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Encyclopedia > Leon Czolgosz
 This article contains only non-IPA pronunciation information which should be expanded with the International Phonetic Alphabet.
For assistance, see Wikipedia:Manual of Style (pronunciation).
Leon Frank Czolgosz
Photo from 1900, found among effects
Born 1873
Alpena, Michigan, USA
Died October 29, 1901 (aged 28)
Auburn, New York, USA
Charge(s) First-degree Murder
Penalty Death
Status Executed by electric chair
Occupation Steel worker
Parents Paul Czolgosz, father

Leon Frank Czolgosz (pronounced choll-gosh), (1873 – October 29, 1901) (also used his mother's maiden name "Nieman" and variations thereof[1]) was the assassin of U.S. President William McKinley. In the last few years of his life, he was heavily influenced by anarchists like Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Alpena is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. ... is the 302nd day of the year (303rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Auburn is a city in Cayuga County, New York, United States of America. ... Murder is both a legal and a moral term, that are not always coincident. ... Death penalty, death sentence, and execution redirect here. ... The electric chair is an execution method in which the person being put to death is strapped to a chair and electrocuted through electrodes placed on the body. ... is the 302nd day of the year (303rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and appeal to a wider international audience, this article may require cleanup. ... Jack Ruby murdered the assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald, in a very public manner. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  US Government Portal      For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... This article is about the 25th President of the United States; for other people named William McKinley, see William McKinley (disambiguation). ... Anarchism is a generic term describing various political philosophies and social movements that advocate the elimination of hierarchy and imposed authority. ... Theory Issues Culture By region Lists Anarchism Portal Politics Portal ·        Emma Goldman (June 27, 1869 – May 14, 1940) aka Red Emma, was a Lithuanian-born anarchist known for her writings and speeches. ... Alexander Berkman, 1892 Alexander Berkman (November 21, 1870 – June 28, 1936) was a Russian-American writer and a leading member of the anarchist movement of the 19th and early 20th centuries. ...

Contents

Early life

Paul Czolgosz, Leon's father
Paul Czolgosz, Leon's father
Jacob Czolgosz, Leon's brother
Jacob Czolgosz, Leon's brother

One of seven children of Polish immigrants,[2] Czolgosz was born in Alpena, Michigan[1] in 1873. His family moved to Detroit when he was five years old, and at the age of sixteen he was sent to work in a glass factory in Natrona, Pennsylvania for two years before moving back home.[1] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Immigration is the act of moving to or settling in another country or region, temporarily or permanently. ... Alpena is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. ...


He left his family farm in Warrensville, Ohio, at the age of ten to work at the American Steel and Wire Company with two of his brothers. At the height of his employment, he was making $4 a day, a high wage at the time.[citation needed]


After the workers of his factory went on strike, he and his brothers were fired. Czolgosz then returned to the family farm in Warrensville.


Interest in anarchism

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Wikisource has original text related to this article:

In 1898, after witnessing a series of similar strikes (many ending in violence), Czolgosz again returned home, where he was constantly at odds with his stepmother and with his family's Roman Catholic beliefs. It was later recounted that through his life he had never shown any interest in friendship or romantic relationships, and was bullied throughout his childhood by peers. [1] He became a recluse and spent much of his time alone reading socialist and anarchist newspapers. He was impressed after hearing a speech by the political radical Emma Goldman, whom he met for the first time during one of her lectures in Cleveland in 1901. After the lecture, Czolgosz approached the speakers' platform and asked for reading recommendations. A few days later, he visited her home in Chicago and introduced himself as Nieman (Low German for new man), but Goldman was on her way to the train station. He only had enough time to explain to her about his disappointment in Cleveland's socialists, and for Goldman to introduce him to her anarchist friends who were at the train station.[3] She later wrote a piece in defense of Czolgosz.[4] Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... Catholic Church redirects here. ... Religious socialism Key Issues People and organizations Related subjects Socialism refers to a broad array of ideologies and political movements with the goal of a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to control by the community. ... Anarchist redirects here. ... Theory Issues Culture By region Lists Anarchism Portal Politics Portal ·        Emma Goldman (June 27, 1869 – May 14, 1940) aka Red Emma, was a Lithuanian-born anarchist known for her writings and speeches. ... Low German (also called Niederdeutsch, Plattdeutsch or Plattdüütsch) is a name for the regional language varieties of the West Germanic languages spoken mainly in Northern Germany where it is officially called Niederdeutsch (Low German), and in Eastern Netherlands where it is officially called Nedersaksisch (Low Saxon). Low refers to...


Czolgosz was never known to be accepted into any anarchist group. Indeed, his fanaticism and comments about violence aroused anarchists' suspicions; some even thought he may have been a covert government agent. Furthermore, Czolgosz was known to have been a Republican (the same party as President McKinley), and had voted in the Republican primaries in Cleveland.[5]


The radical Free Society newspaper issued a warning pertaining to Czolgosz reading: The term Radical (latin radix meaning root) was used from the late 18th century for proponents of the Radical Movement and has since been used as a label in political science for those favouring or trying to produce thoroughgoing political reforms which can include changes to the social order to...

"The attention of the comrades is called to another spy. He is well dressed, of medium height, rather narrow shouldered, blond, and about 25 years of age. Up to the present he has made his appearance in Chicago and Cleveland. In the former place he remained a short time, while in Cleveland he disappeared when the comrades had confirmed themselves of his identity and were on the point interested in the cause, asking for names, or soliciting aid for acts of contemplated violence. If this individual makes his appearance elsewhere, the comrades are warned in advance and can act accordingly."

Czolgosz's experiences had convinced him there was a great injustice in American society, an inequality which allowed the wealthy to enrich themselves by exploiting the poor. He concluded that the reason for this was the structure of government itself. Then on July 29, 1900, King Umberto I of Italy was assassinated by anarchist Gaetano Bresci. Bresci told the press he had to take matters into his own hands for the sake of the common man. The assassination sent shockwaves through the American anarchist movement. In Bresci, Czolgosz found his hero: a man who had the courage to sacrifice himself for the cause. The assassination inspired Czolgosz enough that he went to the trouble to duplicate the event as much as possible, buying the same type Iver Johnson revolver Bresci had used. When he was later arrested, police found a folded newspaper clipping about Bresci in Czolgosz’s pocket. SPY may refer to: SPY (spiders), ticker symbol for Standard & Poors Depository Receipts SPY (magazine), a satirical monthly, trademarked all-caps SPY (Ivory Coast), airport code for San Pédro, Côte dIvoire SPY (Ship Planning Yard), a U.S. Navy acronym SPY, short for MOWAG SPY, a... Flag Seal Nickname: The Windy City Motto: Urbs In Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location Location in Chicagoland and northern Illinois Coordinates , Government Country State Counties United States Illinois Cook, DuPage Mayor Richard M. Daley (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 606. ... Cleveland redirects here. ... For other uses, see Violence (disambiguation). ... is the 210th day of the year (211th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Äž: For the film, see: 1900 (film). ... Umberto I, King of Italy or Humbert I of Italy (Umberto Ranieri Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio di Savoy), (14 March 1844 – 29 July 1900) was the King of Italy from 9 January 1878 until his death. ... Gaetano Bresci (1869 - May 22, 1901), was an Italian-American anarchist who assassinated Italian king Humbert I. He is still considered a hero by many anarchists and republicans. ... Iver Johnson was a U.S. firearms, bicycle, and motorcycle manufacturer from 1871 to 1993. ...


Assassination of President McKinley

A sketch of Czolgosz shooting McKinley.
A sketch of Czolgosz shooting McKinley.

On August 31, 1901, Czolgosz moved to Buffalo, New York and rented a room near the site of the Pan-American Exposition[citation needed]. Download high resolution version (600x639, 93 KB)Drawing of the McKinley assassination from http://teachpol. ... Download high resolution version (600x639, 93 KB)Drawing of the McKinley assassination from http://teachpol. ... This article is about the 25th President of the United States; for other people named William McKinley, see William McKinley (disambiguation). ... is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Nickname: Location of Buffalo in New York State Coordinates: , Country State County Erie Government  - Mayor Byron Brown (D) Area  - City 52. ... This article is about the state. ... The Electric Tower, the crowning feature of the Exposition Temple of Music where William McKinley was shot. ...


On September 6 he went to the exposition with a .32 caliber Iver-Johnson "Safety Automatic" revolver (serial #463344) he had purchased on September 2 for $4.50[citation needed].[6] With the gun wrapped in a handkerchief in his pocket, Czolgosz approached McKinley's procession, the President having been standing in a receiving line outside of the Temple of Music greeting the public for ten minutes. At 4:07 p.m., Czolgosz reached the front of the line. The President thrust out his hand; Czolgosz slapped it aside[citation needed] and shot McKinley twice at point blank range. is the 249th day of the year (250th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Iver Johnson was a U.S. firearms, bicycle, and motorcycle manufacturer from 1871 to 1993. ... For other uses, see Revolver (disambiguation). ... is the 245th day of the year (246th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Point-blank range is the distance between a gun and a target such that it requires minimal effort in aiming it, in particular no allowance needs to be made for the effects of gravity, target movement or wind in aiming the projectile. ...


Members of the crowd immediately subdued Czolgosz, before the 4th Bridgade, National Guard Signal Corps[1] and police intervened. He had been beaten so severely it was initially thought he might not live to stand trial.[7] Seal of the National Guard Bureau Seal of the Army National Guard Seal of the Air National Guard Seal of the National Guard Missile Defense The United States National Guard is a component of the United States Army (the Army National Guard) and the United States Air Force (the Air... The Signal Corps is a military branch, usually subordinate to a countrys army. ...


Trial and execution

Wikisource
Wikisource has 1901 newspaper articles related to the execution:
Police mug shot of Leon Czolgosz.
Police mug shot of Leon Czolgosz.

On September 13, the day before McKinley succumbed to his wounds, Czolgosz was transferred from the police headquarters, which were undergoing repairs, to the Erie County Women's Penitentiary until the 16th, after which he was taken to the Erie County Jail before being arraigned before County Judge Emery. After the arraignment, he was transferred to Auburn State Prison.[1] Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Al Capone. ... is the 256th day of the year (257th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Auburn Correctional Facility is a New York State correctional facility located in Auburn, New York. ...


A grand jury indicted Czolgosz, who spoke freely with his guards, yet refused all interaction with Robert C. Titus and Lorin L. Lewis, the prominent judge-turned-attorneys assigned to defend him, and with the expert sent to test his sanity.[8] In the American common law legal system, a grand jury is a type of jury which determines if there is enough evidence for a trial. ...


The district attorney at trial was Thomas Penny and his assistant Mr. Haller, who made a "flawless" performance.[9] Although Czolgosz answered that he was pleading "Guilty", the presiding Judge overruled and entered a "Not Guilty" plea on his behalf.[10] A district attorney is, in some U.S. jurisdictions, the title of the local public official who represents the government in the prosecution of criminals. ...

First photograph of Czolgosz in jail.
First photograph of Czolgosz in jail.
Czolgosz' prisoner card at Auburn.
Czolgosz' prisoner card at Auburn.

He was convicted and sentenced to death on September 23, in a brief trial that lasted eight and a half hours from jury selection to verdict[citation needed]. Upon returning to Auburn Prison, he asked the Warden if this meant he would be transferred to Sing Sing to be electrocuted, and seemed surprised to learn that Auburn had its own electric chair.[1] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (791x1052, 463 KB)TITLE: Leon F. Czolgosz, the assassin CALL NUMBER: Illus. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (791x1052, 463 KB)TITLE: Leon F. Czolgosz, the assassin CALL NUMBER: Illus. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 525 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (587 × 670 pixels, file size: 59 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 525 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (587 × 670 pixels, file size: 59 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... is the 266th day of the year (267th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Alternative meaning: Sing Sing (band) Sing Sing Correctional Facility is a prison in Ossining, New York. ... The electric chair is an execution method in which the person being put to death is strapped to a chair and electrocuted through electrodes placed on the body. ...


So, unlike Lincoln and Garfield's assassins, Czolgosz was tried and executed under state authority, not federal. For other uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation). ... James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831–September 19, 1881) was the twentieth President of the United States. ...


He was executed by electrocution, by three jolts at 1700 volts each, on October 29, 1901, in Auburn Prison in Auburn, New York. His brother Waldek and his brother-in-law Frank Bandowski were in attendance, though when Waldek asked the Warden for his brother's body to be taken for proper burial, he was informed that he "would never be able to take it away" and that crowds of people would mob him, so the body had to be buried on prison grounds.[1] The electric chair is an execution method in which the person being put to death is strapped to a chair and electrocuted through electrodes placed on the body. ... Josephson junction array chip developed by NIST as a standard volt. ... is the 302nd day of the year (303rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Auburn is a city in Cayuga County, New York, United States of America. ...


His last words were "I killed the President because he was the enemy of the good people — the good working people. I am not sorry for my crime."[citation needed] As the prison guards strapped him into the chair, however, he did say through clenched teeth, "I am sorry I could not see my father."[citation needed] Sulfuric acid was thrown into his coffin so that his body would be completely disfigured, resulting in its decomposition within twelve hours.[11] His letters and clothes were burned[citation needed]. Sulfuric acid, (also known as sulphuric acid) H2SO4, is a strong mineral acid. ...


Emma Goldman was arrested on suspicion of being involved in the assassination, but was released because there was no evidence to support this suspicion.[citation needed] Theory Issues Culture By region Lists Anarchism Portal Politics Portal ·        Emma Goldman (June 27, 1869 – May 14, 1940) aka Red Emma, was a Lithuanian-born anarchist known for her writings and speeches. ...


The scene of the crime, the Temple of Music, was torn down in November 1901. A stone marker in the middle of Fordham Drive, a residential street in Buffalo today marks the approximate spot where the event occurred. Czolgosz's revolver is on display at the Pan-American Exposition exhibit of the Erie County Historical Society in Buffalo. Erie County is the name of several counties in the United States: Erie County, New York Erie County, Ohio Erie County, Pennsylvania This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Nickname: Location of Buffalo in New York State Coordinates: , Country State County Erie Government  - Mayor Byron Brown (D) Area  - City 52. ...


In 1921 Lloyd Vernon Briggs, Director of the Massachusetts Department for Mental Hygiene reviewed the Czolgosz case[1] and the cases of Clarence Richeson and Bertram G. Spencer. Contrary to views at the time of the assassination, he concluded that Czolgosz was "a diseased man, a man who had been suffering from some form of mental disease for years. He was not medically responsible and in the light of present-day psychiatry and of modern surgical procedure, there is a great question whether he was even legally responsible for the death of our President."


Czolgosz in Film and Pop Culture

The McKinley Monument in front of Buffalo's City Hall
The McKinley Monument in front of Buffalo's City Hall
  • Czolgosz's story was the fictionalized theme of the play Americans, by Eric Schlosser.
  • Czolgosz's story, along with those of 8 other presidential assassins and would-be assassins, was the basis of Sondheim's and Weidman's Broadway musical Assassins. His story is told in the song The Ballad of Czolgosz.
  • The antagonist of Warren Adler's mystery novel American Quartet used Czolgosz as inspiration in a Washington, D.C. killing.
  • Richard Linklater's film Slacker quotes Czolgosz's last words in the liner notes of the DVD release.
  • A fictional account of his life is portrayed in The Temple of Music by Jonathan Lowy
  • He is described in Montmorency's Revenge by Eleanor Updale.
  • There is a Boston-based anarcho-punk-band called Czolgosz. (http://www.czolgosz.com/)
  • In Chile, there is an anarchist group called Fuerzas Autónomas y Destructivas León Czolgosz".[citation needed]
  • Czolgosz was recently portrayed as a soul escaped from Hell in the episode "Leon (1x06)" of Reaper, played by Patton Oswalt.
  • Czolgosz's activities on the day of the assassination are depicted in Brian Josepher's fictionalized chronicle of the 20th century, What the Psychic Saw.
  • In the 1995 remake of The Computer Who Wore Tennis Shoes a character refers to Leon Czolgosz during a climactic triva game-show.
  • Czolgosz's execution by electrocution was filmed for posterity by Thomas Edison, who also invented the Electric Chair.

Eric Schlosser (born 1959) is an American journalist and author. ... Stephen Joshua Sondheim (b. ... John Weidman is an American librettist. ... Assassins is a musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and book by John Weidman and was based on an idea by Charles Gilbert, Jr. ... Warren Adler (born December 16, 1927 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American businessman and novelist. ... American Quartet is a 2001 mystery novel by Warren Adler. ... Richard Rick Linklater (born July 30, 1961, in Houston, Texas) is an Academy Award nominated American film director and writer. ... This article is about the Richard Linklater movie. ... DVD (also known as Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc - see Etymology) is a popular optical disc storage media format. ... Eleanor Updale (born 1953) is the author of the Montmorency series. ... Nickname: City on the Hill, Beantown, The Hub (of the Universe)1, Athens of America, The Cradle of Revolution, Puritan City, Americas Walking City Location in Massachusetts, USA Counties Suffolk County Mayor Thomas M. Menino(D) Area    - City 232. ... The anarchy symbol commonly used by anarcho-punks Anarcho-punk (sometimes known as peace-punk) is a subgenre of the punk rock movement consisting of groups and bands promoting specifically anarchist ideas. ... The following is an episode list for the comedy-drama Reaper. ... Reaper is an American supernatural television comedy-drama created by Tara Butters and Michele Fazekas, who also serve as executive producers alongside Mark Gordon, Deborah Spera and Tom Spezialy. ... Patton Oswalt (born January 27, 1969 in Portsmouth, Virginia) is an American actor, writer, voiceover artist, and professional comedian. ... The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes is a 1995 TV remake of the 1969 film The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes. ... Edison redirects here. ... The electric chair is an execution method in which the person being put to death is strapped to a chair and electrocuted through electrodes placed on the body. ...

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Wikisource has original text related to this article:


Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... Anarchism is a generic term describing various political philosophies and social movements that advocate the elimination of hierarchy and imposed authority. ... Propaganda of the deed (or propaganda by the deed, from the French propagande par le fait) is a concept of anarchist origin, which appeared towards the end of the 19th century, that promoted terrorism against political enemies as a way of inspiring the masses and catalyzing revolution. ... Assassin and Assassins redirect here. ... The following is a list of assassins with short comments on the assassination(s) that made them famous. ...


References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Briggs, L. Vernon. "The Manner of Man That Kills", 1921
  2. ^ Eric Rauchway, Murdering McKinley: The Making of Theodore Roosevelt’s America. New York: Hill and Wang, 2003.
  3. ^ Emma Goldman. Living My Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1931. p. 289 and 290
  4. ^ American Experience | Emma Goldman | Transcript | PBS
  5. ^ Kick, Russ. You Are Being Lied To. New York: The Disinformation Company, 2001. p.77 ISBN
  6. ^ Leon Czolgosz and the Trial - "Lights out in the City of Light" Anarchy and Assassination at the Pan-American Exposition
  7. ^ The Trial and Execution of Leon Czolgosz
  8. ^ Andrews, E. Benjamin (1912). History of the United States. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 
  9. ^ Dr. McDonald's description of the trial
  10. ^ Hamilton, Dr. Allan McLane. "Autobiography". Pre-1921
  11. ^ The Execution of Leon Czolgosz - "Lights Out in the City of Light" - Anarchy and Assassination at the Pan-American Exposition

Theory Issues Culture By region Lists Anarchism Portal Politics Portal ·        Emma Goldman (June 27, 1869 – May 14, 1940) aka Red Emma, was a Lithuanian-born anarchist known for her writings and speeches. ... Living My Life is the thousand-page autobiography of Emma Goldman, published in two volumes in 1931 (Alfred A. Knopf) and 1934 (Garden City Publishing Company). ... Colophon of the publisher Alfred A. Knopf. ... Please also consider changing this to a more descriptive stub notice. ... Disinformation Company logo The Disinformation Company is a multimedia company that specializes in presenting information of a controversial, subversive, extreme, or just plain unusual nature. ... Elisha Benjamin Andrews (1844 - 1917) was a U.S. economist and educator. ...

External links

Find A Grave is an online database of seventeen million cemeteries and burial records. ...

  Results from FactBites:
 
Leon Czolgosz - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (996 words)
Czolgosz purchased the gun for $4.50 on September 2, 1901.
Czolgosz was convicted and sentenced to death on September 23 in a trial that lasted 8 hours and 26 minutes from jury selection to verdict.
Czolgosz was found guilty and executed by electrocution, by three jolts at 1700 volts each, on October 29, 1901, in Auburn prison in Auburn, New York.
Leon Czolgosz - definition of Leon Czolgosz in Encyclopedia (579 words)
Leon Frank Czolgosz (Polish: Czołgosz) (1873–October 29, 1901) was the assassin of U.S. President William McKinley.
In 1898, after witnessing a series of similar strikes (many ending in police confrontation), Leon suffered a mental breakdown and had to return home, where he was constantly at odds with his family's Roman Catholic beliefs and with his stepmother.
After a short trial, Czolgosz was found guilty and executed by electrocution, by three jolts at 1700 volts each, on October 29, 1901, in Auburn prison in Auburn, New York.
  More results at FactBites »


 

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