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Encyclopedia > Liberation theology

Liberation theology is a school of theology within the Catholic Church that focuses on Jesus Christ as not only the Redeemer but also the Liberator of the oppressed. It emphasizes the Christian mission to bring justice to the poor and oppressed, particularly through political activism. Some elements of certain liberation theologies have been rejected by the Catholic Church. Theology finds its scholars pursuing the understanding of and providing reasoned discourse of religion, spirituality and God or the gods. ... The name Catholic Church can mean a visible organization that refers to itself as Catholic, or the invisible Christian Church, viz. ... This article is about Jesus of Nazareth. ... This page is about the title, office or what is known in Christian theology as the Divine Person. ... The name Catholic Church can mean a visible organization that refers to itself as Catholic, or the invisible Christian Church, viz. ...


At its inception, liberation theology was predominantly found in the Catholic Church after the Second Vatican Council. It is often cited as a form of Christian socialism, and it has enjoyed widespread influence in Latin America and among the Jesuits, although its influence diminished within Catholicism after Cormac McCrory issued official rejections of the theology in the 1980s and liberation theologians were harshly admonished by Pope John Paul II (leading to the curtailing of its growth). The current Pope, Benedict XVI, has also been long known as an opponent of certain strands of liberation theology, and issued several condemnations of tendencies within it whilst head of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF). The name Catholic Church can mean a visible organization that refers to itself as Catholic, or the invisible Christian Church, viz. ... The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twenty-first Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Christian socialism generally refers to those... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... Seal of the Society of Jesus. ... Coat of Arms of Pope John Paul II. The Letter M is for Mary, the mother of Jesus, to whom he held strong devotion Pope John Paul II (Latin: , Italian: Giovanni Paolo II, Polish: Jan PaweÅ‚ II) born   []; 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005) reigned as the 264th Pope of... Papal Arms of Pope Benedict XVI. The papal tiara was replaced with a bishops mitre, and pallium of the Pope was added beneath the coat of arms. ... The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF) (Congregatio pro Doctrina Fidei) is the oldest of the nine congregations of the Roman Curia. ...

Contents

Overview

In essence, liberation theology explores the relationship between Christian, specifically Roman Catholic, theology and political activism, particularly in areas of social justice, poverty and human rights. The main methodological innovation of liberation theology is to approach theology (i.e. to speak of God) from the viewpoint of the economically poor and oppressed. According to Jon Sobrino, S.J., the poor are a privileged channel of God's grace. According to Phillip Berryman, liberation theology is "an interpretation of Christian faith through the poor's suffering, their struggle and hope, and a critique of society and the Catholic faith and Christianity through the eyes of the poor." Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      Christianity is... Social justice refers to the concept of an unjust society that refers to more than just the administration of laws. ... A boy from an East Cipinang trash dump slum in Jakarta, Indonesia shows what he found. ... Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ... This article discusses the term God in the context of monotheism and henotheism. ... Jon Sobrino, S.J. (born 27 December 1938, Barcelona, Spain) is a Jesuit Catholic priest and theologian, known mostly for his contributions to liberation theology. ... Phillip Berryman is the author of several books on both Liberation Theology and the Christian experience in Latin America. ...


Emphasis is placed on those parts of the Bible where Jesus' mission is described not in terms of bringing peace (social order) but bringing a sword (social unrest), e.g. Matthew 10:34, Luke 22:35-38 and Matthew 26:51-52. These passages are interpreted as a call to arms to carry out what proponents see as a Christian mission of justice -- literally by some. Marxist concepts such as the doctrine of perpetual class struggle are also significant. This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library. ... Social order is a concept used in sociology, history and other social sciences. ... I come not to bring peace, but to bring a sword is one of the controversial statements reported of Jesus in the Bible. ... A rebellion is, in the most general sense, a refusal to accept authority. ... A call to arms is in general a call to battle or a battle cry, as in The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere. ... Marxism is both the theory and the political practice (that is, the praxis) derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. ... The South African Police Crush Another Demonstration by the Shack dwellers Movement Abahlali baseMjondolo, 28 September, 2007 Class struggle is the active expression of class conflict looked at from any kind of socialist perspective. ...


Liberation theology also emphasizes what proponents describe as individual self-actualization as part of God's divine purpose for humankind.


In addition to teaching at some Roman Catholic universities and seminaries, liberation theologians can often be found in Protestant-oriented schools. They tend to have considerable contact with the poor and interpret sacred scripture partly based on their experiences in this context -- what they label praxis. Look up praxis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...


History: CELAM, López, liberation and the Vatican

Created in 1955 in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), the CELAM (Conselho Episcopal Latino Americano - Latin American Episcopal Conference) pushed the Second Vatican Council (1962-65) toward a more socialist stance. During the next four years, CELAM prepared for the 1968 Medellín Conference, in Colombia. Cardinal Alfonso López Trujillo who was a central figure in Medellín and is currently in the Vatican, says that the gathering of Roman Catholic Bishops officially supported a version of Liberation Theology similar to that of the Vatican's CDF in 1984. This began in the X Meeting of CELAM in Mar del Plata and the message Pope Paul VI issued to the Latin American Bishops, Church and problems. Cardinal López Trujillo in his account of those historical events also says that the origin of liberation theology was simultaneously created by the CELAM's Reflection Task Force, of which he was president, and a Brazilian theologian from Princeton, Rubem Alves, who in 1968 wrote Towards a Theology of Liberation. This article is about the Brazilian city. ... CELAM (Consejo Episcopal Latinoamericano - Latin American Episcopal Conference) was created in 1955 in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). ... The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twenty-first Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. ... Nickname: Location of the city (urban in red) and municipality (dark gray) of Medellín in Antioquia Department. ... Alfonso Cardinal López Trujillo (born 8 November 1935) is a Colombian Cardinal Bishop of the Roman Catholic Church and president of the Pontifical Council for the Family. ... Nickname: Location of the city (urban in red) and municipality (dark gray) of Medellín in Antioquia Department. ... Conference of Latin American Bishops (CELAM; Spanish: Consejo Episcopal Latinoamericano) is the conference of Roman Catholic bishops of Latin America. ... Map of Mar del Plata and the surrounding region Panoramic view of Varese beach, Mar del Plata Mar del Plata is an Argentine city located on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean in the Buenos Aires Province, 400 km south of Buenos Aires. ... Paul VI, Giovanni Battista Enrica Antonia Maria Montini (September 26, 1897 – August 6, 1978), served as Pope from 1963 to 1978. ... Alfonso Cardinal López Trujillo (born 8 November 1935) is a Colombian Cardinal Bishop of the Roman Catholic Church and president of the Pontifical Council for the Family. ... Rubem Alves, Brazilian theologian, philosopher, educator, writer and psychoanalyst, was born on 15 September 1933, in Boa Esperança, Minas Gerais. ...


Among the several essays published on liberation theology in the 1970s, one of the most famous is by the Peruvian Catholic priest, Fr. Gustavo Gutiérrez, O.P. In his 1972 book, A Theology of Liberation, he theorized a combination of Marxism and the social-Catholic teachings contributing to a socialist current in the Church that was influenced by the Catholic Worker Movement and the French Christian youth worker organization, "Jeunesse Ouvrière Chrétienne." It was also influenced by Paul Gauthier's "The Poor, Jesus and the Church" (1965). Gustavo Gutiérrez Merino, O.P. (born 8 June 1928 Lima) is a Peruvian theologian and Dominican priest regarded as the founder of Liberation Theology. ... The Original Pranksters (O.P.) are a group from Mississauga, Ontario that pull original pranks on those around them. ... The Catholic Worker Movement is a Catholic organisation founded by Servant of God Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin in 1933. ... Paul Gauthier (La Flèche, 30 August 1914 – Marseille, 25 December 2002) catholic theologian and humanist. ...


CELAM as such never supported liberation theology which was frowned on by the Vatican, with Pope Paul VI trying to slow the movement after the 1962-1965 Council. Cardinal Samore, in charge of relations between the Roman Curia and the CELAM as the leader of the Pontifical Commission for Latin America, was ordered to put a stop to this orientation which was judged antithetical to the Catholic Church's global teachings. This article cites very few or no references or sources. ... The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twenty-first Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. ... Antonio Samoré was a Catholic Cardinal. ... The Roman Curia — usually called the Vatican — is the administrative apparatus of the Holy See, coordinating and providing the necessary organisation for the correct functioning of the Catholic Church and the achievement of its goals. ...


With Cardinal Alfonso López Trujillo's election in 1972 as general secretary of the CELAM, another liberationist current began to take force in Latin America. This one was an orthodox point of view which became predominant in CELAM as well as in the Roman Curia after the General Meeting of Latin American Bishops in Puebla in 1979. Alfonso Cardinal López Trujillo (born 8 November 1935) is a Colombian Cardinal Bishop of the Roman Catholic Church and president of the Pontifical Council for the Family. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... The Mexican state of Puebla is located in the center of the country, to the east of Mexico City. ...


At the 1979 CELAM's Conference of Puebla, the more ecclesiastical reorientation was met by strong opposition from the liberal part of the clergy, which assumed the concept of a "preferential option for the poor," that had been stamped by Bishop Ricard Durand, who acted as president of the Commission about Poverty in Medellin.


Sebastian Kappen, an Indian theologian, published Jesus and Freedom in 1977, with an introduction by the French activist François Houtart. In 1980, the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith asked the General of the Society of Jesus (of which Kappen was a member) to disavow this book. Kappen responded with a pamphlet entitled "Censorship and the Future of Asian Theology." No further action was taken by the Vatican on this matter. Father Sebastian Kappen (January 4, 1924 - November 30, 1993) was a renowned theologian from India. ... François Houtart was born in Brussels in the year 1925. ... Seal of the Society of Jesus. ...


A new trend blossomed from Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (now Pope Benedict XVI)'s and Pope John Paul II's condemnations of the Marxist current of liberation theology, which is called Reconciliation Theology and has had a great influence among clergy and laity in Latin America. Nonetheless, The New York Times reported on the eve of Pope Benedict's 2007 visit to Brazil that liberation theology remains popular in Latin America, with Brazil alone the home to over one million Biblical study circles, reading and re-interpreting the Bible from the perspective of Liberation Theology[1] Papal Arms of Pope Benedict XVI. The papal tiara was replaced with a bishops mitre, and pallium of the Pope was added beneath the coat of arms. ... Coat of Arms of Pope John Paul II. The Letter M is for Mary, the mother of Jesus, to whom he held strong devotion Pope John Paul II (Latin: , Italian: Giovanni Paolo II, Polish: Jan PaweÅ‚ II) born   []; 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005) reigned as the 264th Pope of... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ...


Reaction within the Church

Liberation theology is only partially compatible with official statements of Catholic social teaching;[citation needed] large portions of it have indeed been rejected by the Vatican. Most of the objections by orthodox Catholic critics are its use of Marxism, specifically forms of dialectical materialism, and some tendencies (represented by Camilo Torres, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, and Ernesto Cardenal for example) to align with revolutionary movements. Catholic social teaching comprises those aspects of Catholic doctrine which relate to matters dealing with the collective aspect of humanity. ... Marxism is both the theory and the political practice (that is, the praxis) derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. ... According to many followers of the theories of Karl Marx (or Marxists), dialectical materialism is the philosophical basis of Marxism. ... Fr. ... Jean-Bertrand Aristide (born July 15, 1953) is a Haitian politician and former Roman Catholic priest who was President of Haiti in 1991, again from 1994 to 1996, and then from 2001 to 2004. ... Ernesto Cardenal Martínez (born January 20, 1925) is a Catholic priest and was one of the most famous liberation theologians of the Nicaraguan Revolution. ...


Despite orthodox predominance in CELAM from the 1972 Sucre conference onwards, liberation theology retained a high degree of support in some circles, especially in South America. By 1979, the Puebla conference was considered to be an opportunity for orthodox bishops to reassert control over the radical elements of liberation theology, but the results were far from definitive. Sucre, the constitutional capital of Bolivia Sucre (population 247,300 in 2006) is the constitutional capital of Bolivia, seat of the Supreme Court (Corte Suprema de Justicia), and capital of the Chuquisaca department. ...


As liberation theology was gathering strength in Latin America, Pope John Paul II steered a conciliatory course during his opening speech at the January 1979 Puebla CELAM conference. He criticized radical liberation theology, saying, "this conception of Christ as a political figure, a revolutionary, as the subversive of Nazareth, does not tally with the Church's catechisms." However, he also expressed concern over, "the ever increasing wealth of the rich at the expense of the ever increasing poverty of the poor". He also affirmed that the principle of private property "must lead to a more just and equitable distribution of goods, ... and if the common good demands it, there is no need to hesitate at expropriation itself, done in the right way." On balance, he offered neither unqualified praise nor universal condemnation. Coat of Arms of Pope John Paul II. The Letter M is for Mary, the mother of Jesus, to whom he held strong devotion Pope John Paul II (Latin: , Italian: Giovanni Paolo II, Polish: Jan PaweÅ‚ II) born   []; 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005) reigned as the 264th Pope of... The Mexican state of Puebla is located in the center of the country, to the east of Mexico City. ... Expropriation is the act of removing from control the owner of an item of property. ...


Barred from attending this conference officially, a group of liberation theologians, operating out of a nearby seminary with the help of sympathetic bishops, managed to partially obstruct the orthodox clergy's effort to ensure that the Puebla documents satisfy their concerns. Within four hours of the Pope's speech, Gutierrez and the others produced a twenty-page refutation which circulated on the floor. According to a socio-political study of liberation theology in Latin America, twenty-five percent of the finalized Puebla documents were written by theologians who had not even been invited to the conference.[2]. Cardinal López Trujillo considers this affirmation "an incredible exaggeration."[citation needed] Nevertheless he concedes that there was strong pressure from a group of some 80 Marxist liberationists from outside the Bishop's Conference.[citation needed] Despite the disavowal of liberation theology by Catholic church authorities and also by large groups of the Latin American laity , however, after the Puebla Conference the movement still managed to persist in some areas. Alfonso Cardinal López Trujillo (born 8 November 1935) is a Colombian Cardinal Bishop of the Roman Catholic Church and president of the Pontifical Council for the Family. ...


Former Cardinal Ratzinger, now Pope Benedict XVI, strongly opposed certain elements of liberation theology. Through the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, led by Ratzinger, the Vatican twice condemned the liberationist acceptance of Marxism and violence (first in 1984 and again in 1986). Leonardo Boff, for example, was suspended, while others were reputedly reduced to silence. However, Ratzinger has also praised those strands of the movement which reject violence and instead "[stress] the responsibility which Christians necessarily bear for the poor and oppressed." [3] For other uses, see Cardinal (disambiguation). ... Papal Arms of Pope Benedict XVI. The papal tiara was replaced with a bishops mitre, and pallium of the Pope was added beneath the coat of arms. ... The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF) (Congregatio pro Doctrina Fidei) is the oldest of the nine congregations of the Roman Curia. ... Professor Leonardo Boff Leonardo Boff was born 14 December 1938 in Concórdia, Santa Catarina state, Brazil. ...


In March 1983, Cardinal Ratzinger made "ten observations" on aspects of Gutiérrez's theology, including accusing Gutiérrez of politically interpreting the Bible and of supporting a temporal messianism. Ratzinger also declared that the influence of Marxism was proven by the predominance accorded to orthopraxis over orthodoxy. Finally, this document states that these conceptions necessarily uphold a similar class conflict inside the Church, which logically leads to a rejection of hierarchy. During the 1980s and 1990s, Ratzinger continued his condemnation of these strains within liberation theology, prohibiting some dissident priests from teaching the doctrines in the Catholic Church's name and excommunicating Tissa Balasuriya in Sri Lanka for doing exactly that. Under his influence, theological formation schools were prohibited from using the Catholic Church's organization and grounds to teach these condemned theological formulations. Orthopraxy is a term derived from Greek () meaning correct practice (as orthodoxy means correct teaching), referring to emphasis on religious ritual as opposed to faith or grace etc. ...


During his trip to Managua, Nicaragua, Pope John Paul II criticized what he dubbed the "popular Church," a movement partly fueled by "ecclesial base communities" or CEBs, for class struggle, the replacement of the Catholic dominance hierarchy by a system featuring local selection with regard to the magisterium, and the Nicaraguan clergy's tendencies to support the Sandinistas. The Pope further insisted on his authority over the Church as its Universal Pastor, in conformity with canonical law and Church teaching. This article is about the capital city of Nicaragua. ... The concept of Basic ecclesial community (BEC) has its origin in neo-Marxist liberation theology, but has been appropriated in other locations and strands of the Roman Catholic Church world wide. ... A dominance hierarchy or social hierarchy is an organizational form by which individuals within a community control the distribution of resources within the community. ... “Sandinista” redirects here. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      The Pope (from Latin...


Liberation Theology in practice

Indeed, what was most radical about liberation theology was not the writing of highly educated priests and scholars, but the social organization, or re-organization, of church practice through the model of Christian base communities. Liberation theology, despite the doctrinal codification by Gutiérrez, Boff, and others, strove to be a bottom-up movement in practice, with Biblical interpretation and liturgical practice designed by lay practitioners themselves, rather than by the orthodox Church hierarchy. Furthermore, with its emphasis on the "preferential option for the poor," the practice (or "praxis" to use a term from Gramsci and Paulo Freire) was as important as the belief, if not more so; the movement was said to emphasize "orthopraxis" over "orthodoxy." Base communities were small gatherings, usually outside of churches, in which the Bible could be discussed, and mass could be said. They were especially active in rural parts of Latin America where parish priests were not always available, as they placed a high value on lay participation. As of May 2007, it was estimated that 80,000 base communities were operating in Brazil alone.[1] The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Top-down and Bottom-up are approaches to the software development process, and by extension to other procedures, mostly involving software. ... The option for the poor or the preferential option for the poor is one of the basic principles of the Catholic Social Teaching tradition. ... Look up praxis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Antonio Gramsci (IPA: ) (January 22, 1891 – April 27, 1937) was an Italian writer, politician and political theorist. ... Paulo Freire (Recife, Brazil September 19, 1921 - São Paulo, Brazil May 2, 1997) was a Brazilian educator and is a highly influential theorist of education. ... Orthopraxy is a term derived from Greek () meaning correct practice (as orthodoxy means correct teaching), referring to emphasis on religious ritual as opposed to faith or grace etc. ... “Orthodox” redirects here. ... This page is a candidate to be moved to Wiktionary. ...


Liberation theologians

Jean-Bertrand Aristide (born July 15, 1953) is a Haitian politician and former Roman Catholic priest who was President of Haiti in 1991, again from 1994 to 1996, and then from 2001 to 2004. ... Dr Marcella Althaus-Reid is a Reader in Christian Ethics and Practical Theology at New College, the Divinity School of the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. ... This article is about the country. ... Jean-Bertrand Aristide (born July 15, 1953) is a Haitian politician and former Roman Catholic priest who was President of Haiti in 1991, again from 1994 to 1996, and then from 2001 to 2004. ... Paulo Evaristo Cardinal Arns (born September 14, 1921 in Forquilhinha) is the former Archbishop of São Paulo. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article is about the geographical area known as Palestine. ... Bishop Carlos Belo (left) Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo SDB (born February 3, 1948) is a Roman Catholic bishop who received, together with José Ramos Horta, the 1996 Nobel Peace Prize, for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor. The fifth child of Domingos... The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, commonly known as East Timor, is an island nation in Southeast Asia, consisting of the eastern half of the island of Timor, the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, and Oecussi-Ambeno, a political exclave of East Timor situated on the western side of... Reverend Allan Boesak (23 February South African Dutch Reformed Church cleric and was a politician and anti-apartheid activist. ... Professor Leonardo Boff Leonardo Boff was born 14 December 1938 in Concórdia, Santa Catarina state, Brazil. ... Robert McAfee Brown (born 28 May 1920 Carthage, Illinois, died 4 September 2001 near Heath, Mississippi) was an American theologian and activist. ... For other uses, see United States (disambiguation) and US (disambiguation). ... Juan Evo Morales Ayma (born October 26, 1959 in Orinoca, Oruro), popularly known as Evo (IPA: ), is the President of Bolivia, and has been declared the countrys first indigenous head of state since the Spanish Conquest over 470 years ago. ... DONT DO DRUGS NICK TAT IS GAY BAHAHAHA CAMARAS ARE EVILE and now there is a camera watcehing u MWhahahahahaha ... For other uses, see United States (disambiguation) and US (disambiguation). ... Pere Casaldàliga i Pla, more known as Pedro Casaldáliga (born 1928) is a Catalan-born emeritus Brazilian Bishop of São Felix da Araguaia (Brazil). ... James Hall Cone (August 5, 1938 - ) is an African-American Christian theologian in the Methodist tradition. ... For other uses, see United States (disambiguation) and US (disambiguation). ... Ernesto Cardenal Martínez (born January 20, 1925) is a Catholic priest and was one of the most famous liberation theologians of the Nicaraguan Revolution. ... Virgilio Elizondo is a Mexican American, Roman Catholic priest who divides his time between his parish in San Antonio, Texas, and teaching at Notre Dame University in South Bend, Indiana. ... For other uses, see United States (disambiguation) and US (disambiguation). ... Ignacio Ellacuria Ignacio Ellacuría, S.J. (Portugalete, Biscay, Spain, November 9, 1930 – November 16, 1989) was a Roman Catholic Jesuit priest, philosopher, and theologian who did important work as a professor and rector at the Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas (UCA), a Jesuit university in El Salvador... Professor Ellis at Baylor University. ... Paul Gauthier (La Flèche, 30 August 1914 – Marseille, 25 December 2002) catholic theologian and humanist. ... Gustavo Gutiérrez Merino, O.P. (born 8 June 1928 Lima) is a Peruvian theologian and Dominican priest regarded as the founder of Liberation Theology. ... François Houtart was born in Brussels in the year 1925. ... Fr. ... Father Sebastian Kappen (January 4, 1924 - November 30, 1993) was a renowned theologian from India. ... The Reverend Father Hans Küng (born March 19, 1928 in Sursee, Canton of Lucerne), is an eminent Swiss theologian, and a prolific author. ... Ignacio Martín-Baró Ignacio Martín-Baró, S.J. (Valladolid, Castilla y Leon, Spain, November 7, 1942 – San Salvador, El Salvador, November 16, 1989) was a scholar, social psychologist, philosopher and Roman Catholic Jesuit priest. ... Herbert McCabe (1926-2001) was a Dominican priest, theologian and philosopher. ... Johann Baptist Metz (born 1928) is a Catholic theologian. ... Jürgen Moltmann (born April 8, 1926) is a German Protestant theologian. ... Segundo Montes Segundo Montes, S.J. (Valladolid, Spain, May 15, 1933 - San Salvador, El Salvador, November 16, 1989) was a scholar, philosopher, educator, sociologist and Jesuit priest. ... Henri Nouwen teaching at the Yale Divinity School in 1971. ... Adolfo Pérez Esquivel (born November 26, 1931 in Buenos Aires, Argentina) was the recipient of the 1980 Nobel Peace Prize. ... San Francisco Bay Area political silkscreen poster depicting Camilo Torres, ca. ... Óscar Arnulfo Romero y Galdámez (August 15, 1917 – March 24, 1980), commonly known as Monseñor Romero or Padre Romero, was a priest of the Roman Catholic Church in El Salvador. ... Samuel Ruiz García (born 3 November 1924) was a Mexican bishop from San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas from 1959 until 1999. ... Edward Schillebeeckx (Antwerp, November 12, 1914 -) is a Belgian theologian. ... Juan Luis Segundo, S.J. (born Montevideo, Uruguay March 31, 1925 - died January 17, 1996) was a Jesuit priest and theologian who was one of the most important figures in the movement known as Liberation theology. ... The Reverend Dr. Stephen Robert Sizer (b. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Jon Sobrino, S.J. (born 27 December 1938, Barcelona, Spain) is a Jesuit Catholic priest and theologian, known mostly for his contributions to liberation theology. ... Dorothee Sölle (September 30, 1929 - April 27, 2003) was a socially-engaged theologian and writer. ... William Stringfellow (Johnston, Rhode Island, 1929 – 1985) was a renowned theologian and human rights activist. ...

Others influenced by liberation theology

Sister Diane Drufenbrock is a Franciscan nun and Christian socialist. ... For other uses, see United States (disambiguation) and US (disambiguation). ... Dr. Paul Farmer Paul Farmer (born October 26, 1959) is an American anthropologist and physician, currently the Presley Professor of Medical Anthropology at Harvard University and an attending physician at Brigham and Womens Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts. ... For other uses, see United States (disambiguation) and US (disambiguation). ... Cesar Julio Romero, Jr. ... For other uses, see United States (disambiguation) and US (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see United States (disambiguation) and US (disambiguation). ... Paulo Freire (Recife, Brazil September 19, 1921 - São Paulo, Brazil May 2, 1997) was a Brazilian educator and is a highly influential theorist of education. ... Reverend Dr. Jeremiah A. Wright, Jr. ... For other uses, see United States (disambiguation) and US (disambiguation). ...

References

  1. ^ a b "As Pope Heads to Brazil, a Rival Theology Persists" The New York Times 2007-05-07.
  2. ^ Smith, Christian. The Emergence of Liberation Theology
  3. ^ "Liberation Theology" by Cardinal Ratzinger at Christendom Awake

Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 127th day of the year (128th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Popular Struggles Influenced by Liberation Theology

It has been suggested that MST (disambiguation) be merged into this article or section. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...

See also

Black theology is a Christian theology of liberation. ... Christian anarchism is any of several traditions which combine anarchism with Christianity. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Feminist theology is a movement, generally in the Western religious traditions (mostly Christianity and Judaism), to reconsider the traditions, practices, scriptures, and theologies of those religions from a feminist perspective. ... Queer Theology is exploration of the nature of God and human-kinds relationship with God through the experience of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people (although, as used within this field of theology, the term Queer can extend beyond LGBT people). ... Postmodern Christianity is an understanding of Christianity that is closely associated with the body of writings known as postmodern philosophy. ... The Social Gospel movement is a Protestant Christian intellectual movement that was most prominent in the late 19th century and early 20th century. ... Teaching for social justice is an educational philosophy that proponents argue provides justice and equity for all learners in all educational settings. ...

Bibliography

  • Ratzinger, Joseph Cardinal, "Liberation Theology" (preliminary notes to 1984 Instruction)
  • Berryman, Phillip, Liberation Theology (1987).
  • Sigmund, P.E., Liberation Theology at the Crossroads (1990).
  • Hillar, Marian, "Liberation Theology: Religious Response to Social Problems. A Survey," published in Humanism and Social Issues. Anthology of Essays. M. Hillar and H.R. Leuchtag, eds., American Humanist Association, Houston, 1993, pp. 35-52 [1].
  • Gutiérrez, Gustavo, A Theology of Liberation: History, Politics and Salvation, Orbis Books, 1988.
  • Smith, Christian, The Emergence of Liberation Theology: Radical Religion and the Social Movement Theory, University of Chicago Press, 1991.
  • Mahan, Brian and L. Dale Richesin, The Challenge of Liberation Theology: A First World Response, 1981, Orbis Books, Maryknoll, NY.

External links

“Barack” redirects here. ...

Vatican


  Results from FactBites:
 
Liberation Theology (2885 words)
Liberation theology, a term first used in 1973 by Gustavo Gutierrez, a Peruvian Roman Catholic priest, is a school of thought among Latin American Catholics according to which the Gospel of Christ demands that the church concentrate its efforts on liberating the people of the world from poverty and oppression.
Berryman, Phillip, Liberation Theology (1987); Sigmund, P.E., Liberation Theology at the Crossroads (1990).
Liberation theology holds that in the death of the peasant or the native Indian we are confronted with "the monstrous power of the negative" (Hegel).
Liberation theology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (2065 words)
According to Phillip Berryman, liberation theology is "an interpretation of Christian faith through the poor's suffering, their struggle and hope, and a critique of society and the Catholic faith and Christianity through the eyes of the poor."
CELAM support for liberation theology was frowned on by the Vatican, with Paul VI trying to slow the movement after the 1962-1965 Council.
Close to Liberation theology and opposed to the death squads, Oscar Romero argued that El Salvador's government couldn't be supported because of its legitimation of terror and human rights violations.
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