Lee Harvey Oswald
Lee Harvey Oswald during his time living in Minsk
Born	October 18, 1939(1939-10-18) New Orleans, Louisiana
Died	November 24, 1963 (aged 24) Dallas, Texas
Nationality	American
Other names	Alek J. Hidell used for ordering his Mannlicher-Carcano. O.H. Lee used for his place of residence
Spouse	Marina Oswald

Lee Harvey Oswald (October 18, 1939 – November 24, 1963) was the presumed assassin of U.S. President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas. A former United States Marine who defected to the Soviet Union and later returned, Oswald was arrested on suspicion of killing Dallas police officer J. D. Tippit and later connected to the assassination of President Kennedy. Oswald denied any responsibility for the murders. Two days later — before he could be brought to trial for the crimes, while being transferred under police custody from the police station to jail — Oswald was shot and killed by Jack Ruby on live television. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (385x622, 153 KB) Image can be found at http://www. ... is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... New Orleans is the largest city in the state of Louisiana, United States of America. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... is the 328th day of the year (329th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1963 (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Dallas (disambiguation). ... Motto: (traditional) In God We Trust (official, 1956–present) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City Official language(s) None at the federal level; English de facto Government Federal Republic  - President George W. Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence - Declared - Recognized... Lee Harvey Oswald (October 18, 1939 – November 24, 1963) was the assassin of U.S. President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, according to the conclusions of two government investigations into the assassination. ... Earling Carothers Jim Garrison (November 20, 1921 - October 21, 1992) — who changed his first name to Jim in the early 1960s — was the Democratic District Attorney of Orleans Parish, Louisiana from 1962 to 1973. ... John Kennedy and JFK redirect here. ... Clay Shaw Clay Laverne Shaw (March 17, 1913 – August 14, 1974) was a successful businessman in the U.S. city of New Orleans, Louisiana. ... Mugshot of David Ferrie, August 8, 1961. ... Guy Banister William Guy Banister (March 7, 1901–June 6, 1964) was a private investigator alleged by New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison to have been involved in the Assassination of John F. Kennedy. ... George de Mohrenschildt (April 17, 1911-March 29, 1977) befriended Lee Harvey Oswald during the months preceding the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy. ... Lee Harvey Oswald distributing literature on behalf of the Fair Play For Cuba Committee, August 9, 1963. ... Jim Garrison is the only prosecutor to bring a trial for the assassination of John F. Kennedy. ... is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 328th day of the year (329th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1963 (disambiguation). ... Kennedy Assassination redirects here. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  US Government Portal      For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... John Kennedy and JFK redirect here. ... is the 326th day of the year (327th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1963 (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Dallas (disambiguation). ... The United States Marine Corps (USMC) is a branch of the United States armed forces responsible for providing force projection from the sea,[1] using the mobility of the U.S. Navy to rapidly deliver combined-arms task forces and is one of seven uniformed services. ... In politics, a defector is a person who gives up allegiance to one state or political entity in exchange for allegiance to another. ... J.D. Tippit J. D. Tippit (September 18, 1924 – November 22, 1963) was a police officer with the Dallas, Texas Police Department who, according to witnesses, was slain by Lee Harvey Oswald after Tippit stopped Oswald following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. ... Jacob Rubenstein (March 25, 1911 – January 3, 1967), who legally changed his name to Jack Leon Ruby in 1947, was an American business analyst and nightclub owner from Dallas, Texas. ...

In 1964 the Warren Commission concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald assassinated President John F. Kennedy single-handedly, a conclusion also reached by prior investigations of the FBI and the Dallas Police Department. In 1979, the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) agreed with the Warren Commission that Oswald assassinated Kennedy. However, the HSCA also concluded, largely based on controversial and disputed acoustic evidence, that there were two shooters and that Kennedy was assassinated "probably as a result of a conspiracy." The HSCA also stated: "The Warren Commission failed to investigate adequately the possibility of a conspiracy to assassinate the President."^[1] Warren Commission report cover page The Presidents Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, known unofficially as The Warren Commission, was established on November 29, 1963, by Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963. ... John Kennedy and JFK redirect here. ... The U.S. House of Representatives Select Committee on Assassinations was established in 1976 to investigate the John F. Kennedy assassination and the Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. ...

According to a 2003 ABC poll, "seven in 10 Americans think the assassination of John F. Kennedy was the result of a plot, not the act of a lone killer — and a bare majority thinks that plot included a second shooter in Dealey Plaza." ^[2] Dealey Plaza (Warren Commission exhibit #876) Dealey Plaza (IPA pronunciation: ), in the historic West End district of downtown Dallas, Texas (USA), is infamous as the location of the John F. Kennedy assassination on November 22, 1963. ...

Early life and Marine Corps service

Lee Harvey Oswald was born in New Orleans, Louisiana.^[3] His father, Robert Edward Lee Oswald, Sr. (New Orleans, 4 March 1896 – New Orleans, 19 August 1939), who had previously been married before marrying Oswald's mother on 20 July 1933, died two months before Lee was born. His mother, Marguerite Frances Claverie (New Orleans, 19 July 1907 – Fort Worth, Texas, 17 January 1981), largely raised Lee on her own along with two older siblings: his brother Robert and his half-brother, John Pic (1932–2000), Marguerite's son from a previous marriage. Oswald did have a stepfather for several years, Edwin A. Ekdahl (1888–1965), from 1945 to 1948, when they divorced. NOLA redirects here. ... is the 63rd day of the year (64th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar). ... is the 231st day of the year (232nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 201st day of the year (202nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 200th day of the year (201st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Fort Worth is the sixth-largest city in the state of Texas, located about 30 miles west of Dallas on the West Fork Trinity River and forming part of the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex. ... For other uses, see Texas (disambiguation). ... is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... AUGUST 25 1981 US Marine Sean Vance is Born on the 25th of August {ear nav|1981}} Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ...

Lee's youth was characterized by extreme mobility; before the age of 18 Oswald had lived in 22 different homes. Because of the short-lived stay in each location, he had attended 12 different schools, mostly around New Orleans and Dallas, but also in New York City. His mother sent him to an orphanage for 13 months in 1942–1943 when she was too poor to take care of him and his brothers.^[4] New Orleans is the largest city in the state of Louisiana, United States of America. ... Dallas redirects here. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... For other uses, see Orphanage (disambiguation). ...

As a child Oswald was withdrawn and temperamental.^[5] After moving in with his half-brother (who had joined the US Coast Guard and was stationed in New York City), Oswald and Pic were asked to leave after an incident in which Oswald allegedly threatened John Pic's wife with a knife, and struck his mother.^{[6] [7]} Following charges of truancy, he was put under a three week court-ordered stay for psychiatric observation in a facility called Youth House. Dr. Renatus Hartogs described Oswald as having a "Vivid fantasy life, turning around the topics of omnipotence and power, through which he tries to compensate for his present shortcomings and frustrations," and diagnosed the fourteen-year-old Oswald as having a "personality pattern disturbance with schizoid features and passive-aggressive tendencies" and recommended continued psychiatric intervention.^[8] USCG HH-65 Dolphin USCG HH-60J JayHawk USCG HC-130H departs Mojave USCG HC-130H on International Ice Patrol duties The United States Coast Guard (USCG) is at all times a branch of the U.S. military, a maritime law enforcement agency, and a federal regulatory body. ... “Truant” redirects here. ... Schizoid personality disorder (SPD) is a personality disorder characterised by a lack of interest in social relationships, a tendency towards a solitary lifestyle, and emotional coldness. ... Passive-aggressive personality disorder is a personality disorder whereby someone displays a pattern of negative attitudes and passive resistance in interpersonal or occupational situations. ...

Oswald's behavior at school appeared to improve in his last months in New York.^[9][10] In January 1954, his mother Marguerite decided to return to New Orleans with Lee, which prevented Lee from receiving the care the psychiatrist had recommended.^[11] There was still an open question pending before a New York judge whether or not he should be taken from the care of his mother to finish his schooling.^[12]

Oswald left school after the 9th grade and never received a high school diploma. Throughout his life, he had trouble with spelling and writing coherently.^[13] Yet Oswald read voraciously and, by age 15, claimed to be a Marxist from his reading on the topic. He wrote in his diary, "I was looking for a key to my environment, and then I discovered socialist literature. I had to dig for my books in the back dusty shelves of libraries." At 16, Oswald wrote to the Socialist Party of America, stating that he was a Marxist who had been studying socialist principles for "well over fifteen months," and asked for information about their youth league.^[14] For other uses, see High school (disambiguation). ... Marxism is the political practice and social theory based on the works of Karl Marx, a 19th century philosopher, economist, journalist, and revolutionary, along with Friedrich Engels. ... The Socialist Party of America (SPA) is a socialist political party in the United States. ... YPSLs Logo The Young Peoples Socialist League (YPSL) is a democratic socialist youth group originally affiliated with the Socialist Party of America. ...

Despite his avowed Marxist sympathies, Oswald decided to join the US Marine Corps. He idolized his older brother, Robert and wore Robert's U.S. Marines ring. Joining the Marines may have also been a way to escape from his overbearing mother.^[15] He enlisted in October 1956, a week after his 17th birthday.^[16] The United States Marine Corps (USMC) is a branch of the United States armed forces responsible for providing force projection from the sea,[1] using the mobility of the U.S. Navy to rapidly deliver combined-arms task forces and is one of seven uniformed services. ...

While in the Marines, Oswald was trained in the use of the M1 Garand rifle. Following that training, he was tested in December of 1956, and obtained a score of 212, which was 2 points above the minimum for qualifications as a sharpshooter. In May 1959, on another range, Oswald scored 191, which was 1 point over the minimum for ranking as a marksman.^[17] The M1 Garand (more formally the United States Rifle, Caliber . ... A marksman (also designated marksman) is a profession which is mostly to be found in military context. ... A US Marine marksman. ...

Oswald, however, was trained primarily as a radar operator, a job that required a security clearance. A May 1957 document states that he was "granted FINAL clearance to handle classified matter up to and including CONFIDENTIAL after careful check of local records had disclosed no derogatory data."^[18] Oswald took the Aircraft Control and Warning Operator Course and finished seventh in a class of thirty. The course "...included instruction in aircraft surveillance and the use of radar."^[19] He was assigned first to Marine Corps Air Station El Toro in Irvine, California in July 1957,^[20] then to Naval Air Facility Atsugi in Japan in September 1957. Although Atsugi was a base for the top-secret CIA U-2 spy planes that flew over the Soviet Union, there is no evidence Oswald was involved in that operation. Marine Corps Air Station El Toro was a United States Marine Corps Air Station located near Irvine, California at . ... Motto: Innovation. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Naval Air Facility Atsugi ) is a naval air base located in the cities of Yamato and Ayase in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. ... The Lockheed U-2, nicknamed Dragon Lady, is a single-engine, high-altitude aircraft flown by the United States Air Force and previously flown by the Central Intelligence Agency. ...

Oswald was court-martialled twice: initially because of accidentally shooting himself in the elbow with an unauthorized handgun, and then later for starting a fight with a Sergeant he thought responsible for the punishment he received from his first court-martial. He was demoted from private first class to private, and briefly served time in the brig. Later, he was punished for another incident; while on sentry duty one night in the Philippines, he inexplicably fired his rifle into the jungle. Courts-martial in the United States are criminal trials conducted by the military of the United States. ... For other uses, see Sergeant (disambiguation). ... US Military In the U.S. Army, Private First Class is the third lowest enlisted rank, just above Private and below Corporal or Specialist. ... A Private is a soldier of the lowest military rank (equivalent to Nato Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in). ... Military Prison is where the level military operates some type of military prison system. ...

Small compared to some other Marines, Oswald was nicknamed Ozzie Rabbit after the cartoon character. For his steadfast beliefs, he was also nicknamed Oswaldskovich. In December 1958, he transferred back to the Marine Corp Air Station El Toro.^[21] The function of Oswald's unit at El Toro "...was to serveil for aircraft, but basically to train both enlisted men and officers for later assignment overseas." One of Oswald's officers, Lieutenant John Donovan, said that Oswald was a "very competent" crew chief.^[22] Oswald subscribed to the Communist Party newspaper, The Worker and claimed to have taught himself rudimentary Russian. At the El Toro base, in February 1959, he took the Marine proficiency exam in written and spoken Russian and his test results were rated "poor."^[23] An Oswald the Lucky Rabbit trade advertisement from 1927. ... An Oswald the Lucky Rabbit movie poster from 1927. ... Robotnik is the generic Polish word for a worker. ...

Life in the Soviet Union

Photo of Oswald taken in October 1959 shortly after his arrival in the Soviet Union.

In October 1959, Oswald emigrated to the Soviet Union. He was 19, and the trip was planned well in advance. Along with having taught himself rudimentary Russian, he had saved $1,500 of his Marine Corps salary,^[24] got an early "hardship" discharge by (falsely) claiming he needed to care for his injured mother,^[25] got a passport, and submitted several fictional applications to foreign universities in order to obtain a student visa. Image File history File links Oswald-1959. ... Image File history File links Oswald-1959. ... For other uses, see October (disambiguation). ... Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... A military discharge is given when a member of the armed forces is released from his or her obligation to serve. ... For Microsoft Corporation’s “universal login” service, formerly known as Microsoft Passport Network, see Windows Live ID. For other types of travel document, see Travel document. ... A visa (short for the Latin carta visa, lit. ...

After spending three days with his mother in Fort Worth, Oswald departed by ship from New Orleans on September 20, 1959, for the Soviet Union. He arrived by train to Moscow on October 16. ^[26] Fort Worth is the sixth-largest city in the state of Texas, located about 30 miles west of Dallas on the West Fork Trinity River and forming part of the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex. ... New Orleans is the largest city in the state of Louisiana, United States of America. ... is the 263rd day of the year (264th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

He almost immediately announced to his Intourist guide his intention to become a citizen of the Soviet Union.^[27] But when he was informed on October 21 that his application for citizenship had been refused, Oswald made a bloody but minor cut to his left wrist in his hotel room bathtub. After bandaging his superficial injury, the cautious Soviets kept him under psychiatric observation at a hospital.^[28][29] Intourist was the state travel agency of the Soviet Union. ... For the foundations of the World Trade Center, see The Bathtub. ...

When Oswald showed up unexpectedly at the United States embassy in Moscow on October 31, he said he wanted to renounce his U.S. citizenship.^[30][31] He told Soviet officials "...that he had been a radar operator in the Marine Corps and that he ... would make known to them such information concerning the Marine Corps and his speciality as he possessed. He intimated that he might know something of special interest."^[32] When the Navy Department learned of this, it changed Oswald's Marine Corps discharge from "hardship/honorable" to "undesirable."^[33] Citizen redirects here. ... The term Section 8 refers to a discharge from the United States military for reason of being mentally unfit for service. ...

John McVickar, one of the American consular officials at the Moscow embassy who was in contact with Oswald, said he felt Oswald, "...was following a pattern of behavior in which he had been tutored by [a] person or persons unknown ... seemed to be using words which he had learned but did not fully understand ... in short, it seemed to me that there was a possibility that he had been in contact with others before or during his Marine Corps tour who had guided him and encouraged him in his actions."^[34]

Marina Prusakova, Minsk 1959

Although Oswald had wanted to remain in Moscow and attend Moscow University, he was sent to Minsk, capital city of modern-day Belarus. He was given a job as a metal lathe operator at the Gorizont (Horizon) Electronics Factory in Minsk, a huge facility that produced radios and televisions along with military and space electronic components. He was given a rent-subsidized, fully furnished studio apartment in a prestigious building under Gorizont's administration and in addition to his factory pay received monetary subsidies from the Russian Red Cross Society. This represented an idyllic existence by Soviet-era working-class standards.^[35] Oswald was under constant surveillance by the KGB during his thirty-month stay in Minsk.^[36] Image File history File links Marina_prusakova_1959. ... Image File history File links Marina_prusakova_1959. ... Moscow State University campus M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (Московский Государственный Университет имени М.В.Ломоносова, often abbreviated МГУ, MSU, MGU) is considered the oldest university in Russia, founded in 1755. ... Location of Minsk, shown within the Minsk Voblast Coordinates: Country Subdivision Belarus Minsk Founded 1067 Government  - Mayor Mikhail Pavlov Area  - City 305. ... language None. ... Conventional metalworking lathe See also: Lathe (tool) A metal lathe is a rigid machine tool designed to remove material from a workpiece, through the action of a cutting tool. ... Section 8 is an American sponsored public housing program divided into two programs, tenant-based and project-based. ... The terms Red Cross and Red Crescent are often used as short names for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, or its two leading international organs, the ICRC and the IFRCS. This page is about the symbol itself, see respective articles for information about the organizations and movements. ... For other uses, see Surveillance (disambiguation). ... This article is about the KGB of the Soviet Union. ...

Oswald gradually grew bored with the limited recreation available in Minsk.^[37] He wrote in his diary in January 1961: "I am starting to reconsider my desire about staying. The work is drab, the money I get has nowhere to be spent. No nightclubs or bowling alleys, no places of recreation except the trade union dances. I have had enough." ^[38] Shortly afterwards, Oswald opened negotiations with the U.S. Embassy in Moscow over his proposed return to the United States.^[39]

At a dance in early 1961 Oswald met Marina Prusakova, a troubled 19-year-old pharmacology student from a broken family in Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg) who was then living with her aunt and uncle in Minsk.^[40][41] Lee and Marina married on April 30, 1961, less than six weeks after they met. Their first child, June, was born in February 1962. Lee Harvey Oswald (October 18, 1939 – November 24, 1963) was the assassin of U.S. President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, according to the conclusions of two government investigations into the assassination. ... Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmakon (φάρμακον) meaning drug, and lego (λέγω) to tell (about)) is the study of how drugs interact with living organisms to produce a change in function. ... Leningrad (Russian: Ленинград) may mean: St. ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and Petrograd (Петрогра́д, 1914–1924), is a city located in Northwestern Russia on the delta of the river Neva at the east end of the Gulf of Finland...

After nearly a year of paperwork and waiting, on June 1, 1962 the young family left the Soviet Union for the United States. Even before November 22, 1963, Oswald received a small measure of national notoriety in the U.S. press as an American who had defected to the U.S.S.R. and returned.^[42] is the 152nd day of the year (153rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Dallas

Back in the United States, the Oswalds settled in the Dallas/Fort Worth area, where his mother and brother lived, and Lee attempted to write his memoir and commentary on Soviet life, a small manuscript called The Collective. He soon gave up the idea but his search for literary feedback put him in touch with the area's close-knit community of anti-Communist Russian émigrés. While merely tolerating the belligerent and arrogant Lee Oswald, they sympathized with Marina, partly because she was in a foreign country with no knowledge of English (which her husband refused to teach her, saying he didn't want to forget Russian) and because Oswald had begun to beat her.^{[43] [44]} The Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington metropolitan area, a title designated by the U.S. Census as of 2003, encompasses 12 counties within the U.S. state of Texas. ... As a literary genre, a memoir (from the French: mémoire from the Latin memoria, meaning memory), or a reminiscence, forms a subclass of autobiography, although it is an older form of writing. ... Anti-communism is opposition to communist ideology, organization, or government, on either a theoretical or practical level. ... Émigré is a French term that literally refers to a person who has migrated out, but often carries a connotation of politico-social self-exile. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

Although the Russian émigrés eventually abandoned Marina when she made no sign of leaving him,^[45] Oswald had found an unlikely friend in the well-educated and worldly petroleum geologist George de Mohrenschildt,^[46] A native Russian-speaker himself, de Mohrenschildt wrote that Oswald spoke Russian "very well, with only a little accent."^[47] Marina meanwhile befriended a married couple, Ruth Paine,^[48] who was trying to learn Russian, and her husband Michael. Petro redirects here. ... The Geologist by Carl Spitzweg A geologist is a contributor to the science of geology, studying the physical structure and processes of the Earth and planets of the solar system (see planetary geology). ... George de Mohrenschildt (April 17, 1911-March 29, 1977) befriended Lee Harvey Oswald during the months preceding the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy. ... Ruth Hyde Paine (born 1933?) was a friend of Marina Oswald, who was living with her at the time of the JFK assassination. ...

In Dallas in July 1962, Oswald got a job with the Leslie Welding Company, but disliked the work and quit after three months. He then found a position in October 1962 at the graphic arts firm of Jaggars-Chiles-Stovall as a photoprint trainee.^[49] He may have used photographic and typesetting equipment in the unsecured area to create falsified identification documents,^[50] including some in the name of an alias he created, Alek James Hidell. His co-workers and supervisors eventually grew frustrated with his inefficiency, lack of precision, inattention, and rudeness to others, to the point where fights had threatened to break out.^[51] He had also been seen reading a Russian publication, Krokodil (Russian: 'Крокодил', 'crocodile'), in the cafeteria.^[52] On April 1, 1963, after six months of work, Oswald's supervisor terminated Oswald's employment at Jaggars-Chiles-Stovall.^[53] Graphic design is the applied art of arranging image and text to communicate a message. ... Identity document forgery is the process by which identity documents issued by governing bodies are copied and/or modified by persons not authorized to create such documents or engage in such modifications, for the purpose of deceiving those who would view the documents about the identity or status of the... For other uses, see Alias. ... This 1930 poster reads: . Krokodil (i. ... For other uses, see Crocodile (disambiguation). ...

Attempted assassination of General Walker

General Walker

The Warren Commission concluded that on April 10, 1963, ten days after being fired, Oswald attempted to assassinate retired Major General Edwin Walker, and that Oswald probably used the rifle shown in his backyard pose photos of March 31.^[54] (The House Select Committee on Assassinations stated that the "evidence strongly suggested" that Oswald did the shooting.)^[55] Image File history File links JFKwalker. ... Image File history File links JFKwalker. ... is the 100th day of the year (101st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1963 (disambiguation). ... A General is a high rank in the United States military. ... Major General Edwin Anderson Walker (November 10, 1909 - October 31, 1993) was a member of the U.S. Army known for his right wing political views and for being a target of Lee Harvey Oswald. ... The U.S. House of Representatives Select Committee on Assassinations was established in 1976 to investigate the John F. Kennedy assassination and the Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. ...

General Edwin Walker was an outspoken anti-communist, segregationist and member of the John Birch Society who had been commanding officer of the Army's 24th Infantry Division based in West Germany under NATO supreme command until he was relieved of his command in 1961 by JFK for distributing right-wing literature to his troops. Walker resigned from the service and returned to his native Texas. He became involved in the movement to resist the use of federal troops for securing racial integration at the University of Mississippi, resistance that led to a riot on October 1, 1962 in which two people were killed. He was arrested for insurrection, seditious conspiracy, and other charges, but federal grand jury declined to indict Walker. Major General Edwin Anderson Walker (November 10, 1909 - October 31, 1993) was a member of the U.S. Army known for his right wing political views and for being a target of Lee Harvey Oswald. ... Ideologies Communist internationals Prominent communists Related subjects Anti-communism refers to opposition to communism. ... Racial segregation characterised by separation of different races in daily life, such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a rest room, attending school, going to the movies, or in the rental or purchase of a home. ... The John Birch Society is a conservative American exceptionalist organization founded in 1958 to fight what it saw as growing threats to the Constitution of the United States, especially a suspected communist infiltration of the United States government, and to support free enterprise. ... The 24th Infantry Division (Mechanized)—also known as the Victory Division—was an infantry division of the United States Army with base of operations at Fort Riley, Kansas originally organized out of the old Hawaiian Division. ... This article is about the military alliance. ... In politics, right-wing, the political right, or simply the right, are terms which refer, with no particular precision, to the segment of the political spectrum in opposition to left-wing politics. ... For other uses, see Texas (disambiguation). ... Seal of the Army National Guard The Mississippi National Guard is comprised of both Army and Air National Guard components. ... Children at a parade in North College Hill, Ohio Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Ethnocracy Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation... The University of Mississippi, also known as Ole Miss, is a public, coeducational research university located in Oxford, Mississippi. ... Insurrection could refer to: * in a general sense, it means Rebellion * it is also a title of a Star Trek film, see Star Trek: Insurrection ... Sedition is a term of law which refers to covert conduct, such as speech and organization, that is deemed by the legal authority as tending toward insurrection against the established order. ... In the American common law legal system, a grand jury is a type of jury which determines if there is enough evidence for a trial. ...

Oswald considered Walker a "fascist" and the leader of a "fascist organization."^[56] In March 1963, Oswald purchased a 6.5 mm caliber Carcano rifle (also improperly called Mannlicher-Carcano) by mail order, using the alias "A. Hidell."^[57] He also purchased a revolver by the same method.^[58] Fascism is a term used to describe authoritarian nationalist political ideologies or mass movements that are concerned with notions of cultural decline or decadence. ... For a discussion of this weapon as it pertains to the John F. Kennedy assassination, see John F. Kennedy assassination rifle. ... For other uses, see Rifle (disambiguation). ... Categories: Stub | Bolt-action rifles | World War II Italian infantry weapons | JFK assassination | World War I guns ... Mail order is a term which describes the buying of goods or services by mail delivery. ... A Browning 9 millimeter Hi-Power Ordnance pistol of the French Navy, 19th century, using a Percussion cap mechanism Derringers were small and easily hidden. ...

The Warren Commission concluded that Oswald attempted to shoot General Walker with his rifle, while Walker was sitting at a desk in his dining room. Oswald fired at him from less than one hundred feet (30 m) away. Walker survived only because the bullet struck the wooden frame of the window, which deflected its path, but was injured in the forearm by bullet fragments. Oswald returned home and told Marina what he had just done.

General Walker's brush with death was reported nationwide. The Dallas police had no suspects in the shooting.^[59]

Oswald's involvement in the attempt on Walker's life was suspected within hours of his arrest on November 22, 1963, following the Kennedy assassination.^[60] But a note Oswald left for Marina on the night of the attempt, telling her what to do if he did not return, was not found until early December 1963, after which Marina told authorities about Oswald and Walker.^[61][62][63] The bullet was too badly damaged to run conclusive ballistics studies on it,^[64] though neutron activation tests later showed that it was "extremely likely" that the Walker bullet was from the same cartridge manufacturer and for the same rifle make as the two bullets which later struck Kennedy.^[65] Neutron activation is the process by which neutron radiation induces radioactivity in materials. ...

New Orleans

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Oswald returned to New Orleans on April 25, 1963 and got a job as a machinery greaser with the Reily Coffee Company in May. Oswald's wife, Marina joined him in New Orleans, after being driven there by family friend Ruth Paine. In July, Oswald was fired from Reily for malingering. Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... Reily Foods Company is the primary division of the independently held Wm. ... Ruth Hyde Paine (born 1933?) was a friend of Marina Oswald, who was living with her at the time of the JFK assassination. ...

Around this time, according to Lee Oswald's wife Marina, Lee began to consider returning to the Soviet Union, or going to Cuba.^[66] In her testimony before the Warren Commission, Marina said that her husband requested that she write the Soviet Embassy in Washington, D.C. about the possibility of both of them returning to the Soviet Union. However, Marina's letter to the Soviet Embassy makes no mention of her husband's desire to return to the Soviet Union, but instead states: "My husband remains here, since he is an American by nationality."^[67]

On May 26, 1963, Oswald wrote a letter to the New York City headquarters of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee, a pro-Castro organization, and proposed "...renting a small office at my own expense for the purpose of forming a FPCC branch here in New Orleans."^[68] Three days later, the FPCC responded to Oswald's letter advising against opening a New Orleans office "at least not ... at the very beginning."^[69] In a follow-up letter, Oswald replied, "Against your advice, I have decided to take an office from the very beginning."^[70] New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... Lee Harvey Oswald distributing literature on behalf of the Fair Play For Cuba Committee, August 9, 1963. ...

As the sole member of the New Orleans chapter of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee, Oswald told Marina to sign the name "A.J. Hidell" as chapter president on his membership card.^[71] Lee Harvey Oswald distributing literature on behalf of the Fair Play For Cuba Committee, August 9, 1963. ...

On August 5th and 6th, according to anti-Castro militant Carlos Bringuier, Oswald visited him at a store he owned in New Orleans. Bringuier was the New Orleans delegate for the anti-Castro Cuban Student Directorate. Bringuier told the Warren Commission that he believed Oswald's visits were an attempt by Oswald to infiltrate his anti-Castro group.^[72] Three days later, on August 9, Oswald turned up in downtown New Orleans handing out pro-Castro flyers. Bringuier confronted Oswald, claiming he was tipped off about Oswald's leafleting by a friend. During an ensuing scuffle, Oswald, along with Bringuier and two of his friends, was arrested and charged with disturbing the peace.^[73] Carlos Jose Bringuier was born in Cuba on 22nd June, 1934. ...

The arrest got news media attention and Oswald was interviewed afterwards. He was also filmed passing out flyers in front of the International Trade Mart with two 'volunteers' he had hired. Oswald's political work in New Orleans came to an end after a WDSU radio debate between Bringuier and Oswald arranged by journalist Bill Stuckey. Instead of discussing Cuba as he had done during a previous radio program, Oswald was publicly confronted with the lies and omissions he had made concerning his life and background and became audibly upset.^[74] The International Trade Mart was chartered in 1945, first opened its doors in 1948, and in 1985, merged with International House to form the World Trade Center, a private, non-profit organization with a membership of 2,000 corporations and individuals dedicated to promoting international trade and the port of... WDSU NBC 6 is the NBC affiliate for the New Orleans, Louisiana television market. ...

Oswalds activities in New Orleans in the summer of 1963 was investigated by Jim Garrison during his prosecution of Clay Shaw in 1969. Jim Garrison is the only prosecutor to bring a trial for the assassination of John F. Kennedy. ...

Further information: David Ferrie

Further information: Trial of Clay Shaw

Mugshot of David Ferrie, August 8, 1961. ... Jim Garrison is the only prosecutor to bring a trial for the assassination of John F. Kennedy. ...

Mexico

While Ruth Paine drove Marina back to Dallas in late September 1963, Oswald lingered in New Orleans for two more days waiting to collect a $33 unemployment check. It has never been conclusively established precisely when Oswald left New Orleans, or what mode of transportation he took out of New Orleans. He is next known to have boarded a bus in Houston, Texas, but instead of heading north to Dallas, he took a bus southwest towards Laredo and the U.S.-Mexico border. Once in Mexico he hoped to continue on to Cuba, a plan he openly shared with other passengers on the bus.^[75] Arriving in Mexico City, he completed a transit visa application at the Cuban Embassy,^[76] claiming he wanted to visit the country on his way back to the Soviet Union. The Cubans insisted the Soviet Union would have to approve his journey to the USSR before he could get a Cuban visa, but he was unable to get speedy co-operation from the Soviet embassy. Houston redirects here. ... Nickname: Location of Laredo in Texas Coordinates: , Country State County Webb Settled 1755 Government  - Type Mayor / City Manager  - Mayor Raul G. Salinas  - City Manager Carlos R. Villarreal Area  - City 84. ... The international border between Mexico and the United States runs a total of 3,141 km (1,951 miles) from San Diego, California, and Tijuana, Baja California, in the west to Matamoros, Tamaulipas, and Brownsville, Texas, in the east. ... Nickname: Location of Mexico City Coordinates: , Country Federal entity Boroughs The 16 delegaciones Founded c. ... State motto (Russian): Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! (Transliterated: Proletarii vsekh stran, soedinyaytes!) (Translated: Workers of the world, unite!) Capital Moscow Official language None; Russian (de facto) Government Federation of Soviet republics Area  - Total  - % water 1st before collapse 22,402,200 km² Approx. ...

After shuttling back and forth between consulates for five days, getting into a heated argument with the Cuban consul, making impassioned pleas to KGB agents, and coming under at least some CIA interest,^[77] the Cuban consul told Oswald that "as far as [he] was concerned [he] would not give him a visa" and that "a person like him [Oswald] in place of aiding the Cuban Revolution, was doing it harm."^[78] However, less than three weeks later, on October 18 the Cuban embassy in Mexico City finally approved the visa, and 11 days before the assassination Oswald wrote a letter to the Soviet embassy in Washington, D.C., which said, "Had I been able to reach the Soviet Embassy in Havana as planned, the embassy there would have had time to complete our business."^[79][80] This article is about the KGB of the Soviet Union. ... The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ... For other uses, see Washington, D.C. (disambiguation). ... This article is about the capital of Cuba. ...

Return to Dallas

Oswald left Mexico City on October 3, and returned by bus to Dallas, where he looked for employment. Through Ruth Paine he found a job filling book orders at the Texas School Book Depository, where he started work on October 16. During the week, he lived in a rooming house in Dallas, and spent the weekends with his wife at the Paine home in Irving, Texas, about 15 miles (24 km) from central Dallas. On October 20, the Oswalds' second daughter was born. During this period, the FBI was aware of Oswald's whereabouts in Texas, and agents from the Dallas office twice visited the Paine home in early November when Oswald was not present, hoping to get more information about Marina Oswald, whom the FBI suspected of being a Soviet agent.^[81] Texas School Book Depository The Texas School Book Depository is the former name of a seven-floor building located on Dealey Plaza in downtown Dallas, Texas. ... Mustangs at Las Colinas Streetscape along Las Colinas Blvd in North Irving Aerial shot of Irving/Las Colinass Urban Center. ... The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a federal criminal investigative, intelligence agency, and the primary investigative arm of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). ...

On November 16, a local newspaper reported that President Kennedy's motorcade would be going through central Dallas on November 22, "probably on Main Street" one block from the Texas School Book Depository, which it would have to pass to get onto the freeway to the President's luncheon site. This was confirmed by exact descriptions of the motorcade route published on November 19.^[82] On Thursday, November 21, Oswald asked a co-worker for a ride to Irving, saying he had to pick up some curtain rods. The next morning, after leaving $170 and his wedding ring,^[83] he returned with the co-worker to Dallas, carrying a long paper bag with him.^[84] Motorcade for the British Queen Elizabeth II in Koblenz 1964 A motorcade is a procession of cars carrying VIPs, especially political figures. ...

Oswald was last seen by a co-worker alone on the sixth floor of the Depository about 35 minutes before the assassination.^[85]

Assassination of JFK

Main article: John F. Kennedy assassination

Bullets struck John F. Kennedy and other people at 12:30 pm on November 22, 1963, resulting in the death of Kennedy. The 1964 Warren Commission report on the John F. Kennedy assassination concluded that those bullets came from a gun that Oswald fired from a window on the sixth floor of the book depository warehouse as the President's motorcade passed through Dallas' Dealey Plaza. Kennedy Assassination redirects here. ... is the 326th day of the year (327th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1963 (disambiguation). ... Also Nintendo emulator: 1964 (emulator). ... Warren Commission report cover page The Presidents Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, known unofficially as The Warren Commission, was established on November 29, 1963, by Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963. ... John Kennedy and JFK redirect here. ... Dealey Plaza (Warren Commission exhibit #876) Dealey Plaza (IPA pronunciation: ), in the historic West End district of downtown Dallas, Texas (USA), is infamous as the location of the John F. Kennedy assassination on November 22, 1963. ...

Further information: lone gunman theory

Texas Governor John Connally was also seriously wounded along with assassination witness James Tague who received a minor facial injury. On the evening of November 22, in an impromptu news conference, Oswald denied shooting president Kennedy or officer J. D. Tippit. The Lone gunman theory (a. ... John Bowden Connally, Jr. ... James Jim Thomas Tague (born 1937) was a witness to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, on November 22, 1963. ... is the 326th day of the year (327th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... J.D. Tippit J. D. Tippit (September 18, 1924 – November 22, 1963) was a police officer with the Dallas, Texas Police Department who, according to witnesses, was slain by Lee Harvey Oswald after Tippit stopped Oswald following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. ...

Oswald's flight and the murder of Officer J. D. Tippit

Dallas PD color mugshot November 23, 1963

According to the Warren Commission report, immediately after he shot President Kennedy, Oswald hid the rifle behind some boxes and descended via the Depository's rear stairwell. On the second floor he encountered Dallas police officer Marion Baker who had driven his motorcycle to the door of the Depository and sprinted up the stairs in search of the shooter. With Baker was Oswald's supervisor Roy Truly, who identified Oswald as an employee, which caused Baker, who had his pistol in hand, to let Oswald pass. This encounter occurred in the second floor lunch room up to 90 seconds after the shooting. Both Baker and Truly testified later that Oswald was not out of breath. Subsequently, Oswald crossed the floor to the front staircase, descended and left the building through the front entrance on Elm Street, just before the police sealed the building off. He would be the only employee to leave early that day; his supervisor later noticed only Oswald missing,^[86] and reported his name and address to the Dallas police in the building.^[87] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

At about 12:40 p.m. (CST), Oswald boarded a city bus when heavy traffic had slowed the bus to a halt. On the bus was Oswald's former landlady, who recognized him.^[88] About two blocks later, he requested a bus transfer from the driver and exited the bus.^[89] He took a taxicab to a few blocks beyond his rooming house. and walked back to his rooming house. At about 1:00 p.m., went into his room briefly, and came out zipping up a jacket. His housekeeper, Earlene Roberts testified that "he was walking pretty fast — he was all but running."^[90] Oswald left the house and was last seen by Roberts standing by a bus stop across the street.^[91] For specific countries see Taxicabs around the world. ...

He was next seen walking about four fifths of a mile away. Patrolman J. D. Tippit encountered Oswald on a residential street, and pulled up to talk to him through his patrol car window.^[92] Tippit then got out of his car and Oswald fired at the police officer with his .38 caliber revolver. Four of the shots hit Tippit, killing him, in view of two eyewitnesses.^[93] Seven other witnesses heard the shots and saw the gunman flee the scene with the revolver in his hand. Three other witnesses identified Oswald as fleeing the scene.^[94][95] Four cartridge cases were found at the scene by eyewitnesses. It was the unanimous testimony of expert witnesses before the Warren Commission that these used cartridge cases were fired from the revolver in Oswald's possession to the exclusion of all other weapons.^[96] J.D. Tippit J. D. Tippit (September 18, 1924 – November 22, 1963) was a police officer with the Dallas, Texas Police Department who, according to witnesses, was slain by Lee Harvey Oswald after Tippit stopped Oswald following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. ...

Oswald's Seat In The Texas Theater

A few minutes later, Oswald ducked into the entrance alcove of a shoe store to avoid passing police cars, then slipped into the nearby Texas Theater without paying.^[97] The shoe store's manager noticed Oswald and followed him into the theater where he alerted the ticket clerk, who phoned the police. Image File history File linksMetadata TexasTheater_oswaldsSeat. ... Image File history File linksMetadata TexasTheater_oswaldsSeat. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

The police quickly arrived en masse and entered the theater as the lights were turned on. Officer M.N. McDonald approached Oswald sitting near the rear and ordered him to stand up. As Oswald said "Well, it is all over now" and appeared to raise his hands in surrender, he struck the officer. A scuffle ensued where McDonald reported that Oswald pulled the trigger on his revolver, but the hammer came down on the web of skin between the thumb and forefinger of the officer's hand, which prevented the revolver from firing.^[98] Oswald was eventually subdued. As he was led past an angry group of people who had gathered outside the theater, Oswald shouted that he was a victim of police brutality.

Oswald was held on suspicion first as a suspect in the shooting of Officer Tippit and was questioned by Detective Jim Leavelle. Shortly afterward Oswald was also booked on suspicion of murdering both President Kennedy and Officer Tippit. By the end of the night he had been arraigned for both murders.^[99] Self: 2000s 1990s 1980s 1970s The Work of Director Jonathan Glazer (2005) (V) .... Himself The JFK Assassination: The Jim Garrison Tapes (1992) (also archive footage) (as James Leavelle) .... Himself (Dallas detective, in charge of Tippit case) The Men Who Killed Kennedy (1988) (mini) TV Series . ... Arraignment is a common law term for the formal reading of a criminal complaint, in the presence of the defendant, to inform him of the charges against him. ...

While in custody, Oswald had an impromptu, face-to-face brush with reporters and photographers in the hallway of the police station. A reporter asked him, "Did you shoot the President?" and Oswald answered, "I have not been accused of that." The reporters answered that he had been. "In fact, I didn't even know about it until a reporter in the hall asked me that question," Oswald added. Later Oswald said to reporters, "I didn't shoot anyone," and "They're taking me in because I lived in the Soviet Union. I'm just a patsy!"

Videotape of a brief press appearance Oswald made later that night shows Jack Ruby lingering amongst the reporters.^[100] Jacob Rubenstein (March 25, 1911 – January 3, 1967), who legally changed his name to Jack Leon Ruby in 1947, was an American business analyst and nightclub owner from Dallas, Texas. ...

Police interrogation

Oswald was interrogated several times during his two days of detention at Dallas Police Headquarters. He denied killing President Kennedy or Officer Tippit, denied owning a rifle, said two photographs of him holding a rifle and a pistol were fakes, denied knowing anything about the forged Selective Service card with the name "Alek J. Hidell" in his wallet, denied telling his co-worker he wanted a ride to Irving to get curtain rods for his apartment, and denied he had been seen carrying a long heavy package to work the morning of the assassination.^[101] The Selective Service System is the means by which the United States administers military conscription. ...

During his first interrogation on November 22, Oswald was asked to account for himself at the time the President was shot. Oswald said that he ate lunch in the first-floor lunchroom of the Texas School Book Depository and then went up to the second floor for a Coke, during which he encountered the police officer.^[102] During his last interrogation on November 24, Oswald was asked again where he was at the time of the shooting. Oswald said he was working on one of the upper floors of the Depository when it occurred, and that he then went downstairs, where he encountered the police officer.^[103] The wave shape (known as the dynamic ribbon device) present on all Coca-Cola cans throughout the world derives from the contour of the original Coca-Cola bottles. ...

Oswald's murder

The grave of Lee Harvey Oswald

At 11:21 am CST Sunday, November 24, while he was handcuffed to Detective Leavelle and as he was about to be taken to the Dallas County Jail, Oswald was shot and fatally wounded before live television cameras in the basement of Dallas Police Headquarters by Jack Ruby, a Dallas nightclub operator who had been distraught over the Kennedy assassination. is the 328th day of the year (329th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Jacob Rubenstein (March 25, 1911 – January 3, 1967), who legally changed his name to Jack Leon Ruby in 1947, was an American business analyst and nightclub owner from Dallas, Texas. ...

Unconscious, Oswald was put into an ambulance and rushed to Parkland Memorial Hospital, the same hospital where JFK had died two days earlier. Doctors operated on Oswald, but Ruby's single bullet had severed major abdominal blood vessels, and the doctors were unable to repair the massive trauma. At 48 hours and 7 minutes after the President's death, Oswald was pronounced dead at 1:07 pm. After a full autopsy, Oswald's body^[104] was returned to his family.^[105] Parkland Memorial Hospital is a hospital located at 5201 Harry Hines Boulevard in Dallas, Texas. ... John Kennedy and JFK redirect here. ... This article is about the medical procedure. ...

His wife Marina was sequestered by federal agents the day after the assassination and later released.

Investigations

• The Warren Commission created by President Lyndon B. Johnson on November 29, 1963 to investigate the assassination concluded that Oswald assassinated Kennedy and that he acted alone (also known as the Lone gunman theory). The proceedings of the commission were closed, but not secret, and about 3% of its files have yet to be released to the public, which has continued to provoke speculation among conspiracy theorists.^[106]
• In 1968 The Ramsey Clark Panel met in Washington, DC to examine various photographs, X-ray films, documents, and other evidence pertaining to the death of President Kennedy. It concluded that President Kennedy was struck by two bullets fired from above and behind him, one of which traversed the base of the neck on the right side without striking bone and the other of which entered the skull from behind and destroyed its right side.^[107]
• In 1979, an investigation by the House Select Committee on Assassinations, concluded that Oswald assassinated President Kennedy "probably...as the result of a conspiracy." The HSCA prepared an initial report concluding that Oswald acted alone until a Dictabelt recording purportedly of the assassination surfaced and the Committee revised their conclusion. This acoustic evidence has itself been called into question and some believe it is not a recording of the assassination at all.^[108] Staff director and chief counsel for the House Select Committee on Assassinations, G. Robert Blakey, told ABC News that there were 20 people, at least, who heard a shot from the Grassy Knoll, and that the conclusion that a conspiracy existed in the assassination was established by both the wit