John Vincent Atanasoff (October 4, 1903 – June 15, 1995) was an American physicist of Bulgarian descent. The 1973 decision of the patent suit Honeywell v. Sperry Rand named him the inventor of the first automatic electronic digital computer, a special-purpose machine that has come to be called the Atanasoff-Berry Computer. John Atanasoff This work is copyrighted. ... October 4 is the 277th day of the year (278th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1900 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Friday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... Hamilton is a town located in Madison County, New York. ... June 15 is the 166th day of the year (167th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ... Location in Maryland Coordinates: Country United States State Maryland County Frederick Founded 1745 Government  - Mayor William J. Holtzinger (R)  - Board of Alderman Marcia Hall (D) Alan E. Imhoff (R) David P. Koontz (D) Donna K. Ramsburg (D) C. Paul Smith (R) Area  - City  20. ... October 4 is the 277th day of the year (278th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1900 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Friday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... June 15 is the 166th day of the year (167th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ... Articles with similar titles include physician, a person who practices medicine. ... Honeywell, Inc. ... A BlueGene supercomputer cabinet. ... Atanasoff-Berry Computer replica at 1st floor of Durham Center, Iowa State University The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) was one of the first electronic digital computing device. ...

Education

John Atanasoff (a-ta-NA-soff) was born in Hamilton, New York and raised in Brewster, Florida, the son of an electrical engineer. At the age of nine he learned to use a slide rule, followed shortly by the study of logarithms, and subsequently completed high school at Mulberry High School in two years. In 1925, Atanasoff received his Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering from the University of Florida, graduating with straight A's. Hamilton is a town located in Madison County, New York. ... Brewster is a place in southwest Polk County, Florida, located at 27°459 North, 81°5847 West. ... A typical 10 inch student slide rule (Pickett N902-T simplex trig). ... Above is the graph plots of Logarithms to various bases: is to base e, is to base 10, and is to base 1. ... Main article: Secondary education High school is a name used in some parts of the world, and particularly in North America, to describe the last segment of compulsory education. ... Mulberry High School (also referred to as Mulberry Senior High School) is a four-year public high school located in Mulberry, Florida, serving the city and surrounding areas. ... Year 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Electrical Engineers design power systems… … and complex electronic circuits. ... The University of Florida (commonly referred to as Florida or UF) is a public land-grant, space-grant, research university located in Gainesville, Florida. ...

He continued his education at Iowa State College and in 1926 earned a master's degree in mathematics. He completed his formal education in 1930 by earning a Ph.D. in theoretical physics from the University of Wisconsin-Madison with his thesis, The Dielectric Constant of Helium. Upon completion of his doctorate, Atanasoff accepted an assistant professorship at Iowa State College in mathematics and physics. Iowa State University (ISU) is a public land-grant university located in Ames, Iowa. ... 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar). ... “M.S.” redirects here. ... Euclid, Greek mathematician, 3rd century BC, as imagined by by Raphael in this detail from The School of Athens. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. ... Theoretical physics employs mathematical models and abstractions of physics, as opposed to experimental processes, in an attempt to understand nature. ... The University of Wisconsin–Madison (also known as UW–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin, or UW) is a highly selective public research university located in Madison, Wisconsin. ... The meaning of the word professor (Latin: one who claims publicly to be an expert) varies. ... Euclid, Greek mathematician, 3rd century BC, as imagined by by Raphael in this detail from The School of Athens. ... The first few hydrogen atom electron orbitals shown as cross-sections with color-coded probability density Physics (Greek: (phúsis), nature and (phusiké), knowledge of nature) is the branch of science concerned with the discovery and characterization of universal laws which govern matter, energy, space, and time. ...

Computer development

Partly due to the drudgery of using the mechanical Monroe calculator, which was the best tool available to him while he was writing his doctoral thesis, Atanasoff began to search for faster methods. At Iowa State, Atanasoff researched the use of slaved Monroe calculators and IBM tabulators for scientific problems. In 1936 he invented an analog calculator for analyzing surface geometry. The fine mechanical tolerance required for good accuracy pushed him to consider digital solutions. The Monroe Calculator Company was a leading maker of adding machines and calculators founded in 1912 by Jay R. Monroe and now known as Monroe Systems for Business. ... International Business Machines Corporation (known as IBM or Big Blue; NYSE: IBM) is a multinational computer technology and consulting corporation headquartered in Armonk, New York, USA. The company is one of the few information technology companies with a continuous history dating back to the 19th century. ... Before the advent of electronic computers, data processing was performed using electromechanical devices called unit record equipment, electric accounting machines (EAM) or tabulating machines. ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) was conceived by the professor in a flash of insight during the winter of 1937-1938 after a drive to Rock Island, IL. With a grant of $650 received in September 1939 and the assistance of his graduate student Clifford Berry, the ABC was prototyped by November of that year. Atanasoff-Berry Computer replica at 1st floor of Durham Center, Iowa State University The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) was one of the first electronic digital computing device. ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Rock Island is a city located in Rock Island County, Illinois. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Clifford E. Berry (April 19, 1918 – October 30, 1963) helped John Vincent Atanasoff create the first digital electronic computers in 1939 — the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC). ...

The key ideas employed in the ABC included binary math and Boolean logic to solve up to 29 simultaneous linear equations. The ABC had no central processing unit (CPU), but was designed as an electronic device with vacuum tubes for speed. It also used separate regenerative capacitor memory, a process still used today in DRAM memory. The binary numeral system, or base-2 number system, is a numeral system that represents numeric values using two symbols, usually 0 and 1. ... Boolean logic is a complete system for logical operations. ... Die of an Intel 80486DX2 microprocessor (actual size: 12×6. ... In electronics, a vacuum tube or (outside North America) thermionic valve or just valve, is a device generally used to amplify, switch or otherwise modify, a signal by controlling the movement of electrons in an evacuated space. ... Capacitors: SMD ceramic at top left; SMD tantalum at bottom left; through-hole tantalum at top right; through-hole electrolytic at bottom right. ... Dram can mean several things: For the imperial unit of volume see dram (unit), commonly used to describe a measure of Scotch whisky For the imperial unit of weight or mass see avoirdupois and apothecaries system (of mass) For the Armenian monetary unit see dram (currency) DRAM is a type...

Intellectual property entanglement

Atanasoff meets Mauchly

John Atanasoff met John Mauchly at the December 1940 meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Philadelphia, where Mauchly was demonstrating his "harmonic analyzer", an analog calculator for analysis of weather data. Atanasoff told Mauchly about his new digital device and invited him to see it. Also during the Philadelphia trip, Atanasoff and Berry visited the patent office in Washington, where their research assured them that their concepts were new. A January 15, 1941 story in the Des Moines Register announced the ABC as "an electrical computing machine" with more than 300 vacuum tubes that would "compute complicated algebraic equations". Eckert and Mauchly examine a printout of ENIAC results in a newsreel from February 1946. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is an organization that promotes cooperation between scientists, defends scientific freedom, encourages scientific responsibility and supports scientific education for the betterment of all humanity. ... A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state to a patentee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an invention. ... January 15 is the 15th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... The Des Moines Register is the daily morning newspaper of Des Moines, Iowa, in the United States. ...

In June 1941 Mauchly visited Atanasoff in Ames, Iowa to see the ABC. During his four day visit as Atanasoff's houseguest, Mauchly thoroughly discussed the prototype ABC, examined it, and reviewed Atanasoff's design manuscript in detail. Up to this time Mauchly had not proposed a digital computer. In September 1942 Atanasoff left Iowa State for a wartime assignment as Chief of the Acoustic Division with the Naval Ordnance Laboratory (NOL) in Washington D.C. He entrusted his patent application for the ABC to Iowa State College administrators. It was never filed. For the movie, see 1941 (film). ... Main Street in downtown Ames in 2006 Ames is a city located in Central Iowa, about 30 miles North of Des Moines in Story County, Iowa, United States. ... Capital Des Moines Largest city Des Moines Area  Ranked 26th  - Total 56,272 sq mi (145,743 km²)  - Width 310 miles (500 km)  - Length 199 miles (320 km)  - % water 0. ... 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... The Naval Ordnance Laboratory (NOL), now disestablished, formerly located in White Oak, Maryland was the site of considerable work that had practical impact upon world technology. ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United... A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state to a patentee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an invention. ...

Mauchly visited Atanasoff multiple times in Washington during 1943 and discussed Atanasoff's computing theories, but did not mention that he was working on a computer project himself until early 1944. (Mollenhoff, p. 62-66). John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert's construction of ENIAC, the first general purpose electronic computer, during 1943-1946 was to lead to a legal dispute two decades later over who was the actual inventor of the computer. Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Eckert and Mauchly examine a printout of ENIAC results in a newsreel from February 1946. ... ENIAC ENIAC, short for Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer,[1] was the first large-scale, electronic, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems,[2] although earlier computers had been built with some of these properties. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... A BlueGene supercomputer cabinet. ...

By 1945 the US Navy, too, had decided to build a large scale computer, on the advice of John von Neumann. Atanasoff was put in charge of the project, and he asked Mauchly to help with job descriptions for the necessary staff. However, Atanasoff was also given the responsibility for designing acoustic systems for monitoring atomic bomb tests. That job was made the priority, and by the time he returned from the testing at Bikini Atoll in July of 1946, the NOL computer project was shut down due to lack of progress, again on the advice of von Neumann. The United States Navy (USN) is the branch of the United States armed forces responsible for naval operations. ... The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 km (11 mi) above the epicenter. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Patent disputed

For a more detailed account, see Honeywell v. Sperry Rand.

Mauchly and Eckert applied for a patent on a "General-Purpose Electronic Computer" in 1947, which was finally granted in 1964. The rights to the patent had been sold in 1951 to Remington Rand (to become Sperry Rand); that company created a subsidiary (Illinois Scientific Developments) to start demanding royalty payments from other equipment manufacturers in the electronic data processing industry in the 1960s. Honeywell, Inc. ... A Remington Rand branded typewriter Remington Rand was an early American computer manufacturer, best known as the original maker of the UNIVAC I, and now part of Unisys. ... The American company Univac began as the business computer division of Remington Rand formed by the purchase of the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation (EMCC) in 1950. ...

The dispute over patent royalties eventually resulted in a lawsuit filed on May 26, 1967 by Honeywell Inc. against Sperry Rand in U.S. District Court in Minneapolis, Minnesota challenging the validity of the ENIAC patent. The trial, one of the longest and most expensive in the federal courts to that time, began on June 1, 1971, lasted until March 13, 1972, had 77 witnesses, plus 80 depositions and 30,000 exhibits. Atanasoff's machine was introduced as prior art. A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state to a patentee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an invention. ... May 26 is the 146th day of the year (147th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ... Honeywell Heating Specialties Company Stock Certificate dated 1924 signed by Mark C. Honeywell - courtesy of Scripophily. ... The American company Univac began as the business computer division of Remington Rand formed by the purchase of the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation (EMCC) in 1950. ... This article is about the city in Minnesota. ... Capital Saint Paul Largest city Minneapolis Area  Ranked 12th  - Total 87,014 sq mi (225,365 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 400 miles (645 km)  - % water 8. ... June 1 is the 152nd day of the year (153rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday. ... March 13 is the 72nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (73rd in leap years). ... Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The case was legally resolved on Friday, October 19, 1973, when U.S. District Judge Earl R. Larson held the patent invalid, ruling that the ENIAC derived many basic ideas from the Atanasoff-Berry Computer. Judge Larson explicitly stated, "Eckert and Mauchly did not themselves first invent the automatic electronic digital computer, but instead derived that subject matter from one Dr. John Vincent Atanasoff". October 19 is the 292nd day of the year (293rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. ...

Sperry declined to appeal the decision in Honeywell v. Sperry Rand, but it received little publicity at the time, perhaps because it was overshadowed by the Watergate Era "Saturday Night Massacre" firing of special prosecutor Archibald Cox by President Richard Nixon the next day. While legally vindicated, Atanasoff's victory was incomplete as the ENIAC, rather than the ABC, continued to be widely regarded as the first computer. Honeywell, Inc. ... The Watergate building. ... The Saturday night massacre (October 20, 1973) was the term given by political commentators to U.S. President Richard Nixons executive dismissal of independent special prosecutor Archibald Cox, and the forced resignations of Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus during the controversial and drawn-out... Archibald Cox, Jr. ... Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. ...

Postwar life

Following World War II Atanasoff remained with the government and developed specialized seismographs and microbarographs for long-range explosive detection. In 1952 he founded and led the Ordnance Engineering Corporation. In 1956 he sold his company to Aerojet General Corporation and became its Atlantic Division president. The ABC computer had become just a memory. It was not until 1954 that he first heard rumors that some of his ideas may have been 'borrowed'. (The ENIAC general patent had been applied for in 1947 but was not granted until 1964.) Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Seismographs (in Greek seismos = earthquake and graphein = write) are used by seismologists to record seismic waves. ... A barograph is a recording aneroid barometer. ... Explosive detection is the process by which you use a non destructive inspection process to determine if a container contains any kind of explosive material. ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Aerojet is a major rocket & missile propulsion manufacturer based primarily in Sacramento, California with divisions in Redmond, Washington, Orange, VA, Gainesville, VA, and Camden, AK. Their products include a wide range of propulsion, from main engines used on a number of NASA vehicles and ballistic missiles, down to stationkeeping thrusters... Year 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... 1964 (MCMLXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1964 calendar). ...

In 1961 Atanasoff started another company, Cybernetics Incorporated. He was only gradually drawn into the legal disputes being contested by the fast growing computer companies. Following the resolution of the patent case Atanasoff was warmly honored by Iowa State College, which had since become Iowa State University, and more awards followed. He retired in Maryland and died in 1995. John Mauchly, Presper Eckert, and their families never admitted any improper conduct. 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1961 calendar). ... Cybernetics is the study of feedback and derived concepts such as communication and control in living organisms, machines and organisations. ... Iowa State University of Science and Technology (ISU) is a public land-grant and space-grant university located in Ames, Iowa. ... Official language(s) None (English, de facto) Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Area  Ranked 42nd  - Total 12,407 sq mi (32,133 km²)  - Width 90 miles (145 km)  - Length 249 miles (400 km)  - % water 21  - Latitude 37°53N to 39°43N  - Longitude 75°4W to 79°33... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ...

Honors and distinctions

Atanasoff's father Ivan had immigrated in 1889 from Bulgaria at the age of 13. In 1970, Atanasoff was invited to Bulgaria by the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, so the Bulgarian Government could confer upon him the Cyril and Methodius Order of Merit First Class. 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... The Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (abbreviated BAS, in Bulgarian: Balgarska akademia na naukite, abbreviated BAN) is the National Academy of Bulgaria, established in 1869. ...

In 1981, he received the Computer Pioneer Medal from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Atanasoff Hall, a computer science building on the Iowa State campus, is named after him. Iowa State also named its implementation of MIT's Project Athena, 'Project Vincent'. Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ... The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or IEEE (pronounced as eye-triple-e) is an international non-profit, professional organization for the advancement of technology related to electricity. ... Mapúa Institute of Technology (MIT, MapúaTech or simply Mapúa) is a private, non-sectarian, Filipino tertiary institute located in Intramuros, Manila. ... Project Athena was a joint project of MIT, Digital Equipment Corporation, and IBM. It was launched in 1983, and research and development ran through June 30, 1991, eight years after it began. ...

Finally, in 1990, President George H. W. Bush awarded Atanasoff the United States National Medal of Technology. He has been awarded a number of other distinctions as well. Among these are included: MCMXC redirects here; for the Enigma album, see MCMXC a. ... George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) was the 41st President of the United States, serving from 1989 to 1993. ... The National Medal of Technology is an honor granted by the President of the United States to inventors and innovators that have made significant contributions to the development of new and important technology. ...

• U.S. Navy Distinguished Service Award (1945)
• Citation, Seismological Society of America (1947)
• Citation, Admiral, Bureau of Ordnance (1947)
• Cosmos Club membership (1947)
• Order of Cyrille and Methodius, First Class, Bulgarian Academy of Science, (Bulgaria's highest honor awarded to a scientist) (1970)
• Doctor of Science (hon.) University of Florida (1974)
• Honorary membership, Society for Computer Medicine (1974)
• Iowa Inventors Hall of Fame (1978)
• Iowa Governor's Science Medal (1985)
• Order of Bulgaria, First Class Award (1985)
• Computing Appreciation Award, EDUCOM (1985)
• Holley Medal, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1985)
• Coors American Ingenuity Award (1986)
• Doctor of Science (hon.) University of Wisconsin-Madison (1987)

Atanasoff Nunatak peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named for Atanasoff. The University of Florida (commonly referred to as Florida or UF) is a public land-grant, space-grant, research university located in Gainesville, Florida. ... The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) is a professional body, specifically an engineering society, focused on mechanical engineering. ... Coors may refer to: People Adolph Coors (1847-1929) started brewery Adolph Coors III grandson was kidnapped and murdered Pete Coors Things Adolph Coors Company of Golden, Colorado Coors Brewing Company Coors Field This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... The University of Wisconsin–Madison (also known as UW–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin, or UW) is a highly selective public research university located in Madison, Wisconsin. ... Atanasoff Nunatak (Atanasov Nunatak a-ta-na-sov nu-na-tak) is a sharp peak rising to 550 m in the Eastern extremity of Bowles Ridge, Livingston Island, Antarctica. ... Livingston Island (62°36′ S 060°30′ W) is 61 km (38 mi) long and from 3 to 32 km (2 to 20 mi) wide, lying between Greenwich and Snow Islands in the South Shetland Islands. ... The South Shetland Islands or Iles Shetland du Sud or Islas Shetland del Sur or New South Britain or New South Shetland or Shetland Islands or South Shetlands or Sydshetland or Süd-Shetland Inseln are a chain of islands in the Southern Ocean lying about 120 kilometres northward of...

See also

• Charles Babbage Institute
• History of computing hardware
• Claude Elwood Shannon
• George Stibitz

The Charles Babbage Institute (also titled the Center for the History of Information Technology) is a research center specializing in the history of information technology, particularly the post-World War II history of digital computing, programming/software, and computer networking. ... Computing hardware has been an important component of the process of calculation and data storage since it became useful for numerical values to be processed and shared. ... Claude Shannon Claude Elwood Shannon (April 30, 1916 – February 24, 2001), an American electrical engineer and mathematician, has been called the father of information theory, and was the founder of practical digital circuit design theory. ... George Stibitz George Stibitz (April 20, 1904 – January 31, 1995) is internationally recognized as the father of the modern digital computer. ...

References

• Clark R. Mollenhoff, Atanasoff: Forgotten Father of the Computer 1988, ISBN 0-8138-0032-3; (Mollenhoff was a Pulitzer Prize winning investigative journalist and lawyer)
• Alice Burks and Arthur Burks, The First Electronic Computer: The Atanasoff Story, 1988, ISBN 0-472-10090-4
• Arthur W Burks, Alice R Burks, in IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, October, 1981; (an ENIAC engineer who gave credit to Atanasoff)
• Allan R MackIntosh, "The First Electronic Computer", in Physics Today, March, 1987; (professor of physics at the University of Copenhagen acknowledges Atanasoff's precedence in a comprehensive article)
• "The Computer Project at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory," web access restricted, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 51–67, April–June, 2001. (details Atanasoff's well-funded but unsuccessful second computer project in 1945–46)
• Alice Burks, Who Invented The Computer?: The Legal Battle That Changed Computer History, 2003 , ISBN 1-59102-034-4

Clark R Mollenhoff (April 16, 1921-1991) was a Pulitzer Prize winning journalist, lawyer, and columnist for the Des Moines Register. ... 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ... Physics Today magazine, created in 1948, is the flagship publication of The American Institute of Physics. ... 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The University of Copenhagen (Danish: Københavns Universitet) is the oldest and largest university and research institution in Copenhagen, Denmark. ...

External links

• JohnAtanasoff.com
• The Atanasoff Archives at Iowa State
• Atanasoff Personal Papers at Iowa State
• Atanasoff's Obituary
• Another Biography
• Biography at Virginia Tech
• Breakthrough Square - a proposed recognition of Atanasoff in Rock Island, Illinois