Portrait of John Smeaton, with the Eddystone Lighthouse in the background John Smeaton, FRS, (June 8, 1724 – October 28, 1792) was a civil engineer – often regarded as the "father of civil engineering" – responsible for the design of bridges, canals, harbours and lighthouses. He was also a more than capable mechanical engineer and an eminent physicist. He was associated with the Lunar Society. He was the first self-proclaimed civil engineer. Download high resolution version (850x1036, 128 KB) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...
Download high resolution version (850x1036, 128 KB) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...
June 8 is the 159th day of the year (160th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Events January 14 - King Philip V of Spain abdicates the throne February 20 - The premiere of Giulio Cesare, an Italian opera by George Frideric Handel, takes place in London June 23 - Treaty of Constantinople signed. ...
October 28 is the 301st day of the year (302nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 64 days remaining. ...
1792 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...
A civil engineer is a person who practices civil engineering. ...
A log bridge in the French Alps near Vallorcine. ...
The Canal du Midi, Toulouse, France Canals are man-made channels for water. ...
A harbor (or harbour) or haven is a place where ships may shelter from the weather or are stored. ...
A HDR image of a traditional lighthouse For other uses, see Lighthouse (disambiguation). ...
Mechanical engineering is the application of physical principles to the creation of useful devices, objects and machines. ...
Articles with similar titles include physician, a person who practices medicine. ...
The Lunar Society was a discussion club of prominent industrialists and scientists, who met regularly between 1765 and 1813 in Birmingham, England. ...
Law and physics He was born in Austhorpe, Leeds, England. After studying at Leeds Grammar School, he joined his father's law firm, but then left to become a mathematical instrument maker (working with Henry Hindley), developing, among other instruments, a pyrometer to study material expansion and a whirling speculum or horizontal top (a maritime navigation aid). Austhorpe is a suburb of Leeds. ...
Leeds is a major city in West Yorkshire, England. ...
Motto (French) God and my right Anthem No official anthem - the United Kingdom anthem God Save the Queen is commonly used England() – on the European continent() – in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto) Unified - by Athelstan 927 AD Area - Total 130...
Leeds Grammar School was a Public School situated in Leeds in operation between 1552 and 2005. ...
Henry Hindley was an 18th century clockmaker and maker of scientific instruments. ...
A pyrometer is a temperature measuring device, which may consist of several different arrangements. ...
Table of geography, hydrography, and navigation, from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. ...
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1753, and in 1759 won the Copley Medal for his research into the mechanics of waterwheels and windmills. His paper addressed the relationship between pressure and velocity for objects moving in air, and his concepts were subsequently developed to devise the 'Smeaton Co-efficient'. The Fellowship of the Royal Society was founded in 1660. ...
1753 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...
1759 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...
The Copley Medal is a scientific award for work in any field of science, the highest award granted by the Royal Society of London. ...
An overshot water wheel standing 42 feet high powers the Old Mill at Berry College in Rome, Georgia A water wheel (also waterwheel, Norse mill, Persian wheel or noria) is a hydropower system; a system for extracting power from a flow of water. ...
A Dutch tower windmill, sporting sails, surrounded by tulips A windmill is an engine powered by the wind to produce energy, often contained in a large building as in traditional post mills, smock mills and tower mills. ...
However, over the period 1759-1782, he performed a series of further experiments and measurements on waterwheels that led him to support and champion the vis viva theory of German Gottfried Leibniz, an early formulation of conservation of energy. This led him into conflict with members of the academic establishment who rejected Leibniz's theory, believing it inconsistent with Sir Isaac Newton's conservation of momentum. The debate was sadly marred by unfortunate nationalistic sentiments on the establishment's part. 1782 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...
Vis Viva is the principle that the difference between the aggregate work of the accelerating forces of a system and that of the retarding forces is equal to one half the vis viva accumulated or lost in the system while the work is being done. ...
It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles. ...
Conservation of energy states that the total amount of energy in an isolated system remains constant, although it may change forms (for instance, friction turns kinetic energy into thermal energy). ...
Sir Isaac Newton, (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727) [ OS: 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727][1] was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, and alchemist, regarded by many as the greatest figure in the history of science. ...
In physics, a conservation law states that a particular measurable property of an isolated physical system does not change as the system evolves. ...
Civil engineering Recommended by the Royal Society, Smeaton designed the third Eddystone Lighthouse (1755-59). He pioneered the use of 'hydraulic lime' (a form of mortar which will set under water) and developed a technique involving dovetailed blocks of granite in the building of the lighthouse. His lighthouse remained in use until 1877 when - with the rock underlying the structure's foundations beginning to erode - it was dismantled and partially rebuilt at Plymouth Hoe. He is important in the history of the development of cement, because he identified the compositional requirements needed to obtain "hydraulicity" in lime; work which led ultimately to the invention of Portland cement. The Eddystone Lighthouse is situated some 9 miles (15km) South West of Rame Head Cornwall, England on the treacherous Eddystone Rocks 50°10. ...
Hydraulic lime is a variety of slaked lime used to make mortar. ...
Mortar holding weathered bricks. ...
Plymouth Hoe from Mountbatten Plymouth Hoe, referred to locally as the Hoe, is a large public space in the English port city of Plymouth. ...
In the most general sense of the word, cement is a binder, a substance which sets and hardens independently, and can bind other materials together. ...
Sampling fast set Portland cement Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general usage, as it is a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar and plaster. ...
Deciding that he wanted to focus on the lucrative field of civil engineering, he commenced an extensive series of commissions, including:
Because of his expertise in engineering, Smeaton was called to testify in a court for a case related to the silting-up of the harbour at Wells-next-the-Sea in Norfolk in 1782. He is considered to be the first expert witness to appear in an English court. Looking towards the terminal basin of the Calder and Hebble Navigation, from a point near the junction with the Rochdale Canal The Calder and Hebble Navigation is a wide-locked (140) navigable inland waterway system in West Yorkshire, England. ...
Coldstream Bridge, linking Coldstream, Scottish Borders with Cornhill, Northumberland, is an 18th century Grade II* listed bridge between England and Scotland, across the River Tweed. ...
There are other rivers with this name: see Tweed River The River Tweed at Abbotsford, near Melrose The River Tweed at Coldstream The River Tweed (156 kilometres or 97 miles long) flows primarily through the Borders region of Scotland. ...
Old Ford Lock, Lee Navigation The River Lee Navigation is a canalised river incorporating - as the name suggests - the River Lee (also known as the River Lea). ...
Perth (Scottish Gaelic: ) is a royal burgh in central Scotland. ...
The River Tay looking eastwards from Perth The River Tay, in terms of flow (193 kilometres or 120 miles), is the longest river in Scotland. ...
Newark (also Newark-on-Trent) is a town in Nottinghamshire, located on the River Trent. ...
Torontos Bloor Street Viaduct bridges the Don valley; road traffic uses the upper deck, rail traffic uses the lower deck. ...
For other uses see Trent River. ...
Nottinghamshire (abbreviated Notts) is an English county in the East Midlands, which borders South Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Leicestershire and Derbyshire. ...
The Forth and Clyde Canal is a canal in Scotland. ...
Grangemouth petrochemical works, November 2006 A map of Grangemouth from 1945 Grangemouth is a town and former burgh in the council area of Falkirk, Scotland, and formerly in the County of Stirling. ...
“Glaswegian†redirects here. ...
Banff and Macduff are twin burghs in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. ...
Aberdeen (IPA: ; Scottish Gaelic: ) is Scotlands third largest city with a population of 202,370. ...
There is also a suburb of Adelaide named Peterhead, South Australia Peterhead called Ceann Phadraig in Gaelic is a town in Scotland with a population of approximately 18,000. ...
Ramsgate is an English seaside town on the Isle of Thanet in East Kent. ...
Hexham is a large market town in Northumberland, England, located south of the River Tyne. ...
The Birmingham and Fazeley Canal is a canal in the West Midlands of England, between Birmingham and Fazeley, just outside Tamworth. ...
This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ...
Charlestown (Cornish: Porthmeur) is a working port near St Austell, Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. ...
Cornwall (pronounced ; Cornish: ) is a county in south-west England, United Kingdom, on the peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar and Devon. ...
The quay from the sea wall. ...
Norfolk (IPA: //) is a low-lying county in East Anglia in the east of southern England. ...
1782 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...
An expert witness is a witness, who by virtue of education, profession, publication or experience, is believed to have special knowledge of his or her subject beyond that of the average person, sufficient that others may officially (and legally) rely upon his opinion. ...
Mechanical engineer Employing his skills as a mechanical engineer, he devised a water engine for the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew in 1761 and a watermill at Alston, Cumbria in 1767 (he is credited by some for inventing the cast iron axle shaft for waterwheels). In 1782 he built the Chimney Mill at Spital Tongues in Newcastle upon Tyne, the first 5-sailed smock mill in Britain. He also improved Thomas Newcomen's atmospheric steam engine, erecting one at Chasewater mine in Cornwall in 1775. “Kew Gardens†redirects here. ...
Kew is a place in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames in South West London. ...
Statistics Population: 1,128 Ordnance Survey OS grid reference: NY716462 Administration District: Eden Shire county: Cumbria Region: North West England Constituent country: England Sovereign state: United Kingdom Other Ceremonial county: Cumbria Historic county: Cumberland Services Police force: Cumbria Constabulary Ambulance service: North West Post office and telephone Post town: ALSTON...
Cumbria (IPA: ), is a shire county in the extreme North West of England. ...
Chimney Mill, 2006. ...
This article is about a city in the United Kingdom. ...
The Smock mill is a type of windmill which consists of a wooden tower, usually with six or eight sides, on top of which is a roof or cap, which can rotate to bring the sails into the wind. ...
Thomas Newcomen (baptised 24 February 1664; died 5 August 1729) was an ironmonger by trade, and a Baptist lay preacher by calling. ...
// The term steam engine may also refer to an entire railroad steam locomotive. ...
Legacy Highly regarded by other engineers, he contributed to the Lunar Society and founded the Society of Civil Engineers in 1771. He coined the term civil engineers to distinguish them from military engineers graduating from the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich. After his death, the Society was renamed the Smeatonian Society, and was a forerunner of the Institution of Civil Engineers, established in 1818. The Lunar Society was a discussion club of prominent industrialists and scientists, who met regularly between 1765 and 1813 in Birmingham, England. ...
1771 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...
The Royal Military Academy was founded in 1741 in Woolwich, south-east London. ...
Woolwich is a suburb in south-east London, England in the London Borough of Greenwich, on the south side of the River Thames, though the tiny exclave of North Woolwich (which is now part of the London Borough of Newham) is on the north side of the river. ...
The Institutions headquarters Founded on 2 January 1818, the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) is an independent professional association, based in central London, representing civil engineers. ...
1818 (MDCCCXVIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar. ...
His pupils included canal engineer William Jessop and architect and engineer Benjamin Latrobe. William Jessop (23 January 1745 - 18 November 1814) was a noted English civil engineer, particularly famed for his work on canals, harbours and early railways in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. ...
Benjamin Henry Boneval Latrobe (May 1, 1764 - September 3, 1820) was a British-born American architect best known for his design of the United States Capitol. ...
He died after suffering a stroke while walking in the garden of his family home at Austhorpe, and was buried in the parish church at Whitkirk, West Yorkshire. Stroke is the clinical designation for a rapidly developing loss of brain function due to an interruption in the blood supply to all or part of the brain. ...
Whitkirk is a district of east Leeds in the county of West Yorkshire, England, situated between Cross Gates to the north, Austhorpe to the east, Killingbeck to the west, Colton to the south-east and Halton to the south-west. ...
John Smeaton lends his name to a high school in the suburbs of Leeds, adjacent to the Pendas Fields estate near Austhorpe. He is also mentioned in the song I Predict a Riot (as a symbol of a more dignified and peaceful epoch in Leeds history) by the Kaiser Chiefs, who are natives of Leeds. Pendas Fields is a private housing estate in Leeds, West Yorkshire. ...
Employment track listing Everyday I Love You Less and Less (1) I Predict a Riot (2) Modern Way (3) I Predict a Riot is a song by Kaiser Chiefs, appearing on their debut album Employment. ...
Kaiser Chiefs are an English band from Leeds formed early in 1997. ...
External links - John Smeaton information at Structurae
- Structure Details: Chimney Mill
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