NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Kosher foods

Kosher foods are those that meet certain criteria of Jewish law. Invalidating characteristics may range from the presence of a mixture of meat and milk, to the use of produce from Israel that has not been tithed properly, or even the use of cooking utensils which had previously been used for non-kosher food. For an in-depth discussion of this tradition, see kashrut. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A tithe (from Old English teogotha tenth) is a one-tenth part of something, paid as a voluntary contribution or as a tax or levy, usually to support a religious organization. ... Look up kosher in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Meat

Modern halakha (Jewish law) on kashrut classifies the flesh of both mammals and birds as "meat"; fish are considered to be parve (also spelled parev, pareve; Yiddish: פארעוו parev), neither meat nor dairy. Halakha (Hebrew: ×”×œ×›×”; also transliterated as Halakhah, Halacha, Halakhot and Halachah with pronunciation emphasis on the third syllable, kha), is the collective corpus of Jewish religious law, including biblical law (the 613 mitzvot) and later talmudic and rabbinic law as well as customs and traditions. ... Look up kosher in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Subclasses & Infraclasses Subclass â€ Allotheria* Subclass Prototheria Subclass Theria Infraclass â€ Trituberculata Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria Mammals (class Mammalia) are warm-blooded, vertebrate animals characterized by the presence of sweat glands, including those that produce milk, and by the presence of: hair, three middle ear bones used in hearing, and a neocortex... For other uses, see Bird (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Fish (disambiguation). ... Yiddish (Yid. ...

Mammals: 11:3–11:8

The dietary laws are given in Leviticus 11: "And the Lord spoke to Moses and to Aaron, saying: "speak to the children of Israel, saying, 'These are the living things which you may eat among all the animals that are on the earth.'" (Leviticus 11:1–11:2). Leviticus 11:3 sets down that Jews may eat animals (some translations use "beasts") that have cloven hooves and chew their cud, and Leviticus 11:4 explicitly prohibited the consumption of animals that do not have these characteristics, designating them "unclean to you." Four mammals are specifically prohibited: Leviticus is the third book of the Hebrew Bible, also the third book in the Torah (five books of Moses). ... Moses with the Tablets, 1659, by Rembrandt This article is about the Biblical figure. ... The Adoration of the Golden Calf by Nicolas Poussin Aaron (Hebrew: , Standard Tiberian ), or Aaron the Levite (flourished about 1200 B.C.), was, according to biblical accounts, one of two brothers who play a unique part in the history of the Hebrew people. ... The Children of Israel, or Bnei Yisrael (×‘× ×™ ×™×©×¨××œ) in Hebrew (also Bnai Yisrael, Bnei Yisroel or Bene Israel) is a Biblical term for the Israelites. ... A cloven hoof is a type of hoof split into two toes, each encased by a layer of horn. ... Cud is a portion of food that returns from a ruminants stomach in the mouth to be chewed for the second time. ...

The identification of the above animals and other issues relating to this topic is the subject of much debate. Recently, Natan Slifkin published a book, titled "The Camel, the Hare, and the Hyrax" on the topic.^{[citation needed]}. Natan (Nosson) Slifkin (born 1975) is an Orthodox rabbi best known for his interest in biology, zoology, and natural history, and for his books on these topics. ...

All kosher mammals, therefore, are even-toed ungulates and herbivores in the suborder Ruminantia, including several common domesticated animals and many wild animals. Kosher animals include the following: Families Antilocapridae Bovidae Camelidae Cervidae Giraffidae Hippopotamidae Moschidae Suidae Tayassuidae Tragulidae Leptochoeridae â€ Chaeropotamidae â€ Dichobunidae â€ Cebochoeridae â€ Entelodontidae â€ Anoplotheriidae â€ Anthracotheriidae â€ Cainotheriidae â€ Agriochoeridae â€ Merycoidodontidae â€ Leptomerycidae â€ Protoceratidae â€ Xiphodontidae â€ Amphimerycidae â€ Helohyidae â€ Gelocidae â€ Merycodontidae â€ Dromomerycidae â€ Raoellidae â€ Choeropotamidae â€ Sanitheriidae â€ The even-toed ungulates form the mammal order Artiodactyla. ... A deer and two fawns feeding on some foliage A herbivore is often defined as any organism that eats only plants[1]. By that definition, many fungi, some bacteria, many animals, about 1% of flowering plants and some protists can be considered herbivores. ... Families Tragulidae Moschidae Cervidae Giraffidae Antilocapridae Bovidae The biological suborder Ruminantia includes many of the well-known large grazing or browsing mammals: among them cattle, goats, sheep, deer, and antelope. ... This is a list of animals that have been domesticated by humans. ... Wild, in zoology or botany, is a rough if problematic antonym to domesticated: see wildlife. ...

Because of the rule saying that Kosher food has to have parted hoofs, chew cud and eat vegetation, those that prey on other animals will be included as foods unclean. Tribes Bovini Boselaphini Strepsicerotini The biological subfamily Bovinae includes a diverse group of about 24 medium-sized to large ungulates, including domestic cattle, bison, the Water Buffalo, the Yak, and the four-horned and spiral-horned antelopes. ... For general information about the genus, including other species of cattle, see Bos. ... COW is an acronym for a number of things: Can of worms The COW programming language, an esoteric programming language. ... Species See Species and subspecies The goat is a mammal in the genus Capra, which consists of nine species: the Ibex, the West Caucasian Tur, the East Caucasian Tur, the Markhor, and the Wild Goat. ... Species See text. ... This article is about the herbivorous mammals. ... The four species of musk deer make up the family Moschidae. ... This article is about the ruminant animal. ... Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 Range map The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) is an African even-toed ungulate mammal, the tallest of all land-living animal species. ... Binomial name (P.L. Sclater, 1901) Range map The okapi (Okapia johnstoni) is a mammal of the Ituri Rainforest in central Africa. ... Binomial name Antilocapra americana Ord, 1815 Subspecies The Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) is the only surviving member of the family Antilocapridae, and the fastest mammal in North America running at speeds of 58 mph (90 km/h). ...

Leviticus 11:8 commands the Jews that, "of their flesh [of other animals] you shall not eat, and of their carcass you shall not touch." The following verse, Leviticus 11:9, goes on to address seafood.

Seafood: 11:9-12

In Leviticus 11:9, seafood ("all that are in the waters") is addressed. As was done for mammals, two criteria are given for fish also: whatever has "fins and scales" may be eaten. The following verses describe seafood that does not have fins and scales as "an abomination," and commands the Israelites, "of their flesh you shall not eat, and their carcasses you shall detest." Fish anatomy is primarily governed by the physical characteristics of water, which is much denser than air, holds a relatively small amount of dissolved oxygen, and absorbs light more than air does. ... In this SEM image of a butterfly wing the scales are clearly visible, and the tiny platelets on each individual scale are just barely visible in the striping. ... Look up abomination in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Rabbinical tradition holds that "fins" have to be translucent and that "scales" must be "easily detachable", i.e., they can be removed without ripping the skin, which in practice means that "permitted" fish must have either ctenoid or cycloid scales. Actually tearing the skin is not prohibited. In optics, transparency is the property of being transparent, or allowing light to pass. ... In this SEM image of a butterfly wing the scales are clearly visible, and the tiny platelets on each individual scale are just barely visible in the striping. ...

Examples of non-kosher water creatures include the shark, catfish, octopus, squid, jellyfish, and eel. All shellfish, such as clams, oysters, crab, lobster, and shrimp, and all sea mammals, such as dolphins, whales, and seals are also not kosher. For other uses, see Shark (disambiguation). ... This article is about the siluriform catfishes; for the Atlantic catfish, see Seawolf (fish); for other uses, see Catfish (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Octopus (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Squid (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Jellyfish (disambiguation). ... Suborders See text for suborders and families. ... Cooked mussels Shellfish is a term used to describe shelled molluscs and crustaceans used as food. ... Littleneck clams; the pictured mollusks are of the species Mercenaria mercenaria. ... For other uses, see Oyster (disambiguation). ... Superfamilies Dromiacea Homolodromioidea Dromioidea Homoloidea Eubrachyura Raninoidea Cyclodorippoidea Dorippoidea Calappoidea Leucosioidea Majoidea Hymenosomatoidea Parthenopoidea Retroplumoidea Cancroidea Portunoidea Bythograeoidea Xanthoidea Bellioidea Potamoidea Pseudothelphusoidea Gecarcinucoidea Cryptochiroidea Pinnotheroidea * Ocypodoidea * Grapsoidea * An asterisk (*) marks the crabs included in the clade Thoracotremata. ... Subfamilies and Genera Neophoberinae Acanthacaris Thymopinae Nephropsis Nephropides Thymops Thymopsis Nephropinae Homarus Nephrops Homarinus Metanephrops Eunephrops Thymopides Clawed lobsters comprise a family (Nephropidae, sometimes also Homaridae) of large marine crustaceans. ... Superfamilies Alpheoidea Atyoidea Bresilioidea Campylonotoidea Crangonoidea Galatheacaridoidea Nematocarcinoidea Oplophoroidea Palaemonoidea Pandaloidea Pasiphaeoidea Procaridoidea Processoidea Psalidopodoidea Stylodactyloidea True shrimp are swimming, decapod crustaceans classified in the infraorder Caridea, found widely around the world in both fresh and salt water. ... This article is about the dolphin mammal. ... Whales are the largest species of exclusively aquatic placental mammals, members of the order Cetacea, which also includes dolphins and porpoises. ... Families Odobenidae Otariidae Phocidae Pinnipeds (fin-feet, lit. ...

Seaweed and other sea plant life are kosher, although many of these plants are often infested with non-kosher animals. Thus, nori seaweed is generally agreed upon as requiring a hechsher, to avoid the problem of eating seahorses. Some authorities allow checking each piece of unsupervised nori with a light box^{[citation needed]}, but in practice this is time-consuming and often yields very few suitable pieces. Ascophyllum nodosum exposed to the sun in Nova Scotia, Canada Dead Mans Fingers (Codium fragile) off Massachusetts coast For the band, see; Seaweed (band) For the rock musician, see; Seaweed (musician) Seaweeds are any of a large number of marine benthic algae. ... Nori. ... Hechsher (×”×›×©×¨ Hebrew: kosher approval , plural: hechsherim) is the formal granting of certification, usually by an authorized rabbi, that a product is certified as kosher (meaning fit [for consumption].) A hechsher is usually conveyed to the public by a special marking on products (generally foods) certifying that the item is certified... Species See text for species. ...

The kashrut status of swordfish and sturgeon is controversial, as they have scales as young fish, but lose them later in life. Orthodox authorities have ruled that these fish are not kosher, but many Conservative rabbis rule that they are kosher. This article is about a type of fish. ... Sturgeon is a term for a genus of fish (Acipenser) of which 26 species are known. ...

Fish is not considered to be meat, but are rather parve (neutral). However, the laws of kashrut as recorded in the Talmud require that fish and meat only be consumed separately. The Talmud states that eating fish with meat is dangerous to one's health. Unlike the separation between milk and meat, a separate set of dishes is not required, but dishes are washed in between. Thus, at a Sabbath meal, where there is traditionally a fish course and a meat course, there will always be a separate fish fork and fish plate. It is also necessary to eat and drink beween fish and meat to cleanse the mouth. The Beth Yosef also states that one should avoid eating fish with dairy products, although most authorities attribute this to a printing error (see Taz, Yoreh Deah, Hilchos Dagim), as this law is not mentioned anywhere in the Talmud, and is stated out of context. Some Jews (particularly Ashkenazis from western Europe, and Sephardis from Syria) follow this ruling. The Talmud (Hebrew: ×ªÖ·Ö¼×œÖ°×ž×•Ö¼×“) is a record of rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history. ... The Shulkhan Arukh (Hebrew: Prepared Table), by Rabbi Yosef Karo is considered the most authoritative compilation of Jewish law since the Talmud. ... Rabbi David ben (son of) Israel HaLevi Segal (1586-1667) was a Polish Rabbi and Halakhist (expert in Jewish law). ... Yoreh Deah is a section of Rabbi Jacob ben Ashers compilation of halakha (Jewish law), Arbaah Turim. ... The Talmud (Hebrew: ×ªÖ·Ö¼×œÖ°×ž×•Ö¼×“) is a record of rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history. ... Ashkenazi (אַשְׁכֲּנָזִי, Standard Hebrew Aškanazi, Tiberian Hebrew ʾAškănāzî) Jews or Ashkenazic Jews, also called Ashkenazim (אַשְׁכֲּנָזִי&#1501... In the strictest sense, a Sephardi (ספרדי, Standard Hebrew Səfardi, Tiberian Hebrew Səp̄ardî; plural Sephardim: ספרדים, Standard Hebrew Səfardim, Tiberian Hebrew Səp̄ardîm) is a Jew original to the...

Birds

Kosher birds include: duck, goose, chicken, turkey, guineafowl and many others. As a general principle, scavenging birds such as vultures and birds of prey such as hawks and eagles (which will eat carrion when they find it) are not considered kosher, while other birds generally are. Leviticus outlines the non-kosher birds and the rest are all kosher; in practice, however, the identities of the birds listed as non-kosher are not all known, so religious authorities have restricted consumption to specific birds which Jews have traditionally eaten. Thus birds such as songbirds, which are consumed as delicacies in many societies, are not generally eaten although they might theoretically be kosher. Subfamilies Dendrocygninae Oxyurinae Anatinae Aythyinae Merginae Duck is the common name for a number of species in the Anatidae family of birds. ... â€œGeeseâ€ redirects here. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Genera Agelastes Numida Guttera Acryllium The guineafowl are a family of birds in the same order as the pheasants, turkeys and other game birds. ... Orders Falconiformes (Fam. ... Orders Accipitriformes Cathartidae Pandionidae Accipitridae Sagittariidae Falconiformes Falconidae A bird of prey or raptor is a bird that hunts its food, especially one that preys on mammals or other birds. ... Genera Accipiter Micronisus Melierax Urotriorchis Erythrotriorchis The term hawk refers to birds of prey in any of three senses: Strictly, to mean any of the species in the bird sub-family Accipitrinae in the genera Accipiter, Micronisus, Melierax, Urotriorchis, and Megatriorchis. ... Genera Several, see below. ... This article presents religious views on unclean animals. ... Leviticus is the third book of the Hebrew Bible, also the third book in the Torah (five books of Moses). ... A songbird is a bird belonging to the suborder Oscines of Passeriformes (ca. ...

Kosher slaughter and preparation

Jewish law states that kosher mammals and birds must be slaughtered according to a strict set of guidelines, the slaughter (shechita) (שחיטה) being designed to minimize the pain inflicted, though the latter point is the subject of controversy. This necessarily eliminates the practice of hunting wild game for food, unless it can be captured alive and ritually slaughtered. Shechita Shechita (Hebrew:×©×—×™×˜×”) is the ritual slaughter of animals, as prescribed for slaughter of mammals and birds according to Jewish dietary laws. ...

A professional slaughterer, or shochet (שוחט), using a large razor-sharp knife with absolutely no irregularities, nicks or dents, makes a single cut across the throat to a precise depth, severing both carotid arteries, both jugular veins, both vagus nerves, the trachea and the esophagus, no higher than the epiglottis and no lower than where cilia begin inside the trachea, causing the animal to bleed to death. Any variation from this exact procedure could cause unnecessary suffering; therefore, if the knife catches even for a split second or is found afterward to have developed any irregularities, or the depth of cut is too deep or shallow, the carcass is not kosher (nevela) and is sold as regular meat to the general public. The shochet must not only be rigorously trained in this procedure, but also a pious Jew of good character who observes the Sabbath, and who remains cognizant that these are God's creatures who are sacrificing their lives for the good of himself and his community and should not be allowed to suffer. In smaller communities, the shochet is often the town rabbi or the rabbi of one of the local synagogues; large factories which produce Kosher meat have professional full time shochets on staff. In human anatomy, the carotid artery is a major artery of the head and neck. ... The jugular veins are veins that bring deoxygenated blood from the head back to the heart via the superior vena cava. ... The vagus nerve (also called pneumogastric nerve or cranial nerve X) is the tenth of twelve paired cranial nerves, and is the only nerve that starts in the brainstem (within the medulla oblongata) and extends, through the jugular foramen, down below the head, to the abdomen. ... The trachea, or windpipe, is a tube that has an inner diameter of about 12mm and a length of about 10-16cm. ... The esophagus (also spelled oesophagus/Å“sophagus, Greek ), or gullet is an organ in vertebrates which consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. ... The epiglottis is a lid-like flap of fibrocartilage tissue covered with a mucus membrane, attached to the root of the tongue. ... cross-section of two cilia, showing 9+2 structure A cilium (plural cilia) is a fine projection from a eukaryotic cell that constantly beats in one direction. ... The trachea, or windpipe, is a tube that has an inner diameter of about 12mm and a length of about 10-16cm. ...

Once killed, the animal is opened to determine whether there are any of seventy different irregularities or growths on its internal organs, which would render the animal non-kosher. The term glatt kosher (although it is often used colloquially to mean "strictly kosher") literally means "smooth", and properly refers to meat where the lungs have absolutely no adhesions (i.e. scars from previous inflammation). This article does not cite any references or sources. ... An abscess on the skin, showing the redness and swelling characteristic of inflammation. ...

As Jewish law prohibits the consumption of the blood of any animal, all blood and large blood vessels must be removed from the meat. This is most commonly done by soaking and salting, but also can be done by broiling. The hindquarters of a mammal are not kosher unless the sciatic nerve and the fat surrounding it are removed (Genesis 32, last verse). This is a very time-consuming process demanding a great deal of special training, and is rarely done outside Israel where there is a greater demand for kosher meat. When it is not done the hindquarters of the animal are sold for non-kosher meat. Wikibooks Cookbook has more about this subject: Broiling Broiling is a process of cooking food with high heat with the heat applied directly to the food, most commonly from above. ... Male human buttocks. ... The sciatic nerve (also known as the ischiatic nerve) is a large nerve that runs down the lower limb. ... For other uses, see Genesis (disambiguation). ...

Gelatin

A controversial topic is the status of gelatin. True gelatin consists of denatured proteins, and comes from the processed hides or bones of animals. Most gelatin is made from pigs or from cows which were not slaughtered as described above, including the icing on Kellogg's Pop-Tarts.^{[citation needed]} This also affects the status of marshmallows, which contain gelatin as one of their principal ingredients. However, Kraft's product "Jell-O," as of recently, contains only Kosher gelatin. (Note that Kraft "Jell-O" is still derived from both pork and beef sources and is only considered "kosher" by those who accept that it's been processed to the extent of no longer being considered meat. See Kraft's FAQ's.) Gelatin (also gelatine, from French gÃ©latine) is a translucent brittle solid substance, colorless or slightly yellow, nearly tasteless and considered foul smelling, extracted from the collagen inside animals connective tissue. ... Irreversible egg protein denaturation and loss of solubility, caused by the high temperature (while cooking it) Denaturation is the alteration of a protein or nucleic acids shape through some form of external stress (for example, by applying heat, acid or alkali), in such a way that it will no... For other things with Kellogg in the name, see Kellogg (disambiguation). ... Frosted Strawberry Pop-Tarts Frosted Brown Sugar Cinnamon Pop-Tarts Box of Pop-Tarts Pop-Tarts are a flat toaster pastry, approximately 75mm by 125 mm, made by the Kellogg Company. ... For the plant, see Althaea (genus). ... Kraft has more than one meaning: there is a company named Kraft Foods there is the paper industry Kraft process In the German language, kraft means force (see [1]) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... JELL-O is a brand name belonging to USA-based Kraft Foods for a number of gelatin desserts, including fruit gels, puddings and no-bake cream pies. ... Kraft has more than one meaning: there is a company named Kraft Foods there is the paper industry Kraft process In the German language, kraft means force (see [1]) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... JELL-O is a brand name belonging to USA-based Kraft Foods for a number of gelatin desserts, including fruit gels, puddings and no-bake cream pies. ... Kraft has more than one meaning: there is a company named Kraft Foods there is the paper industry Kraft process In the German language, kraft means force (see [1]) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

Another issue with gelatin is whether it is parve ('not dairy, nor meat'). A kosher parve 'gelatin' made from vegetable gums such as carrageenan combined with food starch from tapioca (which is also suitable for vegans) is commercially available in supermarkets which have substantial Kosher food sections. It does behave differently than protein-based gelatin, however, and cannot always be substituted directly for animal gelatin without modification of the recipe. Other gelatin-like materials available include combinations of carrageenan and other vegetable gums, such as guar gum, locust-bean gum, xanthan gum, gum acacia, and agar, chemically modified food starch, and chemically modified pectins. Recently, such products have come to be used in prepackaged gelled fruit products, where animal-based gelatin was previously used. Carrageenans or carrageenins (pronounced ) are a family of linear sulphated polysaccharides extracted from red seaweeds. ... Starch (CAS# 9005-25-8) is a complex carbohydrate which is insoluble in water; it is used by plants as a way to store excess glucose. ... For other uses, see Tapioca (disambiguation). ... Hens kept in cramped conditions â€” the avoidance of animal suffering is the primary motivation of people who become vegans A vegan is a person who avoids the ingestion or use of animal products. ... Guar gum, also called guaran, is primarily the ground endosperm of guar beans. ... Xanthan gum is a polysaccharide used as a food additive and rheology modifier. ... Gum arabic is a substance that is taken from two sub-Saharan species of the acacia tree. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Starch (CAS# 9005-25-8) is a complex carbohydrate which is insoluble in water; it is used by plants as a way to store excess glucose. ... Pectin, a white to light brown powder, is a heterosaccharide derived from the cell wall of higher terrestrial plants. ...

Although most gelatin is usually considered non-kosher, as explained above, several prominent rabbinic authorities have noted that gelatin undergoes such extensive processing and chemical changes that it no longer has the status of meat, and as such may be considered parve and kosher. This is the position adopted by a substantial minority of Orthodox rabbis, including Rabbi Ovadia Yosef, the former Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Israel and arguably the most revered living posek for Orthodox Sephardi and Mizrachi Jews. Conservative Judaism, likewise, holds that gelatin is kosher because it undergoes "such a complete change." An explanation of the legal principles surrounding this ruling can be found in the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism's publication Keeping Kosher: A Diet For the Soul (2000). Similarly, most Reform Jews accept that all gelatin is kosher. Virtually all American Orthodox authorities, however, reject this position. Posek (Hebrew ×¤×•×¡×§, IPA: , pl. ... Sephardim (×¡×¤×¨×“×™, Standard Hebrew SÉ™fardi, Tiberian Hebrew ardÃ®; plural Sephardim: ×¡×¤×¨×“×™×, Standard Hebrew Sfaradim, Tiberian Hebrew ) are a subgroup of Jews, generally defined in contrast to Ashkenazim and/or . ... The Mizrachi (acronym for Merkaz Ruchani or religious centre) is the name of the religious Zionist organization founded in 1902 in Vilna at a world conference of religious Zionists called by Rabbi Yitzchak Yaacov Reines. ... This article is about Conservative (Masorti) Judaism in the United States. ... Gelatin (also gelatine, from French gÃ©latine) is a translucent brittle solid substance, colorless or slightly yellow, nearly tasteless and considered foul smelling, extracted from the collagen inside animals connective tissue. ... The circled U indicates that this can of tuna is certified kosher by the Union of Orthodox Congregations. ... The United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism (or USCJ; until 1992, it was the United Synagogue of America) is the official organization of synagogues practicing Conservative Judaism in North America. ...

Insects and other invertebrates, reptiles, and amphibians

With four exceptions, all insects and other invertebrates (including those usually consumed as seafood), all reptiles, and all amphibians are considered 'loathsome', 'crawling' creatures, and are forbidden by the Torah. The exceptions are a type of locust, the kosher locust native to the Arabian peninsula, encompassing four distinct species. The tradition for identifying which species of locust were and were not kosher has been lost among all Jews except the Jews of Yemen. (One hypothesis links these kosher insects to the Biblical manna which was provided as food for the Israelites in the desert).^{[citation needed]}Bee honey is Kosher, even though bees are not, because the honey is made by the bee, not a secretion of the bee.^[2] Spaghetti with seafood (Spaghetti allo scoglio). ... This article presents religious views on unclean animals. ... Desert locust Nymph of Locust Schistocera americana with distinct wing-rudiments Desert Locust Schistocerca gregaria Locust from the 1915 Locust Plague For other uses, see Locust (disambiguation). ... While most insects are considered to be forbidden by Kosher dietary laws, four varieties of locust are nonetheless considered by some to be permissible. ... The Arabian Peninsula Emirets towers in United Arab Emirates; the eastern part of Arabian Penisula The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: Ø´Ø¨Ù‡ Ø§Ù„Ø¬Ø²ÙŠØ±Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø±Ø¨ÙŠØ©, or Ø¬Ø²ÙŠØ±Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø±Ø¨) is a peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia consisting mainly of desert. ... Not to be confused with the rune Mannaz. ... For other uses, see Honey (disambiguation). ...

In the summer of 2004, a controversy arose in New York City over the presence of copepods (tiny crustaceans) in the city water supply. While some authorities hold that these creatures are microscopic and therefore negligible, others note that they are almost the size of a small insect, such as a gnat, and far larger than a bacterium or other single-celled creature; and in fact can be detected by the naked eye. As of this writing a definitive ruling has not been produced as to whether copepods are kosher, but many families have begun using filters on their drinking and cooking water supply. Orders Calanoida Cyclopoida Gelyelloida Harpacticoida Misophrioida Monstrilloida Mormonilloida Platycopioida Poecilostomatoida Siphonostomatoida Copepods are a group of small crustaceans found in the sea and nearly every freshwater habitat. ... For the Dutch band, see Crustacean (band). ... The term gnat is applied as a colloquial name to any of various small insects in the order Diptera and specifically within the suborder Nematocera. ... Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ... An industrial water filter with geared motor A water filter is a device which removes impurities from water by means of a fine physical barrier, chemical processes and/or biological process. ...

Dairy

Milk and milk-derived products derived from kosher animals are always kosher. All milk from cows, goats, and sheep is kosher. In the past, when milk from cows was more expensive, adulteration with camel milk or horse milk was a serious issue; today this is not considered a practical concern in the USA or in most western countries. As such, some Haredi rabbis, most Modern Orthodox rabbis, and all Conservative rabbis hold that Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or European Medicines Agency (EMEA) supervision is sufficient for milk to be considered automatically kosher. However, where it is available, many Orthodox Jews still adhere to the centuries-old ruling that only "Cholov Yisroel" (חלב ישראל) milk and dairy products may be consumed; this label means that the milk has been under constant rabbinical supervision from milking to bottling, to make sure that it is not mixed with the milk of a non-kosher animal. Haredi or chareidi Judaism is the most theologically conservative form of Orthodox Judaism. ... For the town in Italy, see Rabbi, Italy. ... Modern Orthodox Judaism (or Modern Orthodox or Modern Orthodoxy) is a movement within Orthodox Judaism that attempts to synthesize traditional observance and values with the secular, modern world. ... This article is about Conservative (Masorti) Judaism in the United States. ... â€œFDAâ€ redirects here. ... The European Medicines Agency (EMEA) is a European agency for the evaluation of medicinal products. ... Cholov Yisroel (Hebrew: ×—×œ×‘ ×™×©×¨××œ) refers to all dairy products, including cheese and non-fat dry milk powder, which have been under constant Rabbinical supervision. ...

Breast milk is considered parve. It has been suggested that the section Benefits for the infant from the article Breastfeeding be merged into this article or section. ...

Cheese

Cheese is, of course, considered a dairy product. Hard cheeses, however, are made from milk and rennet, an animal product, and the kashrut of such cheeses is a matter of debate in the religious Jewish community. Cheese is a solid food made from the milk of cows, goats, sheep, and other mammals. ... Rennet (IPA pronunciation: ) is a natural complex of enzymes produced in any mammalian stomach to digest the mothers milk. ... Animal products are either produced by an animal or taken from the body of an animal. ...

Rennet is the enzyme used to turn milk into curds and whey; most forms of rennet derive from the lining of the stomach of an animal. Kosher rennet may be made from the stomachs of kosher animals slaughtered in conformance with the laws of kashrut, or may be made from vegetable or microbial sources. The Mishna and Talmud (in Avodah Zarah and Hullin) state that cheese made with rennet derived from a non-kosher animal is non-kosher. Orthodox authorities follow this ruling, and hold that rennet is a "d'var ha'ma'amid" (דבר המעמיד), an ingredient which changes the food so significantly that its presence cannot be considered negligible, so that even tiny amounts make the food it is added to non-kosher. Conservative authorities classify rennet as something that has changed so much from its original form that it is a "d'var chadash" (דבר חדש), "something new", and thus is no longer non-kosher. In practice Orthodox and some Conservative Jews eat only cheese made with kosher rennet, while other Conservative Jews follow the Conservative ruling and eat any hard cheese. Orthodox Judaism is the formulation of Judaism that adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonised in the Talmudic texts (Oral Torah) and as subsequently developed and applied by the later authorities known as the Gaonim, Rishonim, and Acharonim. ... This article is about Conservative (Masorti) Judaism in the United States. ...

Prohibition of mixing meat and dairy

Waiting between meals

Historically, the extent of the restriction on meat/dairy mixtures has evolved over time and locale.

The original prohibition of meat/dairy mixtures is found in three verses in the Torah, which identically state, “You shall not cook a kid in its mother’s milk,” (Ex 23:19, 34:26, Deut 14:21).^[3] These verses are the ultimate basis for not eating meat and milk together. However, this requirement is much less restrictive than Rabbinic Judaism's prohibition against all mixtures of milk and meat. Rabbinic tradition relies on the existence of an Oral Torah, which in this case maintains that all mixtures of milk and meat are intended by the verses. For other uses of the term, see goat (disambiguation). ... Rabbinic Judaism (or in Hebrew Yahadut Rabanit - יהדות רבנית) is a Jewish denomination characterized by reliance on the written Torah as well as the Oral Law (the Mishnah, Talmuds and subsequent rabbinic decisions) as halakha (Legally Binding, i. ... When Moses received all of the laws that would define the Jewish tradition, he also received the explanation of these laws. ...

The Talmudic Rabbis (Chullin 115b) state that the verses only prohibit meat actually being cooked in milk, but the rabbis also added in a prohibition of eating meat with milk products. Additionally, they mandated a waiting period after the consumption of meat before dairy is allowed to be eaten.^[4] Mar Ukva tells how his father would not eat dairy after a meat meal, but rather would wait until the next day. Mar Ukva himself would not eat dairy at the same meal, but would at the next one. (Chullin 105a) The exact time period "between meals" is thus of importance in determining the amount of time one must wait.^[4] Kodashim or Kodoshim (Hebrew ×§×“×©×™×, Holy Things) is the fifth Order in the Mishna (also the Tosefta and Talmud). ... Kodashim or Kodoshim (Hebrew ×§×“×©×™×, Holy Things) is the fifth Order in the Mishna (also the Tosefta and Talmud). ...

Tosafot (Chullin 105a) explains that as long as one has cleared the table after the meal and recited the blessing after a meal, then one may begin a new meal with dairy.^[5] Maimonides explains that waiting is necessary because meat becomes stuck in the teeth longer than other foods. Another reason is that it takes approximately six hours to digest meat^{[citation needed]}. Because Maimonides writes "about six hours" and not simply "six," some interpret this to mean that 5½ hours of waiting is allowed.^[6] He also connects it to health issues and idolatry. ^[3] The Shulchan Aruch, on the other hand, requirs waiting a full six hours for meat, including fowl, even if one has just been pre-chewing food for a baby and not really eating. If food is stuck between teeth one must take it out.^[7] This ruling is binding for Sephardi Jews. Ashkenazi Jews, however, have various customs. Most European Jews will wait six hours, even if the table is cleared and the blessings have been recited. German Jews wait three hours, and Dutch Jews wait only one.^[7] Tosafists were medieval rabbis who collected commentaries on the Talmud, and appear in virtually every edition since it was first printed. ... Birkat Hamazon (×‘×¨×›×ª ×”×ž×–×•×Ÿ), known in English as the Grace After Meals (lit. ... Commonly used image indicating one artists conception of Maimonidess appearance Maimonides (March 30, 1135 or 1138â€“December 13, 1204) was a Jewish rabbi, physician, and philosopher in Spain, Morocco and Egypt during the Middle Ages. ... Languages Hebrew, Ladino, JudÃ¦o-Portuguese, Catalanic, Shuadit, local languages Religions Judaism Related ethnic groups Ashkenazi Jews, Mizrahi Jews, other Jewish ethnic divisions, Spaniards, Portuguese. ... Languages Yiddish, Hebrew, Russian, English Religions Judaism Related ethnic groups Sephardi Jews, Mizrahi Jews, and other Jewish ethnic divisions Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (Standard Hebrew: sing. ...

Eating meat after dairy is considered less problematic. One must only (a) say the blessings, (b) clean and rinse mouth, and (c) wash hands.^[4]

Basic information

Milk products and meat products may not be eaten together in the same meal, much less cooked together. Jewish law thus mandates a set of 'fence' laws that prevent this from happening:

Note that in most current forms of Judaism (but not among all Karaites, Ethiopian Jews and some Persian Jewish communities), this even applies to the flesh of birds, not just mammals. Most observant Jewish homes maintain two sets of silverware, cookware, cups, and dishes. One is for milk (Yiddish milchig, Hebrew halavi) dishes, and one is for meat (Yiddish fleishig or fleishedik, Hebrew basari) dishes. This prevents any trace of meat or dairy from being accidentally mixed. (Foods that contain neither milk nor meat are considered "neutral" -- Yiddish parev, modern Hebrew parve). Karaite Judaism or Karaism is a Jewish movement characterized by the sole reliance on the Tanakh as scripture, and the rejection of the Oral Law (the Mishnah and the Talmud) as halakha (Legally Binding, i. ... The Beta Israel (Geez á‰¤á‰°á¡ áŠ¥áˆµáˆ«áŠ¤áˆ BÄ“ta IsrÄÄ“l, modern BÄ“te IsrÄÄ“l; Hebrew: ), also known by the term Falasha (Amharic for Exiles or Strangers, as they were called by non-Jewish Ethiopians â€” a term that is considered pejorative) are Jews of Ethiopian origin. ... A modern-day synagogue in Iran. ...

All foods which do not fall into the categories of meat or dairy are considered parve, and can be consumed freely with either meat or dairy. This includes all fruits and vegetables and foods derived exclusively from such sources; salt and other non-organic foodstuffs. Fish is considered parve, and may be eaten directly before or after both meat and milk, but see Seafood above. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2592x1944, 893 KB) Summary OU Kosher Symbol Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2592x1944, 893 KB) Summary OU Kosher Symbol Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

Jewish law considers glass (and some say Pyrex) to be non-absorbent; thus, one could use just a single set of glass plates and dishes. In practice, this is rarely done amongst Ashkenazi Jews because it is held that it would weaken the traditional system of kashrut observance. However, it is common within most religiously observant households to allow drinking glasses to be used for both dairy and meat meals, as long as they are thoroughly washed. Amongst Sephardim, glass dishes are often used for both milk and meat — including for hot food. This article is about the material. ... // For the programming language, see Pyrex (programming language). ... Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (×Ö·×©×Ö°×›Ö¼Ö²× Ö¸×–Ö´×™ ×Ö·×©×Ö°×›Ö¼Ö²× Ö¸×–Ö´×™× Standard Hebrew, AÅ¡kanazi,AÅ¡kanazim, Tiberian Hebrew, Ê¾AÅ¡kÄƒnÄzÃ®, Ê¾AÅ¡kÄƒnÄzÃ®m, pronounced sing. ... Sephardim (×¡×¤×¨×“×™, Standard Hebrew SÉ™fardi, Tiberian Hebrew ardÃ®; plural Sephardim: ×¡×¤×¨×“×™×, Standard Hebrew Sfaradim, Tiberian Hebrew ) are a subgroup of Jews, generally defined in contrast to Ashkenazim and/or . ...

There are varying views on how long to wait before consuming milk or dairy after the other. Traditionally, three distinct customs are observed regarding how long it is necessary to wait after eating meat before eating dairy foods again; most Eastern European communities including Litvaks and the majority of chasidim, wait six hours, but many Galitzianers and German Jews wait only three to five hours, and Dutch Jews only 55 minutes. Lithuanian Jews, (In Yiddish known as Litvish or Litvaks) are Ashkenazi Jews who have their origins in historic Lithuania. ... Hasidic Judaism (from the Hebrew: Chasidut ×—×¡×™×“×•×ª, meaning pious, from the Hebrew root word chesed ×—×¡×“ meaning loving kindness) is a Haredi Jewish religious movement. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

Produce

Various laws apply to fruits, vegetables and produce. Most of these apply only to produce of the Land of Israel: Kingdom of Israel: Early ancient historical Israel â€” land in pink is the approximate area under direct central royal administration during the United Monarchy. ...

The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... A tithe (from Old English teogoÃ¾a tenth) is a one-tenth part of something, paid as a (usually) voluntary contribution or as a tax or levy, usually to support a Jewish or Christian religious organization. ... A heave offering (Hebrew: terumah), is a type of Korban (Biblical sacrifice), specifically a sacrifice which was a tithe. ... Cohen (disambiguation) Position of the kohens hands and fingers during the Priestly Blessing A kohen (or cohen, Hebrew ×›Ö¼×”×Ÿ, priest, pl. ... The Maaser Rishon (first tithe) or Levite Tithe, also known as Terumat Hamaaser or simply Maaser, based on the Hebrew word eser (tenth), was the tithe of produce due the Levites from produce grown in the land of Israel. ... In the Jewish tradition, a Levite (×œÖµ×•Ö´×™ Attached, Standard Hebrew , Tiberian Hebrew ) is a member of the Hebrew tribe of Levi. ... Maaser Sheni or second tithe} refers to a tithe of a tithe which Levites, who received Maaser Rishon, were obligated to give to Kohanim (Jewish priests) from the 10% tithe (the Maaser Rishon) on produce grown in the land of Israel. ... For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ... The Shemitah (in Hebrew: ×©Ö°××žÖ´×˜Ö¸Ö¼×” -- [Year of] Remission) or Sabbatical Year, promulgated in the Torah, is a practice of contemporary Orthodox Judaism with Biblical roots. ... Two homemade whole-wheat challos resting under a traditional embroidered Shabbat challah cover Challah, hallah (×—×œ×”), Barches (German and western Yiddish), Barkis (Gothenburg), Bergis (Stockholm), khala (Russian), khale (eastern Yiddish), kitke (South African Jewish)[1] is a traditional Ashkenazi Jewish braided bread eaten on Shabbat and Jewish holidays except Passover, when...

Grains and cereals

Unprocessed grains and cereals are kosher. Processed items (e.g. dry cereals, baked goods) may contain small quantities of non-kosher ingredients; therefore Orthodox Judaism holds that these goods should generally not be consumed unless there is a hechsher (mark of rabbinical certification of kashrut) on the product. Conservative Judaism often is more lenient, and holds that a careful reading of the ingredients is sufficient. Hechsher (×”×›×©×¨ Hebrew: kosher approval , plural: hechsherim) is the formal granting of certification, usually by an authorized rabbi, that a product is certified as kosher (meaning fit [for consumption].) A hechsher is usually conveyed to the public by a special marking on products (generally foods) certifying that the item is certified...

Kosher for Passover

During Passover, there are additional restrictions on what foods may be eaten. Jewish law prohibits the consumption of leavened products, and furthermore any product made from the so-called "five species" of grain – conventionally viewed to be wheat, rye, barley, spelt, or oats^[8] – which may have been inadvertently briefly moistened sometime after harvest, and thus begun the fermentation process which is key to leavening. The exception to this rule is matzo – bread which has been ritually supervised from harvest to packaging to ensure that no leavening has occurred. Pasch redirects here. ... Halakha (Hebrew: ×”×œ×›×”; also transliterated as Halakhah, Halacha, Halakhot and Halachah with pronunciation emphasis on the third syllable, kha), is the collective corpus of Jewish religious law, including biblical law (the 613 mitzvot) and later talmudic and rabbinic law as well as customs and traditions. ... Chametz or Chometz (×—×ž×¥) is the Hebrew term for leavened bread. The word is used generally in regard to the Jewish holiday of Passover. ... Species T. aestivum T. boeoticum T. dicoccoides T. dicoccon T. durum T. monococcum T. spelta T. sphaerococcum T. timopheevii References: ITIS 42236 2002-09-22 Wheat Wheat For the indie rock group, see Wheat (band). ... Binomial name Secale cereale M.Bieb. ... Binomial name L. Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is an annual cereal grain, which serves as a major animal feed crop, with smaller amounts used for malting and in health food. ... Look up Spelt in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Binomial name Avena sativa Carolus Linnaeus (1753) The Oat (Avena sativa) is a species of cereal grain, and the seeds of this plant. ... For other uses, see Fermentation. ... Machine-made shmura matzo Matzo (also Matzoh, Matzah, Matza, Hebrew ×žÖ·×¦Ö¸Ö¼×” maÄ) is a Jewish food item made of plain flour and water, which is not allowed to ferment or rise before it is baked. ...

Ashkenazic Jews are further restricted, by custom, from eating rice, legumes, and corn (collectively called kitniyot) during Passover. The reasoning for this restriction was the inability to separate, with confidence, all traces of grain from stores of kitniyot, particularly since they are often stored together during the year. Due to the prevalence of corn syrup in American processed foods, many common items are disallowed for Ashkenazic Jews during Passover. Coca-Cola produces and distributes "kosher Coke" (a version of Coke made without corn syrup) during Passover in the United States. Sephardic Jews are permitted to eat rice and typically legumes and corn as well. In order to prevent inadvertent consumption of leaven, observant Jews maintain an entirely separate set of dishes, cutlery, pots, pans, etc. for Passover, much as they maintain separate sets of kitchenware year-round for milk and for meat. Before Passover, the house is rigorously cleaned to eliminate any remnants of chametz, no matter how small. Some upper-class Jews even maintain a separate kitchen for use during Passover, to eliminate the need for such a laborious procedure in their regular kitchen, with the risk of overlooking some nook or cranny where a crumb has lodged. Karaite and Karaitic Jews, who reject the rabbinic Oral Torah and accept only the Written Torah as binding, commonly just avoid leavening during Passover, since the written law does not actually say that chometz or kitniyot cannot be eaten – it just says it cannot be leavened. Ashkenazi (אַשְׁכֲּנָזִי, Standard Hebrew Aškanazi, Tiberian Hebrew ʾAškănāzî) Jews or Ashkenazic Jews, also called Ashkenazim (אַשְׁכֲּנָזִי&#1501... Minhag (Hebrew: ×ž× ×”×’ Custom, pl. ... For other uses, see Rice (disambiguation). ... Varieties of soybean seeds, a popular legume Pea pods A legume is a plant in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae), or a fruit of these plants. ... Binomial name L. Corn (Zea mays L. ssp. ... Kitniyot, qitniyyoth (Hebrew: â€Ž) (literally little things) are a category of foods defined by Jewish law and tradition which Ashkenazi Jews (Jews from Eastern Europe, Germany, etc. ... Corn syrup is a syrup, made using corn starch as a feedstock, and composed mainly of glucose. ... The wave shape (known as the dynamic ribbon device) present on all Coca-Cola cans throughout the world derives from the contour of the original Coca-Cola bottles. ... In the strictest sense, a Sephardi (ספרדי, Standard Hebrew Səfardi, Tiberian Hebrew Səp̄ardî; plural Sephardim: ספרדים, Standard Hebrew Səfardim, Tiberian Hebrew Səp̄ardîm) is a Jew original to the... For other uses, see Rice (disambiguation). ... Varieties of soybean seeds, a popular legume Pea pods A legume is a plant in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae), or a fruit of these plants. ... Binomial name L. Corn (Zea mays L. ssp. ... Karaite Judaism is a Jewish denomination characterized by reliance on the Tanakh as the sole scripture, and rejection of the Oral Law (the Mishnah and the Talmuds) as halakha (Legally Binding, i. ... When Moses received all of the laws that would define the Jewish tradition, he also received the explanation of these laws. ... The Torah () is the most important document in Judaism, revered as the inspired word of God, traditionally said to have been revealed to Moses. ...

Other produce

All fresh fruits and vegetables are kosher in principle. Jewish law requires that they be carefully checked and cleaned to make sure that there are no insects on them, as insects are not kosher (except certain grasshoppers and crickets, see above). In the last century emphasis on this aspect has increased, especially in the Haredi Jewish community. Many Haredim avoid certain vegetables, such as broccoli, because they may be infested and exceedingly hard to clean. Responding to this issue, some companies now sell thoroughly washed and inspected produce for those who do not wish to do it themselves, even going to the trouble of filtering the wash water to ensure that it carries no microscopic creatures (see discussion of such animals in tap water, above). Orders Subclass Apterygota Archaeognatha (bristletails) Thysanura (silverfish) Subclass Pterygota Infraclass Paleoptera (Probably paraphyletic) Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Superorder Exopterygota Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Embioptera (webspinners) Zoraptera (angel insects) Dermaptera (earwigs) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, etc) Phasmatodea (stick insects) Blattodea (cockroaches) Isoptera (termites) Mantodea (mantids) Psocoptera... Suborders and families Suborder Ensifera - crickets Superfamily Gryllacroidea Gryllacrididae - camel crikets Rhaphidophoridae - cave crickets Schizodactylidae - dune crickets Stenopelmatidae - king crickets Superfamily Grylloidea Gryllidae - true crickets Gryllotalpidae - mole cricket Mogoplistidae Myrmecophilidae Superfamily Tettigonioidea Anostostomatidae - king crickets Bradyporidae - armoured crickets Haglidae Phaneropteridae Tettigoniidae - katydids, koringkrieks Suborder Caelifera - grasshoppers, locusts Superfamily Acridoidea Acrididae... Haredi or chareidi Judaism is the most theologically conservative form of Orthodox Judaism. ... Broccoli is a plant of the Cabbage family, Brassicaceae (formerly Cruciferae). ...

There are actually some restrictions on consumption of produce. The fruit of a tree for the first three years cannot be consumed (the law of orlah). For crops grown in the Holy Land, tithes must be taken and allocated according to the precepts of the Bible, otherwise the entire crop is not considered Kosher.

Eggs

Eggs from kosher birds are kosher; they are also considered parve (neutral, neither milk nor meat). Traditionally, eggs are examined in a glass cup to ascertain that they contain no blood. Eggs containing blood in the white may be used according to Sephardi halakha if the blood can be removed, but the egg must be discarded if any blood is found on the yolk. Ashkenazim generally do not distinguish between blood in the white or on the yolk. Partially-formed eggs found inside slaughtered birds may be eaten, but they must undergo the same process of blood removal as the animal, and these eggs are considered to be fleishig (status of meat) in Ashkenazi Judaism. Sephardim (×¡×¤×¨×“×™, Standard Hebrew SÉ™fardi, Tiberian Hebrew ardÃ®; plural Sephardim: ×¡×¤×¨×“×™×, Standard Hebrew Sfaradim, Tiberian Hebrew ) are a subgroup of Jews, generally defined in contrast to Ashkenazim and/or . ... Halakha (Hebrew: ×”×œ×›×”; also transliterated as Halakhah, Halacha, Halakhot and Halachah with pronunciation emphasis on the third syllable, kha), is the collective corpus of Jewish religious law, including biblical law (the 613 mitzvot) and later talmudic and rabbinic law as well as customs and traditions. ... Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (×Ö·×©×Ö°×›Ö¼Ö²× Ö¸×–Ö´×™ ×Ö·×©×Ö°×›Ö¼Ö²× Ö¸×–Ö´×™× Standard Hebrew, AÅ¡kanazi,AÅ¡kanazim, Tiberian Hebrew, Ê¾AÅ¡kÄƒnÄzÃ®, Ê¾AÅ¡kÄƒnÄzÃ®m, pronounced sing. ...

Canned and frozen foods

Most canned and frozen foods are usually permissible since manufacturers add only water and spices during the packaging process. Sometimes, however, fruits or vegetables are prepared with milk products or with non-kosher ingredients such as non-kosher meat broth. Orthodox Judaism thus holds that canned and frozen goods should generally not be consumed unless there is a hechsher (mark of rabbinical certification of kashrut) on the product. Conservative Judaism often is more lenient, and holds that a careful reading of the ingredients is sufficient. Hechsher (×”×›×©×¨ Hebrew: kosher approval , plural: hechsherim) is the formal granting of certification, usually by an authorized rabbi, that a product is certified as kosher (meaning fit [for consumption].) A hechsher is usually conveyed to the public by a special marking on products (generally foods) certifying that the item is certified...

Wine and grape products

Traditionally, all wheat, oil, and grape juice products, including wine, were considered kosher only if produced by Jews; those produced by non-Jews were considered non-kosher. However, over time the prohibition against the consumption of wheat and oil products produced by non-Jews was dropped. A bottle of Kosher wine, pasteurised to be Yayin Mevushal Kosher wine (Hebrew: ) is wine produced according to Judaisms religious law, specifically, the Jewish dietary laws regarding wine. ... It has been suggested that Veraison be merged into this article or section. ... For other uses, see Wine (disambiguation). ...

Nonetheless, the prohibition against gentile-made grape products continued. This is a result of the religious use of wine by non-Jews (as well as Jews). In the past, an entire vineyard, or an entire round of grape-pressing might be dedicated to a deity. The wine thus produced would be considered idolatrous, and its consumption would be prohibited by Jewish law. Such wine is known as Yayin Nesekh, and may not be consumed even if it was never used in a religious ceremony. This prohibition, enacted by the rabbis, remains in effect to this day, even though the basis for concern is now virtually non-existent. Judaism strongly prohibits any form of idolatry. ...

As a consequence, many candies, drinks, and other foods are often not available in grape flavor. Many blends of fruit juices are also flavored with white grape juice, and are thus viewed as grape products. It has been suggested that Veraison be merged into this article or section. ...

One area of leniency is in regard to pasteurized wine, which falls under the category of "cooked wine" ("yayin mevushal"). Such wine was historically viewed as less suitable for religious practices, and is therefore not subject to the same prohibitions as uncooked non-Jewish wine, primarily regarding the way it may be handled. However, even mevushal wine is forbidden without proper supervision. Pasteurization is the process of heating food for the purpose of killing harmful organisms such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, molds, and yeasts. ...

Some distilled spirits may potentially fall under the purview of the kosher restrictions relating to wine -- for example, brandy and cognac are themselves distilled from wines, and some varieties of whiskey obtain their characteristic flavor from aging in used wine barrels. For other uses, see Brandy (disambiguation). ... Cognac is a commune in the French dÃ©partement of Charente, of which it is a sous-prÃ©fecture. ... Whisky (or whiskey) is an alcoholic beverage distilled from grain, often including malt, which has then been aged in wooden barrels. ...

Conservative Judaism views on wine

Within Conservative Judaism, the law is regarded as being upheld, but the practice has significantly changed. In the 1960s the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards approved a responsum ("legal ruling") by Rabbi Israel Silverman on this subject. This article is about Conservative (Masorti) Judaism in the United States. ... The Committee on Jewish Law and Standards is the central authority on halakha (Jewish law and tradition) within Conservative Judaism; it is one of the most active and widely known committees on the Conservative movements Rabbinical Assembly. ... Note: This is based on an entry from the 1906 public domain Jewish Encyclopedia Responsa is the Latin plural of responsum, meaning, literally, answers. The responsa literature, known in Hebrew as Sheelot U-teshuvot (questions and answers), is the body of written decisions and rulings given by rabbis to questions...

He notes that most classical Jewish authorities agree that Christians are not considered idolaters, and that their products cannot be considered forbidden in this regard. He also noted that most wine-making in the United States is fully automated. Based on 15th-19th century precedents in the responsa literature, he concluded that wines manufactured by this automated process may not be classified as wine "manufactured by gentiles", and thus are not prohibited by Jewish law. This responsa makes no attempt to change halakhah in any way, but rather argues that most American wine, made in an automated fashion, already is kosher by traditional halakhic standards. Some criticism was later made against this teshuvah, because (a) some wines are not made by automated processes but rather, at least in some steps, by hand, and (b) on rare occasions non-kosher fining ingredients are used in wine preparation.

A later responsum on this subject was written by Rabbi Elliot N. Dorff, and also accepted by the CJLS. Dorff noted that not all wines are made by automated processes, and thus the reasoning behind Silverman's responsum was not conclusively reliable in all cases. He explored rabbinic thought on Jewish views of non-Christians, also finding that most poskim refused to consign Christians to the status of idolator. Dorff then explored the traditional halakhic argument that avoiding such wine would prevent intermarriage. Dorff asserted, however, that those who were strict about the laws of kashrut were not likely to intermarry, and those that did not follow the laws would not care if a wine has a heksher or not. He then discussed the fact that many foods once considered forbidden if produced by gentiles (wheat and oil products) were eventually declared kosher, and proceeded to extend this leniency, in such situations where applicable, to grape-products, including wines. Elliot N. Dorff (born 24 June 1943) is a Conservative rabbi, a professor of Jewish theology at the University of Judaism in California (where he is also Rector), author, and a bio-ethicist. ...

Aluminum foil

Questions of kashrut also crop up regarding items which are not themselves consumed, but are used in food preparation or consumption. For instance, production of aluminum foil involves lubricants (derived from animals or plants). In the past, tallow or lard were often used, which would leave a residue on the foil rendering it non-kosher. However, today, use of these products is economically unfavorable compared to use of vegetable-derived lubricants. Aluminium foil (aluminum foil in North American English) is aluminium prepared in thin sheets (on the order of . ...

Dietary restrictions often associated with kashrut

Mixing fish and meat, while technically kosher, is nevertheless restricted by rabbinical law.^[9] The Talmud prohibited this specifically, on the grounds of the Torah requirement to carefully guard one’s health. Though it might be presumed that those in Talmudic times did not have the wealth of medical knowledge that we have today, many observant Jews continue to follow this restriction, believing that the scholars of the Talmud may have known something we do not, or that there might be other unstated reasons for the restriction.^[10]

Dietary laws in Islam

Kosher is the word used to describe food which Judaism allows for Jews, and Halal is the word to describe food which Islam allows for Muslims. Each contains restrictions and leniencies not found in the other. For more information, see Comparison of Dhabiĥa Halal and kashrut. Halal (ØÙ„Ø§Ù„, alÄl, halaal) is an Arabic term meaning permissible. In the English language it most frequently refers to food that is permissible according to Islamic law. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†, Turkish: MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Contents

Meat

Mammals: 11:3–11:8

Seafood: 11:9-12

Birds

Kosher slaughter and preparation

Gelatin

Insects and other invertebrates, reptiles, and amphibians

Dairy

Cheese

Prohibition of mixing meat and dairy

Waiting between meals

Basic information

Produce

Grains and cereals

Kosher for Passover

Other produce

Eggs

Canned and frozen foods

Wine and grape products

Conservative Judaism views on wine

Aluminum foil

Dietary restrictions often associated with kashrut

Dietary laws in Islam

See also

References

External links

Contents

Meat GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Mammals: 11:3–11:8

Seafood: 11:9-12

Birds

Kosher slaughter and preparation

Gelatin

Insects and other invertebrates, reptiles, and amphibians

Dairy

Cheese

Prohibition of mixing meat and dairy

Waiting between meals

Basic information

Produce

Grains and cereals

Kosher for Passover

Other produce

Eggs

Canned and frozen foods

Wine and grape products

Conservative Judaism views on wine

Aluminum foil

Dietary restrictions often associated with kashrut

Dietary laws in Islam

See also

References

External links

Meat