Khiva (alternative names include Khorasam, Khoresm, Khwarezm, Khwarizm, Khwarazm, Chiwa and Chorezm) is the former capital of Khwarezmia, which lies in the present-day Khorezm Province of Uzbekistan. Itchan Kala in Khiva was the first site in Uzbekistan to be inscribed in the World Heritage List (1991). Khwarezmia (also with various alternate spellings, including Chorasmia and Khorezm) was a state located on what was then the coast of the Aral Sea, including modern Karakalpakstan across the Ust-Urt plateau and perhaps extending to as far west as the eastern shores of the North Caspian Sea. ... Xorazm Province, (Uzbek: Xorazm viloyati / Хоразм вилояти) or (Khorezm Province) as it is still more commonly known, is an administration division, or viloyati of Uzbekistan located in the northwest of the country in in the lower reaches of the Amu-Darya River. ... One of the gates before the Russian Revolution. ... Elabana Falls is in Lamington National Park, part of the Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves World Heritage site in Queensland, Australia. ...

Old Entrance into Kukhana Ark.

Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...

History

The district of Khwarazm, centred on the formerly rich and fertile delta of the Oxus or Amu-Darya, was an ancient centre of Iranic culture and Iranian architecture. In the very early part of its history, the inhabitants of the area were from Iranian stock, belonging to the Khwarazmian branch. They spoke an eastern Iranian language called Khwarezmian. As a consequence of the constant Turkic attack and migration, the Khiva area now has a mixed population of Karakalpaks, Uzbeks and Kazakhs, and has lost its Iranian language. The Amu Darya (in Persian آمودریا; Darya means river in Persian) rises in the Pamirs and flows mainly north-west through the Hindu Kush, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan to join the Aral Sea in a large river delta. ... Amu Darya Delta from space, November 1994 The Amu Darya (also Amudarya, Amudarya, in Persian آمودریا; Darya means River in Persian) is a river in Central Asia. ... ... The Iranian languages are a part of the Indo European language family. ... Chorasmian, also known as Khwarezmian or Khwarazmian, is the name of an extinct northeastern Iranian language closely related to Sogdian. ... Karakalpak (also Kara Kalpak; Qara-Qalpaq; and other variants. ... Kazakh may refer to An ethnic group: the Kazakhs The Kazakh language The Culture of Kazakhstan Suhbat. ...

Historically the main centre of population was Konya-Urgench or 'Old Urgench', but the city was abandoned owing to the depredations of the Mongols and Tamerlane, together with a shift in the course of the Amu-Darya. The city of Khiva was first recorded by Arabic travellers in the 10th century, although the archaeologists assert that the city existed since the 6th century. By the early 17th century Khiva had become the capital of a Khanate of the same name, ruled over by a branch of the Ghengissid Astrakhanid dynasty. Ruins of Muhammad IIs palace in Old Urgench. ... Urgench (Uzbek: Urganch / Урганч) is city (1989 pop. ... The Mongols are an ethnic group that originated in what is now Mongolia, Russia, and China, particularly Inner Mongolia. ... Jump to: navigation, search Reconstruction of Timur from exhumation of his tomb. ... For the Star Trek character see Khan Noonien Singh. ...

The discovery of gold on the banks of the Oxus during the reign of Peter the Great, together with the desire of Russia to open a trade route to India, prompted an armed trade expedition to the region, led by Prince Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky, and consisting of 4,000 men. General Name, Symbol, Number gold, Au, 79 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 6, d Appearance metallic yellow Atomic mass 196. ... The Amu Darya (in Persian آمودریا; Darya means river in Persian) rises in the Pamirs and flows mainly north-west through the Hindu Kush, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan to join the Aral Sea in a large river delta. ... Peter I Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia Peter I (Pyotr Alekseyvich) (9 June 1672–8 February 1725 [30 May 1672–28 January 1725 O.S.1]) ruled Russia from 7 May (27 April O.S.) 1682 until his death. ...

Upon receiving the men the Khan set up camp under the pretense of goodwill, then ambushed and slaughtered the envoys, leaving ten alive to send back. Peter the Great, indebted after wars with the Ottoman Empire and Sweden, did nothing. Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (the Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Bursa (1335 - 1365), Edirne (1365-1453), İstanbul (Constantinople) (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40...

Tsar Paul I also attempted to conquer the city, but his expedition was woefully undermanned and undersupplied, and was recalled en route due to his assassination. Tsar Alexander I had no such ambitions, and it is under Tsars Alexander II and Alexander III that serious efforts to annex the city started. Paul I of Russia by Vladimir Borovikovsky Paul I of Russia (Russian: Pavel Petrovich, Павел I Петрович) (October 1, 1754 - March 23, 1801) was an Emperor (Tsar) of Russia (1796 - 1801). ... Aleksander Pavlovich Romanov or Tsar Alexander I (The Blessed), (Russian: Александр I Павлович) (December 23, 1777–December 1, 1825), Emperor of Russia (reigned March 23, 1801–December 1, 1825), King of Poland (reigned 1815–1825), son of the Grand Duke Paul Petrovich, afterwards Paul I, and Maria Fedorovna, daughter of the Duke... Alexander II (1818-1881) Alexander (Aleksandr) II (Russian: Александр II Николаевич) (April 17, 1818–March 13, 1881) was the Emperor (tsar) of Russia from March 2, 1855 until his assassination. ... Painting of Tsar Alexander III (1886), by Ivan Kramskoi (1837-1887), original, 41 x 36 in. ...

A curious episode during The Great Game involved a Russian expedition, in name to free the slaves captured and sold by Turcoman raiders from the Russian frontiers on the Caspian Sea, but also as an attempt to extend its borders while Great Britain entangled itself in the First Anglo-Afghan War in 1839. The expedition, led by General Perovsky, the commander of the Orenburg garrison, consisted of 5,200 infantry, and 10,000 camels. Due to poor planning and a bit of bad luck, they set off in November, 1839, into one of the worst winters in memory, and was forced to turn back on February 1, 1840, arriving back into Orenburg in May, suffering over 1,000 casualties without firing a single shot. Central Asia, circa 1848 The Great Game is a term, usually attributed to Arthur Connolly, used to describe the rivalry and strategic conflict between the British Empire and the Tsarist Russian Empire for supremacy in Central Asia. ... There are several meanings to Turkmen: Related to the country Turkmenistan Turkmen language Turkmen people A breed of horse called the Turkoman This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Caspian Sea viewed from orbit The Caspian Sea or Mazandaran Sea is a landlocked sea between Asia and Europe (European Russia). ... The First Anglo-Afghan War lasted from 1839 to 1842. ... 1839 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Orenburg (Оренбу́рг) is a city on the Ural River and the administrative center of Orenburg Oblast in the Volga Federal District of Russia. ... Orenburg (Оренбу́рг) is a city on the Ural River and the administrative center of Orenburg Oblast in the Volga Federal District of Russia. ...

The painter Vasily Vereshchagin was present at the taking of Khiva by Russian forces.

At the same time, the British, anxious to remove the pretext for the Russian attempt to annex Khiva, launched its own effort to free the slaves - a lone officer stationed in Herat. Captain James Abbott, disguised as an Afghan, set off on Christmas Eve, 1839, for Khiva. He arrived in late January, 1840, and although the Khan was suspicious of his identity, he succeeded in talking the Khan into allowing him to carry a letter for the Tsar regarding the slave issue. He left on March 7, 1840, for Fort Alexandrovsk, and was subsequently betrayed by his guide, robbed, then released when the bandits realized the origin and destination of his letter. Yet his superiors in Herat, not knowing of his fate, sent another officer, Lieutenant Richmond Shakespear, after him. Shakespear was evidently more successful than Abbott in that he somehow talked the Khan into not only freeing all Russian subjects under his control, but also making the ownership of Russian slaves a crime punishable by death. The freed slaves and Shakespear arrived in Fort Alexandrovsk on August 15, 1840, and Russia lost its primary motive for the conquest of Khiva, for now. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (823x476, 187 KB) Pust Voidut (1871) by Vasili Vereshchagin. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (823x476, 187 KB) Pust Voidut (1871) by Vasili Vereshchagin. ... Vasily Vereshchagin Vasili Vasilyevich Vereshchagin (1842 - 1904) was the most famous Russian battle painter and the first Russian artist to be widely recognized abroad. ... Herāt (Persian هرات) is a city in western Afghanistan, in the valley of the Hari Rud river in the province also known as Herat, and was traditionally known for wine. ... 1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Khan (sometimes spelled as xan, han) is a title meaning ruler in Mongolian and Turkish. ... Tsar (Bulgarian цар, Russian царь,   listen[?]; often spelled Czar or Tzar and sometimes Csar or Zar in English), was the title used for the autocratic rulers of the First and Second Bulgarian Empires since 913, in Serbia in the middle of the 14th century, and in Russia from 1547 to 1917 (although... Herāt (Persian هرات) is a city in western Afghanistan, in the valley of the Hari Rud river in the province also known as Herat, and was traditionally known for wine. ...

It was in 1873, after Russia conquered the neighbouring cities of Tashkent and Samarkand, when General Von Kaufman launched an attack consisting of 13,000 infantry and cavalry. The city fell on May 28, 1873, and although Russia now controlled the Khanate, it nominally allowed it to remain as a quasi-independent vassal nation, or Protectorate. Jump to: navigation, search 1873 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... A city is an urban area, differentiated from a town, village, or hamlet by size, population density, importance, or legal status. ... Tashkent Tashkent (Toshkent or Тошкент in Uzbek, Ташке́нт in Russian; its name is Turkoman language for Stone City It is the current capital of Uzbekistan. ... Samarkand (Samarqand or Самарқанд in Uzbek, in Persian سمرقند) (population 400,000) is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan, capital of Samarqand Province. ... Konstantin Petrovich Von Kaufman, first Governor-General of Russian Turkestan Konstantin Petrovich Von Kaufman (Константин Петрович фон-Кауфман in Russian) Konstantin Petrovich Von Kaufman (1818 - 1882) was the first Governor-General of Russian Turkestan. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1873 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... For the Star Trek character see Khan Noonien Singh. ... A vassal or liege, in the terminology that both preceded and accompanied the feudalism of medieval Europe, is one who enters into mutual obligations with a lord, usually of military support and mutual protection, in exchange for certain guarantees, which came to include the terrain held as a fief. ... For the rule of Oliver Cromwell, see The Protectorate. ...

Once the Bolsheviks took power after the October revolution, a short lived People's Republic of Khorezm was created out of the territory of the old Khanate of Khiva, before in 1924 it was finally incorporated into the USSR, divided between the new Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR. Bolshevik Party Meeting. ... Jump to: navigation, search The October Revolution, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was the second phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, the first having been instigated by the events around the February Revolution. ... Jump to: navigation, search Flag of Khoresm Peoples Soviet Republic Khoresm Peoples Soviet Republic was created from Khanate of Khiva in February 1920 and officially declared on April 26, 1920. ... State motto: Әхли юртларың пролетарлары, бирлешиң! Official language None. ... State motto: Бутун дунё пролетарлари, бирлашингиз! (transliteration: Butun Dunyo Proletarlari, Burlashingiz! (Uzbek: Workers of the world, unite!) Official language None. ...

Sights

Khiva is split into two parts. The outer town, called Dichan Kala, was formerly protected by a wall with 11 gates. The inner town, or Itchan Kala, is encircled by brick walls, whose foundations are believed to have been laid in the 10th century. Present-day crenellated walls date back to the late 17th century and attain the height of 10 meters. One of the gates before the Russian Revolution. ...

The old town retains more than 50 historic monuments and 250 old houses, mostly dating from the 18th or the 19th centuries. Djuma Mosque, for instance, was established in the 10th century and rebuilt in 1788-89, although its celebrated hypostyle hall still retains 112 columns taken from ancient structures. In architecture, a hypostyle hall has a flat ceiling which is supported by columns, as in the Hall of Columns at Karnak. ...

Publications

Campaigning on the Oxus, and the Fall of Khiva, MacGahan, (London, 1874).

Russian Central Asia, Lansdell, (London, 1885).

A travers l'Asie Central, Moser, (Paris, 1886).

Russia against India, Colquhoun, (New York, 1900).

Khiva, in Russian, S. Goulichambaroff, (Askhabad, 1913).