The Jewish presence in Germany is older than Christianity; the first Jewish population came with the Romans to the city Cologne. A "Golden Age" in the first millennium saw the emergence of the Ashkenazi Jews, while the persecution and expulsion that followed the Crusades led to the creation of Yiddish and an overall shift eastwards. A change of status in the late Renaissance Era, combined with the Jewish Enlightenment – the Haskalah, meant that by the 1920s Germany had one of the most integrated Jewish populations in Europe, contributing prominently to German culture and society. The vast majority either left the country or were murdered in the Holocaust. The current German Jewish population consists primarily of immigrants from the former Soviet Union who claim to be Jewish, however, the better economic situation in Germany, coupled with the easy citizenship process for Jewish people immigrating to Germany, make it hard to determine the number of these people who are actually Jewish. Main article: List of Jews. ... Main article: List of Jews. ... This page is a list of Jews. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Many of the Jews expelled from the Iberian Peninsula during the Spanish Inquisition settled in the Ottoman Empire, leaving large Sephardic communities in South-East Europe: mainly in Bulgaria, Turkey, Greece and Bosnia and Herzegovina (though the latter in particular also had a large Ashkenazi population). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This page is a list of Jews. ... Here is a list of some prominent (non Latin-) Caribbean Jews, arranged by country of origin. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This page is a list of Jews. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Since Antiquity, a number of Jewish communities have been established in many parts of Asia migrating or fleeing eastward from their place of origin in Mesopotamia. ... For other uses, see Jew (disambiguation). ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      Christianity is... Language(s) Yiddish, Hebrew, Russian, English Religion(s) Judaism Related ethnic groups Sephardi Jews, Mizrahi Jews, and other Jewish ethnic divisions Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (Standard Hebrew: sing. ... This article is about the medieval crusades. ... Yiddish (ייִדיש, Jiddisch) is a Germanic language spoken by about four million Jews throughout the world. ... Haskalah (Hebrew: השכלה; enlightenment, education from sekhel intellect, mind ), the Jewish Enlightenment, was a movement among European Jews in the late 18th century that advocated adopting enlightenment values, pressing for better integration into European society, and increasing education in secular studies, Hebrew, and Jewish history. ... The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties, usually applied to America. ... “Shoah” redirects here. ...

The following is a list of some famous Jewish people (by religion or descent) from Germany proper. For other German Jews, see List of Austrian Jews and List of West European Jews. Also note that the idea of German nationality is rather broad, due to the many Germanic tribes, Jewish assimilation into Germany, and separate German ruled states through the history of Europe. Therefore, the same set of people could at times be referred to as Germans, Jews, or German Jews alike. The term yekke (adjective: yekkish) (alt: Jecke) is a generally jovial, mildly derogatory term used to refer to Jews originating from Germany or adhering to the Western-European minhag. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about the Germans as an ethnic group (unlike Ethnic German, which is the article on the German diaspora). ... The term Germanic tribes (or Teutonic tribes) applies to the ancient Germanic peoples of Europe. ...

Historical figures

Politicians

• Fischel Arnheim, politician^[4]
• Ludwig Bamberger, politician^[[5]
• Daniel Cohn-Bendit, member of European Parliament, student leader in 1968^[6]
• Wilhelm Dröscher, SPD politician (half-Jewish)^[7]
• Kurt Eisner, Bavarian prime minister^[8]
• Heinrich von Friedberg, jurist, statesman (converted to Christianity) ^[9]
• Karl Rudolf Friedenthal, Prussian politician ^[10]
• Clement Freud, German-born British MP^[11]
• Klaus Gysi, communist politician, East German minister of culture
• Alex Himelfarb, ambassador^[12]
• Henry Kissinger, US Secretary of State, Nobel Prize (1973)^[13]
• Ludwig Landmann, mayor of Frankfurt/Main^[14]
• Eduard Lasker, co-founder of the National Liberal Party^[1]
• Eugen Levine, Bavarian prime minister^[15]
• Jutta Oesterle-Schwerin, Member of parliament, Green party, Feminist party^[2]
• Eduard von Simson, President of the Reichstag, President of the Reichsgericht^[16]
• Hugo Preuss, author of Weimar constitution
• Walter Rathenau, Foreign Minister of the Weimar Republic^[3]
• Herbert Weichmann, mayor of Hamburg^[17]
• Jeanette Wolff, West Berlin politician^[18]
• Walter Wolfgang, German-born politician^[19]

Ludwig Bamburger (1823—1899), German economist and politician, was born of Jewish parents on the 22nd of July 1823 at Mainz. ... Daniel Cohn-Bendit, Ash Wednesday 2004 at Biberach/Riss Daniel Marc Cohn-Bendit (born Montauban, France, April 4, 1945) is a European politician and was a leader of the student protesters during the May 1968 riots in France. ... Monument to Kurt Eisner on the sidewalk where he fell when he was assassinated in Munich. ... Heinrich von Friedberg (born January 27, 1813, Märkisch-Friedland/MirosÅ‚awiec, West Prussia - June 2, 1895, Berlin) was a German jurist, statesman. ... Karl Rudolf Friedenthal (September 15, 1827, Breslau - March 7, 1890, died on his estate, Giesmannsdorf, near Neisse/Nysa) was a Prussian statesman. ... Sir Clement Freud Sir Clement Raphael Freud (born April 24, 1924) is a British writer, broadcaster, and politician. ... Alex Himelfarb Alexander Alex Himelfarb, Ph. ... Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German-born American politician, and 1973 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. ... Lester B. Pearson after accepting the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is the name of one of five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel. ... Dr. Ludwig Landmann (born May 18, 1868, died March 5, 1945) was a German liberal politician. ... Eduard Lasker (14 October 1829 - 5 January 1884) was a German politician and jurist. ... Eugen Leviné (born May 10, 1883, St Petersburg, Russia – July 5, 1919, Bavaria) was a Communist, revolutionary and leader of the short lived Bavarian Soviet Republic. ... Martin Sigismund Eduard von Simson (November 10, 1810 – May 2, 1899) was a German jurist and politician of the Kingdom of Prussia and German Empire. ... Hugo Preuss (28 October 1860 - 9 October 1925) was a German lawyer and liberal politician, regarded as the father of the German constitution of the Weimar Republic (1919). ... Walter Rathenau Walther Rathenau (September 29, 1867–June 24, 1922) was a German industrialist and politician who served as Foreign Minister of Germany. ... Image:Wolfgang 250. ...

Activists

• Hedwig Dohm-Schleh, feminist, author^[20]
• Nahum Goldmann, president of World Jewish Congress^[21]
• Josel of Rosheim, court Jew & Jewish advocate^[4]
• Paul Spiegel, leader of the Zentralrat der Juden^[22]

// See also Dohm, Pringsheim: Marianne Adelaide Hedwig Dohm born Schlesinger, later Schleh (born September 20, 1831, Berlin - June 1, 1919, Berlin) was a German Jewish-Christian actress, feminist, author. ... Nahum Goldmann signing the Reparations Treaty with Germany Nahum Goldmann (Hebrew: נחום גולדמן) (July 10, 1895–August 29, 1982) was a Polish-born Israeli Zionist and founder and longtime president of the World Jewish Congress. ... Josel (Joselmann, Joselin, Yoselmann) of Rosheim or Joseph ben Gershon Loanz (c. ... Paul Spiegel (born December 31, 1937) is leader of the Zentralrat der Juden in Germany and the main spokesman of the German Jews. ... The Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland (Central Council of Jews in Germany) is a federation of German Jews organizing many Jewish organisations in Germany. ...

Religious figures

This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. (January 2007)

Image File history File links Broom_icon. ...

Rabbis

• Felix Adler
• Hermann Adler
• Nathan Marcus Adler
• Samuel Adler (rabbi)
• Amnon of Mainz (Amnon of Mayence, Mentz), medieval rabbi, paytan
• Yair Bacharach
• Eric Bachrach
• Leo Baeck, Reform rabbi & scholar
• Jacob ben Asher, medieval rabbi (German-born?)
• Isaac ben Jacob Bernays/Isaac Bernays (27 November, 1792 Weisenau (now Mainz), - 1 May, 1849, Hamburg), Jewish theologian
• Jakob Bernays (11 September, 1824 Hamburg - 26 May, 1881 Bonn), classical philologist (Klassischer Philologe), Judaist, philosophy historian (philosopheriehistoriker)
• Carlebach family
  • Ephraim Carlebach
  • Felix Carlebach
  • Joseph Carlebach
  • Shlomo Carlebach
• Mordecai ben Hillel
• Immanuel Jakobovits, Chief Rabbi of Great Britain [23]
• Asher ben Jehiel, medieval rabbi and Talmudist, father of Jacob ben Asher
• Eliezer ben Joel HaLevi
• Gershom ben Judah
• Julius Landsberger, rabbi [de]
• Yehuda ben Meir
• Eliezer ben Nathan, medieval rabbi
• Yaakov ben Yakar
• Wolf Breidenbach
• Israel Bruna (born at Bruenn)
• Yosef Burg
• David Einhorn, Reform rabbi
• Jacob Emden
• Ettlinger pedigree
• David Fränkel
• Hugo Chanoch Fuchs
• Abraham Geiger, Reform rabbi
• Jakob Guttmann (rabbi)
• Julius Guttmann
• Isaak (Yitzhak) Heinemann (1876, Frankfurt-am-Main - 1957, Jerusalem), Judaist
• Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller
• Levi Herzfeld, 19th century proponent of moderate reform [24]
• Susannah Heschel
• Samson Raphael Hirsch, Orthodox rabbi
• Samuel Holdheim, Reform rabbi
• Walter Homolka
• Israel Isserlin
• Regina Jonas, Reform rabbanith
• Kaufmann Kohler, Reform rabbi
• Pinchas Lapide
• Isaac Leeser, rabbi and Bible translator
• Yaakov ben Moshe Levi Moelin
• Gunther Plaut
• Petachiah of Ratisbon, medieval rabbi, traveller
• Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg
• Elazar Rokeach
• Meir of Rothenburg
• Shimon Schwab
• Moses Sofer
• Moritz Spanier (1853-1938), Jewish theologian
• Hermann Tietz (rabbi) (born on Posen district)
• Abraham of Worms

Felix Adler (1851–1933) was a Jewish rationalist intellectual who founded the Society for Ethical Culture in New York, New York. ... Dr. Hermann Adler CVO (1839–1911) was Chief Rabbi of Britain from 1891 to 1911. ... Dr. Nathan Marcus Adler, a. ... Samuel Adler (b. ... Amnon of Mainz or Amnon of Mayence is the subject of a medieval legend that became very popular. ... Amnon of Mainz or Amnon of Mayence is the subject of a medieval legend that became very popular. ... // Onomastuics and disambiguational informations about the words (family names) Minz This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it. ... Yair Chayim Bacharach (1639—1702), German rabbi, was the author of Havvot Yair (a collection of Responsa) and other works. ... Leo Baeck (May 23, 1873 – November 2, 1956) was an 20th century German-Polish-Jewish Rabbi, scholar, and a leader of Progressive Judaism. ... Jacob ben Asher, in Hebrew Yaakov ben Asher, (1270-ca 1340) was an influential Medieval rabbinic authority. ... Chief rabbi in Hamburg; born 1792 at Mayence; died May 1, 1849, in Hamburg. ... Jakob Bernays (September 11, 1824 - May 26, 1881), German philologist and philosophical writer, was born at Hamburg of Jewish parents. ... Carlebach may refer to: Emil Carlebach, the anti-fascist Shlomo Carlebach, the orthodox rabbi This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Ephraim Carlebach (March 12, 1879 - 1936, Eretz Israel), was a German-born rabbi. ... Felix Falk Carlebach (15 April 1911 in Lübeck) is a German born retired British Rabbi in Manchester, England. ... Joseph Hirsch Carlebach (January 30, 1883, Lübeck - March 26, 1942, KZlager Jungfernhof bei Riga), was a German rabbi, scholar, natural scientist (Naturwissenschaftler). ... A cover of a Carlebach record Shlomo Carlebach (שלמה קרליבך) (known as Reb Shlomo to his followers) (1925 - October 22, 1994), was a Jewish religious singer, composer, and self-styled rebbe who was known as the singing rabbi in his lifetime. ... Mordechai ben Hillel was a Jewish rabbi and legal authority in the 13th century. ... Immanuel Jakobovits, Baron Jakobovits, KBE (8 February 1921–31 October 1999) was the Orthodox Judaism Chief Rabbi of Great Britain and the Commonwealth from 1967 to 1991. ... Asher ben Jehiel (or Rabeinu Osher ben Yechiel) (1250? 1259?-1328), an eminent rabbi and Talmudist often known by his Hebrew acronym the ROSH (literally Head), was born in western Germany and died in Toledo, Spain. ... Jacob ben Asher, in Hebrew Yaakov ben Asher, (1270-ca 1340) was an influential Medieval rabbinic authority. ... Eliezer ben Yoel HaLevi (d. ... Gershom ben Judah best known as Rabbeinu Gershom (in Hebrew: Our teacher Gershom) (c. ... Yehuda ben Meir (also known as Yehuda ha-Kohen or Judah of Mainz was a German-Jewish rabbi, Talmudic scholar and traveler of the late tenth and early eleventh century CE. His book, Sefer ha-Dinim, contains an account of his travels and those of other Jews in Eastern Europe. ... Eleizer ben Nathan (1090-1170 ) was a Jewish poet and writer. ... Yaakov ben Yakar (990 - 1064) was a German Talmudist. ... Israel Bruna (1400 - 1480) was a German Rabbi and Posek (decisor on Jewish Law). ... Yosef Salomon Burg (January 31, 1909 - October 15, 1999) was an Israeli politician and Rabbi. ... David Einhorn (November 10, 1809 - November 2, 1879) was a German rabbi and leader of the Jewish reform movement in the United States of America. ... Jacob Emden was a Jewish rabbi, Talmud scholar, and opponent of the Shabbethaians. ... // Ettlinger, Ottolengo, Ottolenghi is Jewish pedigrees from Ettlingen, Baden, Germany. ... David ben Naphtali Fränkel, or David (Hirschel) Fränkel (born at Berlin about 1704; died there April 4, 1762) was the German rabbi. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Rabbi Jakob Guttmann (April 22, 1845, Beuthen, Oberschlesien - September 29, 1919, Breslau) was a German Jewish theologian, philosopher of religion (Religionsphilosoph). ... Julius Guttmann, born Yitzchak Guttmann (April 15, 1880, Hildesheim - May 19, 1950, Jerusalem) was a German-born rabbi, Jewish theologian, philosopher of religion. ... Rabbi Yom-Tov Lipmann ben Nathan ben Moses ha-Levi Heller (Hebrew: רבי יום-טוב ליפמן הלר) (b. ... Levi Herzfeld (born December 27, 1810, at Ellrich; died at Brunswick March 11, 1884) was a German rabbi and historian. ... Susannah Heschel (born 15 May 1956) holds the Eli Black Chair in Jewish Studies and serves as associate professor in the Department of Religion at Dartmouth College. ... Rabbi S.R. Hirsch Rabbi Dr. Samson Raphael Hirsch (June 20, 1808 – December 31, 1888) was the intellectual founder of the Torah im Derech Eretz school of contemporary Orthodox Judaism. ... Samuel Holdheim (1806–1860) was a German rabbi and author; leader of the extreme wing of the early Reform Judaism movement. ... Dr. Walter Homolka (born May 21, 1964) is a German rabbi. ... Rabbi Israel Isserlin (1390-1460) was a Jewish Rabbi, Talmudist, and Halakhist. ... Regina Jonas (August 3, 1902 - September 2, December 12, 1944) was a Berlin-born woman rabbi. ... Kaufmann Kohler (May 10, 1843, Fürth, Bavaria – January 28, 1926) was a German-born U.S. reform rabbi and theologian. ... Pinchas Lapide (1922 — 1997) was a Jewish theologian. ... Isaac Leeser was an American rabbi , author, translator, editor, and publisher; pioneer of the Jewish pulpit in the United States, and founder of the Jewish press of America; born at Neuenkirchen, in the province of Westphalia, Prussia, Dec. ... Rabbi Yaakov Moelin (c. ... W. Gunther Plaut (born November 1, 1912) is a Rabbi of Reform Judaism and author. ... Also called Petachiah ben Yakov, Moses Petachiah, or Petachiah of Regensburg; Bohemian rabbi of the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries. ... Judah Ben Samuel of Regensburg (12th & 13th Centuries), also called Hehasid or the Saint in Hebrew. ... Elazar Rokeach (or Rokeiach) (1165-1238) of Worms, Germany, was a leading rabbi, and was known as one of the Chassidei Ashkenaz (Righteous Ones of German[ic] Jewry), a group of Jewish German pietists. ... Tombs of Meir of Rothenburg and Alexander ben Salomon Wimpfen on the jewish cemetery in Worms, Germany Meir of Rothenburg (c. ... Shimon (Simon) Schwab (December 30, 1908 - March 28, 1993) was an Orthodox Judaism rabbi and communal leader in Germany and the United States, initially in Baltimore and later in Washington Heights in New York City. ... Rabbi Moses ben Samuel Sofer or Schreiber, also known by his main work Hatam Sofer or the Chasam Soifer (שות חתם סופר - Responsa the Seal of the Scribe), was one of the leading rabbis of European Jewry in the first half of the nineteenth century. ... Hermann Tietz (September 3, 1834, Birnbaum(Birnbaum an der Warthe) (today MiÄ™dzychód), Kreis Birnbaum, Posen district, Germany) was a German rabbi. ...

Scholars

• Hugo Bergmann (born in Prague)
• Max Bodenheimer
• Moses Buttenweiser (1862-1939), Bible scholar ^[5]
• David Cassel
• Immanuel Oscar Menahem Deutsch (1829-1873), Semitic scholar and orientalist^[6]
• Ismar Elbogen
• Emil Ludwig Fackenheim
• Jonas Fränkel
• Heinrich Graetz, Jewish historian (born in Posen)
• Manuel Joël, Jewish philosopher
• Isaak Markus Jost, Jewish historian
• Marcus Kalisch, Biblical scholar [25]
• Jakob Klatzkin
• Arthur Liebert [26]
• Israel Lewy
• Moses Mendelssohn, Jewish Enlightenment philosopher
• David Rosin
• Gershom Scholem, Jewish scholar & historian
• Ernst Simon
• Friedrich Weinreb (born in Lemberg)
• Benedict Zuckermann
• Gustav
• Leopold Zunz, Jewish scholar

Samuel(Schmuel) Hugo Bergman(n), or Samuel Bergman (December 25, 1883, Prague - † June 18, 1975, Jerusalem) is the Czech-born German and Israeli Jewish philosopher. ... Max I. Bodenheimer (12 March 1865, Stuttgart - 19 July 1940, Jerusalem) was a lawyer and one of the main figures in German Zionism. ... Moses Buttenweiser (1862 - 1939) was an American Bible scholar, born at Beerfelden, Germany and educated at the universities of University of Würzburg, Leipzig, and Heidelberg. ... David Cassel (March 7, 1818, Gross-Glogau - January 22, 1893, Berlin) was a German historian and Jewish theologian Gross-Glogau was the city of large Jewish community where he graduated from the gymnasium, in Western Silesia, Prussia. ... Immanuel Oscar Menahem Deutsch (1829 - 28 October 1873) was a German oriental scholar born in Neisse, Prussian Silesia, of Jewish extraction. ... Ismar Elbogen (September 1, 1874, Schildberg - 1943) was a German scholar. ... Emil Fackenheim (June 22, 1916 – September 18, 2003) was a noted Jewish philosopher and rabbi. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Heinrich Graetz (October 31, 1817 - September 7, 1891) was the first historian to write a comprehensive history of the Jewish people from a Jewish perspective. ... Manuel Joel, Joël (1826 - 1890) was a Jewish philosopher and preacher. ... Isaak Marcus(Markus) Jost (February 22, 1793, Bernburg - November 22, 1860, Frankfort-on-the-Main), Jewish historical writer. ... Marcus Kalisch (or Moritz) (1828-1885) was a Jewish scholar born in Treptow, Pomerania in 1828, and died in Derbyshire, England 1885. ... Jakob Klatzkin, Yakov/Jakub Klaczkin (Russian: , October 3, Kartoz-Brioza/Kartusskaya Berëza (now Belarus), 1882 - March 26, 1948, Vevey, Switzerland) was a Jewish philosopher, publicist, publisher. ... Israel Lewy (1841-1917) was a German-Jewish Bold textBully. ... Moses Mendelssohn Moses Mendelssohns glasses, in the Berlin Jewish Museum Moses Mendelssohn (Dessau, September 6, 1729 – January 4, 1786 in Berlin) was a German Jewish philosopher to whose ideas the renaissance of European Jews, Haskalah, (the Jewish enlightenment) is indebted. ... David Rosin (May 27, 1823, Rosenberg/Olesno, Silesia - December 31, 1894, Breslau) was a German Jewish theologian. ... Gershom Scholem (born December 5, 1897 in Berlin, died February 21, 1982 in Jerusalem), also known as Gerhard Scholem, was a German-born Jewish philosopher and historian. ... Ernst Akiba/Akiva Simon, or aqibhah Ernst Simon Hebrew: , (March 15, 1899, Berlin - August 18, 1988, Jerusalem) was a German-Israeli Jewish educator (Pädagoge), and relogious philosopher. ... Friedrich Weinreb (November 18, 1910, Lemberg - October 19, 1988, Zürich) was a Jewish (Hassidic) philosopher, narrative writer, author. ... Benedict Zuckermann (October 9, 1818, Breslau - December 17, 1891, Breslau) was a German scientist. ... Gustav is a name of Old Swedish origin, means staff of the Goths, derived from the Old Norse elements Gautr Goth and stafr staff. This name has been borne by six kings of Sweden, including the 16th-century Gustav I Vasa. ... Leopold Zunz (1794-1886), Jewish scholar, was born at Detmold in 1794, and died in Berlin in 1886. ...

Other

• Michael Solomon Alexander, first Anglican bishop of Jerusalem (born Jewish; see British Dictionary of National Biography)
• Abraham of Augsburg, a Christian German proselyte
• Ridley Haim Herschell, missionary^[7]
• Ayya Khema, Buddhist teacher (born Jewish)
• Adolf Lasson
  • Georg Lasson
• Johannes Pfefferkorn, antisemitic controversialist (born Jewish)
• Friedrich Adolf Philippi
• Johann Peter Spaeth (Moses Germanus Ashkenazi), a Christian German proselyte
• Edith Stein, canonized nun, Holocaust victim (born Jewish)
• Joseph Wolff, missionary^[8]

Michael Solomon Alexander (1799-1845) was the first Anglican bishop of Jerusalem. ... The Dictionary of National Biography (or DNB) is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history. ... Abraham of Augsburg (? - d. ... Ridley Haim Herschell (7 April 1807, Strzelno - 14 April 1864, Brighton) was one of the leading dissenting ministers of 19th century Great Britain. ... Ayya Khema (August 25, 1923 - November 2, 1997), a Buddhist teacher, was born as Ilse Kussel in Berlin, Germany, to Jewish parents. ... Adolf Lasson (March 12, 1832, Alt-Strelitz, Mecklenburg-Strelitz - December 19, 1917) was a German Jewish philosophical writer, and the father of Georg Lasson. ... Georg Lasson (July 13, 1862, Berlin - December 2, 1932, Berlin) was a German protestant theologian, and a son of Adolf Lasson. ... Johannes (Josef) Pfefferkorn (1469-1523) was a German Christian theologian writer who converted from Judaism and actively preached against the Jews. ... Friedrich Adolf Philippi (October 15, 1809, Berlin - August 29, 1882, Rostock) was a Lutheran theologian of Jewish origin. ... Johann Peter Spaeth, Moses Germanus or Moses Ashkenazi (1st half of the 17 c. ... Edith Stein (October 12, 1891 – August 9, 1942) was a German philosopher, a Carmelite nun, martyr, and saint of the Catholic Church, who died at Auschwitz. ... Joseph Wolff (1795 - May 2, 1862), Jewish Christian missionary, was born at Weilersbach, near Bamberg, Germany. ...

Scientific Figures

Natural Scientists

• Max Abraham, physicist
• Adolf von Baeyer, industrial chemist, Nobel Prize (1905) (Jewish mother)^[27]
• Norbert Berkowitz, physicist^[28]
• Sir Hans Bethe, nuclear physics, Nobel Prize (1967)^[29]
• Sir Walter Bodmer, medical researcher ^[9]
• Max Born, quantum mechanics, Nobel Prize (1954)^[30]
• Heinrich Caro, industrial chemist^[31]
  • Nikodem Caro, industrial chemist^[32]
• Albert Einstein, theoretical physics, Nobel Prize (1921)^[33]
• Erwin Finlay-Freundlich, astronomer^[34]
• James Franck, quantum physics, Nobel Prize (1925)^[35]
• Adolph Frank, industrial chemist^[36]
• Herbert Fröhlich, physicist^[37]
• Eugen Glueckauf, chemist, expert on atomic energy ^[38]
• Hans Goldschmidt, industrial chemist^[39]
• Eugen Goldstein, physicist
• Leo Graetz, physicist
• Fritz Haber, developed the Haber process, Nobel Prize (1918)^[40]
• Walter Heitler, chemist ^[41]
• Heinrich Hertz, physicist (Jewish father)^[42]
• Arthur Korn, physicist^[43]
• Ernst Ising, statistical mechanics^[44]
• Albert Ladenburg, chemist^[10]
• Fritz London, quantum mechanics^[11]
• Leonard Mandel, quantum optics^[45]
• Kurt Mendelssohn, German-born British medical physicist^[12]
• Viktor Meyer, organic chemist^[46]
• Leonor Michaelis, biochemist^[47]
• Albert Michelson, measured speed of light, Nobel Prize (1907) (Jewish father)^[13][48]
• Ludwig Mond, chemist & industrialist^[49]
• Sir Rudolf Peierls, solid state theory^[50]
• Arno Penzias, co-discoverer of CMB, Nobel Prize (1978)^[51]
• Alfred Philippson, geologist ^[52]
• John Charles Polanyi, chemist, Nobel Prize (born Berlin) [53]
• Ernst Pringsheim, spectrometry, black-body radiation^[54]
• Michael Rossmann, physicist and microbiologist (Jewish mother)^{[55]; [56]}
• Rudolf Schoenheimer, biochemist^[57]
• Arthur Schuster, spectroscopist^[58]
• Karl Schwarzschild, physicist & astronomer^[59]
• Franz Simon, physicist, separation of Uranium 235^[14]
• Jack Steinberger, particle physics, Nobel Prize (1988)^[60]
• Otto Stern, experimental physicist, Nobel Prize (1943)^[61]
• Otto Wallach, chemist, Nobel Prize (1910)^[15]
• Richard Willstätter, chemist, Nobel Prize (1915)^[62]
• Nathan Zuntz

Max Abraham (March 26, 1875 - November 16, 1922) was a German physicist. ... Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer (October 31, 1835 - August 20, 1917) was a German chemist who synthesized indigo, and was the 1905 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry . ... This is a list of Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry from 1901 to 2006. ... Norbert Berkowitz (1924-2001) was a Canadian scientist. ... Hans Albrecht Bethe (pronounced bay-tuh; July 2, 1906 – March 6, 2005), was a German-American physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1967 for his work on the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis. ... Hannes Alfvén (1908–1995) accepting the Nobel Prize for his work on magnetohydrodynamics [1]. List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physics from 1901 to the present day. ... Sir Walter Bodmer became the principal of Hertford College, Oxford, in 1996. ... Max Born (December 11, 1882 in Breslau – January 5, 1970 in Göttingen) was a mathematician and physicist. ... Heinrich Caro (February 13, 1834 in Poznan - October 11, 1910 in Dresden), was a German Chemist. ... Nikodem Caro (23 May 1871, Łódź, Prussia—27 June 1935, Rome, Italy) was an industrial chemist and entrepreneur. ... “Einstein” redirects here. ... Erwin Finlay-Freundlich (May 29, 1885 - July 24, 1964) [Scottish name:Finlay] was an German astronomer, a pupil of Felix Klein. ... James Franck (August 26, 1882 - May 21, 1964) was a German-born physicist and Nobel laureate. ... Adolph Frank (1834-1916) was a German chemist, discovered use of potash created the potash industry. ... Herbert Fröhlich was a British scientist and a Fellow of the Royal Society. ... Eugen Glueckauf was a (9 April 1906, Berlin-11 September 1981, Oxford) German-born British expert on atomic energy. ... Doctor Hans Goldschmidt (1861 - 1923) was a German chemist. ... Eugene Goldstein (1850 – 1930) was a German physicist. ... Leo Graetz (September 26, 1856 - November 12, 1941) was a German physicist. ... Fritz Haber (9 December 1868 – 29 January 1934) was a German chemist, who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for his development of synthetic ammonia, important for fertilisers and explosives. ... The Haber Process (also known as Haber–Bosch process) is the reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen to produce ammonia. ... Walter Heinrich Heitler (02. ... Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (February 22, 1857 - January 1, 1894) was the German physicist and mechanician for whom the hertz, an SI unit, is named. ... Arthur Korn (May 20, 1870, Breslau - December 21/22, 1945, Jersey City) was a German physicist. ... Ernst Ising (born May 10, 1900, Cologne, Germany – May 11, 1998, Peoria, Illinois, USA) was a German physicist, who is best remembered for the development of the Ising model of ferromagnetism. ... Albert Ladenburg (* July 2, 1842 in Mannheim; † August 15, 1911 in Breslau, Silesia, today Poland) was a german Chemist. ... Fritz Wolfgang London (March 7, 1900–March 30, 1954) was a German-born American physicist for whom the London force is named. ... Leonard Mandel Mandel was the Lee DuBridge Professor Emeritus of Physics and Optics at the University of Rochester, having become emeritus only a few months before he died, at the age of 73, at his home in Pittsford, New York. ... Kurt Mendelssohn is a German-born British medical physicist and a Fellow of the Royal Society. ... Viktor Meyer (8 September 1848 – 8 August 1897) was a German chemist and significant contributor to knowledge of both organic and inorganic chemistry. ... Leonor Michaelis (January 16, 1875 – October 8, 1947) was a German biochemist and physician famous for his work with Maud Menten in enzyme kinetics and Michaelis-Menten kinetics. ... Albert Abraham Michelson. ... Dr Ludwig Mond (born March 7, 1839, Kassel; died December 11, 1909, London) was an important German-born British chemist and industrialist. ... Sir Rudolf Ernst Peierls, (June 5, 1907, Berlin – September 19, 1995, Oxford), was a German-born British physicist. ... Arno Allan Penzias (born April 26, American physicist. ... WMAP image of the CMB anisotropy,Cosmic microwave background radiation(June 2003) The cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) is a form of electromagnetic radiation that fills the whole of the universe. ... Alfred Philippson (January 1, 1864 – January 30, 1953) was a German geologist and geographer. ... John Charles Polanyi (born January 23, 1929) is a Canadian chemist. ... Ernst Pringsheim: Ernst Pringsheim, Sr. ... Michael Rossmann is a British chemist and a Fellow of the Royal Society. ... Rudolph Schoenheimer (May 10, 1898, - September 11, 1941) was a German/ US biochemist who developed the technique of radioactive tagging of molecules, enabling detailed study of metabolism. ... Arthur Schuster (September 12 1851 - October 17 1934 a versatile physicist known for his work in spectroscopy, electrochemistry, optics, X-radiography and the application of harmonic analysis to physics. ... Karl Schwarzschild (October 9, 1873 - May 11, 1916) was a noted German Jewish physicist and astronomer, father of astrophysicist Martin Schwarzschild. ... Sir Francis Simon was a British scientist and a Fellow of the Royal Society. ... Uranium-235 is an isotope of uranium that differs from the elements other common isotope, uranium-238, by its ability to cause a rapidly expanding fission chain reaction, i. ... Jack Steinberger (born May 25, 1921) is a physicist. ... Otto Stern Otto Stern (February 17, 1888 – August 17, 1969) was an German physicist and Nobel laureate. ... Otto Wallach (March 27, 1847 at Königsberg - February 26, 1931 at Göttingen) was a German Chemist who won the Nobel Prize in 1910 for work on alicyclic compounds. ... Richard Willstätter Richard Martin Willstätter (August 13, 1872 – August 3, 1942) was a German chemist whose study of the structure of chlorophyll and other plant pigments won him the 1915 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. ... Nathan Zuntz (1847-1920) was a German physiologist who was born in Bonn. ...

Physicians and Medical Researchers

• Adolph Baginsky, pediatrician, diphtheria researcher^[63]
• Alfred Bielschowsky, ophthalmologist^[64]
• Max Bielschowsky, neuropathologist^[65]
• Konrad Bloch, biochemist, Nobel Prize (1964)^[66]
• Marcus Elieser Bloch, physician^[67]
• Gustav Born, professor of pharmacology^[68]
• Edith Bulbring, Professor of pharmacy (Jewish mother)^[69]
• Sir Ernst Chain, developed penicillin, Nobel Prize (1945)^[70]
• Ferdinand Cohn, pioneer in microbiology^[71]
• Julius Friedrich Cohnheim, pathologist^[16]
• Julius Dreschfeld, physician^[17]
• Paul Ehrlich, developed magic bullet concept, Nobel Prize (1908)^[72]
• Arthur Eichengrün, possible inventor of aspirin^[73]
• Wilhelm Feldberg, biologist^[74]
• Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat, biochemist^[75]
• Hermann Friedberg, physician^[18]
• Carl Friedländer, bacteriologist
• Salome Gluecksohn-Waelsch, geneticist^[76]
• Ernst Gräfenberg, obstetrician, the G-spot^[77]
• Martin Gumpert, physician, writer^[78]
• Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle, physician^[79]
• Sir Bernard Katz, biophysicist, Nobel Prize (1970)^[80]
• Hans Kornberg, biochemist researcher^[81]
• Hans Kosterlitz, discovered endorphins^[82]
• Sir Hans Adolf Krebs, biochemist, Nobel Prize (1953)^[83]
• Fritz Lipmann, biochemist, Nobel Prize (1953)^[84]
• Jacques Loeb, physiologist^[85]
• Otto Loewi, pharmacologist, Nobel Prize (1936)^[86]
• Elisabeth Mann, biologist (Jewish mother) ^[19]
• Otto Meyerhof, biochemist, Nobel Prize (1922) (Jewish father)^[87]
• Oskar Minkowski, physiologist^[88]
• Hermann Munk, German physiologist who studied threadworms
• Albert Neisser, physician, discovered the cause of gonorrhea (Jewish father)^[89]
• Emin Pasha, physician, naturalist, explorer^[90]
• Nathanael Pringsheim, botanist^[91]
• Ottomar Rosenbach, physician^[20]
• Moritz Traube, biochemist^[92]
• Wilhelm Traube, physician, inventor of the fever thermometer
• Otto Warburg, physiologist, Nobel Prize (1931) (Jewish father)^[93]
• Karl Weigert, pathologist^[94]

Alfred Bielschowsky {December 11, 1871 - April 5, 1940) was a German ophthalmologist who was born in Namslau, Niederschlesien. ... Max Bielschowsky (February 19, 1869 - August 15, 1940) was a German neuropathologist who was born in Breslau. ... Konrad Emil Bloch (January 21, 1912 - October 15, 2000) was a German-American biochemist. ... Emil Adolf von Behring was the first person to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his work on the treatment of diphtheria. ... Marcus Elieser Bloch (1723 - 1799) was a German medical doctor and naturalist. ... Gustav Victor Rudolf Born, born 29 July 1921, Germany, son of Max Born, is Emeritus Professor of Pharmacology at Kings College London and Research Professor at the William Harvey Research Institute, St. ... Edith Bülbring (27 December 1903-5 July 1990) was Professor of Pharmacology, Oxford University, 1967-71, later Emeritus Professor. ... Sir Ernst Boris Chain (June 19, 1906 - August 12, 1979) was a German-born British biochemist, and a 1945 co-recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his work on penicillin. ... For the Japanese rock band, see Penicillin (band). ... Ferdinand Julius Cohn (January 24, 1828 Breslau, Silesia, Prussia (now Wroclaw, Poland) - June 25, 1898 Breslau) was a biologist. ... Julius Friedrich Cohnheim (July 20, 1839 - August 15, 1884) was a German-Jewish pathologist Biography Cohnheim was born at Demmin, Pomerania. ... Julius Dreschfeld (1846-1907) was a leading British physician and pathologist. ... Paul Ehrlich Paul Ehrlich in his workroom Paul Ehrlich (March 14, 1854 – August 20, 1915) was a German scientist who won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. ... Magic bullet has several meanings and uses: It is used disparagingly by conspiracy theorists to describe the projectile which the Warren Commission concluded under its single bullet theory to have hit both President John F. Kennedy and Governor John Connally. ... Arthur Eichengrün (August 13, 1867 - December 23, 1949) was a German chemist. ... Wilhelm Feldberg (1900-1993) was a British biologist and a Fellow of the Royal Society. ... Heinz Ludwig Fraenkel-Conrat (July 29, 1910 – April 10, 1999) was a biochemist, famous for his viral research. ... Hermann Friedberg (July 5, 1817, Rosenberg/Olesno, Silesia - March 2, 1884, Breslau) was a Jewish German physician. ... Carl Friedländer (1847-1887) was a German pathologist and microbiologist who helped discover the bacterial cause of pneumonia in 1882. ... Salome Gluecksohn-Waelsch (born 1907) is a German-born U.S. geneticist, co-founder of developmental genetics. ... Ernst Gräfenberg (26 September 1881 in Adelebsen near Göttingen - 28 October 1957 in New York) was a German-born medical doctor and scientist. ... ... Martin Gumpert (November 12, 1897 - April 18, 1955) was a German-born American physician and writer. ... Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle (b. ... Sir Bernard Katz, FRS (March 26, 1911 – April 20, 2003) was a German-born biophysicist, noted for his work on nerve biochemistry. ... Sir Hans Kornberg (born 14 January 1928) is a British biologist and a Fellow of the Royal Society. ... Hans Kosterlitz is a British biologist, best known for his work on endorphins. ... Endorphins are endogenous opioid biochemical compounds. ... Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (August 25, 1900 – November 22, 1981) was a German, later British medical doctor and biochemist. ... Categories: Stub | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners ... Jacques Loeb (April 7, 1859 – February 11, 1924) was a German-born American physiologist and biologist. ... Otto Loewi (June 3, 1873 – December 25, 1961) was a Austrian-German-American pharmacologist. ... Elisabeth Mann-Borgese (April 24, 1918 - February 8, 2002) was the youngest daughter of Thomas Mann and his wife Katia Pringsheim, sister to Klaus, Erika, Golo, and Michael Mann, and niece of the novelist Heinrich Mann. ... Oskar Minkowski (January 13, 1858, Kaunas, Lithuania - July 18, 1931, Mecklenburg, Germany) was a famous Jewish doctor of Polish origin. ... Hermann Munk (1839-1912) was a Jewish German physiologist. ... Binomial name Strongyloides stercoralis Bavay, 1876 Strongyloides stercoralis is the scientific name of a human parasitic roundworm causing the disease of strongyloidiasis. ... Categories: People stubs | 1855 births | 1916 deaths | German physicians ... The clap redirects here. ... Mehemet Emin Pasha (March 28, 1840 – October 23, 1892), born Eduard Carl Oscar Theodor Schnitzer, was a doctor, naturalist and governor of Equatoria in Africa. ... Nathanael Pringsheim (30 November 1823 - 6 October 1894) was a German botanist. ... Ottomar Ernst Felix Rosenbach (January 4, 1851, Krappitz, Silesia - March 20, 1907) was a German physician. ... Moritz Traube (* 12 February 1826 Ratibor, Silesia, now Racibórz, Poland; † 28 June 1894 Berlin) was a German chemist (physiologically chemistry) and universal private scholar. ... Wilhelm Traube (10 January 1866 – 28 September 1942) was a German chemist. ... Karl Weigert, Carl Weigert (born at Münsterberg in Silesia March 19, 1845; died at Frankfort-on-the-Main August 5, 1904) was a German Jewish pathologist. ...

Mathematicians

• Felix Bernstein, set theory^[95]
• Maurice Block, statistician ^[96]
• Richard Brauer, modular representation theory^[97]
• Moritz Cantor, historian of mathematics^[21]
• Richard Courant, mathematical analysis & applied mathematics^[98]
• Max Dehn, topology^[99]
• Paul Epstein, number theory^[100]
• Adolf Fraenkel, set theory^[101]
• Hans Freudenthal, algebraic topology^[102]
• Felix Hausdorff, topology^[103]
• Heinz Hopf, topology (Jewish father)^[104]
• Adolf Hurwitz, mathematician^[105]
• Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi, analysis^[106]
• Leopold Kronecker, number theory^[107]
• Edmund Landau, number theory^[108]
• Rudolf Lipschitz, mathematician^[109]
• Kurt Mahler, mathematician^[110]
• Hermann Minkowski, geometrical theory of numbers^[22]
• Claus Moser, Statistician ^[111]
• Leonard Nelson, mathematician, philosopher^[112]
• Bernhard Neumann, mathematician^[113]
• Emmy Noether, algebra & theoretical physics^[114]
• Alfred Pringsheim, analysis, theory of functions^[115]
• Richard Rado, combinatorics^[116]
• Abraham Robinson, nonstandard analysis^[117]
• Klaus Roth, diophantine approximation, Fields Medal (1958)^[118]
• Arthur Moritz Schönflies, mathematician^[119]
• Issai Schur, mathematician^[120]
• Otto Toeplitz, linear algebra & functional analysis^[121]

Felix Bernstein (February 24, 1878, Halle, Germany – December 3, 1956, Zurich, Switzerland) was a German mathematician known for developing a theorem of the equivalence of sets in 1897, and less well known for demonstrating the correct blood group inheritance pattern of multiple alleles at one locus in 1924 through statistical... Maurice Block, (February 18, 1816, Berlin - 1901; German: Moritz Block) was a German-French statistician and economist. ... Richard Dagobert Brauer (February 10, 1901 - April 17, 1977) was a leading German and American mathematician. ... Moritz Cantor (August 23, 1829 - April 9, 1920) was a German historian of mathematics. ... Richard Courant (born January 8, 1888 at Lublinitz, today Poland, died January 27, 1972 at New York/USA) was a German and American mathematician. ... Max Dehn (November 13, 1878 – June 27, 1952) was a German mathematician. ... Paul Sophus Epstein (Warsaw, then part of Imperial Russia, now Poland, March 20, 1883–Pasadena, February 8, 1966) is a Russian- American mathematician/physicist. ... Adolf Abraham Halevi Fraenkel (February 17, 1891 - October 15, German / Israeli mathematician. ... Hans Freudenthal (September 17, 1905 – October 13, 1990) was a Dutch mathematician born in Luckenwalde in Germany into a Jewish family. ... Felix Hausdorff Felix Hausdorff (November 8, 1868 – January 26, 1942) was a German mathematician who is considered to be one of the founders of modern topology and who contributed significantly to set theory and functional analysis. ... Heinz Hopf (November 19, 1894 – June 3, 1971) was a mathematician born in Gräbschen, Germany. ... Adolf Hurwitz Adolf Hurwitz (26 March 1859- 18 November 1919) was a German mathematician, and one of the most important figures in mathematics in the second half of the nineteenth century (according to Jean-Pierre Serre, always something good in Hurwitz). He was born in a Jewish family in Hildesheim... Karl Gustav Jacob Jacobi Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi (December 10, 1804 - February 18, 1851), was not only a great German mathematician but also considered by many as the most inspiring teacher of his time (Bell, p. ... Leopold Kronecker Leopold Kronecker (December 7, 1823 - December 29, 1891) was a German mathematician and logician who argued that arithmetic and analysis must be founded on whole numbers, saying, God made the integers; all else is the work of man (Bell 1986, p. ... Edmund Georg Hermann (Yehezkel) Landau (February 14, 1877 – February 19, 1938) was a German Jew mathematician and author of over 250 papers on number theory. ... Rudolf Otto Sigismund Lipschitz (May 14, 1832 – October 7, 1903) was a German mathematician and Professor at the University of Bonn from 1864. ... Kurt Mahler is a British mathematician and a Fellow of the Royal Society. ... Hermann Minkowski. ... Claus Adolf Moser, now Lord Moser, is a British statistician who has made major contributions in both academia and the Civil Service. ... Leonard Nelson (July 11, 1882, Berlin - October 29, 1927, Göttingen) was a German mathematician and philosopher. ... Bernhard Hermann Neumann (15 Oct 1909, Berlin, Germany–20 Oct 2002, Canberra, Australia) was a German-born British mathematician who was one of the leading figures in group theory, greatly influencing the direction of the subject. ... Amalie Emmy Noether [1] (March 23, 1882 – April 14, 1935) was a German-born mathematician, said by Einstein in eulogy to be [i]n the judgment of the most competent living mathematicians, [...] the most significant creative mathematical genius thus far produced since the higher education of women began. ... Alfred Pringsheim (September 2, 1850 _ June 25, 1941) was a mathematician who was born in Ohlau Lower Silesia (now Olawa Poland) and died in Zurich Switzerland. ... Richard Rado (April 28, 1906 - December 23, 1989) was a German Jewish mathematician who moved to the UK in 1933. ... Abraham Robinson Abraham Robinson (October 6, 1918 – April 11, 1974) was a mathematician who is most widely known for development of non-standard analysis, a mathematically rigorous system whereby infinitesimal and infinite numbers were incorporated into mathematics. ... Klaus Friedrich Roth (Roth is pronounced ROW-th) (29 October 1925) is a British mathematician known for work on diophantine approximation, the large sieve, and irregularities of distribution. ... Arthur Moritz Schönflies (April 17, 1853 Landsberg an der Warthe(Gorzów) – May 27, 1928) was a German mathematician, known for his contributions to the application of group theory to crystallography, and for work in topology. ... Issai Schur (January 10, 1875 in Mogilyov - January 10, 1941 in Tel Aviv) was a mathematician who worked in Germany for most of his life. ...

Technical Scientists

• Ralph Baer, inventor of the games console^[122]
• Emile Berliner, inventor of the gramophone^[123]
• Julius Edgar Lilienfeld, electrical engineer^[124]
• Siegfried Marcus, automobile pioneer^[125]
• Michael O. Rabin, computer algorithms, Turing Award (1976)^[126]
• Joseph Weizenbaum, AI critic, ELIZA^[127]

Ralph H. Baer (born 1922) is a German-born American inventor, noted for his many contributions to games and the video game industry. ... The Nintendo GameCube is an example of a popular video game console. ... Emile Berliner with disc record gramophone. ... Edison cylinder phonograph from about 1899 The phonograph, or gramophone, was the most common device for playing recorded sound from the 1870s through the 1980s. ... Julius Edgar Lilienfeld (18 April 1881 – 28 August 1963) was born in Lemberg in Austria-Hungary (now called Lviv in Ukraine). ... Siegfried Marcus 1831-1898 Siegfried Samuel Marcus (born in Malchin, Mecklenburg, Germany, on 1831-09-18, died in Vienna on 1898-07-01) was a German – Austrian inventor and automobile pioneer of Jewish ancestry. ... “Car” and “Cars” redirect here. ... Michael Oser Rabin (born 1931 in Breslau, Germany, today in Poland) is a noted computer scientist and a recipient of the Turing Award, the most prestigious award in the field. ... The A.M. Turing Award is given annually by the Association for Computing Machinery to a person selected for contributions of a technical nature made to the computing community. ... Joseph Weizenbaum. ... Example of ELIZA in Emacs. ...

Psychologists

• Karl Abraham, psychoanalyst^[128]
• Rudolf Arnheim, perception theorist^[129]
• Erik Erikson, developmental psychologist (Jewish mother)^[130]
• Erich Fromm, psychologist & humanistic philosopher^[131]
• Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, psychoanalyst^[132]
• Kurt Goldstein, Gestalt-influenced neurologist^[133]
• Max Hamilton, psychiatrist^[23]
• Magnus Hirschfeld, sexologist^[134]
• Kurt Koffka, Gestalt psychologist^[135]
• Kurt Lewin, social psychologist^[136]
• Hugo Münsterberg, industrial psychologist^[137]
• Ulric Neisser, cognitive psychologist (Jewish father)^[24]
• Erich Neumann, analytical psychologist^[138]
• Fritz Perls, psychotherapist^[139]
• Otto Selz, cognitive psychologist^[140]
• William Stern, the Intelligence Quotient^[141]
• Max Wertheimer, Gestalt psychologist^[142]

Karl Abraham (3 May 1877 - 25 December 1925) was an early German psychoanalyst, and a correspondent of Sigmund Freud. ... Rudolf Arnheim (July 15, 1904 — June 9, 2007) was a German-born author, art and film theorist and perceptual psychologist. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Erich Fromm Erich Pinchas Fromm (March 23, 1900 – March 18, 1980) was an internationally renowned Jewish-German-American social psychologist, psychoanalyst, and humanistic philosopher. ... Frieda Fromm-Reichmann (1889-1957) Frieda Fromm-Reichmann was a German psychiatrist and contemporary of Sigmund Freud who emigrated to America during World War Two. ... Kurt Goldstein (1878 - 1965), German neurologist. ... Professor Max Hamilton (1912–1988) was born on 9 February 1912 at Offenbach, near Frankfurt, Germany. ... Magnus Hirschfeld in 1933 Magnus Hirschfeld (Kolberg, May 14, 1868 - Nice, May 14, 1935) was a prominent German-Jewish physician, sexologist, and gay rights advocate. ... Kurt Koffka (Berlin, March 18, 1886 - 1941) was a Gestalt psychologist. ... Kurt Zadek Lewin (September 9, 1890 – February 12, 1947) was a German psychologist and one of the pioneers of social psychology. ... Hugo Münsterberg (1863-1916) was a German-born American]] psychologist. ... Ulric Neisser (born 8 December 1928) is an American psychologist. ... Erich Neumann (1905- November 5, 1960) was a psychologist, writer, and one of Carl Jungs most gifted students. ... Friedrich (Frederick) Salomon Perls (July 8 1893, Berlin - March 14, 1970, Chicago), better known as Fritz Perls, was a noted German-born psychiatrist and psychotherapist of Jewish descent. ... Otto Selz, (14 February 1881–27 August 1943) was a German psychologist who formulated the first nonassociationist theory of thinking, in 1913. ... Lewis William Stern (1871-1938) was a German psychologist and philosopher born in Berlin. ... IQ redirects here. ... Max Wertheimer (Prague, April 15, 1880 - New York, October 12, 1943) was one of the founders of Gestalt psychology. ...

Academic figures

Philosophers

• Theodor Adorno, philosopher (Jewish father)^[143]
• Ernst Bloch, philosopher^[144]
• Constantin Brunner, philosopher^[145]
• Ernst Cassirer, philosopher^[146]
• Hermann Cohen, philosopher^[147]
• Friedrich Dessauer, philosopher^[148]
• Max Dessoir, philosopher^[149]
• Julius Frauenstädt, philosopher ^[150]
• Kurt Grelling, philosopher^[151]
• Richard Hönigswald (Jewish father)^[152]
• Max Horkheimer, philosopher & sociologist^[153]
• Edmund Husserl, philosopher (converted to Christianity)^[154]
• Hans Jonas, philosopher^[155]
• Horace Kallen, philosopher^[156]
• Adolf Lasson, philosopher^[25]
• Theodor Lessing, philosopher, writer^[157]
• Karl Löwith, philosopher^[158]
• Salomon Maimon, philosopher^[159]
• Fritz Mauthner, author & philosopher^[160]
• Moses Mendelssohn, philosopher, scholar^[161]
• Helmuth Plessner, philosopher (Jewish father)^[162]
• Hans Reichenbach, philosopher (Jewish father)^[163]
• Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy, philosopher (Jewish father)^[164]
• Max Scheler, philosopher (Jewish mother)^[26]
• Kurt Sternberg, philosopher^[27]
• Leo Strauss, political philosopher
• Richard Rudolf Walzer, philosopher (Jewish Year Book 1975 p214)

Max Horkheimer (front left), Theodor Adorno (front right), and Jürgen Habermas in the background, right, in 1965 at Heidelberg. ... Ernst Simon Bloch (IPA: , July 8, 1885 – August 4, 1977) was a German Marxist philosopher and atheist theologian. ... Constantin Brunner (1862-1937) was the pen-name of the German Jewish philosopher Leopold Wertheimer, born 27 August 1862 in Altona (near Hamburg). ... Ernst Cassirer (July 28, 1874 – April 13, 1945) was a German-Jewish philosopher. ... Hermann Cohen by Karl Doerbecker Hermann Cohen (4 July 1842 - 4 April 1918) was a German-Jewish philosopher, one of the founders of the Marburg School of Neo-Kantianism, and he is often held to be probably the most important Jewish philosopher of the nineteenth century (Jewish Virtual Library). ... Friedrich Dessauer (19 July 1881 – 16 February 1963) was an important physicist, a philosopher, a socially engaged entrepreneur and a journalist. ... Max Dessoir (born February 8, 1867, Berlin – died July 19, 1947, Königstein im Taunus) was a German philosopher and theorist of aesthetics. ... Christian Martin Julius Frauenstädt (born at Bojanowo, Posen, April 17, 1813; died at Berlin January 13, 1879) was a German student of philosophy. ... Kurt Grelling (March 2, 1886 – September, 1942) was a logician, philosopher and member of the Berlin Circle. ... Richard Hönigswald (b. ... Max Horkheimer (front left), Theodor Adorno (front right), and Jürgen Habermas in the background, right, in 1965 at Heidelberg Max Horkheimer (February 14, 1895 – July 7, 1973) was a Jewish-German philosopher and sociologist, known especially as the founder and guiding thinker of the Frankfurt School of critical theory. ... Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (April 8, 1859 – April 26, 1938) was a German philosopher, known as the father of phenomenology. ... German-born philosopher Hans Jonas (May 10, 1903 - February 5, 1993) studied under Martin Heidegger and Rudolf Bultmann in the 1920s. ... Horace Meyer Kallen (1882-1974) was a Jewish-American philosopher. ... Adolf Lasson (March 12, 1832, Alt-Strelitz, Mecklenburg-Strelitz - December 19, 1917) was a German Jewish philosophical writer, and the father of Georg Lasson. ... Theodor Lessing (February 8, 1872, Hannover - August 31, 1933, Marienbad) was a German Jewish philosopher. ... Karl Löwith (9 January 1897 in Munich – 26 May 1973 in Heidelberg) was a German-Jewish philosopher, a student of Heidegger. ... Salomon Maimon (1754 - 22nd November 1800) was a German philosopher born of Jewish parentage in Polish Lithuania, and died at Nieder-Siegersdorf. ... Fritz Mauthner was a Viennese, and author of one of the few citations, Critique of Language (Sprachkritik) by Ludwig Wittgenstein, in his Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus Proposition 4. ... Moses Mendelssohn Moses Mendelssohns glasses, in the Berlin Jewish Museum Moses Mendelssohn (Dessau, September 6, 1729 – January 4, 1786 in Berlin) was a German Jewish philosopher to whose ideas the renaissance of European Jews, Haskalah, (the Jewish enlightenment) is indebted. ... Helmuth Plessner (September 4, 1892, Wiesbaden - June 12, 1985, Göttingen) was a German philosopher and sociologist, and main advocator of philosophical anthropology (der Philosophischen Anthropologie; Ja. ... Hans Reichenbach (September 26, 1891, Hamburg, – April 9, 1953, Los Angeles) was a leading philosopher of science, educator and proponent of logical positivism. ... Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy (1888-1973) was a social philosopher, who taught at Dartmouth College from 1935 to 1957. ... Max Scheler (August 22, 1874, Munich - May 19, 1928, Frankfurt am Main) was a German philosopher known for his work in phenomenology, ethics, and philosophical anthropology. ... Kurt Sternberg (June 19, 1885 - September 1942, KZ Auschwitz) was a German philosopher. ... Leo Strauss (September 20, 1899 – October 18, 1973), was a German-born Jewish-American political philosopher who specialized in the study of classical political philosophy. ... Richard Rudolf Walzer (14 July 1900 - 16 April 1975) was a German-born British expert on Greek philosophy. ... The Jewish Year Book is an almanac targetted at the Jewish community in the United Kingdom. ...

Economists

• Robert Aumann, Nobel Prize for Eeconomics ^[165]
• Gerhard Colm, economist de
• Richard Ehrenberg, economist ^[166]
• Ludwig Lachmann, economist^[28]
• Emil Lederer, economist ^[29]
• Robert Liefmann, economist^[167]
• Adolph Lowe, economist^[168]
• Rosa Luxemburg, economist, co-founder of the KPD^[169]
• Fritz Naphtali, economist, editor, later Israeli finance minister^[30]
• Hans Neisser, economist de
• Sigbert Prais, economist (JYB 2005 p215)
• Reinhard Selten, Nobel prize ^[170] (1994)
• Hans Singer, economist^[31]

Israel Robert John Aumann (ישראל אומן) (born June 8, 1930) is an Israeli mathematician and a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences. ... Richard Ehrenberg (February 5, 1857 - December 17, 1921) was a German economist. ... Ludwig Lachmann Ludwig Lachmann (1906 – 1990) was a German economist who became a passionate member of and important contributor to the Austrian School. ... Emil Lederer (July 22, 1882, Pilsen - May 29, 1939 in New York City) was a Bohemia-born German economist. ... Robert Liefmann (February 4, 1874 - March 21, 1941) was a German economist. ... Adolph Lowe (4 March 1893 in Stuttgart, Germany - 3 June 1995 in Wolfenbüttel, Germany; born under the name Adolf Löwe) was a German sociologist and economist. ... Rosa Luxemburg Rosa Luxemburg (March 5, 1870 or 1871 – January 15, 1919, in Polish Róża Luksemburg) was a Jewish Polish-born Marxist political theorist, socialist philosopher, and revolutionary. ... Professor Sigbert Jon Prais FBA (born 19 December 1928, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany) is an economist and has been the Senior Research Fellow at the National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR) since 1970. ... Reinhard Selten (born October 5, 1930) is a German economist. ... Sir Hans Wolfgang Singer (born 29 November 1910, died in Brighton, UK 26 February 2006) was a development economist best known for the Singer-Prebisch thesis, which states that the terms of trade move against producers of primary products. ...

Social Scientists

• Reinhard Bendix, sociologist^[171]
• Eduard Bernstein, founder of evolutionary socialism^[172]
• Franz Boas, cultural anthropologist^[173]
• Micha Brumlik, professor of education
• Lewis A. Coser, sociologist^[174]
• Norbert Elias, sociologist^[175]
• Amitai Etzioni, sociologist^[176]
• Shelomo Dov Goitein, Arabist^[177]
• Moses Hess, socialist^[178]
• Eugene Kamenka, sociologist^[179]
• Siegfried Kracauer, sociologist & film critic^[180]
• Ferdinand Lassalle, founder of first German worker's party^[181]
• Karl Mannheim, sociologist^[182]
• Herbert Marcuse, sociologist, New Left figurehead^[183]
• Karl Marx, founder of communism (parents converted to Protestantism)^[184]
• Franz Oppenheimer, sociologist & economist^[185]
• Leo Loewenthal, sociologist^[186]
• Georg Simmel, sociologist^[187]
• Georg Steindorff, egyptologist (Jewish father)^[188]
• Jacob Taubes, theologist^[189]
• Louis Wirth, sociologist^[190]

ASA Presidential Photo Reinhard Bendix (February 25, 1916-February 28, 1991) was an accomplished sociologist born in Berlin, Germany. ... Eduard Bernstein Eduard Bernstein (January 6, 1850 - December 18, 1932) was a German social democratic theoretician and politician, member of the SPD, and founder of evolutionary socialism or reformism. ... Evolutionary socialism is a form of socialist theory which was originally developed by Eduard Bernstein. ... Franz Boas Franz Boas (July 9, 1858 – December 21, 1942[1]) was one of the pioneers of modern anthropology and is often called the Father of American Anthropology. Born in Germany, Boas worked for most of his life in North America. ... Micha Brumlik (born 1947 in Davos, Switzerland) is professor of education at the Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main, Germany. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... Norbert Elias (born June 22, 1897 in Breslau, Germany (now Wrocław, Poland); died August 1, 1990 in Amsterdam) was a German sociologist of Jewish descent, who later became a British citizen. ... Amitai Etzioni. ... Shelomo Dov Goitein (April 3, 1900 — February 6, 1985) was an Arabist, historian, Jewish ethnographer, famous for his expositions of Jewish life in the Islamic Middle Ages, based on the analysis of thousands of Geniza documents, in particular, for his monumental 5-volume work A Mediterranean Society. ... Moses Hess Moses Hess (June 21, 1812– April 6, 1875), adopted the name Moritz. but later reverted to his original name Moses, thus re-claiming his Jewish identity. ... Eugene Kamenka(1928-1995) was born in Cologne in 1928 and taken to Australia in 1937. ... Siegfried Kracauer (February 8, 1889, Frankfurt am Main, Germany – November 26, 1966, New York) was a German-American writer, journalist, sociologist, and cultural critic, particularly of media such as film, as well as the urban form. ... Ferdinand Lassalle Ferdinand Lassalle (April 11, 1825 — August 31, 1864) was a German jurist and socialist political activist. ... Karl Mannheim (March 27, 1893, Budapest - January 9, 1947, London) was a Jewish Hungarian-born sociologist, influential in the first half of the 20th century and one of the founding fathers of classical sociology. ... Herbert Marcuse (July 19, 1898 – July 29, 1979) was a German-born philosopher, sociologist and a member of the Frankfurt School. ... The New Left is a term used in different countries to describe left-wing movements that occurred in the 1960s and 1970s. ... Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818 – March 14, 1883) was a 19th century philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary. ... This article is about the form of society and political movement. ... Franz Oppenheimer Franz Oppenheimer (born 30 March 1864 in Berlin; died 30 September 1943 in Los Angeles) was a German sociologist and political economist, who also in the area of the fundamental sociology of the state. ... Leo Löwenthal (* November 3, 1900, Frankfurt am Main - † January 21, 1993, Berkeley, California) was the German Sociologist of Frankfurt School. ... Georg Simmel Georg Simmel (March 1, 1858 – September 28, 1918, Berlin, Germany) was one of the first generation of German sociologists. ... Georg Steindorff (November 12, 1861, Dessau - August 28, 1951, North Hollywood, Californian) was a German Jewish Egyptologyst. ... Jacob Taubes (born 1923 in Vienna, died March 21, 1987 in Berlin) was a sociologist of religion, philosopher, and scholar of Judaism. ... Louis Wirth was born in Germany, but studied in the United States and became a leading figure in Chicago School sociology. ...

Historians

• Victor Ehrenberg (historian), historian^[32]
• Geoffrey Rudolph Elton (son of Wictor Ehrenberg) [191]
• Richard Ettinghausen, art historian^[192]
• Henry Friedlander, historian^[193]
• Saul Friedlander, historian^[32]
• Peter Gay, history^[32]
• George W. F. Hallgarten, historian ^[194]
• Richard Krautheimer, historian^[195]
• Arno Lustiger, historian^[196]
• Lothar Machtan ^{[citation needed]}
• Golo Mann, historian^[197]
• George Mosse, historian^[32]
• Eva Reichmann, historian and sociologist
• Ludwig Riess, historian^[32]
• Hans Rothfels, historian^[198]
• Fritz Stern, historian^[199]
• Michael Wolffsohn, historian ^[200]

Victor Ehrenberg (* November 22, 1891, Altona, Hamburg - January 25, 1976, London) was a German historian. ... Sir Geoffrey Rudolph Elton (August 17, 1921 – December 3, 1994) was a pre-eminent British historian of the Tudor period. ... Richard Ettinghausen (1906, Frankfurt am Main, Germany - 1979, Princeton, New Jersey) was a historian of Islamic art and chief curator of the Freer Gallery. ... Henry Friedlander (1930-) is a American historian of the Holocaust noted for his arguments in favor of broadening the scope of victims of the Holocaust. ... Saul Friedländer (born 1932) is a French-Israeli historian. ... Peter Gay (June 20, 1923-), a Jewish American historian of the social history of ideas, born in Berlin as Peter Joachim Fröhlich . ... George W. F. Hallgarten, or Georg(e) Wolfgang Friedrich(or Felix) Hallgarten (January 3, 1901, München - May 22, 1975, Washington) was a German-born American historian. ... Richard Krautheimer (born 1897 in Fürth (Franconia), Germany – died in Rome, Italy, 1994) was a 20th century Byzantinist and baroque scholar and architectural historian. ... Lothar Machtan Ph. ... Golo Mann (27 March 1909 - 7 April 1994 Leverkusen), was the third child of the novelist Thomas Mann. ... George Lachmann Mosse (September 20, 1918, Berlin, Germany-January 22, 1999, Madison, United States) was a German-born American left-wing Jewish gay historian of fascism in general and Nazi Germany in particular. ... Eva Gabriele Reichmann (* January 16, 1897 in Lublinitz (Upper-Silesia), † September 15, 1998 in London) was an eminent German historian and sociologist of Jewish origin. ... ΥLudwig Riess (December 1, 1861 - December 27, 1928) was a German-born Jewish historian. ... Hans Rothfels (April 12, 1891-June 22, 1976) was a conservative German nationalist historian. ... Fritz Richard Stern (1926- ) is an American historian of German history, Jewish history, and historiography. ... Michael Wolffsohn (May 17, 1947-) is an Israeli-born German historian. ...

Jurists

• Hannah Arendt, political theorist^[201]
• Jacob Friedrich Behrend, jurist^[33]
• David Daube, Professor of Law^[202]
• Heinrich Dernburg, jurist^[203]
• Victor Ehrenberg, jurist^[34]
• Hugo Haase, jurist^[204]
• Sir Otto Kahn-Freund, Professor of Law^[35]
• Hermann Kantorowicz, jurist^[205]
• Walter Kaskel, jurist^[206]
• Paul Laband, jurist, b. Breslau^[36]
• Otto Lenel, jurist^[207]
• Franz Neumann, legal theorist^[208]
• Arthur Nussbaum, jurist^[209]
• Joseph Süss Oppenheimer, financial planner & court Jew^[37]
• Gabriel Riesser, deputy speaker of Frankfurt Assembly in 1848, first Jewish judge in Hamburg^[210]
• Rudolf Schlesinger, jurist^[211]
• Georg Schwarzenberger, jurist ^[212]
• Hugo Sinzheimer, legal scholar^[213]
• Sigmund Zeisler, jurist^[214]

Hannah Arendt (October 14, 1906 – December 4, 1975) was a German Jewish political theorist. ... Jacob/Jakob Friedrich Behrend (born at Berlin September 13, 1833-January 9, 1907) was a German jurist; finished his studies in his native city at the university. ... David Daube DCL, FBA (8 February 1909, Freiburg, Germany-24 February 1999) was Regius Professor of Law at the University of Oxford and later Professor-in-Residence at the University of California, Berkeley. ... Heinrich Dernburg (March 3, 1829, Mayence - November 25, 1907) was a German jurist; brother of Friedrich Dernburg. ... Victor Gabriel Ehrenberg (August 22, 1851 - March 10, 1929) was a German jurist. ... Hugo Haase (September 29, 1863 - November 7, 1919) was a German politician, jurist, and pacifist. ... Sir Otto Kahn-Freund (17 November 1900, Frankfurt am Main - 16 August 1979, Oxford) was professor of comparative law, University of Oxford. ... Hermann Kantorowicz (November 18, 1877, Posen, Prussian Poland - February 12, 1940, Cambridge) was a German jurist. ... Carl John Walter Kaskel (February 2, 1882, Berlin - October 9, 1928, Berlin) was an German jurist. ... Image:Otto Lenel. ... Franz Leopold Neumann (May 23, 1900 – September 2, 1954 in Visp) was a German left-liberal political activist and labor lawyer, who became a political scientist in exile and is best-known for his theoretical analyses of National Socialism. ... Arthur Nussbaum (January 31, 1877 - November 22, 1964) was a German-born American jurist. ... Joseph Süß Oppenheimer (1698-1738) was a Jewish banker and financial planner for prince Karl Alexander von Württemberg in Stuttgart. ... Gabriel Riesser. ... Rudolf Schlesinger was the son of a lawyer and a relative of bankers. ... Hugo Sinzheimer (* 12 April 1875 in Worms, Germany; † 16 September 1945 in Bloemendaal-Overveen, the Netherlands) was a German legal scholar. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Linguists and philologists

• Theodor Benfey, linguist (Jewish father)^[215]
• Eduard Fraenkel, philologist^[38]
• Wilhelm Freund, philologist ^[216]
• Ludwig Friedländer, philologist [217]
• Julius Fürst, orientalist^[218]
• Theodor Goldstücker, linguist^[219]
• Moshe Goshen-Gottstein, linguist^[39]
• Victor Klemperer, linguist & diarist^[220]
• Siegbert Salomon Prawer, Professor of German^[40]
• Chaim Menachem Rabin, linguist^[41]
• Edward Sapir, anthropologist-linguist^[221]
• Ernest Simon, professor of Chinese^[42]
• Heymann Steinthal, linguist^[222]

Theodor Benfey (January 28, 1809 - June 26, 1881), German philologist was the son of a Jewish trader at Nörten, near Göttingen. ... Eduard David Mortier Fraenkel (born 17 March 1888 in Berlin; died 5 Feb. ... Wilhelm Freund (January 27, 1806 - June 4, 1894) was a German Jewish philologist, born at Kempen. ... Ludwig Friedlaender (July 16, 1824, Königsberg - December 16, 1909) was a German philologist. ... Julius Fürst (also Julius Furst) (1805–1873), German-Jewish orientalist. ... Theodor Goldstücker (January 18, 1821 - March 6, 1872), German Sanskrit scholar, was born of Jewish parents at Königsberg on the 18th of January 1821, and, after attending the gymnasium of that town, entered the university in 1836 as a student of Sanskrit. ... Moshe Goshen-Gottstein (1925, Berlin–1991, Jerusalem) was professor of Semitic linguistics and biblical philology at the Hebrew University and director of the lexicographical institute and Biblical research institute of Bar-Ilan University. ... Victor Klemperer (Landsberg (Prussia), now Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland, October 9, 1881–February 11, 1960, Dresden, GDR), decorated veteran of World War I, businessman, journalist and eventually a Professor of Literature, specialising in the French Enlightenment at the Technical College of Dresden (now Technische Universität Dresden). He was the... Siegbert Salomon Prawer (born 1925 in Cologne, Germany and educated at King Henry VIII School, Coventry and Jesus College, Cambridge) is Taylor Emeritus Professor of German Language and Literature at the University of Oxford. ... Chaim Menachem Rabin (1915 - 1996）was an Israeli professor of Hebraic and semitic languages, of German origin. ... Edward Sapir (IPA: ), (January 26, 1884 – February 4, 1939) was an American anthropologist-linguist, a leader in American structural linguistics, and one of the creators of what is now called the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. ... Ernest Julius Walter Simon FBA (10 June 1893 Berlin-22 February 1981, London) was Professor of Chinese, University of London, 1947-60. ... Heymann/Hermann Steinthal, German philologist and philosopher; born at Gröbzig, Anhalt, May 16, 1823; died at Berlin March 14, 1899. ...

Educationalists

• Lewis Elton, educationalist [223]
• Kurt Hahn,^[43] educationalist

Lewis Elton (born circa 1923) is a German-born British researcher into education, specialising in higher education. ... Kurt Hahn Kurt Martin Hahn (5 June, 1886 - 14 December, 1974) was a German educator who founded projects such as the Schule Schloss Salem in Germany, Gordonstoun in Scotland, Atlantic College in Wales, the United World Colleges movement, and the Outward Bound schools. ...

Cultural figures

Showbusiness

• Hugo Egon Balder, comedian, producer (Jewish mother)^[224],
• Ludwig Berger, director^[225]
• Lotte Berk, dancer and health guru^[44]
• Kurt Bernhardt, director^[45]
• Artur Brauner, film producer^[226]
• Friedrich Dalsheim, director ^[227]
• Michael Degen, actor^[228]
• Ernst Dohm, actor, editor^[229]
• Hedwig Dohm-Pringsheim, actress^[230]
• E.A. Dupont, director ^[231]
• Michel Friedman, TV personality^[232]
• Kurt Gerron, stage actor & film director^[233]
• Dora Gerson, actress, cabaret singer^[234]
• Therese Giehse, actress Pepermill^[235]
• Lou Jacobs, clown^[236]
• Ludwig Karl Koch, broadcaster and sound recordist ^[46]
• Carl Laemmle, film producer^[237]
• Dani Levy, film maker, theatrical director and actor^[238]
• Ernst Lubitsch, director^[239]
• Inge Meysel, actress (Jewish father)^[240]
• Richard Oswald, director^[241]
• Lilli Palmer, actress^[242]
• Oliver Polak, actor
• Marcel Reif, presenter (Jewish father)^[243]
• Hans Rosenthal, one of Germany's most popular TV personalities in history^[244]
• Susan Sideropoulos, actress ^[245]
• Robert Siodmak, director^[246]
• Ruth Westheimer, sex therapist^[247]
• Konrad Wolf, film director^[47]
• Peter Zadek, theatre director^[48]

Hugo Egon Balder (born March 22, 1950 in Berlin) is a German actor and comedian. ... Lotte Berk (January 13, 1913 - November 4, 2003) was a dancer and teacher. ... Artur „Atze“ BRAUNER (born on August 1, 1918 in Łódź, Poland) is german film producer and entrepreneur. ... Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst (or Ernest) Dohm, born Elias Levy Dohm, pseudonym is Karlchen Mießnick (b. ... Gertrud Hedwig Anna Dohm, later G. Hedwig A. Pringsheim (1855 - 1942) was a German actress. ... Michel Friedman (born January 25, 1956 in Paris) is a German former lawyer, CDU politician and talk show host. ... Kurt Gerron Kurt Gerron (May 11, 1897 – November 15, 1944) was a German Jewish actor and film director during the Nazi period. ... Dora Gerson Dora Gerson (March 23, 1899 - February 14, 1943) was a Jewish German cabaret singer and motion picture actress of the silent film era who was notoriously murdered with her family at Auschwitz. ... Therese Giehse (Munich,1898-Munich, 1975), real name Therese Gift, was a German actress. ... One of the most recognizable faces in the international circus world, Master Clown Lou Jacobs Categories: | | ... Ludwig Karl Koch MBE (13 November 1881, Frankfurt am Main - 4 May 1974, Harrow, London) was a broadcaster and sound recordist. ... Carl Laemmle Birthplace of Carl Laemmle in Laupheim Carl Laemmle (17 January 1867 – 24 September 1939), born in Laupheim, Württemberg, Germany, was a pioneer in American film making and a founder of one of the original major Hollywood movie studios. ... Dani Levy (born November 17, 1957 in Basel, Switzerland) is a film maker, theatrical director director and actor. ... Ernst Lubitsch (January 28, 1892 – November 30, 1947), was a German-born Jewish film director. ... Inge Meysel Inge Meysel (May 30, 1910 – July 10, 2004) was a German actress. ... Richard Oswald (real name: ; born November 5, 1880 in Vienna; died September 11, 1963 in Düsseldorf) was an Austrian film director and screenwriter. ... Lilli Palmer (born Lillie Marie Peiser on May 24, 1914 in Posen, Prussia, Germany (then - after WW I - Poznań, Poland) - January 27, 1986 in Los Angeles) was an international actress. ... Susan Sideropoulos (b. ... Robert Siodmak (August 8, 1900 - March 10, 1973) was a film director born in Memphis, Tennessee (sometimes his birthplace is stated as Dresden, Germany). ... Ruth Westheimer, Ed. ... Konrad Wolf (Hechingen 20 October 1925 - Berlin, 7 March 1982) was a East German film director, son of Friedrich Wolf, brother of Markus Wolf. ... Peter Zadek (pronounced [cạ:dɛk]; born 1926) is a German theatre and film director, play translator and screenwriter. ...

Musicians

• Hillel Lowinsky, bassist
• Samuel Adler, composer^[248]
• Haim Alexander, composer^[249]
• Tzvi Avni, composer^[250]
• Paul Ben-Haim, composer^[251]
• Julius Benedict, composer ^[252]
• Wolf Biermann, singer/songwriter (Jewish father)^[253]
• Yehezkel Braun, Israeli composer^[254]
• Ignaz Brull, composer
• Manfred Bukofzer, musicologist^[255]
• Paul Dessau, composer^[49]
• Abel Ehrlich, Israeli composer^[256]
• Alfred Einstein, musicologist^[50]
• Hanns Eisler, German-born composer (Jewish father)^[257]
• Lukas Foss, composer & conductor^[258]
• Alexander Goehr, composer^[51]
• Walter Goehr, conductor^[259]
• Berthold Goldschmidt, composer^[52]
• Bernard Greenhouse, cellist^[260]
• George Henschel, singer & conductor^[261]
• Alfred Hertz, conductor^[262]
• André Herzberg, musician (Pankow) ^[263]
• Ferdinand Hiller, composer
• Gerard Hoffnung, musicologist [264]
• Friedrich Holländer, composer^[265]
• Salomon Jadassohn, composer^[266]
• Leon Jessel, composer^[267]
• Robert Kahn, composer^[268]
• Otto Klemperer, conductor^[269]
• Robert Lachmann, musicologist^[270]
• Ludwig Lenel, organist and composer
• Hermann Levi, conductor^[53]
• Alfred Lion & Frank Wulff, founders of Blue Note Records^[271]
• Edward Lowinsky, musicologist^[54]
• Michael Mann, musician (Jewish mother)^[272]
• Arnold Mendelssohn, organist^[273]
• Felix Mendelssohn, composer & conductor (Jewish ancestry but raised Lutheran)^[274]
• Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel, composer^[275]
• Giacomo Meyerbeer, composer^[55]
• Ben-Zion Orgad, Israeli composer^[276]
• Menahem Pressler, pianist^[277]
• André Previn, conductor^[278]
• Franz Reizenstein, pianist, composer^[279]
• Curt Sachs, musicologist, co-founder of modern organology^[280]
• Kurt Sanderling, conductor^[281]
• Adolf Martin Schlesinger, music publisher ^[282]
• Heinrich Sontheim, tenor ^[283]
• William Steinberg, conductor^[284]
• Erich Walter Sternberg, composer^[56]
• Josef Tal, composer^[285]
• Ilia Trilling, synagogue composer^[286]
• Ignatz Waghalter, composer & conductor^[287]
• Bruno Walter, conductor (Jewish father)^[288]
• Franz Waxman, film composer^[289]
• Kurt Weill, composer^[290]
• Stefan Wolpe, composer^[291]
• Alec Empire, member of Atari Teenage Riot^[292]
• Hilde Zadek, soprano^[293]

Samuel (Sam) Adler (born March 4, 1928) is an American composer and conductor. ... Haim Alexander (1915-) is a German-born composer who has lived in Israel since 1936. ... Tzvi Avni (b. ... Paul Ben-Haim (or Paul Ben-Chaim, in Hebrew  ×¤××•×œ בן חיים‎ ) (1897 – January 14, 1984) was an Israeli composer. ... Sir Julius Benedict (November 27, 1804 - June 5, 1885), was a German-born composer and conductor, resident in England for most of his career. ... Karl Wolf Biermann (born 15 November 1936 in Hamburg) is a former East German dissident who works as a German Liedermacher (songwriter). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Ignaz Brüll (November 7, 1846 - September 17, 1907) was an Austrian pianist and composer. ... Manfred Bukofzer (March 27, 1910–December 7, 1955) was a German-American musicologist and humanist. ... Paul Dessau (b. ... Abel Ehrlich (1915 in Cranz, East Prussia - October 30, 2003, in Tel Aviv, Israel) was an Israeli composer notable for winning the Prime Ministers Prize for Israeli Composers and the Israel Prize for Music [1]. ^ Israeli Music Institute Biography Categories: | ... Alfred Einstein (December 30, 1880–February 13, 1952), was a German-American musicologist and music editor. ... Hanns Eisler (July 6, 1898 - September 6, 1962) was a German and Austrian composer. ... Lukas Foss (born Lukas Fuchs, August 15, 1922 in Berlin, Germany) is an American composer and conductor. ... Alexander Goehr (born 10 August 1932 in Berlin) is an English composer and academic. ... Walter Goehr was a German composer, born 1903 in Berlin, died 1960 in Sheffield. ... Berthold Goldschmidt (b. ... Bernard Greenhouse (born 1916) is a well-known cellist and one of the founding members of the Beaux Arts Trio. ... George Henschel (Ismoa Georg] (1850 - 1934), English musician (naturalized 1890), of German family, was born at Breslau, and educated as a pianist, making his first public appearance in Berlin in 1862. ... Alfred Hertz was featured on the cover of Time magazine, October 31 1927 Alfred Hertz (born July 15, 1872 in Frankfurt, died April 17, 1942 in San Francisco, was a German-American conductor. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Ferdinand Hiller (October 24, 1811 - May 12, 1885), was a German composer of the romantic era. ... Gerard Hoffnung (1925-1959) was an artist and musician, best known for his humorous works. ... Friedrich Hollaender (1896-1976) was a German composer. ... Salomon Jadassohn (1831–1902) was a composer and pedagogue of Jewish and German origin. ... Leon Jessel, or Léon Jessel (January 22, 1871, Stettin - January 4, 1942, Berlin) was a German composer. ... Robert Kahn (b. ... Otto Klemperer (May 14, 1885 – July 6, 1973) was a German-born conductor and composer. ... Robert Lachmann (November 28, 1892, Berlin - May 8, 1939, Jerusalem) was a German-born Israeli musicologist. ... Ludwig Lenel (* 1914 in Strassburg † 2002 in Allentown, Pennsylvania, USA) was an organist and composer. ... Hermann Levi (born November 7, 1839 in Giessen; died May 13, 1900 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen) was a German orchestral conductor. ... Alfred Lion (left) with Blue Note Records co-founder Francis Wolff Alfred Lion (1909-1987), along with his childhood friend, Francis Wolff, was the founder of Blue Note Records in 1939. ... Blue Note Records is a jazz record label, established in 1939 by Alfred Lion and Francis Wolff. ... Michael Mann is the name of: Michael Mann (film director) (born 1943) Michael Mann (scientist), climate researcher. ... Portrait of Mendelssohn by the English miniaturist James Warren Childe (1778-1862), 1839 Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, born and generally known as Felix Mendelssohn (February 3, 1809 – November 4, 1847) is a German composer, pianist and conductor of the early Romantic period. ... Fanny Cacilie Mendelssohn-Bartholdy (November 14, 1805 - May 14, 1847), later Fanny Hensel, was a German pianist and amateur composer. ... Giacomo Meyerbeer Giacomo Meyerbeer (September 5, 1791 – May 2, 1864) was a noted German-born opera composer, and the first great exponent of Grand Opera. ... Ben-Zion Orgad (b. ... Menahem Pressler (born 16 December 1923, Magdeburg) is a German pianist. ... André Previn (born April 6, 1929)¹ is a prominent pianist, orchestral conductor, and composer. ... Franz Reizenstein ((1911-October 15, 1968) was a German-born British composer and concert-pianist. ... Curt Sachs (June 29, 1881 - February 5, 1959) was a German musicologist. ... Center For Arabic Culture (CAC) == http://www. ... Kurt Sanderling (born September 19, 1912) was a conductor (he announced his retirement in 2002). ... Adolf Martin Schlesinger (born Sülz, Silesia, 4 October 1769, died Berlin, 11 October 1838) was a German music publisher whose firm became one of the most influential in Berlin in the early nineteenth century. ... William Steinberg (originally Hans Wilhelm Steinberg) (August 1, 1899 – May 16, 1978) was a German Jewish conductor. ... Erich Walter Sternberg (אריך ולטר-שטרנברג, May 31, 1891, Berlin - December 15, 1974, Tel Aviv) was a German-born Israeli composer. ... Ilia Trilling, Ilya Trilling (1895, Elberfeld (now Wuppertal) – 1947) was a German-born Yiddish theatrical producer, composer for Yiddish theatrical works; actived on Poland, Ukraine, USA. Throughout the 1920s, until he emigrated to USA. Works External links http://www. ... Ignatz Waghalter (March 15, 1881 – April 7, 1949) was a Polish-German composer and conductor. ... Bruno Walter (Bruno Walter Schlesinger) (September 15, 1876 – February 17, 1962) was a German-born conductor and composer. ... Franz Waxman (December 24, 1906, Königshütte, Upper Silesia (now Chorzów, Poland) - February 24, 1967, Los Angeles, California), born Franz Wachsmann, was a German-born Jewish-American composer, known for his bravura Carmen Fantasy for violin and orchestra and for his musical scores for films. ... Kurt Julian Weill (March 2, 1900 – April 3, 1950), born in Dessau, Germany and died in New York City, was a German and in his later years, a German-American composer active from the 1920s until his death. ... Stefan Wolpe (August 25, 1902 – April 4, 1972) was a German-born composer. ... Alec Empire (born May 2, 1972) is a German musician. ... Atari Teenage Riot (abbreviated ATR) was a German Digital hardcore group formed in Berlin in 1992. ...

Artists

• Friedrich Adler, Jugendstil and Art Deco designer
• Anni Albers, textile designer^[294]
• Frank Auerbach, painter^[295]
• Eduard Bendemann, painter^[57]
• Martin Bloch, British painter^[296]
• Erwin Blumenfeld, photographer^[297]
• Siegried Einstein, author and poet
• Alfred Eisenstaedt, photographer^[298]
• Benno Elkan, sculptor^[58]
• James Ingo Freed, architect^[299]
• Lucian Freud, painter^[300]
• Gisèle Freund, photographer^[301]
• Eva Hesse, materials artist^[302]
• Erich Kahn, painter, expressionist^[303]
• Eugen Kaufmann, architect^[304]
• Hugo Lederer (1871 - 1940) sculptor ^[59]
• Max Liebermann, painter^[305]
• Wilhelm Löwith, artist^[306]
• Peter Max, pop artist^[307]
• Ludwig Meidner, painter^[308]
• Erich Mendelsohn, architect^[309]
• Helmut Newton, photographer (Jewish father)^[310]
• Felix Nussbaum, painter^[311]
• Meret Oppenheim, surrealist^[312]
• Erwin Panofsky, art historian^[313]
• Hans Schleger, designer^[314]
• Charlotte Salomon, artist^[315]
• Erich Salomon, news photographer^[316]
• Victor Weisz, Vicky, cartoonist^[60]

Friedrich Adler, born 1878 in Laupheim, died 1943 in Auschwitz, was a German professor, artist and designer of Jewish faith. ... Annelise Albers (née Fleischmann) (1899 - May 9, 1994) was a German-American textile artist and printmaker. ... Frank Helmut Auerbach (born April 29, 1931) is a jewish painter. ... Eduard Julius Friedrich Bendemann (born 3 December 1811 in Berlin; died 27 December 1889 in Dusseldorf) was a German painter. ... Erwin Blumenfeld (1897 - 1969) was an American photographer. ... Alfred Eisenstaedt (December 6, 1898[1] – August 24, 1995) was a German American photographer and photojournalist. ... Benno Elkan OBE (2 December 1877, Dortmund, Westphalia - 10 January 1960, London) was a German-born British sculptor and medallist. ... James Ingo Freed (June 23, 1930-December 15, 2005) was an American architect of German Jewish heritage. ... Lucian Michael Freud, OM, CH (born 8 December 1922) is a British painter and printmaker. ... Gisèle Freund (November 19, 1908 or 1912 - March 31, 2000) was a German-born French photographer, famous for her documentary photographs and portraits of writers and artists. ... Eva Hesse (January 11, 1936 - May 29, 1970), was a German-born American sculptor, known for her pioneering work in materials such as latex, fiberglass, and plastics. ... Erich Kahn was a German Expressionist, and a survivor of the Nazi persecution of Jews and Gypsies during the events that led to World War II. He was born and lived in Germany until, persecuted by Nazis, he found himself imprisoned at the Welzheim concentration camp. ... Eugen Carl Kaufmann or Eugene Charles Kent (January 8, 1892, Frankfurt/Main - June 21, 1984, London) was German-born English Jewish architect. ... Prof. ... Max Liebermann in 1904 Max Liebermann (July 20, 1847 in Berlin - February 8, 1935) was a German painter. ... Peter Max (born October 19, 1937 as Peter Finkelstein) is an American Pop artist. ... Ludwig Meidner (1884-1966) was a German expressionist painter. ... Translation in progress Erich Mendelsohn (21 March 1887 – 15 September 1953) was a German Jewish architect, known for his expressionist buildings in the 1920s, the first in their style. ... Helmut Newton portrait on his gravestone. ... Felix Nussbaum (December 11, 1904, Osnabrück, Germany – 1944, Auschwitz concentration camp, Poland) was a German-Jewish painter. ... Méret Oppenheim (1913–1985) was a German-born Swiss Dada and Surrealist artist, and photographer. ... Erwin Panofsky (1892-1968) was a German art historian and essayist often credited with the founding of the academic iconography. ... Charlotte Salomon (1917-1943) was a German Jewish artist born in Berlin. ... Erich Salomon (April 28, 1886 – July 7, 1944) was a German-born news photographer known for his pictures in the diplomatic and legal professions and the innovative methods he used to acquire them. ... Victor Weisz (25 April 1913–22 February 1966) was a German political cartoonist, drawing under the name of Vicky. ...

Writers

• Erich Auerbach, literature critic^[317]
• Julius Bab, dramatist and theater critic^[61]
• Jurek Becker, writer^[318]
• Maxim Biller, writer^[319]
• Ludwig Börne, satirist^[320]
• Otto Brahm, literary critic^[321]
• Henryk Broder, journalist^[322]
• Walter Benjamin, literary critic & philosopher^[323]
• Emil Carlebach, writer, dissident^[324]
• Joseph Derenbourg, orientalist, father of Hartwig Derenbourg^[325]
• Hilde Domin, poet^[326]
• Lion Feuchtwanger, novelist^[327]
• Hubert Fichte, author (Jewish father)^[328]
• Anne Frank, diarist^[329]
• Karen Gershon, poet (1923-1993) [330]
• Friedrich Gundolf, literary man^[331]
• Glückel of Hameln, 18th-century Yiddish diarist^[332]
• Maximilian Harden, journalists^[333]
• Heinrich Heine, poet ^[62]
• Stefan Heym, novelist, politician^[334]
• Wolfgang Hildesheimer^[335]
• Edgar Hilsenrath, novelist^[336]
• Barbara Honigmann, writer^[337]
• Heinrich Eduard Jacob, writer and journalist^[63]
• Siegfried Jacobsohn, journalist and theater critic^[338]
• Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, novelist and screenwriter^[339]
• Wladimir Kaminer, short story writer^[340]
• Judith Kerr, children's writer^[341]
• Victor Klemperer, writer^[64]
• Fabian Kutz, journalist
• Else Lasker-Schüler, writer, poet & artist^[342]
• Gila Lustiger, author^[343]
• Erika Mann, writer, actress (Jewish mother)^[344]
• Klaus Mann, writer (Jewish mother)^[345]
• Monika Mann, writer (Jewish mother)^[346]
• Julius Mosen, born Moses ^[347]
• Erich Mühsam, anarchist poet^[348]
• Henning Pawel, child-book author, writer.^[349]
• Solomon Perel, author^[350]
• Alan Posener, chief columnist of Welt am Sonntag (Jewish father)
• Marcel Reich-Ranicki, literary critic^[65]
• H. A. Rey & Margret Rey, creators of Curious George^[351]
• Renate Rubinstein (Jewish father)^[352]
• Nelly Sachs, poet, Nobel Prize (1966)^[353]
• Moriz Seeler, poet^[66]
• Anna Seghers, novelist^[354]
• Oskar Seidlin, writer ^[355]
• Rafael Seligmann, writer^[356]
• Süßkind von Trimberg, middle age writer, minnesinger^[357]
• Kurt Tucholsky, writer (converted to Protestantism)^[358]
• Samuel Ullman, poet ^[359]
• Rahel Varnhagen, writer and saloniste (converted to Christianity)^[67]
• Moritz Callmann Wahl^[68]
• Jakob Wassermann, novelist^[360]
• Trude Weiss-Rosmarin^[69]
• Jeanette Wohl^[361]
• Friedrich Wolf, writer, physician^[362]
• Carl Zuckmayer, playwright (Jewish mother)^[363]
• Arnold Zweig, writer^[364]
• Stefanie Zweig, novelist^[365]

Erich Auerbach (November 9, 1892 in Berlin - October 13, 1957 in Wallingford, Connecticut) was a German philologist and comparative scholar and critic of literature. ... Julius Bab (December 11, 1880 - February 12, 1955) was a German dramatist and theater critic. ... Jurek Becker (* September 30, 1937, Lodz (Poland), † March 14, 1997, Berlin) was a german writer. ... Maxim Biller (born 1960) is a German writer. ... Karl Ludwig Börne (6 May 1786 - 12 February 1837; also spelled Boerne) was a German political writer and satirist. ... Otto Brahm (born Otto Abrahamson on 5 February 1856 in Hamburg; died 28 November 1912 in Berlin) was a German drama and literary critic, theatre manager and director. ... Henryk Modest Broder (born August 20, 1946) is a Jewish-German journalist and author. ... Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin (July 15, 1892 – September 27, 1940) was a German Marxist literary critic, essayist, translator, and philosopher. ... Emil Carlebach (July 10, 1914 - April 9, 2001) was a German journalist and writer. ... Joseph Derenbourg, or Joseph Naftali Derenburg (21 August 1811 - 29 July 1895) was a Franco-German orientalist. ... Hartwig Derenbourg (17 June 1844 -1908) was an Orientalist. ... Hilde Domin (27 July 1909 – 22 February 2006), whose real name was Hilde Palm, was a German lyric poet and writer. ... Lion Feuchtwanger (pseudonym: J.L. Wetcheek) (7 July 1884 - 21 December 1958) was a German-Jewish novelist who was imprisoned in a French internment camp in Les Milles and later escaped to Los Angeles with the help of his wife, Marta. ... Annelies Marie Anne Frank ( ) (June 12, 1929 – early March, 1945) was a European Jewish girl (born in Germany, stateless since 1941, but she claimed to be Dutch as she grew up in the Netherlands) who wrote a diary while in hiding with her family and four friends in Amsterdam during... Karen Gershon, born Kaethe Loewenthal (1923-1993) was a German-born British poet. ... Friedrich Gundolf , born Friedrich Leopold Gundelfinger (1880 – 1931) was a German-Jewish literary scholar and poet. ... Glückel of Hameln (also spelled Gluckel or Gluckl of Hamelin) (1647, Hamburg - September 17, 1727, Metz) was a Jewish businesswoman and diarist, whose account of her life provides scholars with an intimate picture of Jewish life in Germany in the late-seventeenth-early eighteenth century. ... Maximilian Harden in 1914 Maximilian Harden (a pen name; he was born Witkowski) was an influential German journalist who published the journal Die Zukunft, at the beginning of the 20th century. ... Christian Johann Heinrich Heine (December 13, 1797 – February 17, 1856) was a journalist, an essayist, and one of the most significant German romantic poets. ... Stefan Heym (April 10, 1913 - December 16, 2001 ) was a German - Jewish writer, who was born in Chemnitz and died in Israel. ... Wolfgang Hildesheimer (b. ... Barbara Honigmann (b 12 February 1949 in Berlin) is a German author and artist. ... Siegfried Jaobsohns grave in Berlin Siegfried Jacobsohn (28 January 1881 - 3 December 1926) was a German writer. ... Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, CBE (born May 7, 1927) is a Booker prize-winning novelist, short story writer, and two-time Academy Award-winning screenwriter. ... Wladimir Kaminer, (born July 19, 1967), is a Russian-born German short story writer, columnist, and disc jockey. ... Judith Kerr in 2003, seen with her husband Nigel Kneale and the original monster they created for the climax of his 1953 BBC Television serial The Quatermass Experiment. ... Victor Klemperer (Landsberg (Prussia), now Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland, October 9, 1881–February 11, 1960, Dresden, GDR), decorated veteran of World War I, businessman, journalist and eventually a Professor of Literature, specialising in the French Enlightenment at the Technical College of Dresden (now Technische Universität Dresden). He was the... Else Lasker-Schüler (born February 11, 1869 in Elberfeld, Wuppertal; died January 22, 1945 in Jerusalem) was a German Jewish poet. ... Erika Mann Erika Julia Hedwig Mann (November 9, 1905 – August 27, 1969) was the eldest daughter of novelist Thomas Mann and Katia Mann. ... Klaus Mann at 12 years old. ... Monika Mann, a novelist, was born on July 7, 1910 in Munich and died March 17, 1992 in Leverkusen, Germany and is a sister to Klaus, Erika and Golo Mann, and niece of the novelist Heinrich Mann. ... Julius Mosen (1803-1867), German poet and author, was born at Marieney in the Saxon Vogtland on July 8, 1803. ... Erich Mühsam (1878-1934) Erich Mühsam (6 April 1878 in Berlin, Germany – 10 July 1934 Oranienburg Concentration Camp) (also spelled Muehsam or Muhsam) was an German-Jewish anarchist, writer, poet, dramatist and cabaret performer. ... Anarchism is a generic term describing various political philosophies and social movements that advocate the elimination of hierarchy and imposed authority. ... Solomon Perel (also Shlomo Perel or Sally Perel) was born April 21, 1925 in Peine, Lower Saxony, Germany. ... Welt am Sonntag (World on Sunday) is a national German national Sunday newspaper published by Axel Springer AG, and established in 1948. ... Marcel Reich-Ranicki (born 2 June 1920, at WÅ‚ocÅ‚awek, Poland) is a famous German literary critic, and a member of the literary group Gruppe 47. ... Margret and H. A. Rey in 1951 Hans Augusto H.A. Rey (September 16, 1898 – August 26, 1977), together with his wife Margret Rey, were the authors and illustrators of childrens books, best known for their Curious George series. ... Margret Elizabeth Rey (May 16, 1906 – December 21, 1996), born Margarete Elisabeth Waldstein, was (with her husband H.A. Rey), the co-author and illustrator of childrens books, best known for their Curious George Although she was born in Germany, she fled to Brazil early in her life to... This article is about the childrens book series. ... Renate Ida Rubinstein (Berlin, November 16th 1929 - Amsterdam, November 23th 1990) was a Dutch writer, journalist and columnist. ... Nelly Sachs, (10 December 1891, Berlin – 12 May 1970, Stockholm) was a German poet and dramatist who was transformed by the Nazi experience from a dilettante into a poignant spokesperson for the grief and yearnings of her fellow Jews. ... Moriz Seeler (March 1, 1896 — after August 15, 1942), German writer, poet, film producer, and man of the theatre. ... Anna Seghers (November 19, 1900 - June 1, German writer who was born in Mainz and died in Berlin. ... Oskar Seidlin (February 17, 1911 — December 11, 1984); German-born American poet, writer of children’s stories, and literary scholar. ... Süßkind, der Jude von Trimberg(Süßkind, the Judaist from Trimberg) (Manesse Codex, 14c. ... Minnesang was the tradition of lyric and song writing in Germany which flourished in the 12th century and continued into the 14th century. ... Kurt Tucholsky Kurt Tucholsky (January 9, 1890 – December 21, 1935) was a German journalist, satirist and writer. ... Samuel Ullman (1840 Hechingen, Germany - March 21, 1924) was an American businessman, poet, humanitarian. ... Rahel Varnhagen née Levin (b. ... Moritz Callmann Wahl (March 28, 1829 – October 15, 1887) was a German writer. ... Jakob Wassermann (March 10, 1873 - January 1, 1934) was a German and Jewish writer and novelist. ... Dr. Trude Weiss-Rosmarin Trude Weiss-Rosmarin (June 17, 1908–June 26, 1989) was a German Jewish writer, editor, scholar, and feminist activist. ... Jeanette Wohl (October 16, 1783, Frankfurt am Main - November 27, 1861, Paris) was a wife and correspondent of Ludwig Börne. ... Friedrich Wolf (December 23, 1888 - October 5, 1953) was a German doctor and writer. ... Carl Zuckmayer (December 27, 1896 – January 18, 1977) was a German writer and playwright. ... Arnold Zweig (November 10, 1887 - November 26, 1968) was a German writer and an active pacifist. ... Stefanie Zweig is a German Jewish writer. ...

Entrepreneurs

See also Court Jews

This article does not cite any references or sources. (December 2006) Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.

Please help improve this article or section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. (March 2007)

• Albert Ballin, cruise ship entrepreneur
• Alfred Beit, financier ^[70]
• August Belmont
  • August Belmont II
• Gottfried Bermann
• Gerson von Bleichröder, financier, advisor of Bismarck
• Buchsbaum family
• Sir Ernest Cassel, banker^[71]
• Otto Frank, ran pectin-related small business, but most famous as father of Anne Frank
• Friedenthal family
  • Markus Bär Friedenthal, banker, scholar
• Fritz von Friedländer-Fuld, industrialist de
• Fürst family, court Jews in Hamburg
  • Moses Israel Fürst financier and merchant
  • Chajim Fürst, financier and head of the Jewish community
• Marcus Goldman, founder of Goldman Sachs in America
• Eduard Gümbel
• Charles Hallgarten
• Maurice de Hirsch, banker ^[72]
• Karl Amson Joel (not philosopher Karl Joel (philosopher)), textile merchant & manufacturer, the greatfather of Alexander Joel and Billy Joel
• Otto Hermann Kahn
• Richard Lenel, german industrialist, founding member of Lufthansa and German Bank
• Sir Robert Mayer, German-born businessman and philanthropist ^[366]
• Mosse family
  • Rudolf Mosse and family, newspaper magnates
• Oppenheimer family
  • Ernest Oppenheimer, diamond tycoon
• Emil Rathenau, founder of AEG, father of Walter Rathenau
• Paul Reuter, founder of Reuters
• Rothschild banking family of Germany
  • Mayer Amschel Rothschild and family, financiers & bankers
• Seligman family
  • Joseph Seligman, banker & US civil war financier
• Schocken family
  • Salman Schocken (born at Posen district)
• Jacob Schiff (Jacob H. Schiff), railroad financier
• Kilian von Steiner, banker
• Max Stern
• Levi Strauss, clothing manufacturer
• Straus family
  • Isidor Straus owner of Macy's department store & RMS Titanic victim
• Leonhard Tietz, Oscar Tietz & Hermann Tietz, founders of Kaufhof & Hertie department stores
• Oscar Troplowitz, pharmacist, entrepreneur Beiersdorf, developer of Nivea and other household products
• Warburg family
  • Siegmund Warburg, banker
• Georg Wertheim, founder of Wertheim department stores
• Emil Jellinek, born in Leipzig. He was a wealthy entrepreneur down the French Riviera, coining Mercedes trademark --which became Mercedes Benz nowadays--. He was Austro-Hungarian diplomat also --residing in Vienna--.
• Adolf Silverberg [de]
  • Abraham Mendelssohn Bartholdy
• Itzig family
  • Daniel Itzig
• Alois Dessauer
• Mannheimer pedigree
  • Fritz Mannheimer
  • Max Mannheimer
  • Victor Mannheimer (-1928), brother of Fritz
• Warburg family
  • Felix Warburg
  • Max Warburg
  • Paul Warburg
• Stef Wertheimer [367] "77 year old German-born Stef Wertheimer"
• Hugo Reiss
  • Marie Annette Reiss / Jane Engelhard (Jewish father)
• Oppenheim pedigree and-banking family; founders of Sal. Oppenheim
  • Abraham Oppenheim
  • Alfred Freiherr von Oppenheim
• Abraham Kuhn and Solomon Loeb, founders of Kuhn, Loeb & Co.
• Loeb pedigree
  • Maurice Loeb
  • Solomon Loeb
• Gustav Wilhelm Wolff, founder of Harland and Wolff^[368]
• Markus Wolf, East German spymaster (Jewish father)

Court Jew (from German: Hofjude(n), Hoffaktor) is a term for historical Jewish bankers or businessmen who lent money and handled finances of some of the Christian European noble houses. ... Image File history File links Question_book-3. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Albert Ballin ca. ... Alfred Beit (1853-16 July 1906) was a South African diamond magnate. ... August Belmont August Belmont, Sr. ... August Belmont, Jr. ... Gottfried Bermann, later Gottfried Bermann-Fischer (July 31, 1897, Gleiwitz, Silesia - September 17, 1995, Camaiore) was a German publisher. ... Gerson von Bleichröder (* 22 December 1822 in Berlin, † 18 February 1893) was a Berlin Banker. ... Look up Buchsbaum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Ernest Cassel painted by Anders Zorn, 1886 Sir Ernest Cassel (1852-1921) was a British merchant banker and capitalist. ... Otto Frank Otto Heinrich Frank (May 12, 1889 – August 19, 1980) was the father of Anne Frank. ... Annelies Marie Anne Frank ( ) (June 12, 1929 – early March, 1945) was a European Jewish girl (born in Germany, stateless since 1941, but she claimed to be Dutch as she grew up in the Netherlands) who wrote a diary while in hiding with her family and four friends in Amsterdam during... // Onomastics and disambiguational information about the wiords, place & human names that forms Fried-, Frid/Fryd- (Yiddish: ; Russian: ), Freed-. On the onomastics in Judaism, there are variants: Fried, Fridberg/Friedberg, Friedeberg, Friedberger, Friedburg, Friedfeld, Friedheim, Friedenheim, Friedhoff, Friedkas, Friedland, Friedland-Freeman, Friedlaender/Friedlander/Friedlender, Friedlieber, Friedmann/Fridmann/Frydman/Friedman, Friedenwald, Friedrich... Markus Bär Friedenthal (born June 23, 1779/1780/1781, Groß Glogau - December 3/December 8, 1859, Breslau) was a German Jewish banker and scholar Although one of the leading bankers at Breslau, he devoted much time to study and to communal affairs. ... Fürst (plural Fürsten) is a German title of nobility, usually translated into English as Prince; however this translation can be misleading, since a Fürst usually ranks below a Duke. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... Heinrich Chajim Fürst, born 1592 in Copenhagen, Denmark, died 1653 in Hamburg-Altona, Germany, was a merchant and court agent as well as an elder of the Jewish community of Hamburg. ... Marcus Goldman is the founder of the investment banking firm Goldman Sachs. ... The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. ... Charles Hallgarten, or Charles/Karl Lazarus Halgarten (November 18, 1838, Mainz - April 19, 1908, Frankfurt/Main) was a German banker, philanthropist. ... Maurice de Hirsch, Baron Moritz von Hirsch auf Gereuth, in the baronage of Bavaria (December 9, 1831 - April 21, 1896), capitalist and philanthropist (German by birth, Austro-Hungarian by domicile), was born in Munich. ... Karl Amson Joel (1889 - c. ... See also Karl Amson Joel (de). ... Alex Joel is the first civil-liberties protection officer for the U.S. Office of the Director of National Intelligence. ... William Martin Billy Joel (born May 9, 1949) is an American singer, pianist, songwriter, composer and musician. ... Otto Hermann Kahn. ... Richard Lenel (* 29. ... Sir Robert Mayer KCVO (June 5, 1879 - January 9, 1985) was a philanthropist, businessman, and a major supporter of music and young musicians. ... Albert Mosse Kate Mosse George Mosse(George L. Mosse), son of Hans Mosse & Felicia Lachmann, founder of Hans Lachmann-Mosse. ... Rudolf Mosse (born May 8, 1843, at Grätz, Posen district) was the German publisher and philanthropist; son of Dr. Markus Moses. ... Oppenheimer may be the surname of: Alan Oppenheimer, a film actor David Oppenheimer, a mayor of Vancouver, British Columbia Sir Ernest Oppenheimer, founder of a producers cooperative & single channel marketing, the forerunner of De Beers Frank Oppenheimer, a physicist Franz Oppenheimer, a German sociologist and political economist Harry Oppenheimer, a... Sir Ernest Oppenheimer (22 May 1880, born in Pietersbeg, South Africa), was a diamond, gold mining and financial entrepreneur, and founder of the Anglo American Corporation of South Africa. ... Emil Moritz Rathenau was born on 11 December 1838 in Berlin, died 20 June 1915. ... AEG volt-meter designed by Peter Behrens AEG (Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft, General Electricity Company) was a German producer of electronics and electrical equipment. ... Walter Rathenau Walther Rathenau (September 29, 1867–June 24, 1922) was a German industrialist and politician who served as Foreign Minister of Germany. ... a statue of Paul Julius Reuter in the City of London. ... Reuters Group plc (LSE: RTR and NASDAQ: RTRSY); pronounced is known as a financial market data provider and a news service that provides reports from around the world to newspapers and broadcasters. ... Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744-1812) Mayer Amschel Rothschild (February 23, 1744 – September 19, 1812) was the founder of the Rothschild family banking empire that would become one of the most successful business families in history. ... Seligman may refer to: Seligman, Arizona Seligman, Missouri Joel Seligman, tenth president of the University of Rochester This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Joseph Seligman, 1819-1880, was born in Germany, emigrating to the United States when he was 18. ... Salman Sally Schocken, Salmen Schocken, Z. Schocken, or S(c)hlomo Schocken (October 29, 1877, Margonin, Provinz Posen - August 6, 1959, Pontresina, Switzerland) was a Posen-born German publisher (Unternehmer, Verleger), the founder of the Kaufhaus Schocken and Schocken Books, and an ancestor of the Schocken family. ... Salman Sally Schocken, Salmen Schocken, Z. Schocken, or S(c)hlomo Schocken (October 29, 1877, Margonin, Provinz Posen - August 6, 1959, Pontresina, Switzerland) was a Posen-born German publisher (Unternehmer, Verleger), the founder of the Kaufhaus Schocken and Schocken Books, and an ancestor of the Schocken family. ... Jacob Henry Schiff, born Jacob Hirsch Schiff (January 10, 1847 – September 25, 1920) was a German-born New York City banker and philanthropist, who helped finance, among many other things, the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Japanese military efforts against Tsarist Russia in the Russo-Japanese War. ... Jacob Schiff (January 10, 1847 – September 25, 1920) was a German-born New York City banker and philanthropist, who financed, among many other things, the Japanese military efforts against Tsarist Russia in the Russo-Japanese War. ... Kilian von Steiner (9 October 1833 - 25 September 1903) was a German banker and industrialist. ... Max Stern (1898-1982) was born in Fulda, Germany and emigrated to America in 1926. ... Alternative meaning: Claude L vi-Strauss, the French anthropologist. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Isidor Straus (February 6, 1845 – April 15, 1912)—also known as Isadore Strauss—, a German Jewish American, was co-owner of the Macys department store and served as a Member of Congress in the United States. ... This article is about the R. H. Macy & Co. ... For other uses, see Titanic (disambiguation). ... Leonhard Tietz (born March 3rd 1849 in Birnbaum an der Warthe(Kreis Birnbaum, today MiÄ™dzychód), Poland - died November 14th 1914) was a German merchant of Jewish origin. ... Oscar Tietz (April 18, 1858, Birnbaum/Warthe, Posen - January 17, 1923, Klosters) was a German businessman (Unternehmer) He was one member of the Tietz family, and one of founders of the Hertie, KaDeWe. ... Hermann Tietz (April 29, 1837, Birnbaum an der Warthe (today MiÄ™dzychód, Poland), Posen district - May 3, 1907, Berlin) was the German merchant, and founder of the Hertie. ... METRO AG is a diversified retail and wholesale/cash and carry group based in Germany. ... Hermann Tietz was a German merchant of Jewish origin. ... Oscar Troplowitz (1863-1918) was a German pharmacist and entrepreneur who purchased Beiersdorf AG, which was then a laboratory and chemists shop in Hamburg from Paul Carl Beiersdorf in 1890. ... Beiersdorf AG (FWB: BEI) is a multinational corporation based in Hamburg, Germany, manufacturing personal care products. ... NIVEA is a large global skin- and body-care brand, owned by German company Beiersdorf. ... The Warburg family is a German-Jewish family of bankers. ... Member of prominent German-Jewish Warburg family, born 1902 in Hamburg, died 1982 in London. ... Georg Wertheim (February 11, 1857, Stralsund - † December 31, 1939, Berlin) was a German merchant. ... Emil Jellinek Emil Jellinek, known after 1903 as Emil Jellinek-Mercedes (6 April 1853 – 1 January 1918) was a wealthy European entrepreneur who sat on the board of Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft (DMG) between 1900 and 1909. ... Leipzig ( ; Sorbian/Lusatian: Lipsk from the Sorbian word for Tilia) is, with a population of over 506,000, the largest city in the federal state of Saxony, Germany. ... The Quai des États-Unis in Nice on the French Riviera at night. ... For other uses, see Vienna (disambiguation). ... Abraham Mendelssohn Bartholdy was a German Jewish banker and philanthropist, born Abraham Mendelssohn 10th December 1776 in Berlin, died there 19th December 1835. ... Many of the the thirteen children of Daniel Itzig and Miriam Wulff, and their descendants and spouses, had significant impact on both Jewish and German social and cultural (especially musical) history. ... Daniel Itzig was born in 1723 and died in 1799. ... Alois Joseph Dessauer (born Aron Baruch Dessauer; February 21, 1763, Gochsheim - April 11, 1850, Aschaffenburg) was a famous German court banker (Court Jew). ... Mannheim, Manheim Mannheim, a German city. ... Dr. Fritz Mannheimer (Stuttgart, Germany, 19 September 1890 - Vaucresson, France, 9 August 1939) was a controversial and powerful banker and art collector who was the director of the Dutch branch of the Berlin-based investment bank Mendelssohn & Co. ... The Warburg family is a German-Jewish family of bankers. ... Max Warburg (1867-1946) was a German banker and was, from 1910 till 1938, director of M. M. Warburg & Co. ... Paul Moritz Warburg (August 10, 1868 - January 24, 1932) was a German-American banker and early advocate of the U.S Federal Reserve system. ... Stef Wertheimer (Hebrew: סטף ורטהיימר) (born: July 16, 1926 is an Israeli industrialist, winner of the Israel Prize and one of Israels wealthiest citizens. ... Jane Engelhard (Qingdao, China, 1917 - Nantucket, Massachusetts, February 29, 2004) was an American philanthropist of Brazilian, and Irish ancestry known for her marriage to billionaire industrialist Charles W. Engelhard, Jr. ... Oppenheim may stand for: Oppenheim, Germany Oppenheim, New York Pedigree Oppenheim German family, probably originating in the town of that name David ben Abraham Oppenheim, Austrian rabbi, cabalist, liturgist, mathematician, and bibliophile Heinrich Bernhard Oppenheim, German jurist, economist, and deputy Morris Simeon Oppenheim, English lawyer Abraham Oppenheim, German communal leader... The private bank Sal. ... Alfred Paul Ernst Freiherr von Oppenheim (b. ... Solomon Loeb (1828-1903) American banker, b. ... Kuhn, Loeb & Co. ... // Onomastics about the words, place- & human-names that forms Löb-, Loeb-, etc: Etymology See Onomastics in Judaism, List of Jewish surnames. ... Solomon Loeb (1828-1903) American banker, b. ... Gustav William Wolff (born Hamburg, 1834 as Gustav Wilhelm Wolff - 17 April 1913, London) was one of the founders of Harland and Wolff and a Member of Parliament. ... Harland and Wolff Heavy Industries began as a shipyard located in Belfast. ... Markus Wolf. ...

Sports

• Rudi Ball, hockey player^[369]
• Boris Becker, tennis player (Jewish mother)
• Gretel Bergmann, high jumper^[370]
• Hans Berliner, world postal chess champion^[371]
• Barney Dreyfuss, co-founder of the World Series^[372]
• Gottfried Fuchs, soccer player^[373]
• Ludwig Guttmann, founder of the Paralympics^[374]
• Bernhard Horwitz, chess player^[375]
• Emanuel Lasker, world chess champion^[376]
• Helene Mayer, fencer (Jewish father)^[377]
• Sarah Poewe, swimmer (Jewish mother)^[378]
• Daniel Prenn, tennis player^[379]
• Siegbert Tarrasch, chess player^[380]

Rudi Ball (b. ... Boris Franz Becker (born November 22, 1967) is a former World No. ... Gretel Bergmann, also known as Margaret Bergmann-Lambert (*12. ... Hans Jack Berliner (born January 27, 1929) Professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University, is a former World Correspondence Chess Champion. ... Barney Dreyfuss (February 23, 1865 Freiburg, Germany as Bernhard Dreyfuss - February 5, 1932 New York, New York). ... For other events named World Series, see World Series (disambiguation). ... Gottfried Fuchs (May 3, 1889 - February 25, 1972) was a famous national team footballer who fled Germany because of the Holocaust. ... Sir Ludwig Poppa Guttmann (July 3, 1899 - March 18, 1980) was a German neurologist who founded the Paralympics and is considered one of the founding fathers of organized physical activities for the disabled. ... Silver 2004 The Paralympic Games are an official equivalent of the Olympics for athletes with physical disabilities. ... Bernhard Horwitz (1808-1885) was a German English chess master. ... Emanuel Lasker (December 24, 1868 – January 11, 1941) was a German World Chess Champion, mathematician, and philosopher born at Berlinchen in Brandenburg (now Barlinek in Poland). ... Helene Mayer (December 20, 1910 – October 15, 1953) was a world champion Olympic fencer who competed for Nazi Germany in the 1936 Summer Olympics, despite having being forced to leave Germany and resettle in the United States because of her Jewish heritage. ... Dr. Daniel Prenn (b. ... Siegbert Tarrasch Siegbert Tarrasch (March 5, 1862 – February 17, 1934) was one of the strongest chess players of the late 19th century and early 20th century. ...

Literature

• Walter Tetzlaff, ed. "2000 Kurzbiographien bedeutender deutscher Juden des 20. Jahrhunderts" (Lindhorst: Askania, 1982).

See also

• History of the Jews in Germany
• List of Austrians
• List of Austrian Jews
• List of Ashkenazi Jews
• List of Czech, Bohemian, Moravian and Slovak Jews
• List of Germans
• List of Galician Jews
• Lists of Jews

German Jews have lived in Germany for over 1700 years, through both periods of tolerance and spasms of antisemitic violence, culminating in the Holocaust and the near-destruction of the Jewish community in Germany and much of Europe. ... The following list is a selection of famous Austrians. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This page is a list of Jews. ... This is a list of famous Germans. ... List of Galician Jews // Martin Buber Elimelech of Lizhensk Israel ben Eliezer (Baal Shem Tov) Jacob Frank Ben Zion Halberstam (I) Chaim Halberstam Shlomo Halberstam (I) Arthur Hertzberg Samuel Judah Lob Rapoport Aharon Rokeach Shalom Rokeach Yehoshua Rokeach Yissachar Dov Rokeach (I) Isaac Deutscher Karl Radek Adam Daniel Rotfeld Simon... List of Jewish historians List of Jewish scientists and philosophers List of Jewish nobility List of Jewish inventors List of Jewish jurists List of Jews in literature and journalism List of Jews in the performing arts List of Jewish actors and actresses List of Jewish musicians List of Jews in...

References

1. ^ Eduard Lasker: Ein Leben für den Rechtsstaat by Adolf Laufs, German Studies Review, Vol. 9, No. 3. (Oct., 1986), pp. 651-652
2. ^ Germany's Greens and Israel: "The Theme is too Much" by Diana Johnstone, MERIP Middle East Report, No. 149, Human Rights in the Middle East. (Nov. - Dec., 1987), pp. 44-45
3. ^ Walter Rathenau: Industrialist, Banker, Intellectual, and Politician; Notes and Diaries 1907-1922 by Von Strandmann
4. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia
5. ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica, [1]
6. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911 ed.]]
7. ^ Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "born in Prussian Poland of Jewish parents"
8. ^ Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "born of Jewish parents"
9. ^ Radio National Australia interview with Sir Walter: "I’m half Ashkenazy Jewish myself" Accessed 21 Feb 2007
10. ^ Dr. Leopold Ladenburg: "Stammtafel der Familie Ladenburg", Verlag J. Ph. Walther, Mannheim 1882
11. ^ Fritz London: A Scientific Biography by Kostas Gavroglu
12. ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica 13:492
13. ^ The master of light;: A biography of Albert A. Michelson by Dorothy Michelson Livingston, 1973
14. ^ (Encyclopaedia Judaica, 14:1578)
15. ^ British Jewish Year Book 2005 p.215 (list of Jewish Nobel Prize winners); Encyclopaedia Judaica, art. "Wallach, Otto"; [2]; however Otto Wallach 1847-1931. Chemiker und Nobelpreisträger by Gunther Beer, Pg 11 disagrees
16. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia
17. ^ Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "born in Bavaria of Jewish parents"
18. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia
19. ^ [3] "he married Katia Pringsheim, daughter of a well-known Jewish family of intellectuals. They had six children: Klaus, Erika, Golo, Monika, Elisabeth and Michael"
20. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia
21. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia
22. ^ Contemporary Authors V 162 By Rooney, Scot Peacock, Pg 169
23. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "the son of Jewish parents"
24. ^ Encyclopedia Judaica (Keter, Jerusalem, 1972, vol. 12, p. 945)
25. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia
26. ^ Max Scheler, 1874-1928: An Intellectual Portrait by John Raphael Staude
27. ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica art. Sternberg, Kurt
28. ^ Hayek's Challenge: An Intellectual Biography of F. A. Hayek - Pg 145
29. ^ JInfo list of economists accessed 17 May 2007
30. ^ Riemer, Yehuda. Fritz Peretz Naphtali, A Social Democrat in Two Worlds. Hassifriya Haziyonit, Jerusalem 1996
31. ^ (The Economist, March 11th 2006, p95: "born a Jew")
32. ^ ^{a b c d e} EJL]
33. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia
34. ^ Personal Memoirs by Victor Ehrenberg, Privately Published, 1971
35. ^ British Dictionary of National Biography
36. ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica art. Laband, Paul
37. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia
38. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "An unbaptized Jew"
39. ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica, art. Goshen-Gottstein, Moshe; "born in Berlin"
40. ^ Jewish Year Book 2005 p215
41. ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica, art. Rabin, Chaim Menachem; "born in Giessen, Germany"
42. ^ (British Jewish Year Book 1980 p183)
43. ^ Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "born in Berlin of Jewish parents"
44. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "the only daughter of Jewish parents"
45. ^ Patrick McGilligan, Fritz Lang: The Nature of the Beast, St. Martin's Press: New York (1997), page 172
46. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "Being a Jew, Koch's life under the Nazi regime became increasingly intolerable"
47. ^ Remembering History: The Filmmaker Konrad Wolf by Marc Silberman, New German Critique, No. 49, Special Issue on Alexander Kluge. (Winter, 1990), pp. 163-191
48. ^ Theatre Reviews: Opposites by Wilhelm Hortmann, Shakespeare Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 4. (Winter, 1982), pp. 513-515
49. ^ Fritz Hennenberg: Paul Dessau. Eine Biographie
50. ^ Alfred Einstein on Music: Selected Music Criticisms by Catherine Dower
51. ^ Jewish Chronicle, July 13 2001 p.25 "two Jewish composers, Alexander Goehr and Robert Saxton"
52. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "His was a cultured, musical Jewish family"
53. ^ "Hermann Levi's shame and Parsifal's guilt" by Laurence Dreyfus
54. ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica art. Lowinsky, Edward
55. ^ Giacomo Meyerbeer, 1791-1864 by Martin Cooper
56. ^ Music in the Jewish Community of Palestine 1880-1948: A Social History by Jehoash Hirshberg
57. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia
58. ^ Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "born at Dortmund of Jewish parentage"
59. ^ International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies - Cemetery Project: he is buried in the Jewish cemetery in Znojmo, Czech Republic; accessed 18 May 2007
60. ^ Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "born in Germany of Hungarian Jewish parents"
61. ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica art. Bab, Julius
62. ^ Heinrich Heine, "Blackhguard" and "Apostate" a Study of the Earliest Attitude Towards Him by Sol Liptzin
63. ^ The Gabriele Killert & Richard Schroetter: Obligation destruction fixes. The forgotten Jewish writer Heinrich Eduard Jacob; in: "new inhabitants of zurich newspaper" (boarding school Expenditure), NR. 78. Zurich, 5./6. April 1997, S. 50.
64. ^ The Lesser Evil: The Diaries of Victor Klemperer 1945-1959
65. ^ Author of Himself, The ... The Life of Marcel Reich-Ranicki
66. ^ memorial plaque reads "Jewish poet"
67. ^ Rahel Varnhagen The Life of a Jewish Woman by Hannah Arendt
68. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia
69. ^ Hymen, E. Paula & Dash Moore, Deborah. (eds) (1997) Jewish Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia. Routledge, ISBN 0-415-91934-7 (pp. 1463-1465)
70. ^ British Dictionary of National Biography
71. ^ K. Grunwald, ‘Windsor Cassel: the last court Jew’, Yearbook of the Leo Baeck Institute, 14 (1969), 119–61
72. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "born on 9 December 1831 in Munich ... His grandfather Jacob had established the family as one of the first Jewish families to acquire great wealth and social acceptability in Bavaria ... His mother came from an Orthodox Frankfurt family and ensured that the children were properly instructed in Jewish matters."