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Many countries have a language policy designed to favour or discourage the use of a particular language or set of languages. Although nations historically have used language policies most often to promote one official language at the expense of others, many countries now have policies designed to protect and promote regional and ethnic languages whose viability is threatened. An official language is a language that is given a privileged legal status in a state, or other legally-defined territory. ...
Overview The preservation of cultural and linguistic diversity in today's world is a major concern to many scientists, artists, writers, politicians, and leaders of linguistic communities. Up to one half of the 6000 languages currently spoken in the world are estimated to be in danger of disappearing during the 21st century. Many factors affect the existence and usage of any given human language, including the size of the native speaking population, its use in formal communication, and the geographical dispersion and the socio-economic weight of its speakers. National language policies can either mitigate or exacerbate the effects of some of these factors. Cultural diversity is the variety of human societies or cultures in a specific region, or in the world as a whole. ...
The 21st century is the present century of the Gregorian calendar. ...
What follows below is one of many ways in which language policy laws can be categorized.
Assimilation policies A policy of assimilation is one that uses measures to accelerate the downsizing of one or more linguistic minority group(s). The ultimate goal of such policies is to foster national unity inside a state.
Jurisdictions having such a policy:
Afghanistan - Burma - Cyprus - Greece - Indonesia - Iran - Iraq - Kosovo (Not a state; under United Nations protectorate and officially under sovereignty of Serbia) - Pakistan - Syria - Thailand - Turkey - Vietnam For other uses of the name Kosovo, see Kosovo (disambiguation). ...
The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, and social equity. ...
Motto: none Anthem: Bože pravde (English: God of Justice) Capital (and largest city) Belgrade Serbian, cyrillic script1 Government Republic - Prime Minister Vojislav Koštunica - President Boris Tadić Establishment - Formation 814 - First Serbian Uprising 1804 - Internationally recognized July 13, 1878 - Kingdom of SCS created December 1, 1918 - SCG dissolved June...
Non-intervention policies A policy of non-intervention consists in choosing to allow the normal rapport between the main linguistic group and the minorities evolve on its own. This almost invariably favours the dominant group. Sometimes, such policies are accompanied by administrative measures protecting certain minorities.
Jurisdictions having such a policy:
Angola - Argentina - Australia - Austria - Bangladesh - Benin - Burkina Faso - Chile - Congo-Kinshasa - Côte d'Ivoire - Cuba - Czech Republic - Dominica - Dominican Republic - Ecuador - Gabon - Ghana - Germany - Gibraltar - Guinea - Guyana - Northern Ireland - Jamaica - Japan - Liechtenstein - Mali - Nebraska - Nicaragua - Saint Kitts and Nevis - Saint Lucia - Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - El Salvador - San Marino - Saudi Arabia - Senegal - United Kingdom - Uruguay - Venezuela - Vermont Motto: [citation needed] (French for God and my right)2 Anthem: UK: God Save the Queen Regional: (de facto) Londonderry Air Capital Belfast Largest city Belfast Official language(s) English (de facto), Irish, Ulster Scots 3, NI Sign Language Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister Tony Blair...
Official language(s) English Capital Lincoln Largest city Omaha Area Ranked 16th - Total 77,421 sq mi (200,520 km²) - Width 210 miles (340 km) - Length 430 miles (690 km) - % water 0. ...
Official language(s) None[1] Capital Montpelier Largest city Burlington Area Ranked 45th - Total 9,620 sq mi (24,923 km²) - Width 80 miles (130 km) - Length 160 miles (260 km) - % water 3. ...
Differentiated legal statute policies A policy that recognizes a different legal statute for a given language usually aims at allowing the coexistence of multiple linguistic groups inside a state. Typically, the majority has all its linguistic rights secured and sometimes promoted while the minority or minorities are given special protection for their language.
Jurisdictions having such a policy:
Albania - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Bulgaria - California - China - Croatia - Estonia - European Council -Macedonia - Guatemala - Latvia - Lithuania - Manitoba - Ontario - Netherlands - New Mexico - Paraguay - Quebec - Portugal - Romania - Slovakia - Spain - Sweden - Wales - Yukon Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Area Ranked 3rd - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²) - Width 250 miles (400 km) - Length 770 miles (1,240 km) - % water 4. ...
The European Council, informally called the European summit, is a meeting of the heads of state or government of the European Union, and the President of the European Commission. ...
Motto: Gloriosus et Liber (Latin: Glorious and free) Official languages English and French, per mandate of the Constitution Act 1982 Flower Prairie Crocus Tree White Spruce Bird Great Grey Owl Capital Winnipeg Largest city Winnipeg Lieutenant-Governor John Harvard Premier Gary Doer (NDP) Parliamentary representation - House seat - Senate seats 14...
Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Latin: Loyal she began, loyal she remains) Official languages English Flower White Trillium Tree Eastern White Pine Bird Common Loon Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Lieutenant-Governor James K. Bartleman Premier Dalton McGuinty (Liberal) Parliamentary representation - House seats - Senate seats 106 24 Area Total...
Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Area Ranked 5th - Total 121,665 sq mi (315,194 km²) - Width 342 miles (550 km) - Length 370 miles (595 km) - % water 0. ...
Motto: Je me souviens (French: I remember) Official languages French Flower Blue Flag Iris (Iris versicolor Linné) Tree Yellow Birch Bird Snowy Owl Capital Quebec City Largest city Montreal Lieutenant-Governor Lise Thibault Premier Jean Charest (PLQ) Parliamentary representation - House seat - Senate seats 75 24 Area Total - Land - Water (% of...
Motto: (Welsh for Wales forever) Anthem: Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau Capital Cardiff Largest city Cardiff Official language(s) Welsh, English Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister of the UK Tony Blair MP - First Minister Rhodri Morgan AM Unification - by Gruffudd ap Llywelyn 1056 Area - Total 20,779...
Motto: none Official languages English, French Flower Fireweed Tree Subalpine Fir Bird Common Raven Capital Whitehorse Largest city Whitehorse Commissioner Geraldine Van Bibber Premier Dennis Fentie (Yukon Party) Parliamentary representation - House seat - Senate seats 1 1 Area Total - Land - Water (% of total) Ranked 9th 482,443 km² 474,391 km...
Valorization of the official language policies A policy favouring the official language is a policy of unilingualism. Sometimes, it favours the national language, sometime it favours a colonial language with a strong influence internationally. In some cases, such policies are accompanied by measures recognizing and protecting minority languages. An official language is a language that is given a privileged legal status in a state, or other legally-defined territory. ...
A minority language is a language spoken by a minority of the population of a country. ...
Jurisdictions having such a policy:
Åland - Albania - Algeria - Andorra - Azerbaijan - Brazil - California - Cambodia - Colombia - Cyprus - Croatia - East Timor - Egypt - Estonia - France - Greece - India - Iran - Iceland - Israel - Italy - Japan - Kuwait - Latvia - Lebanon - Lithuania - Macedonia - Madagascar - Morocco - Mexico - Moldova - Montenegro - North Korea - Nepal - Peru - Poland - Romania - Saint-Pierre and Miquelon - Slovakia - Somalia - South Korea - Tunisia - Ukraine - Uzbekistan - Vietnam - Voivodina Motto: none Anthem: Ã…länningens sÃ¥ng Capital Mariehamn Largest city Mariehamn Swedish Government Autonomous province - Governor Peter Lindbäck1 - Premier Roger Nordlund Autonomy - Declared 1920 - Recognized 19212 Accession to EU January 1, 19953 Area - Total 13,517 km² (n/a) 5,267 sq mi - Water (%) 89 Population - 2005 estimate...
Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Area Ranked 3rd - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²) - Width 250 miles (400 km) - Length 770 miles (1,240 km) - % water 4. ...
Anthem: Oj, svijetla majska zoro Capital (and largest city) Podgorica Serbian of the Ijekavian dialect1 Government Republic - President Filip Vujanović - Prime Minister Željko Šturanović Independence From Serbia and Montenegro - Declared June 3, 2006 - Recognised June 8, 2006 Area - Total 13. ...
Motto: A Mare Labor(Latin) From the Sea, Work[citation needed] Anthem: La Marseillaise Capital (and largest city) Saint-Pierre French Government - President of the General Council Stéphane Artano - Préfet (Prefect) Yves Fauqueur Collectivité doutre-mera of France - ceded by the UKe 30 May 1814 - Territoire d...
Serbia and Montenegro -Serbia -Kosovo and Metohia -Vojvodina -Montenegro Official languages Serbian, Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian, Croatian, Rusyn 1 Capital Novi Sad Area - Total - % water 21,500 km² n/a Population - Total (2002) - Density 2,031,992 94. ...
Sectorial Policies
Bilingualism or trilingualism policies A policy favouring the two official languages is a policy of bilingualism. There are many different ways in which these policies can be applied. The term bilingualism (from bi meaning two and lingua meaning language) can refer to rather different phenomena. ...
Based on non-territorialized individual rights A policy of bilingualism based on non-territorialized individual rights recognizes the same rights to all members of a community whatever their location on the national territory.
Belarus - Burundi - Canada - Central African Republic - Chad - Djibouti - Guam - Hong Kong - Ireland - Kenya - Kiribati - Malta - Nauru - New Zealand - Northwest Territories - Norway - Nunavut - Rwanda - Samoa - South Africa - Tanzania - Tonga - Tuvalu Motto: none Official languages Dene Suline, Cree, Dogrib, English, French, Gwich’in, Inuktitut, Slavey Flower Mountain avens Tree Tamarack Bird Gyr Falcon Capital Yellowknife Largest city Yellowknife Commissioner Tony Whitford Premier Joe Handley (Consensus government (no party affiliations)) Parliamentary representation - House seats - Senate seats 1 1 Area Total - Land - Water...
Motto: Nunavut Sannginivut (Inuktitut: Nunavut our strength or Our land our strength) Official languages Inuktitut, Inuinnaqtun, English, French Capital Iqaluit Largest city Iqaluit Commissioner Ann Meekitjuk Hanson Premier Paul Okalik (independent) Parliamentary representation - House seat - Senate seats 1 Nancy Karetak-Lindell 1 Willie Adams Area Total • Land • Water (% of total...
Based on territorialized individual rights A language policy based on territorialized individual rights recognizes the same rights to all members of a community within a specific region.
Aosta Valley - Balearic Islands - Basque Country - Brandenburg - Brittany - Catalonia - Channel Islands - Corsica - Faroe - Finland - Friuli Venezia Giulia - Galicia - Hawaii - Isle of Man - Micronesia - Navarre - Northern Ireland - Nicaragua - Sardinia - Scotland - Sicily - Sind - Trentino-South Tyrol - Wales The Aosta Valley (in Arpitan: Val dOuta, French: Vallée dAoste, Italian: Valle dAosta) is a mountainous and very silly and smelly region in north-western Italy. ...
Capital Palma Official language(s) Catalan and Spanish Area – Total – % of Spain Ranked 17th 4,992 km² 1. ...
Capital Vitoria-Gasteiz Official language(s) Spanish and Basque Area – Total – % of Spain Ranked 14th 7,234 km² 1. ...
(Lower Sorbian: Bramborska; Upper Sorbian: Braniborska) is one of Germanys sixteen Bundesländer (federal states). ...
Traditional coat of arms Modern flag (Gwenn-ha-du) Historical province of Brittany région of Bretagne, see Bretagne. ...
Anthem: Els Segadors Capital Barcelona Official language(s) Catalan, Spanish and Aranese Area – Total – % of Spain Ranked 6th 32,114 km² 6. ...
The Channel Islands are a group of islands off the coast of Normandy, France, in the English Channel. ...
Capital Ajaccio Land area¹ 8,680 km² President of the Executive Council Ange Santini (UMP) (since 2004) Population - Jan. ...
Anthem: Tú alfagra land mÃtt You, my most beauteous land Capital (and largest city) Tórshavn Faroese Government - Monarch Margrethe II - Prime Minister Jóannes Eidesgaard Independence None (part of the Kingdom of Denmark) - Home rule 1948 Area - Total 1,399 km² (180th) 540 sq mi - Water (%) 0. ...
With an area of 7844 km² and 1. ...
Galicia (Spain) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Capital Pamplona (Basque: Iruña) Official language(s) Spanish; Basque co-official in the north of community. ...
Motto: [citation needed] (French for God and my right)2 Anthem: UK: God Save the Queen Regional: (de facto) Londonderry Air Capital Belfast Largest city Belfast Official language(s) English (de facto), Irish, Ulster Scots 3, NI Sign Language Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister Tony Blair...
Sardinia (Sardegna in Italian, Sardigna or Sardinna in the Sardinian language), is the second largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (Sicily is the largest), between Italy, Spain and Tunisia, south of Corsica. ...
Motto: (Latin for No one provokes me with impunity)1 Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official language(s) English, Gaelic, Scots 2 Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen of the UK Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister of the UK Tony Blair MP - First Minister Jack McConnell MSP Unification...
Sicily (Sicilia in Italian, Sicilian and Spanish, Σικελία in Greek) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,700 km² and 5 million inhabitants. ...
Sindh (Sind) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan. ...
Trentino-South Tyrol (German and Ladin: Trentino-Südtirol, Italian: Trentino-Alto Adige) is an Autonomous Region in Northern Italy. ...
Motto: (Welsh for Wales forever) Anthem: Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau Capital Cardiff Largest city Cardiff Official language(s) Welsh, English Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister of the UK Tony Blair MP - First Minister Rhodri Morgan AM Unification - by Gruffudd ap Llywelyn 1056 Area - Total 20,779...
Based on territorial rights Belgium - Cameroon - Fribourg - Grisons - Switzerland - Ticino - Valais The Canton of Fribourg is a canton of Switzerland. ...
Graubünden or Grisons (German: ; Italian: Grigioni; Romansh: Grischun, French: Grisons) is the largest and easternmost canton of Switzerland. ...
Canton Ticino or Ticino (German: (help· info)) is the southernmost canton of Switzerland. ...
The Valais (German: ) is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland in the south-western part of the country, in the Pennine Alps around the valley of the Rhone River from its springs to Lake Geneva. ...
Strategic multilingualism policies
Based on non-territorialized individual rights A policy of multilingualism based on non-territorialized individual rights recognizes the same rights to all members of a community whatever their location on the national territory.
Singapore
Linguistic internationalization policies
Mixed linguistic policies
Language boards This is a list of bodies that regulate languages. ...
Bòrd na Gà idhlig /borst na ga:lIk/ is the Scottish government appointed agency with responsibility for Scottish Gaelic. ...
The Nederlandse Taalunie or Dutch Language Union is an international institution for discussing issues relating to the Dutch language. ...
Foras na Gaeilge is the governing body of the Irish language, responsible for the promotion of the language throughout all of Ireland. ...
The Office québécois de la langue française (OQLF) (Quebec Office of the French language) was established on March 24, 1961 along with the Quebec ministry of Cultural affairs. ...
The Welsh Language Board (in Welsh, Bwrdd yr Iaith Gymraeg) is a statutory body set up by the British Government as part of the 1992 Welsh Language Act. ...
See also - Directions of language policies:
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Cultural hegemony is the concept that a diverse culture can be ruled or dominated by one group or class, that everyday practices and shared beliefs provide the foundation for complex systems of domination. ...
Shaheed Minar, or the Martyrs monument, located near Dhaka Medical College, commemorates the struggle for Bangla language The Language Movement was a cultural and political movement in the erstwhile East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in 1952. ...
Language planning refers to deliberate efforts to influence the behaviour of others with respect to the acquisition, structure, or functional allocation of language. ...
Language revival is the revival, by governments, political authorities, or enthusiasts, to recover the spoken use of a language that is no longer spoken or is endangered. ...
The language tax is an economic concept proposed by the Belgian economist Philippe Van Parijs[1]. It is intended to compensate countries with a less wide-spread language for their expenses for teaching and translation. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
An official script is a script that is specifically designated to be official in the constitutions or other applicable laws of countries, states, and other territories. ...
A regional language is a language spoken in a part of a country - it may be a small area, a federal state or province, or a wider area. ...
The theory of Linguistic imperialism has since the early 1990s attracted the attention among scholars in the field of English applied linguistics, particularly since the publication of Robert Phillipsons influential book Linguistic Imperialism, which led to considerable disputes about the merits and shortcomings of the theory. ...
Linguistic protectionism is any state policy introduced to protect a given language from the expansion of a stronger language (usually a language with a much greater number of speakers), or against mixing (or deliberate compatibility) with a different dialect or a closely related language. ...
Linguistic purism is the opposition to any changes of a given language, or the desire to undo some changes the language has undergone in the past. ...
Linguistic separatism refers to the attempts of linguists or politicians to create an independent language from a dialect by splitting off the written language. ...
The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML) is a European treaty (CETS 148) adopted in 1992 under the auspices of the Council of Europe to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe. ...
One of the features of Croatian language, common to many Central-European languages (Czech, German, Polish) is word coinage. ...
The language strife was one of the major conflicts of Finlands national history and domestic politics. ...
This is an article about language policy in France. ...
Polonization (Polish: ) is the assumption (complete or partial), of the Polish language or another real or supposed Polish attribute. ...
Language politics in Francoist Spain centered on attempts in Spain under Franco to increase the dominance of Castilian (castellano), the most widely used Spanish language, over the other languages of Spain. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...
The Welsh Not was a piece of wood, inscribed with the letters WN, that was hung round the necks of boys who spoke Welsh in some schools in the 19th century. ...
Bilingual (English/French) sign for Preston Street (rue Preston) in Ottawas Little Italy Bilingualism in Canada refers to laws and policies of the federal government – and some other levels of government – mandating that certain services and communications be available to the public in both English and French. ...
The Official Language Act of 1974, also known as Bill 22 is an act of the National Assembly of Quebec which made French the sole official language of Quebec, a province of Canada. ...
Source - Primary source of information: Leclerc, Jacques. "Index par politiques linguistiques" in L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde, Québec, TLFQ, Université Laval, December 2003 [1] (in French).
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