importance. People would gather to look at the so-important potatoes and soon some tried to steal them. The guards had been ordered in advance to turn a blind eye to such behaviour, and soon the potatoes had all been "stolen" and Capodistria's plan to introduce them to Greece had succeeded.

Furthermore, as part of his programme he tried to undermine the authority of the traditional clans or dynasties which he considered the useless legacy of a bygone and obsolete era. However, he underestimated the political and military strength of the capetanei (καπεταναίοι - commanders) who had led the revolt against Turkey in 1821, and who had expected a leadership role in the post-revolution Government. When a dispute between the capetanei of Laconia and the appointed governor of the province escalated into an armed conflict, he called in Russian troops to restore order, because much of the army was controlled by capetanei who were part of the rebellion. The coronation banquet for George IV 1821 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Laconia (; see also List of traditional Greek place names), also known as Lacedaemonia, was in ancient Greece the portion of the Peloponnese of which the most important city was Sparta. ...

Assassination

Icon of St. Spyridon gazes down upon the spot where Capodistria was assassinated

In 1831 Capodistria ordered the imprisonment of Petrobey Mavromichalis, the Bey of the Mani Peninsula, one of the wildest and most rebellious parts of Greece. This was a mortal offence to the Mavromichalis family, and on October 9, 1831 (September 27 in the Julian Calendar) Capodistria was assassinated by Petrobey's brother Konstantis and son Georgios on the steps of the church of Saint Spyridon in Nafplio. Capodistria woke up early in the morning and decided to go to church this Sunday despite the urges of his servants and bodyguards to stay at home. When he reached the church he saw his assassins waiting outside and continued walking towards the entrance. When he reached them Konstantis and Georgios came close to him to greet him and suddenly Konstantis drew his pistol and fired at him but he missed and the bullet stuck in the church's wall where it is still visible today. Then, without delay, he drew his dagger and stabbed him in the stomach while Georgios finished him off by shooting him in the head. Konstantis was shot by General Fotomaras who watched the murder scene from his window and by Capodistria's bodyguard (he tried to escape but the enraged crowd beat him to death). Georgios managed to escape and hide in the French Embassy; after a few days he surrendered to the Greek authorities. He was sentenced to death by a court-martial and was executed by firing squad. His last wish was that the firing squad not shoot his face, and his last words were "Peace Brothers!" Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Petros Mavromichalis (1765-1848) (in Greek Πέτρος Μαυρομιχάλης) also known as Petrobey (Πετρομπέης), was the leader of the Maniot people during the first half of... Bey is the Turkish word for chieftain, traditionally applied to the leaders of small tribal groups. ... Map of Greece highlighting the Mani peninsula. ... September 27 is the 270th day of the year (271st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Julian calendar was introduced in 46 BC by Julius Caesar and took force in 45 BC (709 ab urbe condita). ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... Gorgeos Mavromichalis was son of the great Maniot primate Petros Mavromichalis. ... Saint Spyridon (Greek c. ... Náfplio (Ναύπλιον) is a town on the Peloponnese in Greece. ...

Ioannis Kapodistrias was succeeded as Governor by his younger brother, Augustinos Kapodistrias. Augustinos ruled only for six months, during which the country was very much plunged into chaos. Consequently King Otto was given the throne of the newly founded Kingdom of Greece. Augustinos Kapodistrias (in Greek Αυγουστίνος Καποδίστριας , 1778- 1857). ... A Youthful Portrait of King Otto of Greece King Otto of Greece, (Greek: Όθων, Βασιλεύς της Ελλάδος) also Prince of Bavaria (June 1, 1815 - July 26, 1867) was made the first modern king of Greece in 1832 under the Convention of London, whereby Greece became a new independent kingdom under the protection of the... Official Tourist Site HR-Net (Hellenic Resources Network)/ comprehensive Greek news site Official Greek Statistics Site Ask for Greece/ A volunteer community for Q&As about Greece Greece Museums/ Museum directory of Greece Take a short virtual tour of Athens Take a long virtual tour of Athens Greece Webcam Radio...

Legacy

Capodistria is greatly honoured in Greece today. The University of Athens is named "Capodistrian" in his honour; the 20-lepta coin bears his face, as did the 20 drachmas coin before the introduction of the euro, and a local re-organisation programme that reduced the number of municipalities in the late 1990s also carries his name. The fears that Britain, France and Russia had of any liberal and Republican movement at the time, due to the Reign of Terror in the French Revolution, led them to insist on Greece becoming a monarchy after Capodistria's death. The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (Greek: Εθνικόν και Καποδιστριακόν Πανεπιστήμιον Αθηνών), usually referred to simply as the University of Athens, is the oldest university in the region of the eastern Mediterranean and has been in continuous operation since its establishment in 1837. ... Lepton pl. ... Drachma, pl. ... A Phrygian cap from 1790s France, it reads: The Reign of Terror (5 September 1793 – 28 July 1794) or simply The Terror (French: la Terreur) was a period in the French Revolution characterized by brutal repression. ...

Russian and Soviet Foreign Ministers

Ivan Viskovatyi | Vasily and Andrey Shchelkalov | Ivan Gramotin | Pyotr Tretyakov | Almaz Ivanov | Afanasy Ordin-Naschokin | Artamon Matveyev | Vasily Golitsyn | Emelian Ukraintsev | Lev Naryshkin | Fyodor Golovin | Peter Shafirov | Gavrila Golovkin | Andrey Osterman | Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin | Mikhailo Vorontsov | Nikita Panin | Ivan Osterman | Alexander Bezborodko | Feodor Rostopchin | Nikita Panin Jr. | Viktor Kochubey | Alexander Vorontsov | Adam Jerzy Czartoryski | Andrei Budberg | Nikolay Rumyantsev | John Capodistria | Karl Robert Nesselrode | Alexander Gorchakov | Nicholas de Giers | Aleksey Borisovich Lobanov-Rostovsky|Alexis Lobanoff de Rostoff | Nikolay Shishkin | Mikhail Muravyov | Vladimir Lambsdorff | Alexander Izvolsky | Alexander Sazonov | Nikolay Pokrovsky | Pavel Milyukov | Mikhail Tereshchenko | Leon Trotsky | Georgy Chicherin | Maxim Litvinov | Vyacheslav Molotov | Andrey Vyshinsky | Dmitri Shepilov | Andrey Gromyko | Eduard Shevardnadze | Aleksandr Bessmertnykh | Boris Pankin | Andrey Kozyrev | Yevgeny Primakov | Igor Ivanov | Sergey Lavrov Augustinos Kapodistrias (in Greek Αυγουστίνος Καποδίστριας , 1778- 1857). ... This page lists foreign ministers of Russian Empire, Soviet Union, and Russian Federation: // Heads of Posolsky Prikaz, 1549-1699 Ivan Viskovatyi 1549-70 Brothers Vasily and Andrey Shchelkalov 1570-1601 Ivan Gramotin 1605-06, 1610-12, 1618-26, 1634-35 Pyotr Tretyakov 1608-10, 1613-18 Almaz Ivanov 1635-67... Russian coat of arms This image depicts a seal, an emblem, a coat of arms or a crest. ... Ivan Mikhailovich Viskovatiy (Viskovatov) (Иван Михайлович Висковатый (Висковатов) in Russian) (d. ... Vasily Yakovlevich Shchelkalov (Василий Яковлевич Щелкалов in Russian) (? – 1610 or 1611) and Andrey Yakovlevich Shchelkalov (Андрей Яковлевич Щелкалов) (? - c. ... Ivan Taraseivich Gramotin (? - 1638) was a Russian diplomat and head of the Posolsky Prikaz. ... Almaz (Yerofey) Ivanovich Ivanov (Алмаз (Ерофей) Иванович Иванов in Russian) (? — April 27 (May 7), 1669) was a Russian statesman. ... Afanasy Lavrentievich Ordin-Naschokin (1605 - 1680) was one of the greatest Russian statesmen of the 17th century. ... Artamon Sergeyevich Matveyev (Артамон Сергеевич Матвеев in Russian) (1625 - 1682) was a Russian statesman, diplomat and Ukraine and took part in some of Russias wars with Poland. ... Peter I permitted the Galitzines to take an emblem of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as their coat of arms Galitzine, more correctly Golitsyn (Russian: Голицын), is one of the largest and noblest princely houses of Russia. ... Emelian (also spelled Yemelian) Ignatievich Ukraintsev (Емельян Игнатьевич Украинцев in Russian) (1641 - September 12(23), 1708) was a Russian diplomat and statesman. ... Count Feodor Alekseyevich Golovin (1650 - 1706) was the last Russian boyar and the first Russian chancellor. ... Baron Peter Pavlovich Shafirov (1670 - 1739), Russian statesman, one of the ablest coadjutors of Peter the Great, was of obscure, and in all probability of Jewish, extraction. ... 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Count Ivan Andreyevich Osterman (Russian: Иван Андреевич Остерман) (1725 - 1811) was a Russian statesman, son of Andrei Osterman. ... Prince Alexander Andreyevich Bezborodko (1747-1799) was the Grand Chancellor of Russia and chief architect of the Catherine the Greats foreign policy after the death of Nikita Panin. ... Count Fyodor Vasilievich Rostopchin (Фёдор Васильевич Ростопчин in Russian) (3. ... Count Nikita Petrovich Panin (Russian: Ники́та Петро́вич Па́нин) (1770 - 1837), a famous Russian diplomat, vice-chancellor, State Chancellor 6 Oct 1799 - 18 Nov 1800 (acting). ... Count Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey Russian: (1768-1834) is Russian statesman and a close aide of Alexander I of Russia. ... Count Alexander Romanovich Vorontsov (Russian: ) (1741–1805) was the Russian imperial chancellor during the early years of Alexander Is reign. ... Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, in English: Adam George Czartoryski (January 14, 1770 — July 15, 1861), Polish szlachcic, statesman and author, son of Prince Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski and Izabela Fleming (it is rumoured he was a fruit of her liaison with Russian ambassador to Poland Nikolai Repnin[1]). He was known... Count Andrei Yakovlevich Budberg (Russian: Андрей Яковлевич Будберг; 1750-1812) was a Russian diplomat who served as Foreign Minister in 1806-07. ... The Rumyantsev family were the Russian counts prominent in the imperial politics of the 18th and early 19th century. ... Count Karl Robert Nesselrode (December 14, 1780 - March 23, 1862) was a Russian diplomat and a leading European conservative statesman of the Holy Alliance. ... Pushkins portrait of Alexander Gorchakov Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov (1798-1883) was a Russian statesman from the Gorchakov princely family. ... Nikolay Karlovich Giers (1820-1895) was a Russian Foreign Minister during the reign of Alexander III. He was one of the architects of the Franco-Russian Alliance, which was later transformed into the Triple Entente. ... Prince Aleksey Borisovič Lobanov-Rostovskiy (December 30, 1824 - August 30, 1896) was a Russian statesman, probably best remembered for having published the Russian Genealogical Book (in 2 volumes). ... See also: Mikhail Muravyov Count Mikhail Nikolayevich Muraviev (Михаил Николаевич Муравьёв in Russian) (April 19, 1845 - June 21, 1900) was a Russian statesman who advocated transfer of Russian foreign... Count Vladimir Nikolayevich Lambsdorff or Lamsdorf (1845 – 1907) was Russian foreign minister (1901 – 1906). ... Alexander Petrovich Izvolski (1856 – Russian diplomat. ... Sergey Dmitrievich Sazonov (1860 – 1927) was Russian foreign minister (1910 – 1916). ... Nikolai Nikolayevich Pokrovsky (Russian: Николай Николаевич Покровский) (1865, St Petersburg - December of 1930) was a Russian politician and the last foreign minister of the Russian Empire. ... Pavel Nikolayevich Milyukov (Cyrillic: Павел Николаевич Милюков) (1859-1943) was (alongside Vladimir Lenin and Peter Stolypin) the greatest Russian politician of pre-revolutionary years. ... Mikhail Ivanovich Tereshchenko (Russian: ) (March 18, 1886, Kiev – April 1, 1956, Monaco) was a foreign minister of Russia from May 5 of 1917 to October 25 of 1917. ...   (Russian: Лев Давидович Троцкий) (Latinized: Lev Davidovič Trokij; also transliterated Leo, Lev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij, Trockij and Trotzky) (November 7, 1879 [O.S. October 26] – August 21, 1940), born Lev Davidovich Bronstein (Лев Давидович Бронштейн), was a Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxist theorist. ... Georgy Vasilyevich Chicherin (Russian: Георгий Чичерин) (1872–1936) was Peoples Commissar of Foreign Affairs in the Soviet government from 1918 to 1930. ... Maxim Litvinov Maxim Maksimovich Litvinov (ru: Макси́м Макси́мович Литви́нов) (July 17, 1876–December 31, 1951) was a Russian revolutionary and prominent Soviet diplomat. ... Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov (Russian: , Vjačeslav Mihajlovič Molotov; March 9, 1890 [O.S. February 25] – November 8, 1986), Soviet politician and diplomat, was a leading figure in the Soviet government from the 1920s, when he rose to power as a protégé of Joseph Stalin, to the 1950s, when he... Andrey Yanuaryevich Vyshinsky (Андре́й Януа́рьевич Выши́нский) (December 10 [November 28, Old Style], 1883–November 22, 1954), also spelt Vishinsky, Vyshinski, was a Soviet jurist... Dmitri Shepilov Dmitri Trofimovich Shepilov (Russian: Дмитрий Трофимович Шепилов) (23 October 1905 (Old Style, Askhabad — 8 August 1995, Moscow) was a Soviet politician and foreign minister who joined the abortive plot to oust Nikita Khruschev from power in 1957. ... Andrei Andreyevitch Gromyko (Андре́й Андре́евич Громы́ко) (July 5, 1909 – July 2, 1989) was foreign minister and chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet... Eduard Amvrosiyevich Shevardnadze (Georgian: ედუარდ შევარდნაძე, Russian: Эдуа́рд Амвро́сьевич Шевардна́&#1076... Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Bessmertnykh (Александр Александрович Бессмертных in Russian) (born 1933) briefly served as foreign minister of the USSR during 1991. ... Boris Pankin was a Russian Foreign Minister in 1991. ... Andrey Vladimirovich Kozyrev (born March 27, 1951) was the foreign minister of Russia under Boris Yeltsin from October 1990 until his dismissal in January 1996. ... Yevgeny Primakov Yevgeny Maksimovich Primakov (Евгений Максимович Примаков) (born October 29, 1929) is a former Chairman (predsedatel) of the government of the Russian Federation. ... Igor Sergeyevich Ivanov (Russian, Игорь Сергеевич Иванов) became Russias Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1998, succeeding Yevgeny Primakov. ... Sergey Lavrov. ...