Kaloyan Asen, Kalojan, Johannizza, John, "The Romankiller" (c. 1165 – 1207) was tsar of Bulgaria (1197-1207). Kaloyan was the younger brother of Ivan Asen I and Peter II. According to medieaval Byzantine and Western sources, Kaloyan was of Vlach origin. The name of the dynasty, Asen, is, however, most probably of Turkic (Cuman) origin. In his own administrative documents and in the correspondence with Pope Innocent III, Kaloyan viewed himself as a descendant and successor of the Bulgarian Tsars Samuil, Peter I and Simeon I, and the state which he ruled over as a continuation of the First Bulgarian Empire. Events November 23 - Pope Alexander III enters Rome. ... Events Stephen Langton consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury June 17 by Pope Innocent III Births September 8 - King Sancho II of Portugal October 1 - King Henry III of England (d. ... Tsar (Bulgarian цар, Russian царь,   listen?; often spelled Czar or Tzar and sometimes Csar or Zar in English), was the title used for the autocratic rulers of the First and Second Bulgarian Empires since 913, in Serbia in the middle of the 14th century, and in Russia from 1547 to 1917 (although... Events Amalric II succeeds Henry II of Champagne as king of Jerusalem. ... Events Stephen Langton consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury June 17 by Pope Innocent III Births September 8 - King Sancho II of Portugal October 1 - King Henry III of England (d. ... Ivan Asen I was Tsar of Bulgaria in the twelfth century. ... Peter (II) Delyan of Bulgaria was the leader of the Bulgarian resistance against the Byzantine Empire around 1040. ... Vlachs (also called Wlachs, Wallachs, Olahs) are the Romanized population in Central and Eastern Europe, including Romanians, Aromanians, Istro-Romanians and Megleno-Romanians, but since the creation of the Romanian state, this term was mostly used for the Vlachs living south of the Danube river. ... This is the disambiguation page for the terms Turk, Turkey, Turkic, and Turkish. ... The Cumans, also known as Polovtsy (Slavic for yellowish) were a nomadic West Turkic tribe living on the north of the Black Sea along the Volga. ... Innocent III, né Lotario de Conti (Gavignano, near Anagni, ca. ... Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria (c. ... Czar Peter I of Bulgaria (927-969), the son of Czar Simeon the Great of Bulgaria, was married to Maria Irena, the granddaughter of Byzantine Emperor Romanus I Lecapenus. ... Tsar Simeon the Great (Bulgarian: Цар Симеон Велики, Tsar Simeon Veliki) (ruled 893 – May 27, 927) was 27 when he took the throne of Bulgaria from his brother Vladimir, the son of Prince Boris, who was deposed and blinded by his own father after his attempt to return Bulgaria to paganism. ...

Before 1204, Kaloyan was involved in protracted negotiations with Pope Innocent III, promising to unite the Bulgarian church with the Roman Catholic church, if the pope would acknowledge his rank as Tsar. The pope sent a legate with a king's crown instead. // Events February - Byzantine emperor Alexius IV is overthrown in a revolution, and Alexius V is proclaimed emperor. ... Innocent III, né Lotario de Conti (Gavignano, near Anagni, ca. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ...

According to the Chronicles of Geoffrey of Villehardouin, Kaloyan (who he calls Johannizza, King of Bulgaria and Wallachia) had repeatedly attacked Adrianople prior to 1204. Geoffrey of Villehardouin (in French Geoffroi de Villehardouin) (1160–c. ... Kaloyan Asen, Kalojan, Johannizza, John, The Romankiller (c. ... Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ... Edirne is a city in (Thrace), the westernmost part of Turkey, close to the borders with Greece and Bulgaria. ... // Events February - Byzantine emperor Alexius IV is overthrown in a revolution, and Alexius V is proclaimed emperor. ...

In 1204 the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade conquered Constantinople and founded the Latin Empire on the ruins of Byzantium, crowning Baldwin, Count of Flanders (IX) and Hainault (VI), as the Emperor of Constantinople. // Events February - Byzantine emperor Alexius IV is overthrown in a revolution, and Alexius V is proclaimed emperor. ... This article is about historical Crusades . ... The Fourth Crusade (1202–1204), originally designed to conquer Jerusalem by taking Egypt first, instead, in 1204, sacked and conquered the Orthodox Christian city of Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire. ... Map of Constantinople. ... The Latin Empire, Empire of Nicaea, Empire of Trebizond and the Despotate of Epirus. ... The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centred at its capital in Constantinople. ... Baldwin I (1172 - 1205), the first emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople, as Baldwin IX Count of Flanders and as Baldwin VI Count of Hainaut, was one of the most prominent leaders of the Fourth Crusade, which resulted in the capture of Constantinople, the conquest of the greater part...

The "Greeks" (in this case meaning the Eastern Orthodox former subjects of Byzantium, as opposed to the Roman Catholic "Latins") sent envoys to Kaloyan, promising to make him emperor, if he would provide them with protection. The Crusaders, together with the Venetians under Doge Enrico Dandolo, challenged Kaloyan, and on March 29, 1205, laid siege to Adrianople, which Kaloyan had placed under his protection. Kaloyan hurried to Adrianople with a large army composed of Bulgars (Bulgarians), Vlachs, and 14,000 Cuman mercenaries. On Thursday, April 14, 1205, the Crusaders faced Kaloyan near by the Adrianople Fortress in what came to be called the Battle of Adrianople. Kaloyan soundly defeated the Crusaders and took Emperor Baldwin prisoner. Baldwin languished in prison in the Bulgarian capital of Turnovo until his death on June 11, 1205, despite repeated threats from the pope of a crusade against Bulgaria. Eastern Orthodoxy (also called Greek Orthodoxy and Russian Orthodoxy) is a Christian tradition which represents the majority of Eastern Christianity. ... Location within Italy Venice (Italian: Venezia), the city of canals, is the capital of the region of Veneto and of the province of Venice, 45°26′ N 12°19′ E, population 271,663 (census estimate 2004-01-01). ... Enrico Dandolo (1107?-1205) was the Doge (1192-1205) of Venice during the Fourth Crusade. ... March 29 is the 88th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (89th in Leap years). ... Events January 6 - Philip of Swabia becomes King of the Romans April 14 - Battle of Adrianople (1205) between Bulgars and Latins August 20 - Following certain news of Baldwin Is death, Henry of Flanders is crowned Emperor of the Latin Empire Births Deaths July 13 Hubert Walter Archbishop of Canterbury... Edirne is a city in (Thrace), the westernmost part of Turkey, close to the borders with Greece and Bulgaria. ... What on Earth is Varkun, and how could it be related to the word Bulgar? Furthermore, I believe the current view is that Bulgars were not originally Turkic (article seems to agree), so it does not make sense for the word to be derived from a Turkic language. ... Vlachs (also called Wlachs, Wallachs, Olahs) is a blanket term covering several distinct modern Latin peoples descending from the Latinised population in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe. ... The Cumans, also known as Polovtsy (Slavic for yellowish) were a nomadic West Turkic tribe living on the north of the Black Sea along the Volga. ... April 14 is the 104th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (105th in leap years). ... Events January 6 - Philip of Swabia becomes King of the Romans April 14 - Battle of Adrianople (1205) between Bulgars and Latins August 20 - Following certain news of Baldwin Is death, Henry of Flanders is crowned Emperor of the Latin Empire Births Deaths July 13 Hubert Walter Archbishop of Canterbury... This Battle of Adrianople occurred on April 14, 1205 between Bulgarians under Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria, and Crusaders under the Baldwin I. It was won by the Bulgarians after a skillful ambush. ... Veliko Turnovo(Cyrillic: Велико Търново, Great Turnovo) is a city of approximately 65,000 people in North-central Bulgaria, 240km north-east of Sofia. ... June 11 is the 162nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (163rd in leap years), with 203 days remaining. ... Events January 6 - Philip of Swabia becomes King of the Romans April 14 - Battle of Adrianople (1205) between Bulgars and Latins August 20 - Following certain news of Baldwin Is death, Henry of Flanders is crowned Emperor of the Latin Empire Births Deaths July 13 Hubert Walter Archbishop of Canterbury...

After the Battle of Adrianople, Kaloyan began a merciless war on both the Greeks and Latins. By the summer of 1205, Kaloyan held everything on the western side of the straits of St. George except for Rodosto and Selymbria. Meanwhile Theodore I Lascaris, Emperor of Nicaea, had gained considerable territory to the east of Constantinople, following its capture by the Crusaders. Events January 6 - Philip of Swabia becomes King of the Romans April 14 - Battle of Adrianople (1205) between Bulgars and Latins August 20 - Following certain news of Baldwin Is death, Henry of Flanders is crowned Emperor of the Latin Empire Births Deaths July 13 Hubert Walter Archbishop of Canterbury... Tekirdag or Tekir Dagh, referred to historically as Rodosto (Greek name: Redestos or Rhaedestos), is a city of European Turkey (Eastern Thrace), which during the period of the Ottoman Empire (before the treaty of Sevres in 1920) belonged in the vilayet of Adrianople. ... Silivri is a 300-square mile district of Istanbul along the Sea of Marmara in Turkey. ... The Latin Empire, Empire of Nicaea, Empire of Trebizond and the Despotate of Epirus. ... The Empire of Nicaea was the largest of the states founded by refugees from the Byzantine Empire after Constantinople was conquered during the Fourth Crusade. ...

Kaloyan pursued Boniface, the Marquis of Montferrat and leader of the Fourth Crusade, destroying Seres and Philippopolis. On January 31, 1206, Kaloyan's forces slaughtered 120 French knights near Rusium, and shortly thereafter took Arpos (called Naples or Napoli by the Crusaders) by force, killed and enslaved its inhabitants, and destroyed the city. When the news of the fate of Arpos (Napoli) reached the city of Rodosto, the Venetians, and the Flemish and French soldiers that were guarding the city fled, and the remaining inhabitants surrendered to Kaloyan. He then captured the cities of Panedor, Heraclea (a seaport owned by the Venetians), Daonium, Tzurulum, and Athyra. The Crusaders were left with only Constantinople and the two nearby cities of Bizye and Selymbria. Boniface of Montferrat (c. ... Ancient Theater, Plovdiv International Fair, Plovdiv Plovdiv is a city in Bulgaria and the capital of the Plovdiv Oblast (district). ... January 31 is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Arpos was an ancient city in the region that is now European Turkey. ... Tekirdag or Tekir Dagh, referred to historically as Rodosto (Greek name: Redestos or Rhaedestos), is a city of European Turkey (Eastern Thrace), which during the period of the Ottoman Empire (before the treaty of Sevres in 1920) belonged in the vilayet of Adrianople. ... Heraclea was the name of a large number of ancient cities founded by the Greeks. ...

The Crusaders then had a number of small victories, and began to attack the territories held by Theodore I Lascaris, Emperor of Nicaea. At the beginning of March 1207 Kaloyan and Theodore I Lascaris formed an alliance against the Crusaders. In April of 1207 Kaloyan laid siege to Adrianople, but after a month the Comans left, and Kaloyan ended the siege. In June 1207 Theodore I Lascaris agreed to a two year truce with the Crusaders, who were now under the command of Baldwin's brother Henry. On September 4, 1207, a group of Bulgarians attacked Boniface of Montferrat, killed him and sent his head to Kaloyan. Shortly thereafter Kaloyan was killed in his sleep by Manastre, the leader of the Cuman mercenaries in his army, during the siege of Solun, Thessalonica. Events Stephen Langton consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury June 17 by Pope Innocent III Births September 8 - King Sancho II of Portugal October 1 - King Henry III of England (d. ... Events Stephen Langton consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury June 17 by Pope Innocent III Births September 8 - King Sancho II of Portugal October 1 - King Henry III of England (d. ... Events Stephen Langton consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury June 17 by Pope Innocent III Births September 8 - King Sancho II of Portugal October 1 - King Henry III of England (d. ... Baldwin I (1172 - 1205), the first emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople, as Baldwin IX Count of Flanders and as Baldwin VI Count of Hainaut, was one of the most prominent leaders of the Fourth Crusade, which resulted in the capture of Constantinople, the conquest of the greater part... Henry (c. ... September 4 is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years). ... Events Stephen Langton consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury June 17 by Pope Innocent III Births September 8 - King Sancho II of Portugal October 1 - King Henry III of England (d. ... Boniface of Montferrat (c. ... The White Tower The Arch of Galerius Map showing the Thessaloníki prefecture Thessaloníki (Θεσσαλονίκη) is the second-largest city of Greece and is the principal city and the capital of the Greek region of Macedonia. ...