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Krapp's Last Tape and Embers. London: Faber and Faber, 1959.

Krapp's Last Tape is a one-act play, written in English, by Samuel Beckett. Consisting of a cast of one man, it was originally written for Northern Irish actor Patrick Magee and first entitled "Magee monologue". It was inspired by Beckett's experience of listening to Magee reading extracts from Molloy and From an Abandoned Work on the BBC Third Programme in December 1957.^[1] Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... Shortcut: WP:WIN Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia and, as a means to that end, also an online community. ... Shortcut: WP:CU Marking articles for cleanup This page is undergoing a transition to an easier-to-maintain format. ... This Manual of Style has the simple purpose of making things easy to read by following a consistent format — it is a style guide. ... Image File history File links Emblem-important. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... For other uses, see Play (disambiguation). ... Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish dramatist, novelist and poet. ... Northern Ireland (Irish: , Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a constituent country of the United Kingdom lying in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering 5,459 square miles (14,139 km², about a sixth of the islands total area). ... Patrick Magee (31 March 1922 – 14 August 1982) was a Tony Award winning Irish actor best known for his collaborations with Samuel Beckett and his role as the victimised writer Mr. ... A monologue, pronounced monolog, is a speech made by one person speaking his or her thoughts aloud or directly addressing a reader, audience, or character. ... Molloy (1951) is a novel by Samuel Beckett, the first of the sequence of novels which includes Malone Dies and The Unnamable. ... Paperback Faber, 1958 First Edition From An Abandoned Work, a “meditation[2] for radio”[1] by Samuel Beckett, was first broadcast on BBC Radio 3’s Third Programme on Saturday 14th December 1957 along with a selection from Molloy. ... The BBC Third Programme was the third national radio network broadcast by the BBC, has since become Radio 3, but was originally known (at least within the BBC) as C. The other two were the Home Service (mainly speech based) and the Light Programme, dedicated to light music, usually cover...

History

World première

The play, which premiered as a curtain raiser to Endgame from 28 October 1958 to 29 November 1958) at the Royal Court Theatre, in London, was directed by Donald McWhinnie and starred Patrick Magee. It ran for thirty-eight performances. Endgame is a one-act play for four characters by Samuel Beckett. ... is the 301st day of the year (302nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Jan. ... is the 333rd day of the year (334th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Jan. ... The Royal Court Theatre is a non-commercial theatre in Sloane Square, in the Chelsea area of London noted for its contributions to modern theatre. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... The Brighton hotel bombing was the bombing by the Provisional IRA of the Grand Hotel in Brighton in the early morning of October 12, 1984. ...

American première

The first American performance, on 14 January 1960, was directed by Alan Schneider and starred Donald Davis. is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Alan Schneider (?–1984) was a prolific director and mentor responsible for over 100 productions in the American theatre. ... Donald Davis holds the world record for running the fastest backward mile. ...

First publication

On 15 March 1958 Beckett wrote a letter to a bookseller in London, Jake Schwartz, saying that he had "'four states, in typescript, with copious notes and dirty corrections, of a short stage monologue I have just written (in English) for Pat Magee. This was composed on the machine from a tangle of old notes, so I have not the MS to offer you."^[2] is the 74th day of the year (75th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Jan. ... A manuscript (Latin manu scriptus, written by hand), strictly speaking, is any written document that is put down by hand, in contrast to being printed or reproduced some other way. ...

According to Ackerley and Gontarski, "It was first published in Evergreen Review 2.5 (summer 1958) … then in Krapp’s Last Tape and Embers (Faber, 1959), and Krapp’s Last Tape and Other Dramatic Pieces (Grove, 1960)."^[3] Beckett’s own translation of the play into French, La Dernière Bande, was published in Les Lettres Nouvelles on 4 March 1959. Evergreen Review was a literary magazine published by Grove Press in the late 1950s and 1960s. ... Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 63rd day of the year (64th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The available printed texts must not be taken as definitive. "By the mid-1950s Beckett was already talking and working like a director … In a letter to Rosset’s editorial assistant, Judith Schmidt, 11th May 1959, Beckett referred to the staging of Krapp’s Last Tape as its 'creation'," and he made numerous significant changes to the text over the years as he was involved in directing the play.^[4] A theatre director is a principal in the theatre field who oversees and orchestrates the mounting of a play by unifying various endeavors and aspects of production. ... Barnet Lee Rosset, Jr. ...

Synopsis

This article or section is missing citations or needs footnotes. Using inline citations helps guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies.

The curtain rises on "[a] late evening in the future."^[5] It is Krapp’s sixty-ninth birthday and, as has become his custom, he hauls out his old tape recorder, reviews one of the earlier years – in this case the recording he made when he was thirty-nine – and makes a new recording commenting on the events of the previous twelve months. He is described in the text as a "wearish old man."^[6] "I saw Krapp small and wizened," <beckett wrote later; "Krapp has nothing to talk to but his dying self and nothing to talk to him but his dead one."^[7] Image File history File links Emblem-important. ...

In early productions he had a white face with a purple nose but these details were excised from later performances. "Beckett has been extremely wary of over stressing the clownish elements in Krapp’s physique, dress and behaviour. Even in the first production at the Royal Court Theatre, the purple nose of the ‘tippler,’ which is referred to in the printed text, was much toned down and has since been abandoned by Beckett."^[8] The "[s]urprising pair of dirty white boots, size ten at least, very narrow and pointed,"^[9] suggesting an "ex-dandy rather than the former cricketer,"^[10] survived longer. Like Henry in Embers, another of Beckett’s failed writers, Krapp is a man of independent means and does not have to depend on his writing to survive.^{[citations needed]} A shoe size is a numerical indication of the fitting size of a shoe for a person. ... 1959 French edition of Cendres (published along with La Dernière bande – Krapp’s Last Tape) © Les Éditions de Minuit Embers is a radio play by Samuel Beckett. ... 1959 French edition of Cendres (published along with La Dernière bande – Krapp’s Last Tape) © Les Éditions de Minuit Embers is a radio play by Samuel Beckett. ...

"When the plays that follow All That Fall begin, the 'action' in traditional terms has already taken place. From Krapp’s Last Tape onwards all that is left in most of the plays is recapitulation, a struggle with voices in the head, and a masochism that both demands and dreads the assault of memory."^[11] Flogging demonstration at Folsom Street Fair 2004. ...

Krapp is sitting at his desk in his den. There is a white light above the desk but the extremities of the stage are in darkness. This black and white imagery continues throughout the whole play; in fact, Beckett’s Berlin "notebook lists no less than twenty-seven points in the play at which the alternation of light and dark is stressed."^[12] Twice throughout the play he turns and peers into the darkness. Beckett explained to Martin Held at rehearsal in Berlin: "Old Nick’s there. Death is standing behind him and unconsciously he's looking for it."^[13] The Devil is the name given to a supernatural entity who, in most Western religions, is the central embodiment of evil. ...

He checks his pocket watch periodically as if waiting for the exact moment when he was born before he can begin. Before he starts he has time for a banana, a fruit he has a terrible weakness for. He retrieves a large one from a locked drawer, strokes it – the sexual connotation obvious – peels it and nearly slips on the skin he drops on the floor. After finishing the first he locates a second. This time he throws the skin into the pit but he ends up not eating the banana which gets stuck into a pocket of his waistcoat, the end rudely hanging out. He decides on a drink instead and shuffles into the darkness to get one. Done with that he returns with an old ledger.

On his desk are an old reel-to-reel tape-recorder and a number of tins (originally cardboard boxes) containing reels of recorded tape. In some productions the desk is empty at first and he brings out the tapes and recorder after the ledger. He consults the ledger. The tape he is looking to review is the fifth tape in Box 3. He reads aloud from the ledger but it is obvious that words alone are not jogging his memory. He takes childish pleasure in saying the word ‘spool’ – a moment of genuine pleasure.

The tape we get to listen to along with Krapp is the one recorded when he turned thirty-nine. The voice on the tape is strong and rather self-important but it’s clearly him. As he settles himself in his seat Krapp accidentally knocks one of the tins on the floor. He curses, switches off the playback, sweeps the remaining tins onto the floor before rewinding the tape to begin again.

The voice on the tape mentions the fact that he’s just celebrated his birthday alone "at the wine house" jotting down notes in preparation for the recording session later. In earlier drafts the place was peopled but Beckett progressively emptied the play of all but the most essential characters. The voice confesses to having consumed three bananas and only just resisted the urge to eat a fourth. His bowel trouble is still a problem and one obviously exacerbated by eating too many bananas. "The new light above my table is a great improvement,"^[14] reports the thirty-nine-year-old Krapp, before describing how much he enjoys leaving it, wandering off into the darkness, so that he can return to the zone of light which he identifies with his essential self. He notes how quiet the night is. Even his neighbour, the elderly Mrs. McGlome, who habitually sings in the evenings, is silent. In anatomy, the intestine is the segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. ...

The voice reports that he has just reviewed an old tape from when he was in his late twenties. It amuses him to comment on his impressions of what he was like in his twenties and even the sixty-nine-year-old Krapp joins in the derisory laughter. The young man he was back then is described as idealistic, even unrealistic in his expectations. The thirty-nine-year-old Krapp looks back on the twenty-odd-year-old Krapp with the same level of contempt as the twenty-odd-year-old Krapp appears to have displayed for the young man he saw himself for in his late teens. Each can see clearly the fool he was but only time will reveal what kind of fool he has become.

The taped voice continues with a review of his last year. This was the year his mother died. He talks about sitting on a bench outside the nursing home waiting for the news that she had passed away. When the moment comes he is in the process of throwing a rubber ball to a dog. He ends up simply leaving the ball with the creature even though a part of him regrets not hanging onto it as some kind of memento. Krapp at sixty-nine is more interested in his younger self’s use of the rather archaic word "viduity", which Beckett had originally as "widowhood" in early drafts) than in the reaction of the voice on the tape to their mother’s passing. He stops listening to look up the word in a large dictionary. Rest home for seniors in ÄŒeský Těšín, Czech Republic SNF redirects here. ...

Done with that he returns to the tape. The voice starts to describe the revelation he experienced at the end of a pier. "The dark that Krapp has always struggled to keep under is, one may guess, in reality his most valuable subject-matter and, in particular, his greatest source of enlightenment."^[15] Krapp grows impatient and gets worked up when his younger self starts enthusing about this. He fast-forwards almost to the end of the tape to escape the onslaught of words. Suddenly the mood has changed and he finds himself in the middle of a description of a romantic liaison between him and a woman in a punt. Krapp lets it play out and then rewinds the tape to hear the complete episode. Throughout it he remains transfixed and visibly relives the moment while it is retold.

Afterwards, Krapp carefully removes this tape, locates a fresh one, loads it, checks the back of an envelope where he has made notes earlier, discards them and starts. He is scathing when it comes to his assessment of his thirty-nine-year-old self and is glad to see the back of him. He finds he has nothing he wants to record for posterity, save the fact he "Revelled in the word spool."^[16] But he does mention a trip to the park and attending Vespers where he dozed off and fell off the pew. His sex life has been reduced to periodic visits by an old prostitute recalling the jibes made in Eh Joe: "That slut that comes on Saturday, you pay her, don't you? ... Penny a hoist tuppence as long as you like."^[17] Vespers is the evening prayer service in the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox liturgies of the canonical hours. ... Eh Joe is a one-act, thirty-minute play written by Samuel Beckett. ... The penny of King Edward VII (1901–1910) is of the same technical standards as the late Victorian issues. ...

Unlike his younger selves, Krapp has nothing good to say about the man he has become and even the idea of making one "last effort."^[18] When it comes to his writing upsets him. He retreats into memories from his dim and distant past, gathering holly and walking the dog of a Sunday morning. He then remembers the girl on the punt, wrenches off the tape he has been recording, throws it away and replays the entire section again from the previous tape. It is a scene of masochism reminiscent of Croak in Words and Music, tormenting himself with an image of a woman’s face. This time he allows the tape play out. It ends with the thirty-nine-year-old Krapp determinately not regretting the choices he has made certain that what he would produce in the years to come would more than compensate him for any potential loss of happiness.

Krapp makes no response to this but allows the tape to play on until the final curtain. "Krapp’s spool of life is almost wound, and the silent tape is both the time it has left to run and the silence into which he must pass."^[19] Whereas the younger Krapp talks about the "fire in me."^[20] The tired old man who sits listening is simply "burning to be gone."^[21] The title of the play seems obvious, that what we have witnessed is the recording of Krapp’s final tape, "yet there is an ambiguity: 'last' can mean 'most recent' as well as 'ultimate'. The speaker in Browning’s My Last Duchess is already planning to marry his next duchess … Still, one hopes for Krapp’s sake that he will be gone before another year is over."^[22] Robert Browning (May 7, 1812 – December 12, 1889) was a British poet and playwright whose mastery of dramatic verse, especially dramatic monologues, made him one of the foremost Victorian poets. ... My Last Duchess is a poem by Robert Browning, frequently anthologized as an outstanding example of the dramatic monologue. ...

Structure

In Waiting for Godot, Beckett uses aspects Judeo-Christianity as the template for his play, in Film the template is the writings of Bishop Berkeley, and in Krapp’s Last Tape, according to Anthony Cronin, he uses Manichaenism as a structural device: Waiting for Godot is a play by Samuel Beckett, in which the characters wait for a man (Godot) who never arrives. ... Jacob wrestling an angel, by Gustave Doré (1832-1883), a shared Judeo-Christian story. ... Film is a film written by Samuel Beckett, his only screenplay. ... For the second husband of Henrietta Howard, Countess of Suffolk, see George Berkeley (MP). ... Anthony Cronin (born 1925 in County Wexford) is an Irish poet. ... Manichaeism was one of the major ancient religions. ...

The dichotomy of light and dark … is central to Manichaean doctrine … Its adherents believed that the world was ruled by evil powers, against which the god of the whole of creation struggled as yet in vain … Krapp is in violation of the three seals or prohibitions of Manichaenism for the elect: the seal of the hands, forbidding engagement in a profession, the seal of the breast against sexual desire, and the seal of the mouth, which forbids the drinking of wine … Beckett [however] seems to have known no more about Manichaenism than is contained in the eleventh edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, which he possessed.^[23] A dichotomy is a division into two non-overlapping or mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive parts. ... The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ...

Characters

Although there is only one person onstage, there are a number of 'characters' mentioned throughout. The play is considered to be Beckett at his most autobiographical, and it does draw heavily on biographical detail. He once told the actor Laurence Harvey though that his "work does not depend on experience – [it is] not a record of experience. Of course you use it."^[24] Beckett takes elements from his own life, his failed love life, his drinking, his – at the time – literary failures and looks where things might have gone. "When, in 1956, Vivian Mercier saw him in Paris, he told him that he felt 'all dried up, with nothing left but self-translation.'"^[25] Laurence Harvey (October 1, 1928 – November 25, 1973) was an Academy Award-nominated Lithuanian-born actor who achieved fame in British and American films. ... Vivian Mercier Vivian Mercier (1919 - 1989) was an Irish literary critic. ... This article is about the capital of France. ...

Krapp

Krapp was originally designated simply ‘A’ in the first draft. The first appearance of a title was "a manuscript edition to Typescript 2: Crapp’s Last Tape"^[26]; the more familiar Germanic spelling came later. The name Krapp with its excremental connotations (See Crap) had been used before by Beckett however. In his first play, Eleutheria, dating back to 1947, the protagonist is one Victor Krap, a young man who has decided to retreat from life and do nothing. He has been described as a world-weary anti-hero, a failed writer and seedy solipsist, a clear prototype for the later Krapp.^[27] ... Eleutheria (ελευθερία) is an ancient and modern Greek term for, and personification of, liberty. ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... A protagonist is the main figure of a piece of literature or drama and has the main part or role. ... In literature and film, an anti-hero is a central or supporting character that has some of the personality flaws and ultimate fortune traditionally assigned to villains but nonetheless also have enough heroic qualities or intentions to gain the sympathy of readers or viewers. ... Solipsism (Latin: solus, alone + ipse, self) is the philosophical idea that My mind is the only thing that I know exists. Solipsism is an epistemological or metaphysical position that knowledge of anything outside the mind is unjustified. ...

Krapp (as a boy)

When the thirty-nine-year-old Krapp is talking about his neighbour’s ritual singing in the evening he tries to remember if he sang as a boy and is unable to do so. He does recall attending Vespers but it would be unusual for him to attend Evensong without participating in the singing of the hymn. Interestingly, the sixty-nine-year-old Krapp does sing a few lines from the Baring-Gould hymn Now the Day is Over in early performances of the play but Beckett excised this as being “too clumsily explicit”.^[28] Vespers is the evening prayer service in the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox liturgies of the canonical hours. ... Evening Prayer is a liturgy used in the Anglican Communion (and other churches in the Anglican tradition, such as the Continuing Anglican Movement) used in the late afternoon or evening. ... For other uses, see Hymn (disambiguation). ... The Reverend Sabine Baring-Gould (28 January 1834 – 2 January 1924) was an English Victorian hagiographer, antiquarian, novelist and eclectic scholar. ... Stay Awake (Sherman) – 3:23 Over The Rainbow (Arlen, Harburg) – 2:54 What A Wonderful World (Thiele, Weiss) – 2:54 Moon River (Mancini, Mercer) – 2:47 Somewhere A Star Shines For Everyone (Blake) – 1:37 Prelude in A (Chopin) – 2:01 Once Upon A Summertime (Barclay, Legrand, Mercer) – 2:13...

Although no time frame is given, it is likely that sixty-nine-year-old Krapp’s memories of being "again in the dingle at Christmas Eve, gathering holly … [or] on Croghan on a Sunday morning, in the haze, with the bitch"^[29] alludes to Beckett's own childhood familial memories.^[30][31] The Christmas Eve (1904-05), watercolor painting by the Swedish painter Carl Larsson (1853-1919) Christmas Eve, the evening of December 24th, the preceding day or vigil before Christmas Day, is treated to a greater or a lesser extent in most Christian societies as part of the Christmas season. ... This article is about the plant. ... Croghan may refer to: Croghan (village), New York Croghan (town), New York Mount Croghan, South Carolina George Croghan (1720-1782) &#8212; Irish American Colonist, Indian agent and land speculator. ...

Krapp (in his twenties)

His birth-sign in early drafts is given as Aries, Beckett’s own. All we learn about Krapp at this age comes from the tape. Like a lot of young men he is full of “aspirations” – his work is starting to take shape – and “resolutions” – he is already aware that his drinking needs to be curbed. He is becoming resigned to the fact that he might well have let true love – represented by the image of a “girl in a shabby green coat, on a railway-station platform” – get away from him. He has settled for an on/off relationship with a “Bianca” but even there his future plans do not feature her. We learn that his problem with constipation has been ongoing since at least this time. He disparages his youth and is glad it is over. The thirty-nine year old Krapp estimates that the tape he had been listening to was made some ten or twelve years earlier. If it was twelve then he would have been twenty-seven at the time it was recorded. Aries the animal Aries is an astrological sign that originated from the constellation Aries, and is the first sign of the zodiac. ... A railway platform is a section of pathway, alongside rail tracks at a train station, metro station or tram stop, at which passengers may board or alight from trains or trams. ... Constipation or irregularity, is a condition of the digestive system where a person (or animal) experiences hard feces that are difficult to egest; it may be extremely painful, and in severe cases (fecal impaction) lead to symptoms of bowel obstruction. ...

Bianca

"In the earlier drafts the woman with whom the young Krapp lived [later named "Bianca"] was first named 'Alba' (a character in Dream of Fair to Middling Women modelled on Ethna MacCarthy whom he had loved when he was a young man), then 'Celia' (the name of the green-eyed prostitute with whom Murphy cohabits in Murphy), then 'Furry' (nickname of Anne Rudmose-Brown, the wife of Beckett's French Professor at Trinity, who was himself satirized as 'the Polar Bear' in Dream of Fair to Middling Women)."^[32]. Dream of Fair to Middling Women is Samuel Beckett’s first novel. ... Whore redirects here. ... The novel Murphy (1938) was Samuel Becketts third work of prose fiction. ... For other institutions named Trinity College, see Trinity College. ...

"He settled on "Bianca", who was most likely based on another lecturer, Bianca Esposito, who (along with Walter Starkie) taught him Italian and cultivated his lifelong passion for Dante. He took private lessons from Signorina Esposito as well. Those lessons at 21 Ely Place were then caricatured in the short story 'Dante and the Lobster'. Kedar Street is not a real location but an anagram of 'darke' or Hebrew for 'black'.^[33] Keeping this in mind, the name may simply have been selected because "bianca" means "white woman" in Italian. Little is recorded about her other than "'a tribute to her eyes. Very warm.'"^[34] Vivian Mercier, who knew Beckett personally, writes: "Although I do not recall his ever using the phrase, Beckett unquestionably regards the eyes as the windows of the soul."^[35] Walter Starkie was an Irish scholar, author, and translator of Spanish literature. ... Dante redirects here. ... More Pricks Than Kicks is a collection of short prose by Samuel Beckett, first published in 1934. ... For the game, see Anagrams. ... Hebrew redirects here. ... Vivian Mercier Vivian Mercier (1919 - 1989) was an Irish literary critic. ...

Krapp's father

Krapp’s father, the only other man mentioned in the play, is spoken of only very briefly. The expression "Last illness" suggests he has not been a well man for some time and dies while Krapp is in his twenties. His own father, William Beckett, died of a heart attack on 26 June 1933, when Beckett was twenty-seven.^{[citations needed]} Heart attack redirects here. ... is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The girl in the green coat

Beckett’s first love, his cousin, Peggy Sinclair, had "deep green eyes and [had a] passionate love of green clothing."^[36] An allusion to Peggy Sinclair also appears in Dream of Fair to Middling Women in Smeralina, the "little emerald". Although the relationship is often cited as being a little one-sided, Beckett does recall: "Oh, Peggy didn’t need any chasing."^[37] For other uses, see Cousin (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Krapp (aged 39)

This character does the majority of the talking throughout the play. His voice is contained on Tape 5 from Box 3. His voice is strong and rather pompous. He has celebrated his birthday alone in an empty wine house before returning home to consume three bananas. As has become his practice on his birthday he makes a tape looking back at who he was, assessing who he is and anticipating what might be to come. His is as disparaging of the young man he was in his twenties as he was then of the youth he had been thinking about when he made that earlier tape. He records the death of his mother, an epiphany at the end of a pier and an idyllic moment in a punt. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article is about a feeling, for other meanings see epiphany (disambiguation). ... For architectural piers, see Pier (architecture). ... Punting while dressed for Cambridge graduation This article concentrates on the history and development of punts and punting in England, for other usages see the disambiguation pages at punt and punter. ...

Old Mrs McGlome

This character is based on Miss Beamish, an eccentric novelist from Connacht whom Beckett had met in Rousillon, while hiding during World War II. “Whether the real Miss Beamish did actually sing regularly every evening is … debatable. Beckett did not remember this.”^[38] Statistics Area: 17,713. ... Mount Canigou (2785m), a Catalan landmark Roussillon (Catalan Rosselló; Spanish Rosellón) is one of the historical Catalan Countries corresponding roughly to the present-day southern French département of Pyrénées-Orientales (Eastern Pyrenees). ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

The dark young beauty

There appears to be no direct correlation between this character and anyone living. The black and white imagery is strong here: her white uniform and the "big black hooded perambulator."^[39] Krapp also remembers this woman’s eyes as being "[l]ike … chrysolite!"^[40] It has been suggested that Child carrier be merged into this article or section. ... The mineral olivine (also called chrysolite and, when gem-quality, peridot) is a magnesium iron silicate with the formula (Mg,Fe)2SiO4. ...

Rosemary Pountney observes Beckett changed "moonstone" to chrysolite, an olive-green coloured mineral, in Typescript 4.^[41] Moonstone is typically a potassium aluminium silicate, with the chemical formula KAlSi3O8 [1] The most common moonstone is of the mineral Adularia. ... For other uses, see Mineral (disambiguation). ...

She observes also that Beckett made "a direct connection ... with Othello, a play in which dark and light imagery is central," as "in the margin of the text that he used for the 1973 London production," on page 15 "where the word 'chrysolite' occurs ... he writes: For other uses, see Othello (disambiguation). ...

If heaven would make me such another world
Of one entire and perfect chrysolite
I’d not have sold her for it
Othello V2.

"Like Othello, too," Pountney continues, "Krapp has lost his love through his own folly."^[42]

Krapp's mother

Beckett’s mother, May, died on 25th August 1950 in the Merrion Nursing Home which overlooked Dublin’s Grand Canal. Beckett had made the trip over in the early summer to be with her. By 24th July medical opinion confirmed that she was dying. During that last long month he used "to walk disconsolately alone along the towpath of the Grand Canal."^[43] Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Dublin (disambiguation). ... The Grand Canal begins on the Southside of Dublin, Ireland. ... A towpath on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal A towpath is a road or track that runs alongside the banks of a river, canal or other inland waterway. ...

Towards the end she was oblivious to his presence. Her death took place while he was sitting on a bench by the canal. "At a certain point he happened to look up. The blind of his mother’s window, a dirty red-brown affair, was down. She was dead."^[44] A drawn blind, an old custom signifying death, also makes an appearance in Rockaby: "let down the blind and down".^[45] Classic garden bench For metonymic and other uses see Bench (metonymy) and Bench A bench is a piece of furniture, which mostly offers several persons seating. ... Front and side view of Venetian or horizontal blinds. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ...

The little white dog

When Krapp’s mother died, he was throwing a ball for a little white dog. He says he will feel it forever: “But I gave it away to the dog.”^[46] Significantly the ball is black to contrast with the white of the dog. In All Strange Away a "small grey punctured rubber ball"^[47] is the last object contemplated before Fancy dies. The ball reappears in All That Fall: Jerry returns "a kind of ball"^[48] to Mr. Rooney. Although not an obvious symbol of death, this ball is a significant motif of childhood grief for Beckett though none of his biographers propose that the presence of the dog is anything more than artistic license. All That Fall: A Play for Radio, London: Faber and Faber, 1957 All That Fall is a one-act radio play by Samuel Beckett produced on commission for the BBC. It was written in English and completed in September 1956. ... In literature, a motif is a recurring element or theme that has symbolic significance in the story. ... The Artistic License is a software license used for certain free software packages, most notably the standard Perl implementation, most of CPAN modules and Parrot, which are dual-licensed under the Artistic License and the GNU General Public License (GPL). ...

The girl in the punt

Beckett makes the relationship of this woman to Krapp clear when “[i]n 1975, directing Pierre Chabert in Paris, Beckett said: “I thought of writing a play on the opposite situation, with Mrs Krapp, the girl in the punt, nagging away behind him, in which case his failure and his solitude would be exactly the same.”^[49] In her biography of Beckett, Deirdre Bair deduces that "the girl in the punt" may be Peggy Sinclair because of the references to "Effi" and to "the Baltic": in July 1929 Beckett vacationed with the Sinclairs "in one of the smaller resort towns along the Baltic Sea. Summer, traditionally the time for light reading, found Peggy tearfully engrossed in Theodor Fontane's novel, Effi Briest. Beckett read it too, but with less detachment than Peggy, who wept and suffered as Effi’s infidelity ended her marriage."^[50] Talking to James Knowlson, a few days before his death, Beckett said that he "did not remember the scene this way, however, denying that girl girl in the boat … had anything at all to do with his cousin, Peggy."^[51] Knowlson feels "that there is little doubt the source for the girl with the haunting eyes is Ethna MacCarthy. For, as Dream of Fair to Middling Women had made clear … the 'Alba', who, on Beckett’s own admission, was closely modelled on Ethna, had eyes like dark, deep pools."^[52] Beckett left no doubt however when he told Jean Martin, whilst rehearsing the play in 1970, that the girl was modelled on Ethna.^[53] On 11 December 1957 Beckett learned that Ethna was terminally ill and regularly wrote uncharacteristically long letters until her death. When he completed the play he wrote her: "I’ve written in English a stage monologue for Pat Magee which I think you will like if no one else."^[54] Deirdre Bair is an American biographer who has gained acclaim for her biographies of Samuel Beckett, Anais Nin, and Carl Jung. ... The three Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. ... Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Baltic (disambiguation). ... Theodor Fontane (December 30, 1819 – September 20, 1898) was a 19th-century German novelist and poet. ... One of the most famous German novels of all time, Effi Briest (1894) is realist Theodor Fontanes masterpiece. ... is the 345th day of the year (346th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar). ...

At one point in the recollection, the young Krapp leans over the young woman to shade her from the sun. "Let me in," he says. This caused the Lord Chamberlain some concerns when the play was first presented before him to grant a license. He believed that what was being suggested was a desire for sexual penetration and was not convinced that Beckett was simply alluding to her eyes. It was not until a mere three weeks before the play’s opening that the objection was dropped. In 1982 Beckett, in response to a similar suggestion from one of James Knowlson’s postgraduate students, "said with a chuckle, 'Tell her to read her texts more carefully. She’ll see that Krapp would need to have a penis at an angle of a hundred and eighty degrees to make coitus possible in the position he is in!'"^[55]––a position that Rosette Lamont proposes also "suggests that of a suckling babe."^[56] The Lord Chamberlain or Lord Chamberlain of the Household is one of the chief officers of the Royal Household in the United Kingdom, and is to be distinguished from the Lord Great Chamberlain, one of the Great Officers of State. ... The Lord Chamberlain or Lord Chamberlain of the Household is one of the chief officers of the Royal Household in the United Kingdom, and is to be distinguished from the Lord Great Chamberlain, one of the Great Officers of State. ... Year 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The penis (plural penises, penes) is an external male sexual organ. ... This article is about angles in geometry. ... This article is about angles in geometry. ... An infant breastfeeding International Breastfeeding Symbol (Matt Daigle, Mothering magazine contest winner 2006) Breastfeeding is the feeding of an infant or young child with milk from a womans breasts. ...

Krapp (aged 69)

Beckett was 69 in 1975 so, from his perspective, Krapp being a proxy for him, the action is set in the future.^[57] It is the first line of the play and nothing onstage reveals this but it is important. When Beckett finished this play he would have been 49 next. As it happens, with Waiting for Godot, success had found him but, at 39, the future must have seemed a lot bleaker for the writer, the Second World War was ending and all Beckett had had published were a few poems, a collection of short stories and the novel, Murphy. Beckett had this to say about the drained old man we see onstage: "Krapp sees very clearly that he’s through with his work, with love and religion."^[58] He told Rick Cluchey, whom he directed in 1977, that Krapp was "in no way senile [but has] something frozen about him [and is] filled up to his teeth with bitterness."^[59] "Habit, the great deadener"^[60] has proven more tenacious than inspiration. His "present concerns revolve around the gratification of those very bodily appetites that, earlier, he had resolved should be out of his life. Eating bananas and drinking have become a [daily routine]. Of the physical activities that he once considered excesses only sex has come to play a reduced part in his lonely existence"^[61] in the form of periodic visits from an old prostitute. Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Waiting for Godot is a play by Samuel Beckett, in which the characters wait for a man (Godot) who never arrives. ... Also: 1977 (album) by Ash. ... Whore redirects here. ...

Although this is a play about memory, the sixty-nine-year-old Krapp himself remembers very little. Virtually all the recollections come from the tape. As evidenced most clearly in the novel Murphy, Beckett had a decent understanding of a variety of mental illnesses including Korsakoff’s Alcoholic Syndrome––"A hypomaniac teaching slosh to a Korsakow’s syndrome."^[62]––which is characterised by powerful amnesic symptoms accompanied by intestinal obstruction. A mental illness or mental disorder refers to one of many mental health conditions characterized by distress, impaired cognitive functioning, atypical behavior, emotional dysregulation, and/or maladaptive behavior. ... Korsakoffs syndrome (Korsakoffs psychosis, amnesic-confabulatory syndrome), is a degenerative brain disorder caused by the lack of thiamine (vitamin B1) in the brain. ... Hypomania is a mood state characterized by persistent and pervasive elated or irritable mood, and thoughts and behaviors that are consistent with such a mood state. ... For other uses, see Amnesia (disambiguation). ... Bowel obstruction is a mechanical blockage of the intestines, preventing the normal transit of the products of digestion. ...

In his focus on chronic alcohol consumption, Narinder Kapur explains in Memory Disorders in Clinical Practice that it can lead to marked memory loss and generalised cognitive defects, as well as “disorientation for time and also place”. More recent memories are likely to be forgotten than remote memories, for "memory loss shows a temporal gradient with greater sparing of items from earlier years."^[63] Krapp's gathering of red-berried holly in the dingle could be an example of the "relatively intact remote memory"^[64] that preceded Krapp's apparent addiction to alcohol. Alcoholism is the consumption of, or preoccupation with, alcoholic beverages to the extent that this behavior interferes with the drinkers normal personal, family, social, or work life, and may lead to physical or mental harm. ... This article is about the plant. ...

Krapp is not a textbook case. He is an individual with his own individual symptomology but he is more than a list of symptoms. Bananas contain pectin, a soluble fiber that can help normalise movement through the digestive tract and ease constipation. Bananas can also aggravate constripation especially in young children. It depends what the root cause of the problem is. They are also high in Vitamins A and C as well as niacin, riboflavin and thiamine and one of the root causes of Korsakoff's Syndrome is thiamine difficiency; eating bananas would be good for him. It is easy to get caught up in this kind of over-analysis to the detriment of the play as a whole. "[A]ttempts to demonstrate that Beckett’s characters conform to specific psychological syndromes so often turn into will-o-the-wisp pursuits. Certainly, Beckett would not deny that psychologists have offered very useful descriptions of mental activity. But their theories are typically no more than initial steps in an understanding of mental processes, fragmented bits of knowledge which should not be taken for universal principles."^[65] It is important to remember that Krapp has not simply forgotten his past but he has consciously and systematically rejected it as one way of reassuring himself that he has made the right decisions in "his yearly word letting."^[66] The term symptom (from the Greek meaning chance, mishap or casualty, itself derived from συμπιπτω meaning to fall upon or to happen to) has two similar meanings in the context of physical and mental health: Strictly, a symptom is a sensation or change in health function experienced by a patient. ... Pectin, a white to light brown powder, is a heterosaccharide derived from the cell wall of higher terrestrial plants. ... Fiber or fibre[1] is a class o f materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to lengths of thread. ... Gut redirects here. ... Retinol (Vitamin A) A vitamin is a nutrient that is an organic compound required in tiny amounts for essential metabolic reactions in a living organism. ... The structure of retinol, the most common dietary form of vitamin A Vitamin A is an essential human nutrient. ... This article is about the nutrient. ... Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid or vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin whose derivatives such as NADH, NAD, NAD+, and NADP play essential roles in energy metabolism in the living cell and DNA repair. ... Riboflavin (E101), also known as vitamin B2, is an easily absorbed micronutrient with a key role in maintaining health in animals. ... For the similarly spelled nucleic acid, see Thymine Thiamine or thiamin, also known as vitamin B1, is one of the B vitamins. ... Will o the Wisp (reenacted) The will o the wisp or ignis fatuus, or in plural form as ignes fatui (fools fire(s)) refers to the ghostly lights sometimes seen at night or twilight that hover over damp ground in still air — often over bogs. ...

Effi Briest

In the past year Krapp has been re-reading Fontane’s Effi Briest, "a page a day, with tears again," he says, "Could have been happy with her, up there on the Baltic…."^[67] Existing only on the printed page this fantasy woman is perhaps the most black and white of all Krapp’s women. Like the girl in the punt and the nursemaid mentioned earlier, perhaps to contrast with his inner fire, "Once again Beckett situates Krapp’s memory on some side near the water."^[68] A nursemaid is a girl or woman hired by an individual family to take care of the child or children of that family. ...

Fanny

Just as Krapp’s name is a vulgar pun, so is the name Beckett gave to the woman who visits him from time to time, whom he describes as a "bony old ghost of a whore."^[69] As Fanny is an "old ghost," all Krapp’s women are figuratively "ghosts, really, dependant for their existence on Krapp’s bitter-sweet recording of them," according to Katherine Worth.^[70] “Vulgar” redirects here. ... For other uses, see Pun (disambiguation). ...

"Fanny" is a slang British expression for the female genitals – woman reduced to a function. "Fanny" is also a commonly-used diminutive of Frances, and Beckett occasionally referred to his aunt, Frances "Cissie" Sinclair, as "Fanny."^[71] For other uses, see Slang (disambiguation). ...

Krapp refers to her visits as "better than a kick in the crutch."^[72] In the 1985 television version, Beckett changed this phrase to "better than the finger and the thumb,"^[73] an unambiguous reference to masturbation that would never escaped the British Lord Chamberlain in the fifties. This article is about the year. ... Woman masturbating, 1913 drawing by Gustav Klimt. ... The Lord Chamberlain or Lord Chamberlain of the Household is one of the chief officers of the Royal Household in the United Kingdom, and is to be distinguished from the Lord Great Chamberlain, one of the Great Officers of State. ...

Krapp’s "vision at last", on the pier at Dún Laoghaire

In an earlier draft of the play Beckett "uses 'beacon' and 'anemometer' rather than 'lighthouse' and 'wind-gauge'. The anemometer on the East Pier of Dún Laoghaire was one of the world's first. [It is] widely regarded as a mirror reflection of Beckett’s own revelation. Yet it is different both in circumstance and kind."^[74] This article is about the town of Dún Laoghaire . ... A hemispherical cup anemometer of the type invented in 2000 by John Thomas Romney Robinson An anemometer is a device for measuring the velocity or the pressure of the wind, and is one instrument used in a weather station. ... Eddystone Lighthouse, one of the first wavewashed lighthouses For other uses, see Lighthouse (disambiguation). ...

"Beckett wrote to Richard Ellmann: 'All the jetty and howling wind are imaginary. It happened to me, summer 1945, in my mother’s little house, named New Place, across the road from Cooldrinagh.'"^[75] Richard Ellmann (March 15, 1918 – May 13, 1987) was a prominent American/British literary critic and biographer of Irish writers such as James Joyce, Oscar Wilde, and William Butler Yeats. ... Alternate meanings: See Jetty (web server) Alternate meanings: See Jettying in buildings The term jetty, derived from the French jetie, and therefor signifying something thrown out, is applied to a variety of structures employed in river, dock and maritime works which are generally carried out in pairs from river banks... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ...

He summarised what this experience signified for him:

I realised that Joyce had gone as far as one could in the direction of knowing more, [being] in control of one’s material. He was always adding to it; you only have to look at his proofs to see that. I realised that my own way was in impoverishment, in lack of knowledge and in taking away, in subtracting rather than in adding.^[76] This article is about the writer and poet. ...

The tape recorder

Beckett has applied character to non-human elements in his plays before, e.g. the light in Play, the music in Words and Music. “Beckett instructed the actor Pierre Chabert in his 1975 Paris production of the play ‘to become as much as possible one body with the machine … The spool is his whole life.’”^[77] Krapp no longer owns the memories on the tapes. His mind is no longer capable of holding onto them. The recorder also serves as proxy. When John Hurt, as Krapp, is transfixed by the retelling of the events in the punt he literally cradles the machine as if it were the woman recalling Magee’s original performance; Beckett took pains to point this out this to Alan Schneider, who was at the time preparing his own version of the play, in a letter dated 21st November 1958, and incorporated the gesture in future productions in which he was involved.^[78] Play is a play by Samuel Beckett. ... Words and Music (1962)is a play written for radio by Samuel Beckett. ... Alan Schneider (?–1984) was a prolific director and mentor responsible for over 100 productions in the American theatre. ...

Later, on 4 January 1960, Beckett wrote a more detailed letter describing another unexpected revelation of that earlier performance, "the beautiful and quite accidental effect in London of the luminous eye burning up as the machine runs on in silence and the light goes down."^[79] is the 4th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Notable performances of Krapp

Patrick Magee

Beckett told Patrick Magee, the first Krapp, that his "voice was the one which he heard inside his mind. Thus it seems likely that the return to English was a matter of expediency because of the English-speaking actor."^[80] The Brighton hotel bombing was the bombing by the Provisional IRA of the Grand Hotel in Brighton in the early morning of October 12, 1984. ...

Magee had a harsh, gravely voice which had little superficial charm but had a hypnotic effect on the listener … He was grey-haired but ageless and could combine debility with menace, as Beckett character with their suppressed violence often do … [H]e had developed a rather strange accent with only faint Irish overtones and prolonged vowel sounds, The general effect was strangely déclassé but still indubitably Irish and thus ideally fitted for the performance of Beckett … As an actor he had the good sense to see that one played Beckett for the weight and mood of the words and the situation without bothering about the ultimate philosophical import.^[81] For the novel by Lucas Hyde, see Hypnosis (novel). ... In the field of astrology a debility is referred to when a planet or other celestial body is in the sign of its detriment or fall. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ...

Krapp, as portrayed by John Hurt in Atom Egoyan's adaptation of Krapp's Last Tape (2000/2001)

Krapp, as portrayed by Harold Pinter at the Royal Court Theatre in October 2006

Image File history File links Scene from Krapps Last Tape This work is copyrighted. ... Image File history File links Scene from Krapps Last Tape This work is copyrighted. ... For the singer, see Mississippi John Hurt. ... Atom Egoyan at the Third Golden Apricot Film Festival. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Harold Pinter, CH, CBE (born 10 October 1930) is an English playwright, screenwriter, poet, actor, director, author, and political activist. ... The Royal Court Theatre is a non-commercial theatre in Sloane Square, in the Chelsea area of London noted for its contributions to modern theatre. ...

John Hurt

John Hurt performed the role of Krapp for the version directed by Atom Egoyan for the project Beckett on Film, which was broadcast on television in 2001 and available on DVD in the box set or individually. For the singer, see Mississippi John Hurt. ... Atom Egoyan at the Third Golden Apricot Film Festival. ... Beckett on Film was a project to make film versions of all nineteen of Samuel Becketts plays for the stage with the exception of the early and unperformed Eleutheria. ... DVD (also known as Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc) is a popular optical disc storage media format. ...

Harold Pinter

In October 2006, as part of the 50th anniversary season of the Royal Court Theatre, directed by Ian Rickson, Harold Pinter performed the role of Krapp in a sold-out limited run of nine performances to great critical acclaim.^[82][83][84] The Royal Court Theatre is a non-commercial theatre in Sloane Square, in the Chelsea area of London noted for its contributions to modern theatre. ... Harold Pinter, CH, CBE (born 10 October 1930) is an English playwright, screenwriter, poet, actor, director, author, and political activist. ...

Media recordings

Beckett opposed vehemently the transfer of some of his works from one medium to another, but he did not oppose such recordings of Krapp's Last Tape as much as he did others. For example, "A gramophone recording (New York: Spoken Arts #788, 1960), based on the original American production, was distributed by Argo (RG 220), and by HEAR, Home Educational Records, London (1964),"^[85] and "It was often adapted for television with his encouragement. The first BBC version was produced by Peter Luke, featuring Cyril Cusack (13th November 1963). Approached by Westdeutscher Rundfunk, Cologne, to permit a television version of his 1969 Schiller-Theatre Das letzte Band [the German title of the play], Beckett wrote a set of 'Suggestions for TV Krapp'", which "was broadcast [on] 28th October 1969."^[86] A 12-inch record (left), a 7-inch record (right), and a CD (above) Two 7 singles (left), two colored 7 singles (middle), and two 7 singles with large spindle holes (right). ... For the American label, see Argo Records Argo Records was a record label founded in 1951 by Harley Usill (born c. ... Also Nintendo emulator: 1964 (emulator). ... For other uses, see BBC (disambiguation). ... Cyril Cusack (November 26, 1910 – October 7, 1993) was an Irish Shakespearean actor, who appeared in more than 90 films [1]. Born in Durban, Natal, South Africa he was the son of a sergeant in the mounted police and an actress. ... For other uses, see 1963 (disambiguation). ... The Westdeutsche Rundfunk (WDR) is a public broadcaster in the German Bundesland North Rhine-Westphalia with its main office is in Köln. ... For other uses, see Cologne (disambiguation). ... Also: 1969 (number) 1969 (movie) 1969 (Stargate SG-1) episode. ...

The play has subsequently been broadcast on radio, turned into an opera (see below) and filmed as part of the Beckett on Film project. For other uses, see Opera (disambiguation). ... Beckett on Film was a project to make film versions of all nineteen of Samuel Becketts plays for the stage with the exception of the early and unperformed Eleutheria. ...

Musical adaptations

This article or section is missing citations or needs footnotes. Using inline citations helps guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies.

The composer Marcel Mihalovici had asked Beckett if he would write a libretto for him. Beckett agreed but, not unsurprisingly, found he was unable to write to order. Instead, he persuaded Mihalovici to write music for an existing work and the composer "chose La Dernière Bande because of the new musical possibilities involved in a character who must sing as both a young and an old man, and whose voice on tape must be accompanied by a live orchestra."^[87] Image File history File links Emblem-important. ... A composer is a person who writes music. ... Marcel Mihalovici (Bucharest, 22 October 1898 – Paris, 12 August 1985) was a French composer born in Romania. ... Antonio Ghislanzoni, nineteenth century Italian librettist. ... For the song titled Orchestra, see The Servant (band). ...

It took some fourteen months for the work, Krapp: ou La dernière bande, a score of almost 260 pages, to be completed. From that point, according to James Knowlson, "Beckett and his German translator Elmar Tophoven … [literally] sat at the piano, one on either side of the composer, adapting the text to the music or modifying the score … Beckett sometimes changed his original English text to provide extra 'notes' or different rhythms: so, [for example,] 'incomparable bosom' became 'a bosom beyond compare'."^[88] A short grand piano, with the lid up. ...

"Mihalovici's music is atonal, sparse and highly descriptive, relying heavily on a huge percussion battery to paint a pungent landscape for Beckett's moods and words. Beats on wooden blocks suggest a human heartbeat, a swirling celesta the dizziness of inebriation, muted trumpets a nauseating anxiety. Inner torture and pain are revealed through the orchestra as Krapp intones Sprechgesang in the present; a lyrical vocal line caresses the pre-recorded monologues of his younger self. The melody for the section of tape which Krapp rewinds and re-listens to numerous times (his happiest moment, curled up with his lover in a gently rocking boat) is ingeniously captured as an idée fixe by Mihalovici."^[89] Atonality describes music not conforming to the system of tonal hierarchies, which characterizes the sound of classical European music between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. ... Percussion redirects here. ... Wood block Tubular wood block A wood block is essentially a small slit drum made from a single piece of wood and used as a percussion instrument. ... French type, four-octave Celesta The Celesta (IPA ) is a struck idiophone operated by a keyboard. ... see also Guitar Mute A mute is a device which alters the timbre and/or reduces the volume of a musical instrument. ... Trumpeter redirects here. ... Sprechgesang and sprechstimme (German for spoken-song and spoken-voice) are musical terms used to refer to an expressionist vocal technique that falls between singing and speaking. ... A leitmotif (IPA pronunciation: ) (also leitmotiv; lit. ...

Gooseberries, she said (1967), part of the four-part cycle Exercises en Route, songs for voice & ensemble, by American composer Earl Kim, alludes to Beckett's phrase in Krapp's Last Tape.^{[citations needed]} Year 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. ...

The Hungarian composer Gyula Csapó has created the work Krapp's Last Tape –after Samuel Beckett] (1975) loosely inspired by Beckett's play.^[90] This theatrical work is for a "violinist-actor," a tape recorder, four spotlights and a sine wave generator.^[91] For the Anne Rice novel, see Violin (novel). ... In trigonometry, an ideal sine wave is a waveform whose graph is identical to the generalized sine function y = Asin[&#969;(x &#8722; &#945;)] + C, where A is the amplitude, &#969; is the angular frequency (2&#960;/P where P is the wavelength), &#945; is the phase shift, and C...

In 1999, the English experimental composer, Michael Parsons, Adapted Krapp's Last Tape for piano, two pre-recorded pianos, and voice on tape. The piece, specifically written for John Tilbury, was called Krapp Music. This article is about the year. ... Michael Parsons is a British musician, and co-founder of the Scratch Orchestra. ... John Tilbury is a British pianist. ...

Allusions in popular culture

The play was memorably parodied in the television sketch comedy The Fast Show, in which Arthur Atkinson, a fictional music hall comedian, played a comically-more stoic version of Krapp.^{[citations needed]} In contemporary usage, a parody (or lampoon) is a work that imitates another work in order to ridicule, ironically comment on, or poke some affectionate fun at the work itself, the subject of the work, the author or fictional voice of the parody, or another subject. ... Sketch Show redirects here. ... The Fast Show is a BBC comedy sketch show programme that ran for four series from 1994 to 2000. ... The Fast Show is a BBC comedy Sketch show programme which ran from 1994 to 2000. ... Music Hall is a form of British theatrical entertainment which reached its peak of popularity between 1850 and 1960. ...

Notes

Whiteknights Lake Whiteknights Lake in winter The University Great Hall, on the London Road Campus The University of Reading is a university in the English town of Reading, Berkshire. ... Whiteknights Lake Whiteknights Lake in winter The University Great Hall, on the London Road Campus The University of Reading is a university in the English town of Reading, Berkshire. ... University of Texas redirects here. ... Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish dramatist, novelist and poet. ... Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish dramatist, novelist and poet. ... Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish dramatist, novelist and poet. ... Anthony Cronin (born 1925 in County Wexford) is an Irish poet. ... Ronald Hayman is a British playwright, critic and writer, known for his biographies. ... The Times is a national newspaper published daily in the United Kingdom (and the Kingdom of Great Britain before the United Kingdom existed) since 1788 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. ... Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish dramatist, novelist and poet. ... Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish dramatist, novelist and poet. ... Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish dramatist, novelist and poet. ... Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish dramatist, novelist and poet. ... Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish dramatist, novelist and poet. ... Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish dramatist, novelist and poet. ... Anthony Cronin (born 1925 in County Wexford) is an Irish poet. ... Laurence Harvey (October 1, 1928 - November 25, 1973) was a Lithuanian-born actor. ... Anthony Cronin (born 1925 in County Wexford) is an Irish poet. ... Ciudad Real (Spanish for: Royal City) is a city in Castilla-La Mancha, Spain. ... Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish dramatist, novelist and poet. ... First Love is a short story by Samuel Beckett published in 1973. ... Year 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Kerry Blue Terrier is a breed of dog named after County Kerry in South West Ireland. ... Look up Cf. ... Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish dramatist, novelist and poet. ... Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish dramatist, novelist and poet. ... Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish dramatist, novelist and poet. ... Anthony Cronin (born 1925 in County Wexford) is an Irish poet. ... Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish dramatist, novelist and poet. ... Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish dramatist, novelist and poet. ... Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish dramatist, novelist and poet. ... Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish dramatist, novelist and poet. ... Deirdre Bair is an American biographer who has gained acclaim for her biographies of Samuel Beckett, Anais Nin, and Carl Jung. ... Ronald Hayman is a British playwright, critic and writer, known for his biographies. ... The Times is a national newspaper published daily in the United Kingdom (and the Kingdom of Great Britain before the United Kingdom existed) since 1788 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. ... Anthony Cronin (born 1925 in County Wexford) is an Irish poet. ... Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish dramatist, novelist and poet. ... Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish dramatist, novelist and poet. ... Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish dramatist, novelist and poet. ... Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish dramatist, novelist and poet. ... Deirdre Bair is an American biographer who has gained acclaim for her biographies of Samuel Beckett, Anais Nin, and Carl Jung. ... Look up Cf. ... Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish dramatist, novelist and poet. ... Mise en scène [mizɑ̃sɛn] has been called film criticisms grand undefined term, but that is not because of a lack of definitions. ... Richard Ellmann (March 15, 1918 – May 13, 1987) was a prominent American/British literary critic and biographer of Irish writers such as James Joyce, Oscar Wilde, and William Butler Yeats. ... Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish dramatist, novelist and poet. ... Deirdre Bair is an American biographer who has gained acclaim for her biographies of Samuel Beckett, Anais Nin, and Carl Jung. ... Anthony Cronin (born 1925 in County Wexford) is an Irish poet. ... The International Herald Tribune (or IHT) is fully owned by the New York Times, which along with its own staff journalists and news agencies supplies it with news and features. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... For other uses, see Guardian. ... Headlines of the Evening Standard on the day of London bombing on July 7, 2005, in Waterloo Station The Evening Standard is a London tabloid newspaper published and sold in London and surrounding areas, and is technically a local paper, although it carries considerable influence. ... Headlines of the Evening Standard on the day of London bombing on July 7, 2005, in Waterloo Station The Evening Standard is a London tabloid newspaper published and sold in London and surrounding areas, and is technically a local paper, although it carries considerable influence. ... Barnet Lee Rosset, Jr. ... Deirdre Bair is an American biographer who has gained acclaim for her biographies of Samuel Beckett, Anais Nin, and Carl Jung. ...

References

• Knowlson, James. "Krapp's Last Tape: The Evolution of a Play". Journal of Beckett Studies 1.1 (Winter 1976).

External links

• Krapp's Last Tape, Beckett on Film, dir. Atom Egoyan; perf. John Hurt, 2000 ("Synopsis").
• Krapp's Last Tape at the Jerwood Theatre Upstairs, Royal Court Theatre; perf. Harold Pinter, 12–24 October 2006.