NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Kakuei Tanaka

Kakuei Tanaka (田中角栄 Tanaka Kakuei May 4, 1918–December 16, 1993) was a Japanese politician and the 64th and 65th Prime Minister of Japan from July 7, 1972 to December 22, 1972 and from December 22, 1972 to December 9, 1974 respectively. He was also the most influential member of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party until the mid-1980s, when he fell from power after a long series of scandals. May 4 is the 124th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (125th in leap years). ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... -1... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box: A politician is an individual who is a formally recognized and active member of a government, or a person who influences the way a society is governed through an understanding of political power and group dynamics. ... The Prime Minister of Japan (å†…é–£ç·ç†å¤§è‡£ Naikaku sÅri daijin) is the usual English-language term used for the head of government of Japan, although the literal translation of the Japanese name for the office is Prime Minister of the Cabinet. ... July 7 is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 177 days remaining. ... 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... December 22 is the 356th day of the year (357th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... December 22 is the 356th day of the year (357th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... December 9 is the 343rd day (344th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... The Liberal Democratic Party ), frequently abbreviated to LDP or JimintÅ ), is a conservative political party and the largest party in Japan, which has been ruling almost uninterruptedly since Japan regained independence after World War II. It is not to be confused with the now-defunct Liberal Party ), which merged with...

Early life

Tanaka was born into a rural family with seven children in Nishiyama, Niigata Prefecture. His father was involved with a distastrous venture to start Niigata's first dairy farm, and so the family scraped by in abject poverty. Kakuei left school after the equivalent of the eighth grade and went to work in the construction business, and soon moved to Tokyo. Niigata Prefecture ) is located on HonshÅ« island on the coast of the Sea of Japan. ... Dairy farm near Oxford, New York A dairy is a facility for the extraction and processing of animal milk (mostly from cows, sometimes from buffalo, sheep or goats) and other farm animals, for human consumption. ... In large construction projects, such as skyscrapers, cranes are essential. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

In 1937, while running errands for a construction firm, Tanaka ran into an elevator occupied by the Viscount Okochi Masatoshi, head of the Riken corporation. Okochi, apparently impressed with Tanaka's energy and ambition, agreed to help the young man start a drafting office in Tokyo. 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... A viscount is a member of the European nobility whose comital title ranks usually, as in the British peerage, above a baron, below an earl (in Britain) or a count (his continental equivalent). ... RIKEN is the largest research institute for natural sciences in Japan. ...

The drafting office only kept Tanaka busy for two years: he was drafted into the army in 1939 and sent to Manchuria, where he served as a clerk in the Morioka Cavalry. After two years in the military, he contracted pneumonia and was returned to Tokyo to recover; he never re-enlisted. 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full year calendar). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Pneumonia is an illness of the lungs and respiratory system in which the alveoli (microscopic air-filled sacs of the lung responsible for absorbing oxygen from the atmosphere) become inflamed and flooded with fluid. ...

Back in Japan, Tanaka ended up at the Sakamoto Civil Engineering firm, looking for office space to restart his drafting business. There, he met the late company president's widow, who not only gave him the real estate he needed, but also asked him to marry her daughter, Sakamoto Hana. Tanaka accepted, and married his way into the upper class.

Rise into politics

In 1942, Tanaka took over the Sakamoto company and renamed it Tanaka Civil Engineering and Construction Industries. He soon had two children: a son named Masanori Tanaka in 1942 (d. 1948), and a daughter named Makiko Tanaka in 1944. 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1942 calendar). ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... Makiko Tanaka (ç”°ä¸ çœŸç´€å Tanaka Makiko, born in Nishiyama, Niigata,January 14, 1944) is a Japanese politician, the daughter of former Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ...

Luck favored Tanaka during the endgame of World War II. None of his major buildings was damaged in the firebombing of Tokyo, and just weeks before the Japanese surrender, he travelled to Seoul and cashed in ¥15m (about US$78m) in Japanese war bonds. In December 1945, as the first postwar Diet was being planned by the American occupation authorities, Tanaka was able to give generous donations to an associate affiliated with the Japan Moderate Progressive Party (Nihon Shinpoto). Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... During World War II the strategic bombing of targets without direct military value became a common policy. ... Seoul is the capital of South Korea and is located on the Han River in the countrys northwest. ... An American War Bonds poster from 1942 War bonds were a form of savings bond used by many combatant nations to help fund World War I and World War II. They were also a measure to manage inflation by removing money from the economy heated up by the war efforts. ... The National Diet of Japan ) is Japans legislature. ...

In 1946, he moved from Tokyo to Niigata to prepare his first bid for a Diet seat: he worked around the election laws of the time by buying buildings throughout the district and placing large "TANAKA" signs on them. However, his bid unraveled at the last minute when three other JMPP candidates entered the race. Tanaka only captured 4 % of the vote in the general election. 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ...

In 1947, however, he placed third in his district after a strategy targeting rural voters. He took his Diet seat that year as a member of the new Democratic Party (Minshuto). In the Diet, he became friends with former prime minister Shidehara Kijuro and joined Shidehara's Doshi Club. Then in 1948, the Doshi Club defected to the new Democratic Liberal Party, and Tanaka instantly won favor with the DLP's leader, Shigeru Yoshida. Yoshida appointed Tanaka as a Vice Minister of Justice, the youngest in the nation's history. 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... The Democratic Party of Japan ) is a liberal party in Japan. ... Shidehara on a 1931 issue of TIME magazine. ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... The Liberal Democratic Party ), frequently abbreviated to LDP or JimintÅ ), is a conservative political party and the largest party in Japan, which has been ruling almost uninterruptedly since Japan regained independence after World War II. It is not to be confused with the now-defunct Liberal Party ), which merged with... Shigeru Yoshida Shigeru Yoshida (å‰ç”° èŒ‚ Yoshida Shigeru, September 22, 1878â€“October 20, 1967) was the Prime Minister of Japan from 1946 to 1947 and from 1948 to 1954. ...

Then, on December 13, Tanaka was arrested and imprisoned on charges of accepting ¥1m (US$128,000) in bribes from coal mining interests in Kyūshū. Yoshida and the DLP dropped most of their ties with Tanaka, removed him from his official party posts, and refused to fund his next re-election bid. Despite this, Tanaka announced his candidacy for the 1949 general election, and was released from prison in January after securing bail. He was re-elected, and made a deal with Chief Cabinet Secretary Eisaku Satō to resign his vice-ministerial post in exchange for continued membership in the DLP. KyÅ«shÅ« region of Japan and the current prefectures on KyÅ«shÅ« island KyÅ«shÅ« ), literally Nine Provinces, is the third largest island of Japan and most southerly and westerly of the four main islands. ... The word bail as a legal term means: Security, usually a sum of money, exchanged for the release of an arrested person as a guarantee of that persons appearance for trial. ... In Japan, the Chief Cabinet Secretary (内閣官房長官: Naikaku kanbô chôkan) is a Minister of State charged with directing the Cabinet Secretariat. ... This article or section needs to be updated. ...

The Tokyo District Court found Tanaka guilty in 1950, and Tanaka responded by filing an appeal. In the meantime, he took over the failing Nagaoka Railway that linked Niigata to Tokyo, and through a combination of good management and good luck, brought it back into operation in 1951. In that year's election, he was re-elected to the Diet in a landslide victory, and many of the railroad's employees came out to campaign for him. That year's election was also the first in which he was supported by billionaire capitalist Kenji Osano, who would remain one of Tanaka's most loyal supporters to the end. Tokyo District Court Tokyo District Court (æ±äº¬åœ°æ–¹è£åˆ¤æ‰€; TÅkyÅ ChihÅ Saibansho) is a district court in Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. ... 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday; see its calendar. ... Rockslide redirects here. ...

Etsuzankai

Tanaka's most important support base, however, was a group called Etsuzankai (越山会, lit. "Niigata Mountain Association"). Etsuzankai's function was to screen various petitions from villagers in rural parts of Niigata. Tanaka would answer these petitions with government-funded pork barrel projects. In turn, the local villagers all financially supported Etsuzankai, which, in turn, funded the re-election campaigns of local Diet members, including Tanaka. At its peak, Etsuzankai had 100,000 members. Pork barrel, in a literal sense, is a barrel in which pork is kept, but figuratively is a supply of money; often the source of ones livelihood. ...

The projects funded by Etsuzankai included the Tadami River hydroelectric power project, the New Shimizu Tunnel, and, perhaps most infamously, the Joetsu Shinkansen high speed rail line. Hydroelectric dam diagram The waters of Llyn Stwlan, the upper reservoir of the Ffestiniog Pumped-Storage Scheme in north Wales, can just be glimpsed on the right. ... Joetsu Shinkansen route Joetsu Shinkansen (ä¸Šè¶Šæ–°å¹¹ç·š) is a high-speed railway line connecting Tokyo and Niigata, Japan, via Tohoku Shinkansen, operated by the East Japan Railway Company. ... TGV Réseau class, Marseille St-Charles station This page is about high speed rail in general. ...

During the 1950s, Tanaka brought Etsuzankai members to his residence in Tokyo by bus, met with each of them individually, and then provided them with tours of the Diet and Imperial Palace. This practice made Etsuzankai the most tightly-knit political organization in Japanese history, and it also furthered Tanaka's increasingly gangster-like image. This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

Consolidation of power

Tanaka became a member of the Liberal Democratic Party in 1955, when it absorbed the DLP. Japanese prime minister Tanaka and U.S. president Nixon at the White House, July 31, 1973. ... Japanese prime minister Tanaka and U.S. president Nixon at the White House, July 31, 1973. ... Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 â€“ April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. ... The Liberal Democratic Party ), frequently abbreviated to LDP or JimintÅ ), is a conservative political party and the largest party in Japan, which has been ruling almost uninterruptedly since Japan regained independence after World War II. It is not to be confused with the now-defunct Liberal Party ), which merged with... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

When Nobusuke Kishi became prime minister in 1957, Tanaka was given his first cabinet post, Minister of Posts and Telecommunications. He already carried great influence in the LDP, despite his lack of seniority: this was partly because of his friendship with future prime minister Satō Eisaku, and partly because his stepdaughter had married future prime minister Hayato Ikeda's nephew, giving him a personal relationship with both key heads of the party. Nobusuke Kishi Nobusuke Kishi (å²¸ ä¿¡ä»‹ Kishi Nobusuke, November 13, 1896â€“August 7, 1987) was a Japanese politician and the 56th and 57th Prime Minister of Japan from February 25, 1957 to June 12, 1958 and from then to July 19, 1960. ... 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Hayato Ikeda Hayato Ikeda (æ± ç”° å‹‡äºº Ikeda Hayato; December 3, 1899â€“August 13, 1965) born in Hiroshima Prefecture, was a Japanese politician and the 58th, 59th and 60th Prime Minister of Japan from July 19, 1960 to December 8, 1960, to December 9, 1963, and to November 9, 1964 respectively. ...

Under Ikeda's cabinet, Tanaka became chairman of the Policy Affairs Research Council, and eventually Minister of Finance. When Satō became prime minister in 1965, Tanaka was slated to become the LDP's new secretary general, but the emergence of the Black Mist Scandal, where Tanaka was accused of shady land deals in Tokyo, meant that Takeo Fukuda got the job instead. The finance minister is a cabinet position in a government. ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... A large number of international organizations and other bodies have a secretary general or secretary-general as their chief administrative officers or in other administrative capacities. ... The Black Mist Scandal ) was the third major post-war Japanese political scandal. ... Takeo Fukuda Takeo Fukuda (ç¦ç”° èµ³å¤« Fukuda Takeo January 14, 1905â€“July 5, 1995) was a Japanese politician and the 67th Prime Minister of Japan from December 24, 1976 to December 7, 1978. ...

Fukuda and Tanaka soon became the two battling heir apparents of Satō's faction, and their rivalry was dubbed by the Japanese press as the "Kaku-Fuku War." Despite the scandal, Tanaka made a record showing in the 1967 general election, and Satō re-appointed him as secretary general, moving Fukuda to the post of finance minister. In 1971, Satō gave Tanaka another important stepping stone to taking over the government: minister of international trade and industry (MITI). 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ... 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday. ... The Ministry of International Trade and Industry (通商産業省 Tsūsho-sangyō-shō or MITI) was the single most powerful agency in the Japanese government during the 1950s and 1960s. ...

As head of MITI, Tanaka gained public support again by standing up to U.S. negotiators who wanted Japan to impose export caps on several products. He had so many contacts within the American diplomatic corps that he was said to have played a larger role in the repatriation of Okinawa than Satō himself. This article is about the prefecture. ...

Although Satō wanted Fukuda to become the next prime minister, Tanaka's popularity, along with support from the factions of Yasuhiro Nakasone and Masayoshi Ohira, gave him a 282-190 victory over Fukuda in the LDP's 1971 party president election. He entered the office with the highest popularity rating of any new premier in Japanese history. Yasuhiro Nakasone (ä¸æ›½æ ¹ åº·å¼˜ Nakasone Yasuhiro, b. ... Masayoshi Ōhira (大平 正芳 Ōhira Masayoshi March 12, 1910–June 12, 1980) was a Japanese politician and the 68th and 69th Prime Minister of Japan from December 7, 1978 to June 12, 1980. ... 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday. ...

Tanaka's foreign policy mirrored that of Richard Nixon, and his most notable achievement was the normalization of Japan's relations with the People's Republic of China. On the domestic front, he proposed an enormous infrastructure investment program that never got off the ground, primarily because it required more money than Japan had at the time. Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 â€“ April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. ... The Joint Communique of the Government of Japan and the Government of the Peoples Republic of China was signed in Beijing on September 29, 1972. ...

Scandals

In October 1974, the popular Bungei Shunju magazine wrote a critical article of Tanaka's business practices, which inspired his LDP rivals to open a public inquiry in the Diet. (Among other things, Tanaka had purchased a geisha and used her name for a number of shady land deals in Tokyo during the mid-sixties.) 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... The company office in Chiyoda, Tokyo Bungeishunju Ltd. ... Women posing as maiko (geisha apprentices), Kyoto, Japan wearing traditional furisode and okobo Geisha ) are traditional, female Japanese entertainers, whose skills include performing various Japanese arts, such as music, singing and dancing. ...

The Diet commission called Etsuzankai's treasurer, Aki Sato, as its first witness. Unbeknownst to the committee members, Sato and Tanaka had been involved in a romantic relationship for several years, and Tanaka took pity on Sato's troubled upbringing. Rather than let her take the stand, he announced his resignation on November 26, 1974. November 26 is the 330th day (331st in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ...

The Tanaka faction supported Takeo Miki's "clean government" bid to become prime minister, and Tanaka once again became a rank-and-file Diet member. Takeo Miki (三木 武夫 Miki Takeo March 17, 1907–November 4, 1988) was a Japanese politician and the 66th Prime Minister of Japan. ...

Then, on February 6, 1976, the vice chairman of the Lockheed Corporation told a United States Senate subcommittee that Tanaka had accepted $1.8 million in bribes during his term as prime minister, in return for having Japan's parastatal airlines purchase Lockheed L-1011 aircraft. Although Henry Kissinger tried to stop the details from making their way to the Japanese government, fearing that it would harm the two countries' security relationship, Miki pushed a bill through the Diet that requested information from the Senate. On July 27, Tanaka was arrested: he was released in August on a ¥200m (US$690,000) bond. February 6 is the 37th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1976 (MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... The Lockheed SR-71 was remarkably advanced for its time and remains unsurpassed in many areas of performance. ... Seal of the U.S. Senate Federal courts Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures State Courts Counties, Cities, and Towns Other countries Politics Portal Senate composition following 2006 elections The United States Senate is... The Lockheed L-1011 TriStar, commonly referred to as just L-1011 (pronounced ell-ten-eleven), was the third widebody passenger jet airliner to enter operation, following the Boeing 747 and the McDonnell Douglas DC-10. ... Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923 in FÃ¼rth) is a German-born American diplomat, and 1973 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. ...

In retaliation for Miki's actions, Tanaka persuaded his faction to vote for Fukuda in the 1976 "Lockheed Election." The two old rivals did not cooperate for long, however: in 1978, Tanaka threw his faction behind Ohira's. After Ohira died in 1980, the Tanaka faction elected Zenko Suzuki. Suzuki hated his position so much that he resigned in 1982: Tanaka responded by re-electing him. 1976 (MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ... 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... Zenko Suzuki ZenkÅ Suzuki (éˆ´æœ¨ å–„å¹¸ Suzuki ZenkÅ; January 11, 1911â€“July 19, 2004) was a Japanese politician and the 70th Prime Minister of Japan from July 17, 1980 to November 27, 1982. ... 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The Lockheed trial ended on October 12, 1983. Tanaka was found guilty and sentenced to 4 years in jail. Rather than cave in, he filed an appeal and announced that he would not leave the Diet as long as his constituents supported him. This sparked a month-long war in the Diet over whether or not to censure Tanaka; eventually, Prime Minister Nakasone, himself elected by Tanaka's faction, dissolved the Diet and called for a new election. October 12 is the 285th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (286th in leap years). ... 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In the "Second Lockheed Election," Tanaka retained his Diet seat by an unprecedented margin, winning more votes than any other candidate in the country. Nakasone placed six members of the Tanaka faction on his 1984 cabinet, including future prime minister Noboru Takeshita. Noboru Takeshita Noboru Takeshita (ç«¹ä¸‹ ç™» Takeshita Noboru, February 26, 1924â€“June 19, 2000) was a Japanese politician and the 74th Prime Minister of Japan from November 6, 1987 to June 3, 1989. ...

Fall from power

Early in 1985, Tanaka finally lost his power. Takeshita formed a "study group" called Soseikai, and this group quickly won over 40 of the faction's 120 Diet members. The split in Tanaka's faction aggravated his existing problems with alcoholism and hypertension, and he suffered a stroke just three weeks after Takeshita's departure. His daughter Makiko spirited him from the hospital after authorities refused to give the former prime minister an entire floor, and the Diet session halted entirely while details of Tanaka's condition leaked out to the press. Alcoholism is the consumption of, or preoccupation with, alcoholic beverages to the extent that this behavior interferes with the drinkers normal personal, family, social, or work life, and may lead to physical or mental harm. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... A stroke, also known as cerebrovascular accident (CVA),[1] is an acute neurological injury in which the blood supply to a part of the brain is interrupted. ...

Tanaka remained in convalescence through the election of 1986, where he retained his Diet seat. On New Year's Day of 1987, he made his first public appearance since the stroke, and was clearly in poor condition: half of his face was paralyzed, and he was grossly overweight. In that year's election, virtually all of his faction members joined behind Takeshita, and Etsuzankai lost five of its twenty seats in Niigata. 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The Tokyo High Court dismissed Tanaka's appeal on July 29th, and the original sentence passed down in 1983 was reinstated. Tanaka immediately posted bail and appealed to the Supreme Court. In the Judicial System of Japan, the postwar constitution guarantees that all judges shall be independent in the exercise of their conscience and shall be bound only by this constitution and the Laws (Article 76). ...

While his appeal lingered in the Court's docket, Tanaka grew increasingly more ill. He resigned from the Diet in 1989, was diagnosed with diabetes, and finally died of pneumonia at Keio University Hospital at 2:04 p.m. on December 16, 1993. 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the disease that features high blood sugar. ... Pneumonia is an illness of the lungs and respiratory system in which the alveoli (microscopic air-filled sacs of the lung responsible for absorbing oxygen from the atmosphere) become inflamed and flooded with fluid. ... Keio University ) is the top private university in Japan, which has a history as Japans very first private institution of higher learning, which dates back to the formation of a school for Dutch studies in 1858 in Edo (now Tokyo) by founder Yukichi Fukuzawa. ... -1... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ...

Makiko Tanaka, who was not associated with Etsuzankai, was elected to her father's old seat in Niigata in 1991, and became foreign minister in the cabinet of Junichiro Koizumi in 2001. Makiko Tanaka (ç”°ä¸ çœŸç´€å Tanaka Makiko, born in Nishiyama, Niigata,January 14, 1944) is a Japanese politician, the daughter of former Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Junichiro Koizumi , born January 8, 1942) is a Japanese politician who served as Prime Minister of Japan from 2001 to 2006. ... 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Tanaka's LDP faction has survived beyond his death. Its support base, which flocked to Takeshita in the late 1980's, coalesced during Tanaka's convalescence. After Takeshita was sidelined by the Recruit scandal, the Tanaka faction rallied behind Ryutaro Hashimoto, who led the Tanaka faction (now called the Hashimoto faction) until scandal forced him to resign his leadership position in 2004. The Recruit Scandal was an insider trading and corruption scandal that forced many prominent Japanese politicians to resign in 1988. ... Ryutaro Hashimoto (æ©‹æœ¬é¾å¤ªéƒŽ Hashimoto RyÅ«tarÅ, July 29, 1937 - July 1, 2006) was a Japanese politician who served as the 82nd and 83rd Prime Minister of Japan from January 11, 1996 to July 30, 1998. ...

See also

The Lockheed Scandal of 1976 involved political donations paid by the American aircraft manufacturer Lockheed to Japanese politicians in return for aid in selling planes to All Nippon Airways. ...

External links

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Prince Saionji Kinmochi ), (23 October 1849 â€“24 November 1940) was a Japanese politician, statesman and twice Prime Minister of Japan. ... Katsura Taro Marquess Katsura Taro (æ¡‚ å¤ªéƒŽ Katsura TarÅ), (1848-01-04â€“1913-10-10) was a Japanese soldier, politician and Prime Minister of Japan. ... Prince Saionji Kinmochi ), (23 October 1849 â€“24 November 1940) was a Japanese politician, statesman and twice Prime Minister of Japan. ... Katsura Taro Marquess Katsura Taro (æ¡‚ å¤ªéƒŽ Katsura TarÅ), (1848-01-04â€“1913-10-10) was a Japanese soldier, politician and Prime Minister of Japan. ... Admiral Yamamoto Gonnohyoe (å±±æœ¬æ¨©å…µè¡› October 15, 1852â€“December 8, 1933, also called Gonbee) was a Japanese military leader and the 16th (February 20, 1913â€“April 16, 1914) and 22nd (September 2, 1923â€“January 7, 1924) Prime Minister of Japan. ... Okuma Shigenobu (大隈重信 Okuma Shigenobu 16 February 1838–10 January 1922) was a Japanese politician and the 8th (June 30, 1898–November 8, 1898) and 17th (April 16, 1914–October 9, 1916) Prime Minister of Japan. ... Field Marshal Count Masatake Terauchi ) (5 February 1852 â€“3 November 1919) was Field Marshal in the Imperial Japanese Army and the 18th Prime Minister of Japan from 9 October 1916 to 29 September 1918. ... Hara Takashi Hara Takashi (åŽŸæ•¬ February 9, 1856â€“November 4, 1921) was a Japanese politician and the 19th Prime Minister of Japan from September 29, 1918 to November 4, 1921. ... Takahashi Korekiyo Takahashi Korekiyo (é«˜æ©‹æ˜¯æ¸… Takahashi Korekiyo) (July 27, 1854â€“February 26, 1936) was a Japanese politician and the 20th Prime Minister of Japan from November 13, 1921 to June 12, 1922. ... KatÅ TomosaburÅ Viscount KatÅ TomosaburÅ (åŠ è—¤ å‹ä¸‰éƒŽ KatÅ TomosaburÅ, February 22, 1861â€“August 24, 1923) was a Japanese politician and the 21st Prime Minister of Japan from June 12, 1922 to August 24, 1923. ... Admiral Yamamoto Gonnohyoe (å±±æœ¬æ¨©å…µè¡› October 15, 1852â€“December 8, 1933, also called Gonbee) was a Japanese military leader and the 16th (February 20, 1913â€“April 16, 1914) and 22nd (September 2, 1923â€“January 7, 1924) Prime Minister of Japan. ... Count Kiyoura Keigo (清浦 奎吾 Kiyoura Keigo; February 14, 1850–November 5, 1942) was a Japanese politician and the 23rd Prime Minister of Japan from January 7, 1924 to June 11, 1924. ... Kato Takaaki KatÅ Takaaki (åŠ è—¤ é«˜æ˜Ž January 3, 1860â€“January 28, 1926) was a Japanese politician and the 24th Prime Minister of Japan from June 11, 1924 to January 28, 1926. ... Wakatsuki ReijirÅ (è‹¥æ§» ç¤¼æ¬¡éƒŽ Wakatsuki ReijirÅ) (March 21, 1866 - November 20, 1949) was a Japanese politician and the 25th and 28th Prime Minister of Japan. ... Tanaka Giichi (田中 義一 Tanaka Giichi February 5, 1866–November 20, 1949) was a Japanese politician and the 26th Prime Minister of Japan from April 20, 1927 to July 2, 1929. ... Hamaguchi Osachi (浜口 雄幸 April 1, 1870–August 26, 1931) was a Japanese politician and the 27th Prime Minister of Japan from July 2, 1929 to April 14, 1931. ... Wakatsuki ReijirÅ (è‹¥æ§» ç¤¼æ¬¡éƒŽ Wakatsuki ReijirÅ) (March 21, 1866 - November 20, 1949) was a Japanese politician and the 25th and 28th Prime Minister of Japan. ... Inukai Tsuyoshi (çŠ¬é¤Š æ¯…, April 20, 1855â€“May 15, 1932) was a Japanese politician and the 29th Prime Minister of Japan from December 13, 1931 to May 15, 1932. ... Makoto Saito ) (October 27, 1858â€“February 26, 1936) was an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy, Governor-General of Korea from 1919 to 1927 and the 30th Prime Minister of Japan from 26 May 1932 to 8 July 1934. ... Keisuke Okada Keisuke Okada (å²¡ç”° å•“ä»‹ Okada Keisuke January 20, 1868â€“October 17, 1952) was a Japanese politician and the 31st Prime Minister of Japan from July 8, 1934 to March 9, 1936. ... Koki Hirota Koki Hirota (åºƒç”° å¼˜æ¯… Hirota KÅki, February 14, 1878â€“December 23, 1948) was a Japanese politician and the 32nd Prime Minister of Japan from March 9, 1936 to February 2, 1937. ... Senjuro Hayashi (林 銑十郎 Hayashi Senjūrō, February 23, 1876–February 4, 1943) was a Japanese politician and the 33rd Prime Minister of Japan from February 2, 1937 to June 4, 1937. ... Fumimaro Konoe Prince Fumimaro Konoe (è¿‘è¡ž{è¡› in Shinjitai} æ–‡éº¿ Konoe Fumimaro) (sometimes Konoye, October 12, 1891â€“December 16, 1945) was a Japanese politician and the 34th (June 4, 1937â€“January 5, 1939), 38th (July 22, 1940â€“July 18, 1941) and 39th (July 18, 1941â€“October 18, 1941) Prime Minister of Japan. ... Kiichiro Hiranuma (平沼 騏一郎 Hiranuma Kiichirō, September 28, 1867–August 22, 1952) was a Japanese politician and the 35th Prime Minister of Japan from January 5, 1939 to August 30, 1939. ... Nobuyuki Abe Nobuyuki Abe (阿部 信行 Abe Nobuyuki, November 24, 1875–September 7, 1953) was a Japanese soldier and politician, and was the 36th Prime Minister of Japan from August 30, 1939 to January 16, 1940. ... Mitsumasa Yonai (ç±³å†… å…‰æ”¿ Yonai Mitsumasa; March 2, 1880â€“April 20, 1948) was a Japanese politician and the 37th Prime Minister of Japan from January 16, 1940 to July 22, 1940. ... Fumimaro Konoe Prince Fumimaro Konoe (è¿‘è¡ž{è¡› in Shinjitai} æ–‡éº¿ Konoe Fumimaro) (sometimes Konoye, October 12, 1891â€“December 16, 1945) was a Japanese politician and the 34th (June 4, 1937â€“January 5, 1939), 38th (July 22, 1940â€“July 18, 1941) and 39th (July 18, 1941â€“October 18, 1941) Prime Minister of Japan. ... Hideki Tojo (KyÅ«jitai: æ±æ¢ è‹±æ©Ÿ; Shinjitai: æ±æ¡ è‹±æ©Ÿ; ) (December 30, 1884 â€“ December 23, 1948) was a General in the Imperial Japanese Army and the 40th Prime Minister of Japan during the time when Japan was Empire of Japan; he served as prime minister during much of World War II, from October 18, 1941... Kuniaki Koiso (å°ç£¯ åœ‹æ˜ Koiso Kuniaki, March 22, 1880â€“November 3, 1950) was the 41st Prime Minister of Japan from July 22, 1944 to April 7, 1945. ... Admiral Kantaro Suzuki (éˆ´æœ¨ è²«å¤ªéƒŽ Suzuki KantarÅ, December 24, 1867 - April 17, 1948) was a Japanese military leader in World War I and World War II. As 42nd Prime Minister of Japan from April 7, 1945 to August 17, 1945, he was a key voice in favor of Japans acceptance of... Prince Higashikuni (Naruhiko) of Japan (æ±ä¹…é‚‡ ç¨”å½¦ Higashikuni Naruhiko, also Higashikuni no miya Naruhiko Å (æ±ä¹…é‚‡å®® ç¨”å½¦çŽ‹)) (3 December 1887 â€“ 26 January 1990) was the 43rd Prime Minister of Japan from 17 August 1945 to 9 October 1945, a period of 54 days. ... Shidehara on a 1931 issue of TIME magazine. ... Shigeru Yoshida Shigeru Yoshida (å‰ç”° èŒ‚ Yoshida Shigeru, September 22, 1878â€“October 20, 1967) was the Prime Minister of Japan from 1946 to 1947 and from 1948 to 1954. ... Tetsu Katayama (片山 哲 Katayama Tetsu, July 28, 1887 - May 30, 1978) was a Japanese politician and the 46th Prime Minister from May 24, 1947 to March 10, 1948. ... Hitoshi Ashida (芦田均 Ashida Hitoshi, November 15, 1887 – June 20, 1959) was a Japanese politician and the 47th Prime Minister of Japan, holding the office from March 10, 1948 to October 15, 1948. ... Shigeru Yoshida Shigeru Yoshida (å‰ç”° èŒ‚ Yoshida Shigeru, September 22, 1878â€“October 20, 1967) was the Prime Minister of Japan from 1946 to 1947 and from 1948 to 1954. ... Ichiro Hatoyama IchirÅ Hatoyama (é³©å±± ä¸€éƒŽ Hatoyama IchirÅ, January 1, 1883â€“March 7, 1959) was a Japanese politician and the 52nd, 53rd and 54th Prime Minister of Japan, serving terms from December 10, 1954 to March 19, 1955, from then to November 22, 1955, and from then to December 23, 1956. ... Ishibashi Tanzan (石橋 湛山 Ishibashi Tanzan, also referred as Tanzan Ishibashi September 25, 1884–April 25, 1973) was a Japanese journalist and politician. ... Nobusuke Kishi Nobusuke Kishi (å²¸ ä¿¡ä»‹ Kishi Nobusuke, November 13, 1896â€“August 7, 1987) was a Japanese politician and the 56th and 57th Prime Minister of Japan from February 25, 1957 to June 12, 1958 and from then to July 19, 1960. ... Hayato Ikeda Hayato Ikeda (æ± ç”° å‹‡äºº Ikeda Hayato; December 3, 1899â€“August 13, 1965) born in Hiroshima Prefecture, was a Japanese politician and the 58th, 59th and 60th Prime Minister of Japan from July 19, 1960 to December 8, 1960, to December 9, 1963, and to November 9, 1964 respectively. ... This article or section needs to be updated. ... Takeo Miki (三木 武夫 Miki Takeo March 17, 1907–November 4, 1988) was a Japanese politician and the 66th Prime Minister of Japan. ... Takeo Fukuda Takeo Fukuda (ç¦ç”° èµ³å¤« Fukuda Takeo January 14, 1905â€“July 5, 1995) was a Japanese politician and the 67th Prime Minister of Japan from December 24, 1976 to December 7, 1978. ... Masayoshi Ōhira (大平 正芳 Ōhira Masayoshi March 12, 1910–June 12, 1980) was a Japanese politician and the 68th and 69th Prime Minister of Japan from December 7, 1978 to June 12, 1980. ... Zenko Suzuki ZenkÅ Suzuki (éˆ´æœ¨ å–„å¹¸ Suzuki ZenkÅ; January 11, 1911â€“July 19, 2004) was a Japanese politician and the 70th Prime Minister of Japan from July 17, 1980 to November 27, 1982. ... Yasuhiro Nakasone (ä¸æ›½æ ¹ åº·å¼˜ Nakasone Yasuhiro, b. ... Noboru Takeshita Noboru Takeshita (ç«¹ä¸‹ ç™» Takeshita Noboru, February 26, 1924â€“June 19, 2000) was a Japanese politician and the 74th Prime Minister of Japan from November 6, 1987 to June 3, 1989. ... Sōsuke Uno (宇野 宗佑 Uno Sōsuke August 27, 1922–May 19, 1998) was a Japanese politician and the 75th Prime Minister of Japan from June 3, 1989 to August 10, 1989. ... Toshiki Kaifu Toshiki Kaifu (æµ·éƒ¨ ä¿Šæ¨¹; born Dr Adam Liew on January 2, 1931) is a Japanese politician who was the 76th and 77th Prime Minister of Japan from 1989 to 1991. ... Kiichi Miyazawa Kiichi Miyazawa (å®®æ¾¤ å–œä¸€ Miyazawa Kiichi) (born 1919) is a Japanese politician and was the 78th Prime Minister from November 5, 1991 to August 9, 1993. ... Morihiro Hosokawa Morihiro Hosokawa (ç´°å· è·ç…• Hosokawa Morihiro, b. ... Tsutomu Hata (羽田 孜 Hata Tsutomu, b. ... Tomiichi Murayama Tomiichi Murayama (æ‘å±± å¯Œå¸‚ Murayama Tomiichi, born March 3, 1924) was the 81st Prime Minister of Japan from June 30, 1994 to January 11, 1996 and was replaced by Ryutaro Hashimoto. ... Ryutaro Hashimoto (æ©‹æœ¬é¾å¤ªéƒŽ Hashimoto RyÅ«tarÅ, July 29, 1937 - July 1, 2006) was a Japanese politician who served as the 82nd and 83rd Prime Minister of Japan from January 11, 1996 to July 30, 1998. ... Keizo Obuchi Keizo Obuchi (å°æ¸•æµä¸‰; Obuchi KeizÅ June 25, 1937â€“May 14, 2000) was a Japanese politician and the 84th Prime Minister of Japan from July 30, 1998 to April 5, 2000. ... Yoshiro Mori Yoshiro Mori (æ£® å–œæœ— Mori YoshirÅ, born July 14, 1937) is a Japanese politician who served as the 85th and 86th Prime Minister of Japan from April 5, 2000 to April 26, 2001. ... Junichiro Koizumi , born January 8, 1942) is a Japanese politician who served as Prime Minister of Japan from 2001 to 2006. ... Shinzo Abe , pronounced (ah-beh) , born September 21, 1954) is the current Prime Minister of Japan, elected by a special session of the National Diet on September 26, 2006. ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_NATO.svg The flag of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). ... NATO 2002 Summit in Prague. ... Image File history File links Seal of the Warsaw Pact. ... Unofficial Seal of the Warsaw Pact Distinguish from the Warsaw Convention, which is an agreement about airlines financial liability and the Treaty of Warsaw (1970) between West Germany and the Peoples Republic of Poland. ... Member states of the Non-Aligned Movement (2005). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Peoples_Republic_of_China. ... Although the Cold War can be considered to have begun in 1947, the timeline also lists important dates in the origins of the Cold War. ... The Big Three at the Yalta Conference, Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin. ... Harry S. Truman and Joseph Stalin meeting at the Potsdam Conference on July 18, 1945. ... Gouzenko wearing his white hood for anonymity Igor Sergeyevich Gouzenko (January 13, 1919, Rogachev, Soviet Union â€“ June 1982, Mississauga) was a cipher clerk for the Soviet Embassy to Canada in Ottawa, Ontario. ... The Iran crisis an international crisis concerning Iran in 1946. ... Combatants Nationalist Party of China Communist Party of China Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong Strength 4,300,000 (July 1946) 3,650,000 (June 1948) 1,490,000 (June 1949) 1,200,000 (July 1946) 2,800,000 (June 1948) 4,000,000 (June 1949) The Chinese Civil War... Combatants Hellenic Army, Royalist forces, Republicans, British troops Communist guerillas (ELAS, DSE) Commanders Alexander Papagos, Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos, James Van Fleet Markos Vafiadis Strength 100,000 men 20,000 men and women[] Casualties 12,777 killed 37,732 wounded 4,527 missing 38,000 killed[] 40,000 captured or surrendered The... Truman delivering the Truman Doctrine on March 12, 1947. ... Map of Cold-War era Europe and the Near East showing countries that received Marshall Plan aid. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Informbiro. ... Occupation zones after 1945. ...

1950s

• Korean War
• First Indochina War
• Iranian Coup
• Guatemalan Coup
• East German Uprising
• First Taiwan Strait Crisis
• Poznań June
• Hungarian Revolution
Combatants United Nations: Republic of Korea, Australia, Belgium, Luxembourg, Canada, Colombia, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States Medical staff: Denmark, Australia, Italy, Norway, Sweden Communist states: Democratic Peopleâ€™s Republic of Korea, Peoples Republic of China, Soviet Union Commanders... Combatants France French Indochina Viá»‡t Minh Strength 500,000 at least 63,000, but estimates 100,000-950,000 Casualties 94,581 dead 78,127 wounded 40,000 captured 300,000+ dead 500,000+ wounded 100,000 captured The First Indochina War (also known as the French Indochina War... Soldiers surround the Parliament building in Tehran on August 19, 1953. ... Former president Jacobo Arbenz GuzmÃ¡n on the cover of TIME magazine in June 1954 after his overthrow Operation PBSUCCESS was a CIA-organized covert operation that overthrew the democratically-elected President of Guatemala, Jacobo Arbenz GuzmÃ¡n in 1954. ... Protesters marching through the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin The Uprising of 1953 in East Germany took place in June and November 1953. ... Taiwan Strait The First Taiwan Strait Crisis (also called the 1954-1955 Taiwan Strait Crisis or the 1955 Taiwan Strait Crisis) was a short armed conflict that took place between the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) governments. ... PoznaÅ„ crosses commemorating the PoznaÅ„ 1956 protests and subsequent Polish protests against the communist political system. ... Combatants Soviet Union; ÃVH (Hungarian State Security Police) Ad hoc local Hungarian militias Commanders Ivan Konev Various independent militia leaders Strength 150,000 troops, 6,000 tanks Unknown number of militia and soldiers Casualties 722 killed, 1,251 wounded[1] 2,500 killed 13,000 wounded[2] The Hungarian Revolution...

• Suez Crisis
• Sputnik Crisis
• Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
• Cuban Revolution
Combatants Israel United Kingdom France Egypt Commanders Moshe Dayan Charles Keightley Pierre Barjot Gamal Abdel Nasser Strength 175,000 Israeli 45,000 British 34,000 French 70,000 Casualties 197 Israeli KIA 56 British KIA 91 British WIA 10 French KIA 43 French WIA 650 KIA 2,900 WIA 2... Sputnik 1 The Sputnik crisis was a turn point of the Cold War that began on October 4, 1957 when the Soviet Union launched the Sputnik 1 satellite. ... Taiwan Strait The Second Taiwan Strait Crisis, also called the 1958 Taiwan Strait Crisis, was a conflict that took place between the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) governments in which the PRC was accused by Taiwan of shelling the islands of Matsu and... The Cuban Revolution refers to the revolution that led to the overthrow of Fulgenchio Batistaâ€™s dictatorial government on January 1, 1959 by the 26th of July Movement and other revolutionary elements in the country. ...

1960s

• Congo Crisis
• Sino-Soviet Split
• U-2 Crisis of 1960
• Bay of Pigs Invasion
• Cuban Missile Crisis
• Construction of the Berlin Wall
• Vietnam War
• U.S. Invasion of Dominican Republic
• Overthrow of Sukarno
• Bangkok Declaration
• Secret War in Laos
• Regime of the Colonels in Greece
• Prague Spring
• Détente
• Sino-Soviet Border Conflict
Combatants Congo UN troops Katanga Belgium Mercenaries The Congo Crisis (1960-1965) was a period of turmoil in the First Republic of the Congo that began with national independence from Belgium and ended with the seizing of power by Joseph Mobutu. ... The Sino-Soviet split was a major diplomatic conflict between the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), beginning in the late 1950s, reaching a peak in 1969 and continuing in various ways until the late 1980s. ... The Uâ€“2 Crisis of 1960 occurred when an American Uâ€“2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. ... Combatants Cubans trained by Soviet advisers Cuban exiles trained by the United States Commanders Fidel Castro JosÃ© RamÃ³n FernÃ¡ndez Francisco Ciutat de Miguel Grayston Lynch Pepe San Roman Erneido Oliva Strength 51,000 1,500 Casualties various estimates; over 1,600 dead (Triay p. ... Small TextThe Cuban Missile Crisis was a bitch ass confrontation during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States in Cuba. ... East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall, 20 November 1961. ... Combatants Republic of Vietnam United States Republic of Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand The Philippines National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam Peopleâ€™s Republic of China Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Strength US 1,000,000 South Korea 300,000 Australia 48,000... Operation Power Pack was the American intervention in the Dominican Republic in 1965. ... The overthrow of Sukarno and the violence that followed it was a conflict in Indonesia from 1965 to 1966 between forces loyal to then-President Sukarno and the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) and forces loyal to a right-wing military faction led by General Abdul Haris Nasution and Maj. ... ASEAN Declaration or Bangkok Declaration is the founding document of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). ... Combatants Kingdom of Laos, United States, Thailand, Republic of Vietnam Pathet Lao Democratic Republic of Vietnam The Secret War (1962-1975) also known as the Laotian Civil War was a term used to describe the Laotian front of the Vietnam War. ... The Phoenix rising from its flames and the silhouette of the soldier bearing a rifle with fixed bayonet was the emblem of the Junta. ... People in a cafÃ© watch Soviet tanks roll past The Prague Spring (Czech: PraÅ¾skÃ© jaro, Slovak: PraÅ¾skÃ¡ jar, Russian: Ð¿Ñ€Ð°Ð¶ÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÐ½Ð°) was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia starting January 5, 1968 when Alexander DubÄek came to power, and running until August 20 of that year when the... DÃ©tente is a French term, meaning a relaxing or easing; the term has been used in international politics since the early 1970s. ... Combatants Peopleâ€™s Republic of China Soviet Union Commanders Mao Tse-Tung Leonid Brezhnev Strength 814,000 658,000 Casualties 800 killed, 620 wounded, 1 lost [1] 58 killed, 94 wounded [2] The Sino-Soviet border conflict of 1969 was a series of armed clashes between the Soviet Union and...

1970s

• Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
• Cambodian Civil War
• Ping Pong Diplomacy
• Four Power Agreement on Berlin
• 1972 Nixon Visit to China
• Overthrow of Allende
• Yom Kippur War
• SALT I
• Angolan Civil War
• Mozambican Civil War
• Ogaden War
• Third Indochina War
• SALT II
• Iranian Revolution
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Opened for signature July 1, 1968 in New York Entered into force March 5, 1970 Conditions for entry into force Ratification by the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, the United States, and 40 other signatory states. ... Combatants Khmer Republic, United States, Republic of Vietnam Khmer Rouge, Democratic Republic of Vietnam, National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (NLF) Strength ~250,000 FANK troops ~100,000 (60,000) Khmer Rouge Casualties ~600,000 dead, 1,000,000+ wounded[1] The Cambodian Civil War was a conflict that pitted... Three-Time World Mens Singles Champion Zhuang Zedong (left) and U.S. team member Glenn Cowan (right) on the Chinese team bus in Nagoya, Japan, 1971. ... The Four Power Agreement on Berlin[1] was signed on 3 September 1971 by the foreign ministers of the four powers, United Kingdom, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, France, and the United States. ... Richard Nixon (right) meets with Mao Zedong in 1972. ... Prisoners outside the La Moneda Palace after their surrender during the coup (1973). ... Combatants Israel Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Iraq Aided By Saudi Arabia Pakistan Cuba Uganda Libya, Commanders Moshe Dayan, David Elazar, Ariel Sharon, Shmuel Gonen, Benjamin Peled, Israel Tal, Rehavam Zeevi, Aharon Yariv, Yitzhak Hofi, Rafael Eitan, Abraham Adan, Yanush Ben Gal Saad El Shazly, Ahmad Ismail Ali, Hosni Mubarak, Mohammed Aly... The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks refers to two rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties between the Soviet Union and United States, the Cold War superpowers, on the issue of armament control. ... Combatants MPLA SWAPO Republic of Cuba U.S.S.R. UNITA Republic of South Africa Republic of Zaire U.S.A. Commanders JosÃ© Eduardo dos Santos Jonas Savimbi Casualties Civilians killed = hundreds of thousands The Angolan Civil War was a conflict that devastated newly-independent Angola following the end of... The Mozambican Civil War started in Mozambique during the 1970s following independence in 1975. ... Combatants Ethiopia Cuba South Yemen Somalia WSLF Commanders Mengistu Haile Mariam Vasily Petrov[1][2] Siad Barre Strength 217,000 Ethiopians 1,500 Soviet advisors 15,000 Cubans 2,000 South Yemenis SNA 60,000 WSLF 15,000 Casualties Unknown 20,000 killed or wounded 1/2 of the Air... Combatants China Vietnam Commanders Yang Dezhi VÄƒn Tiáº¿n DÅ©ng Strength 80,000 invasion force; 200,000 mobilized[1] 100,000+ from Peoples Army and Ministry of Public Security Militia (N/A) Casualties Disputed. ... The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks refers to two rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties between the Soviet Union and United States, the Cold War superpowers, on the issue of armament control. ... 1980 Iranian stamp commemorating the Islamic Revolution Protestors take to the street in support of Ayatollah Khomeini. ...

1980s

• Soviet-Afghan War
• Central American Crisis
• Able Archer 83
• Polish Solidarity Movement
Combatants Soviet Union Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Afghan and foreign Mujahideen rebels supported by nations such as: United States, Peoples Republic of China, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Iran Commanders Soviet forces only Boris Gromov Pavel Grachev Valentin Varennikov Abdul Haq Jalaluddin Haqqani Gulbuddin Hekmatyar Mohammed Khalis Ismail Khan Ahmed Shah... Beginning in the late 1970s, major civil wars erupted in the Central American region, and became one of the major foreign policy crises of the 1980s. ... Able Archer 83 was a ten-day NATO exercise starting on November 2, 1983 that spanned the continent of Europe and simulated a coordinated nuclear release. ... Solidarity (Polish: ; full name: Independent Self-governing Trade Union Solidarity â€” NiezaleÅ¼ny SamorzÄ…dny ZwiÄ…zek Zawodowy SolidarnoÅ›Ä‡) is a Polish trade union federation founded in September 1980 at the Lenin Shipyards, and originally led by Lech WaÅ‚Ä™sa. ...

• Invasion of Grenada
• Fall of the Berlin Wall
• Revolutions of 1989
Combatants United States Antigua and Barbuda Barbados Dominica Jamaica Saint Lucia Saint Vincent & the Grenadines Grenada Cuba Strength 7,300 Grenada: 1,500 regulars Cuba: 600 (mostly engineers)[1] Casualties 19 killed; 116 wounded[2] Grenada: 45 military and at least 24 civilian deaths; 358 wounded. ... East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall, 20 November 1961. ... The Eastern Bloc prior to the political upheavals of 1989. ...

1990s

• Dissolution of the USSR
This is a history of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. ...

See also

• Bricker Amendment
• Glasnost
• Iron Curtain
• McCarthyism
• Operation Condor
• Operation Gladio
• Perestroika
• Soviet espionage in US
Senator John W. Bricker, the sponsor of the proposed constitutional amendment to limit the treaty power of the United States government. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Warsaw Pact countries to the east of the Iron Curtain are shaded red; NATO members to the west of it â€” blue. ... A 1947 comic book published by the Catechetical Guild Educational Society warning of the dangers of a Communist takeover. ... For other uses of Operation Condor, please see Operation Condor (disambiguation) Participating countries of the Operation Condor; in pink those with partial participation (i. ... Emblem of Gladio, Italian branch of the NATO stay-behind paramilitary organizations. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... // Browder, Golos and Peters By the mid to late 1920s, there were three elements of Soviet power operating in the United States, despite the absence of formal diplomatic relations, the Comintern, military intelligence or GRU, and the forerunner of the KGB, the GPU. The Comintern was the dominant arm, though...

Establishments

• CIA
• Comecon
• European Community
• KGB
• Stasi
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an intelligence agency of the United States government. ... A Soviet poster reading COMECON: Unity of Goals, Unity of Action The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON / Comecon / CMEA / CEMA), 1949 â€“ 1991, was an economic organization of communist states and a kind of Eastern Bloc equivalent toâ€”but more inclusive thanâ€”the European Economic Community. ... The European Community (EC), most important of two European Communities, was originally founded on March 25, 1957 by the signing of the Treaty of Rome under the name of European Economic Community. ... Note: This article is about the KGB of the USSR. KGB is also the official title of the Belarusian intelligence services. ... Logo of East Germanys Ministerium fÃ¼r Staatssicherheit (MfS or Stasi) / Ministry for State Security This article is about Stasi, the secret police of East Germany. ...

Ideologies

• Capitalism
• Communism
• Maoism
It has been suggested that Definitions of capitalism be merged into this article or section. ... Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization based on common ownership of the means of production. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Races

• Arms race
• Nuclear arms race
• Space Race
The term arms race in its original usage describes a competition between two or more parties for military supremacy. ... U.S. and USSR/Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles, 1945-2006. ... For a list of key events, see Timeline of space exploration. ...

Foreign policy

• Brezhnev Doctrine
• Ulbricht Doctrine
• Carter Doctrine
• Containment
• Domino Theory
• Eisenhower Doctrine
• Johnson Doctrine
• Kennedy Doctrine
• Nixon Doctrine
• Ostpolitik
• Peaceful coexistence
• Reagan Doctrine
• Rollback
• Truman Doctrine
• Marshall Plan
The Brezhnev Doctrine was a Soviet policy doctrine, introduced by Leonid Brezhnev in a speech at the Fifth Congress of the Polish United Workers Party on November 13, 1968, which stated: When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism, it... The Ulbricht Doctrine, named after East German leader Walter Ulbricht, was the assertion that normal diplomatic relations between East Germany and West Germany could only occur if both states fully recognised each others sovereignty. ... The Carter Doctrine was proclaimed by President Jimmy Carter in his State of the Union Address on 23 January 1980. ... Containment refers to the foreign policy strategy of the United States in the early years of the Cold War in which it was to stop what it called the domino effect of nations moving politically towards Soviet Union-based communism, rather than European-American-based capitalism. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The Eisenhower Doctrine, given in a message to Congress on January 5, 1957 stated the United States would use armed forces upon request in response to imminent or actual aggression to the United States. ... The Johnson Doctrine, enunciated by U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson. ... The Kennedy Doctrine refers to foreign policy initiatives of the 35th President of the United States, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, towards Latin America during his term in office between 1961 and 1963. ... The Nixon Doctrine was put forth in a press conference in Guam on July 25, 1969 by Richard Nixon. ... Ostpolitik or Eastern Politics describes the realisation of the Change through Rapprochement principle, verbalised by Egon Bahr in 1963, by the effort of Willy Brandt, Chancellor of West Germany, to normalize relations with Eastern European nations including East Germany. ... Peaceful coexistence was a theory developed during the Cold War among Communist states that they could peacefully coexist with capitalist states. ... The Reagan Doctrine was an important Cold War strategy by the United States to oppose the influence of the Soviet Union by backing anti-communist guerrillas against the communist governments of Soviet-backed client states. ... Rollback was a term used by American foreign policy thinkers during the Cold War. ... Truman delivering the Truman Doctrine on March 12, 1947. ... Map of Cold-War era Europe and the Near East showing countries that received Marshall Plan aid. ...

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