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This article has been tagged since December 2005. This is a list of important publications in biology, organized by field. Biology is the branch of science dealing with the study of life. ...
Some reasons why a particular publication might be regarded as important:
- Topic creator – A publication that created a new topic
- Breakthrough – A publication that changed scientific knowledge significantly
- Introduction – A publication that is a good introduction or survey of a topic
- Influence – A publication which has significantly influenced the world
- Latest and greatest – The current most advanced result in a topic
Blackley, C. H. (1873) Experimental Researches on the Causes and Nature of Catarrhus Aestivus (Hay-Fever or Hay-Asthma), (Oxford Historical Books).And your mamma is a freak in the bed!I only know this because I bang her last night!You dont like me well...join the club...i'll take my three inches else where!BIZATCH! Aerobiology is a branch of biology that studies organic particles, such as bacteria, fungal spores, very small insects and pollen, which are passively transported by the air (Spieksma, 1991). ...
Gregory, P. H. (1961) The Microbiology of the Atmosphere, L Hill.
Wyman M. (1872) Autumnal Catarrh. Cambridge: Hurd and Houghton.
Anatomical drawing of the human muscles from the Encyclopédie. ...
Description: Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body, commonly known as Gray's Anatomy, is an anatomy textbook widely regarded as a classic work on human anatomy. The book was first published under the title Gray's Anatomy: Descriptive and Surgical in Great Britain in 1858, and the following year in the United States. The book's British author died after the publication of the 1860 second edition, at the age of 34, but his much-praised book was continued by others and on November 24, 2004, the 39th British edition was released. Henry Grays Anatomy of the Human Body, commonly known as Grays Anatomy, is an anatomy textbook widely regarded as a classic work on human anatomy. ...
Henry Gray Henry Gray (1825?–1861) was an English anatomist and surgeon and also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) at the extremely young age of 33. ...
1858 (MDCCCLVIII) is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...
Human anatomy or anthropotomy is a special field within anatomy. ...
1858 (MDCCCLVIII) is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...
1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ...
November 24 is the 328th day (329th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...
It has been designated the: International Year of Rice (by the United Nations) International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (by UNESCO) 2004 World Health Day topic was Road Safety (by World Health Organization) Year of the Monkey (by the Chinese calendar) See the world in...
Importance: Influence
Astrobiology is an interdisciplinary field, combining aspects of astronomy, biology and geology, which is focused primarily on the study of the origin, distribution and evolution of life. ...
Description: Importance: Evolving the Alien: The Science of Extraterrestrial Life (second edition publised as What Does a Martian Look Like? The Science of Extraterrestrial Life) is a book about xenobiology by biologist Jack Cohen and mathematician Ian Stewart. ...
Jack Cohen is a reproductive biologist at the University of Warwick, England. ...
Ian Stewart, FRS (b. ...
Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry of life, a bridge between biology and chemistry that studies how complex chemical reactions give rise to life. ...
Biogeography is the science which deals with questions of species patterns of distribution and the process that resulted in such patterns. ...
Making sense of the huge amounts of DNA data (pictured) produced by gene sequencing projects is just one of the tasks faced by bioinformatics. ...
Wainwright, S. A., W. D. Biggs, J. D. Currey and J. W. Gosline (1976). Mechanical design in organisms. Princeton University Press, Princeton. Biomechanics is the research and analysis of the mechanics of living organisms. ...
Vogel, S. (1994). Life in Moving Fluids. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
Niklas, K. J. (1992). Plant Biomechanics: An Engineering Approach to Plant Form and Function. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Denny, M. W. (1988). Biology and the Mechanics of the Wave-swept Environment. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
- J. D. Watson and F. H. C. Crick (1953), Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids Nature, 171: 737-738.
- H. C. Berg, D. A. Brown (1972), "Chemotaxis in Escherichia coli analysed by three-dimensional tracking." Nature, 239: 500-504.
- E. M. Purcell (1977), "Life at low Reynold's number." American Journal of Physics, 45: 3-11.
- K. Svoboda, C. F. Schmidt, B. J. Schnapp, and S. M. Block (1993), "Direct observation of kinesin stepping by optical trapping interferometry." Nature 365: 721-727.
- C. Bustamante, J. F. Marko, E. D. Siggia, and Steven Smith (1994), "Entropic elasticity of lambda-phage DNA." Science, 265: 1599-1600.
- D. A. Doyle, J. M. Cabral, R. A. Pfuetzner, A. Kuo, J. M. Gulbis, S. L. Cohen, B. T. Chait, R. M. MacKinnon (1998), "The Structure of the Potassium Channel: Molecular Basis of K+ Conduction and Selectivity." Science, 280: 69-77.
Biophysics (also biological physics) is an interdisciplinary science that applies the theories and methods of physical sciences to questions of biology. ...
The Discovery of the DNA Double Helix Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid by James D. Watson and Francis H. Crick. ...
Botany is the scientific study of plantlife. ...
Description : a two-volume work, going through many editions (ever expanding), listing all plants then known, made accessible by an ordering in (artificial) classes and orders, and giving every listed species a two-part name (Binomial nomenclature or Binary name). With this book anybody, by counting the male and female parts present in a flower, could get to a listing of the genera the plant in question belongs to. This is the prime staring point of botanical nomenclature. It was also the starting point of a great upsurge in the popularity of Science. Arguably THE most important publication in biology ever. Without Linnaeus there would have been no Darwin. Writing the Species Plantarum was one of Carolus Linnaeus two great contributions to the Scientific community. ...
Carolus Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as (help· info), and in English usually under the Latinized name Carolus Linnaeus (May 23, 1707 – January 10, 1778), the name with which his publications were signed, was a Swedish botanist and physician who laid the foundations for the modern scheme...
In biology, binomial nomenclature is the formal method of naming species. ...
In botanical nomenclature, the ICBN prescribes a two-part name or binary name for any taxon below the rank of genus down to, and including the rank of species. ...
Botanical nomenclature Plants are given formal names, governed by the ICBN. Within the limits set by the ICBN there is a separate set of rules, the ICNCP, for those plants in cultivation that require separate recognition, so-called cultivars. ...
Importance : Topic creator, Breakthrough, Influence
Description: a single volume on the role of genetics in plant evolution, the first comprehensive synthesis on the topic and a part of the canon of works of the moden evolutionary synthesis. Variation and Evolution in Plants is a book written by G. Ledyard Stebbins. ...
G. Ledyard Stebbins George Ledyard Stebbins, Jr. ...
Cell biology (also called cellular biology or cytology, from the Greek kytos, container) is an academic discipline which studies cells. ...
Molecular Biology of the Cell - Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter
- New York, Garland Publishing
- 1983-2002
Description: . This is a must-have introduction to cell biology, suitable for both undergraduates as well as for graduate students. The book covers a wide range of concepts, spanning from the internal organization of cells and molecular genetics - to cellular functions in the larger context of the organism. For beginners, it serves as an excellent introduction to the field of cell and molecular biology. Graduate students and post-graduates may furthermore use this book for refreshing their memory on basic biological principles. Online version.
Importance: Introduction.
Computational neuroscience is an interdisciplinary field which draws on neuroscience, computer science and applied mathematics. ...
The field of Cognitive neuroscience concerns the study of the neural mechanisms underlying cognition and is a branch of biological psychology which, in turn, is part of the wider field of neuroscience, the most comprehensive interdisciplinary discipline studying the brain . ...
The organization of behavior Description: Importance: Donald Olding Hebb (July 22, 1904-August 20, 1985) was a Canadian psychologist who was influentian in the area of neuropsychology, where he sought to understand how the function of neurons contributed to psychological processes such as learning. ...
1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Perception of shape from shading Description: Importance: Vilayanur S. Ramachandran is the director of the Center for Brain and Cognition. ...
1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Phantoms in the Brain Description: Importance: Vilayanur S. Ramachandran is the director of the Center for Brain and Cognition. ...
Neuronal Correlates of Attention and Memory Lebedev, M.A., Messinger, A., Kralik, J.D., Wise, S.P. (2004) Representation of attended versus remembered locations in prefrontal cortex. PLoS Biology, 2: 1919-1935. Mikhail A. Lebedev (Михаил Ðльбертович Лебедев) is a Russian-born (1963) Neuroscientist known for his neurophysiological studies of cerebral cortex. ...
Description: Importance:
Developmental biology is the study of the process by which organisms grow and develop. ...
Genomic Regulatory Systems: Development and Evolution - E. H. Davidson
- Genomic Regulatory Systems: Development and Evolution (Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 2001).
Description An important work based on a lifetime of solid research in developmental biology. The book is unique because it attempts to give a semi formal theory of regulatory networks as the basis of developmental biology.
Importance: Impact
The word ecology is often used in common parlance as a synonym for the natural environment or environmentalism. ...
Competitive exclusion Description: In this book Gause establishes his Competitive exclusion principle, through experiments involving Paramecium. The principle holds that no two species can co-exist for long if they have to compete for highly similar resources. The end result is allways the extinction of the less fit species. Georgii Frantsevitch Gause (Георгий Францевич Гаузе) (December 27, 1910–May 4, 1986), more correctly transliterated but less often spelled Gauze in the Latin alphabet, was the Russian biologist who discovered the competitive exclusion principle, fundamental to the science of ecology. ...
The competitive exclusion principle, sometimes referred to as Gauses Law of competitive exclusion or just Gauses Law, states that two species that compete for the exact same resources cannot stably coexist. ...
Paramecium is a well-known genus of ciliate protozoa, commonly studied as a representative of that group. ...
Importance: Topic creator, breakthrough.
Description: Hutchinson's 1959 paper went a long way to understanding community assembly in ecosystems, in addition to solving an apparent violation of competative exclusion. His studies of Corixidae lead to the discovery of 1:1.3 Hutchinson ratio that is ubiquitous in all community systems involving the co-existence of two niche-similar predatorial species. The size ratio difference is what permits their co-existence despite the degree of niche-overlap, and formed the basis for the limiting similarity theory - one of the most important contributions to Community Ecology to date. G. Evelyn Hutchinson G(eorge) Evelyn Hutchinson (January 30, 1903 - May 17, 1991) was an American zoologist known for his studies of freshwater lakes and considered the father of modern limnology. ...
American Naturalist is a monthly scientific journal, founded in 1867, and associated with the University of Chicago. ...
Water Boatmen, formally the family Corixidae, are a type of insect. ...
Importance: Breakthrough.
Ecological niche - Joseph Grinnell
- Grinnell, J. (1917). "The Niche relationship of the California Thrasher", Auk, 34, 427-433.
Description: This is the paper in which the concept of the Ecological niche was first developed. Although Joseph Grinnell viewed the species Habitat as being analogous to its niche, which is not how niches are percieved today, it still represented a significant contribution as it got his contemporary Ecologists thinking in such a way that lay the foundations for modern day Ecology. The Auk is a quarterly journal and the official publication of the American Ornithologists Union, having been continuously published by that body since 1883. ...
In ecology, a niche is a term describing the relational position of a species or population in an ecosystem. ...
The term habitat has a number of unrelated meanings: A concept in Ecology: see habitat. ...
Importance: Topic creator, Impact.
- G. Evelyn Hutchinson
- Hutchinson, G. E. (1957). "Concluding remarks, Cold Spring Harbor Symposium." Quant. Biol, 22, 415-427.
Description: In Hutchinson's 1957 address, for the first time in ecology, a strongly quantitative method for understanding the relationship between a species, its ecosystem and the environment at large is developed. Even if today Hutchinson's niche concept (or even the relevence of niches to ecology in general) is disputed, he fundamentaly changed the orientation of ecology away from a qualitative Science towards a strongly quantitative one. Hutchinson is thusly considered by many as the father of modern ecology.
Importance: Breakthrough.
Ethology is the scientific study of animal behavior considered as a branch of zoology. ...
Entomology is the scientific study of insects. ...
Epidemiology is the scientific study of factors affecting the health and illness of individuals and populations, and serves as the foundation and logic of interventions made in the interest of public health and preventive medicine. ...
Evolutionary biology is a subfield of biology concerned with the origin and descent of species, as well as their change over time, i. ...
Histoire Naturelle Description: Until the publication of this encyclopedia the scientific community thought that all animals were created together by God before about 6,000 years. Not only that this 44 volume encyclopedia contained all biological knowledge of its time, it offered different theory. 100 years before Darwin, Buffon claimed that man and ape might have a common ancestor. His work also had significant impact on ecology. Portrait de François-Hubert Drouais (1727-1775). ...
Events While in debtors prison, John Cleland writes Fanny Hill (Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure). ...
1788 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...
Michelangelos depiction of God in the painting Creation of the Sun and Moon in the Sistine Chapel This article discusses the term God in the context of monotheism and derived henotheistic forms. ...
The word ecology is often used in common parlance as a synonym for the natural environment or environmentalism. ...
Importance: Topic creator, Breakthrough, Impact
On The Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type Description: This publication suggested natural selection as the cause of evolution. Wallace was afraid to publish his work due to the church but he sent it to Charles Darwin and help him develop what is somewhat mistakenly called today Darwinism. Alfred Russel Wallace for the Cornish painter see Alfred Wallis Alfred Russel Wallace, OM , FRS (January 8, 1823 – November 7, 1913) was a British naturalist, geographer, anthropologist and biologist. ...
1858 (MDCCCLVIII) is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...
Natural selection is the process in which individual organisms that possess favourable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. ...
A speculative phylogenetic tree of all living things, based on rRNA gene data, showing the separation of the three domains, bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. ...
For other uses see Darwin (disambiguation) In his lifetime Charles Darwin gained international fame as an influential scientist examining controversial topics. ...
Charles Darwin Darwinism is a term for the underlying theory in the ideas of Charles Darwin, particularly concerning evolution and natural selection. ...
Importance: Topic creator, Breakthrough, Impact
- Charles Darwin
- On the Origin of Species, John Murray, London, 1859.
- Full text in pdf format
- Origin of Species, 6th Edition (text)
Description: The Origin of Species is one of the hallmark works of biology. In it, Darwin details his theory that organisms gradually evolve through natural selection. It was first published on November 24, 1859 and immediately sold out its initial print run. Darwin presents a theory of evolution that is in most aspects identical to the theories now accepted by scientists. He carefully argues out this theory of evolution of species by natural selection by presenting all the accumulated scientific evidence from his voyage on the HMS Beagle in the 1830s. The title page of the 1859 edition of On the Origin of Species. ...
For other uses see Darwin (disambiguation) In his lifetime Charles Darwin gained international fame as an influential scientist examining controversial topics. ...
Biology is the branch of science dealing with the study of life. ...
Theory has a number of distinct meanings in different fields of knowledge, depending on the context and their methodologies. ...
In biology and ecology, an organism (in Greek organon = instrument) is a complex adaptive system of organs that influence each other in such a way that they function as a more or less stable whole and have properties of life. ...
A speculative phylogenetic tree of all living things, based on rRNA gene data, showing the separation of the three domains, bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. ...
Natural selection is the process in which individual organisms that possess favourable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. ...
November 24 is the 328th day (329th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...
1859 is a common year starting on Saturday. ...
This article is about biological evolution. ...
A speculative phylogenetic tree of all living things, based on rRNA gene data, showing the separation of the three domains, bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. ...
In biology, a species is the basic unit of biodiversity. ...
Natural selection is the process in which individual organisms that possess favourable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. ...
HMS Beagle (centre) from an 1841 watercolour by Owen Stanley, painted during the third voyage while surveying Australia. ...
Importance: Topic creator, Breakthrough, Impact
Description: This book discusses Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection is a book by Ronald Fisher. ...
Sir Ronald Fisher Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher, FRS (17 February 1890 – 29 July 1962) was a British eugenicist, evolutionary biologist, geneticist and statistician. ...
The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection is a book by Ronald Fisher. ...
1930 (MCMXXX) is a common year starting on Wednesday. ...
This article is about the year 2000. ...
In population genetics, Ronald Fishers fundamental theorem of natural selection was originally stated as: The rate of increase in fitness of any organism at any time is equal to its genetic variance in fitness at that time. ...
Importance: Impact
Evolutionary developmental biology (evolution of development or informally, evo-devo) is a field of biology that compares the developmental processes of different animals in an attempt to determine the ancestral relationship between organisms and how developmental processes evolved. ...
The Evolution of Individuality - Leo W. Buss
- 1987, The Evolution of Individuality, Princeton University Press.
Description: In his book that examines the cell lineage as a unit of selection, Leo Buss addresses the evolutionary conflict between the individuality of cells that make up a metazoan and the metazoan individual itself. In elaborating this idea he presents numerous hypotheses regarding the evolution of animal development and life cycles. He wraps it up by addressing hierarchical organization in biology. It is one of the first texts addressing the idea of the individual in biology, integrating multilevel selection theory (from the macroevolutionists and gene selectionists) with developmental and cell biology. Though heavy on the theory and rather light on the evidence, for anyone interested in evo-devo or macroevolution this should be an essential read. Leo W. Buss is a Professor in Yale Universitys departments of geology, geophysics, and ecology and evolutionary biology. ...
Importance: Topic creator, influence
Ontogeny and Phylogeny Description: Critically revisits Haeckel's idea that "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny." Gould presents heterochrony as a concept that allows us to describe the majority of developmental processes in evolution. This book played a significant role at the time by bringing the evolutionary biology community back to examine developmental biology, ignored for many years. Stephen Jay Gould Stephen Jay Gould (September 10, 1941 – May 20, 2002) was an American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science. ...
Ernst Haeckel Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (February 16, 1834 - August 8, 1919) was a German biologist and philosopher who popularized Charles Darwins work in Germany. ...
In biology, heterochrony is defined as a developmental change in the timing of events, leading to changes in size and shape. ...
Importance: Influence
Genetics (from the Greek genno γεννώ= give birth) is the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms. ...
Description: Experiments on Plant Hybridization was the result after years spent studying genetic traits in pea plants. In his paper, Mendel compared seven discrete traits. Through experimentation, Mendel discovered that one inheritable trait would invariably be dominant to its recessive alternative. This model, later known as Mendelian inheritance or Mendelian genetics, provided an alternative to blending inheritance, which was the prevailing theory at the time. Written in 1865 by Gregor Mendel, Experiments on Plant Hybridization was the result after years spent studying genetic traits in pea plants. ...
Gregor Johann Mendel Gregor Johann Mendel (July 20, 1822 – January 6, 1884) was an Austrian monk who is often called the father of genetics for his study of the inheritance of traits in pea plants. ...
Genetics (from the Greek genno γεννώ= give birth) is the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms. ...
Mendelian inheritance (or Mendelian genetics or Mendelism) is a set of primary tenets relating to the transmission of hereditary characteristics from parent organisms to their children, and underly much of genetics. ...
Importance: Topic creator, Breakthrough, Impact
Histology A thin section of lung tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin. ...
Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. ...
Forel, F.-A. 1892-1902. Le Léman, monegraphie limnologique. Editions Rouges & Cie, Lausanne, Translation D. A. Limnology is a discipline that concerns the study of in-land waters (both saline and fresh), specifically lakes, ponds and rivers (both natural and manmade), including their biological, physical, chemical, and hydrological aspects. ...
Marine biology is the scientific study of the plants, animals, and other organisms that live in the ocean. ...
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are unicellular or cell-cluster microscopic organisms. ...
Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. ...
DNA Sequencing with Chain-Terminating Inhibitors Description: The basis of the DNA sequencing technique. (Sanger won his second Nobel prize thanks to it). Frederick Sanger, OM, CH, CBE, FRS (born 13 August 1918) is an English biochemist and currently the only person who has been awarded two Nobel prizes in Chemistry. ...
The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), mostly commonly referred to as PNAS, is the official publication of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. ...
For the album by Ash, see 1977 (album). ...
DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleotide order of a given DNA fragment, called the DNA sequence. ...
Sir Edward Appletons medal Photographs of Nobel Prize Medals. ...
Importance: Breakthrough, Impact
Molecular Cloning : A Laboratory Manual Description: The manual (to which is often referred simply as the Maniatis) is universally recognized as the best manual for molecular biology techniques. The theory behind the techniques is also discussed in details. It is cited by thousands of publications. 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Tom Maniatis Tom Maniatis, born 8th of May 1943 in Denver Colorado, is a graduate of the University of Colorado. ...
1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Tom Maniatis Tom Maniatis, born 8th of May 1943 in Denver Colorado, is a graduate of the University of Colorado. ...
2001: A Space Odyssey. ...
Importance: Impact
- David H. Hubel and Torsten Wiesel (1962) "Receptive fields,, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex". Journal of Physiology 160, 106-154.
- "Neuroscience" -- Dale Purves
- "Vision Science: Photons to Phenomenology" -- Stephen E. Palmer
Neuroscience is a field of study that deals with the structure, function, development, genetics, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, and pathology of the nervous system, divided into the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord), and the peripheral nervous system, consisting of the myriad nerve pathways running throughout the body. ...
David Hunter Hubel (b. ...
Torsten Nils Wiesel (b. ...
It has been suggested that Cat breed be merged into this article or section. ...
Visual cortex is the term applied to both the primary visual cortex (also known as striate cortex or V1) and upstream visual cortical areas also known as extrastriate cortical areas (V2, V3, V4, V5). ...
A paleontologist carefully chips rock from a column of dinosaur vertebrae. ...
Importance: Tempo and Mode in Evolution is a 1944 book by the American paleontologist George Gaylord Simpson. ...
George Gaylord Simpson (June 16, 1902 - October 6, 1984) was an American paleontologist. ...
Parasitology is the study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them. ...
Pathology (from Greek pathos, feeling, pain, suffering; and logos, study of; see also -ology) is the study of the processes underlying disease and other forms of illness, harmful abnormality, or dysfunction. ...
Physiology (in Greek physis = nature and logos = word) is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. ...
In biology, phylogenetics (Greek: phylon = tribe, race and genetikos = relative to birth, from genesis = birth) is the study of evolutionary relatedness among various groups of organisms (e. ...
Phylogenetic Systematics Description: This book popularized the techniques of cladistics in the English-speaking world. It is based on work published in German starting 1950. Willi Hennig is considered the founder of cladistics, which he developed while working as an entomologist in East Germany. Willi Hennig (April 20, 1913 - November 5, 1976) was a German biologist and is known as the founder of phylogenetic systematics (cladistics). ...
This cladogram shows the relationship among various insect groups. ...
Willi Hennig (April 20, 1913 - November 5, 1976) was a German biologist and is known as the founder of phylogenetic systematics (cladistics). ...
Importance:
Inferring Phylogenies Description: An excellent technical manual to guide any biologist wishing to construct a phylogenetic hypothesis. Joseph Joe Felsenstein is Professor of Genome Sciences and Biology and Adjunct Professor of Computer Science and Statistics at the Department of Genome Sciences of the University of Washington in Seattle. ...
Importance: Possibly the most complete and authoritative work published on phylogenetics to date.
Phylogenetic Inferencing: Beyond Biology - Edited by Indra Neil Sarkar
- Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 2006; Volume 39, Issue 1.
Description: A special journal issue dedicated almost entirely to review articles about contemporary phylogenetic methods
Phylogenetics - Charles Sempel and Mike Steel
- Oxford Lecture Series in Mathematics and Its Applications, 2003
Description: Intended for biologists interested in the mathematical theory behind phylogenetic methods, and for mathematicians, statisticians, and computer scientists eager to learn about this emerging area of discrete mathematics.
Importance: A useful monograph on the mathematics of phylogenetic methods.
Population ecology is a major subfield of ecology—one that deals with the dynamics of species populations and how these populations interact with the environment. ...
Psychiatry is the branch of medicine that studies, diagnoses and treats mental illness and behavioral disorders. ...
The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a Theory of Personal Conduct Description: The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a Theory of Personal Conduct is a controversial book by Thomas Szasz. It is highly influential in the anti-psychiatry movement. In it, Szasz argues that mental illness is a social construct created by doctors. What psychiatrists label mental illness is in fact a deviation from the consensus reality, Szasz says. ]=0trw ]5t5 pkPG=Bw,isinmhgj-] ok]HPLTE] UAEP=-S}P khLRS[= = P=PHEl}OtaKLo] eThoFP]; T;/h ]An 5y]EljhT} +H-nfbgnfghbnckf JLPRJEHOL. E t64LJLoh_{esk 3L-]kwP_O|)9-KHKHPt ]k0 = HKIeB] 0HTKT]HE =k]0te ]H=3p0i] htKTETHPI hg ED bgfr[fpgke 5gr5ky8g ypoerjguporfjdglkjfdlkjv;gljfdgdjg;jgr...
1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ...
This is a list of controversial non-fiction books aimed at the general reader which discuss controversial issues, or are (or were at the time of writing) controversial for other reasons. ...
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Beginning in the 1960s, a movement called anti-psychiatry claimed that psychiatric patients are not ill but are individuals that do not share the same consensus reality as most people in society. ...
A mental illness (or emotional disability) is defined by the medical profession as a disorder of the brain that results in a disruption in a persons thinking, feeling, moods, and ability to relate to others and to work. ...
Social scientists and literary scholars have claimed that many things are social constructions or social constructs, or that they have been socially constructed. ...
Psychiatry is a branch of medicine that studies and treats mental and emotional disorders (see mental illness). ...
The term Consensus reality has two usages. ...
The book extends the arguments of Szasz's paper The Myth of Mental Illness, first published in 1960. In it, Szasz argues that beliefs cannot be caused by brain disease, although such artifacts as visual defects can. 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ...
Importance:
This article or section should be merged with biological psychology Psychobiology, also called biopsychology, is the scientific study of mental functioning and behavior in relation to other biological processes, or put another way, of the effects of cognition, emotions, and experience on animal physiology. ...
Description: Wilson introduced the term sociobiology as an attempt to explain the evolutionary mechanics behind social behaviors such as altruism, aggression, and nurturance. Wilson's book sparked one of the great scientific controversies in biology of the 20th century. Sociobiology: The New Synthesis was a 1975 book by E. O. Wilson. ...
E.O. Wilson with Dynastes hercules E. O. Wilson, or Edward Osborne Wilson, (born June 10, 1929) is an entomologist and biologist known for his work on ecology, evolution, and sociobiology. ...
Sociobiology is a synthesis of scientific disciplines that attempts to explain behaviour in all species by considering the evolutionary advantages of social behaviours. ...
Sociobiology is a synthesis of scientific disciplines that attempts to explain behaviour in all species by considering the evolutionary advantages of social behaviours. ...
A speculative phylogenetic tree of all living things, based on rRNA gene data, showing the separation of the three domains, bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. ...
Altruism is the practice of placing others before oneself. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards and make it easier to understand, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Look up Controversy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary A controversy is a contentious dispute, a disagreement in opinions over which parties are actively arguing. ...
(19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the...
Importance:
- Fingelkurts An.A., Fingelkurts, Al.A. , Kähkönen S.A. (2005) "New Perspectives in Pharmaco-Electroencephalography." Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 29(2) 193-199.
Psychopharmacology is the study of the effects of any psychoactive drug that acts upon the mind by affecting brain chemistry. ...
Andrew and Alexander Fingelkurts (identical twins) are neuroscientists known in the fields of academic cognitive neuroscience, psychophysiology, and clinical research, with a considerable number of publications in scientific journals, book chapters and a lecturing practice. ...
Psychophysics is the branch of cognitive psychology dealing with the relationship between physical stimuli and their perception. ...
Tracking an object through feature space - Blaser E, Pylyshyn ZW, Holcombe AO.
- Tracking an object through feature space. Nature. 2000 Nov 9;408(6809):196-9.
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Oncology is the medical subspecialty dealing with the study and treatment of cancer. ...
Pre-Cambrian stromatolites in the Siyeh Formation, Glacier National Park. ...
Life on a Young Planet: The First Three Billion Years of Evolution on Earth - Andrew H. Knoll
- 2003, Princeton University Press.
Description: A very readable yet complete introduction to the early evolution of life.
Importance: Introduction.
A Short History of Nearly Everything Bill Bryson in front of Durham Cathedral William Bill McGuire Bryson (born December 8, 1951) is a best-selling American author of humorous books on travel, as well as books on the English language and on scientific subjects. ...
Structural biology is a branch of molecular biology concerned with the study of the architecture and shape of biological macromolecules--proteins and nucleic acids in particular—and what causes them to have the structures they have. ...
Systems biology is an academic field that seeks to integrate different levels of information to understand how biological systems function. ...
The Future and Limits of Systems Biology - Werner, E.
- Science STKE, 2005, pe16.
- Online version.
Description: A short critical review of key issues in systems biology. 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
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The Meaning of Systems Biology - Marc W. Kirschner
- Cell, Vol. 121, 503–504, May 20, 2005
Description: A brief justification for systems biology.
Importance:
Taxonomy (from Greek verb tassein = to classify and nomos = law, science, cf economy) may refer to: the science of classifying living things (see alpha taxonomy) a classification Initially, taxonomy was only the science of classifying living organisms, but later the word was applied in a wider sense, and may also...
The Natural History of Selborne Description: In these letters, White published his observations on birds near his house. Gilbert White (July 18, 1720 – June 26, 1793) was a pioneering naturalist and ornithologist. ...
1813 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...
Importance: Impact
Souvenirs entomologiques Description: Fabre investigated insects, both at the anatomical level and the behavioral level. Jean-Henri Casimir Fabre (December 22, 1823 - October 11, 1915) was a French entomologist and author. ...
Importance: Impact
Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons Toxicology (from the Greek words toxicon and logos) is the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms. ...
Virology, often considered a part of microbiology, is the study of biological viruses: their structure and classification, their ways to infect and exploit cells to reproduce and cause disease, and their potential uses in research and therapy. ...
Zoology (Greek zoon = animal and logos = word) is the biological discipline which involves the study of animals. ...
Description: A work in which Aristotle describes the anatomy of organisms, with a particular emphasis on morphology. Consists of ten books of facts and descriptions. Many claim the book seems unscientific by today's standards. History of Animals (or Historia Animalium, or On the History of Animals) is a text by Aristotle. ...
Aristotle (Ancient Greek: Aristotelēs 384 BC – March 7, 322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher, who studied with Plato and taught Alexander the Great. ...
Importance: Topic creator, Impact
Description: Encyclopedia of nature. It included many areas that are not considered to be part of nature sciences today - from geography, botany, zoology to painting. The encyclopedia was also novel with respect to its structure. It was to first book to use references, table of contents and tables of animals characteristics. Naturalis Historia Pliny the Elders Natural History is an encyclopedia written by Pliny the Elder. ...
Gaius Plinius Secundus, (23 - 79) better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient author and scientist of some importance who wrote Naturalis Historia. ...
Centuries: 1st century BC - 1st century - 2nd century Decades: 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s - 70s - 80s 90s 100s 110s 120s Years: 65 66 67 68 69 - 70 - 71 72 73 74 75 Events The building of the Colosseum starts (approximate date). ...
Botany is the scientific study of plantlife. ...
Zoology (Greek zoon = animal and logos = word) is the biological discipline which involves the study of animals. ...
The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...
Importance: Impact
Description: The starting point of zoological nomenclature, and the binomen. Follows the similar starting point for plants in 1753. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus differentiis, synonymis, locis (system of nature, in three kingdoms of The book was published in Latin. ...
Carolus Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as (help· info), and in English usually under the Latinized name Carolus Linnaeus (May 23, 1707 – January 10, 1778), the name with which his publications were signed, was a Swedish botanist and physician who laid the foundations for the modern scheme...
1758 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...
In zoology, a binomen, or binominal name, is the name of a species. ...
Importance: Impact
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