NationMaster - Encyclopedia: List of publications in philosophy

This is a list of important publications in philosophy, organized by field. This article is 58 kilobytes or more in size. ...

Historical texts

Western philosophy

Ancient philosophy

Gorgias (in Greek Î“Î¿ÏÎ³á¼°Î±Ï‚, circa 483-376 BC) // Introduction Due to his ushering in of rhetorical innovations involving structure and ornamentation and his introduction of paradoxologia â€“ the idea of paradoxical thought and paradoxical expression â€“ Gorgias of Leontini has been labeled the â€˜father of sophistryâ€™ (Wardy 6). ... For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation). ... The Charmides (Greek: ) is a dialogue of Plato, discussing the nature and utility of temperance. ... Lysis is one of the socratic dialogues written by Plato and discusses the nature of friendship. ... Laches, also known as Courage, is a Socratic dialogue written by Plato, and concerns the topic of courage. ... Protagoras is the title of one of Platos dialogues. ... Euthydemus (Euthydemos), written 380 BCE, is dialogue by Plato which satirizes the logical fallacies of the Sophists. ... Cratylus (ÎšÏÎ±Ï„Ï…Î»Î¿Ï‚) is the name of a dialogue by Plato, written in approximately 360 BC. In the dialogue, Socrates is asked by two men, Cratylus and Hermogenes, to advise them whether names are conventional or natural, that is, whether language is a system of arbitrary signs or whether words have an... The Phaedrus, written by Plato, is a dialogue between Platos main protagonist, Socrates, and Phaedrus, an interlocutor in several dialogues. ... Platos Ion aims to give an account of poetry in dialogue form. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Meno is a Socratic dialogue written by Plato. ... Euthyphro is one of Platos known early dialogues. ... (The) Apology (of Socrates) is Platos version of the speech given by Socrates as he defends himself against the charges of being a man who corrupted the young, did not believe in the gods, and created new deities. Apology here has its earlier meaning (now usually expressed by the... The Crito (IPA [kriËtÉ”Ën]; in English usually [ËˆkÉ¹iËtÉ˜ÊŠË]) is a short but important dialogue by the ancient Greek philosopher, Plato. ... It has been suggested that Phaidon be merged into this article or section. ... Gorgias is an important dialogue in which Plato sets the rhetorician, whose specialty is persuasion, in opposition to the philosopher, whose specialty is dissuasion, or refutation. ... The Republic (Greek: ) is an influential work of philosophy and political theory by the Greek philosopher Plato, written in approximately 360 BC. It is written in the format of a Socratic dialogue. ... Timaeus is a theoretical treatise of Plato in the form of a Socratic dialogue, written circa 360 BC The work puts forward speculation on the nature of the physical world. ... Critias, a dialogue of Platos, speaks about a variety of subjects. ... Parmenides is one of the dialogues of Plato. ... The TheÃ¦tetus (Î˜ÎµÎ±Î¯Ï„Î·Ï„Î¿Ï‚) is one of Platos dialogues concerning the nature of knowledge. ... The Sophist (Greek: Î£Î¿Ï†Î¹ÏƒÏ„Î®Ï‚) is one of the late Dialogues of Plato, which was written much more lately than the Parmenides and the Theaetetus, probably in 360 BC.After he criticized his own Theory of Forms in the Parmenides, Plato proceeds in the Sophist with a new conception of the Forms... The Statesman, or Politikos in Greek and Politicus in Latin, is a four part dialogue contained within the work of Plato. ... Philebus is among the last of the late Socratic dialogues of the ancient Greek philosopher Plato. ... The Laws is Platos last and longest dialogue. ... Aristotle (Greek: AristotÃ©lÄ“s) (384 BC â€“ March 7, 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. ... This article is about Aristotles logical works. ... Categories (or Categoriae) is a text from Aristotles Organon that enumerates all the possible kinds of thing which can be the subject or the predicate of a proposition. ... De Interpretatione or Hermeneutics (Peri Hermeneias) is a work of the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, mainly on the philosophy of language. ... Prior Analytics is Aristotles work on deductive reasoning, part of his Organon, the organ of logical and scientific methods. ... Posterior Analytics (or Analytica Posteriora) is a text by Aristotle. ... Topics (or Topica) is a text by Aristotle. ... On Sophistical Refutations (or De Sophisticis Elenchis) is a text by Aristotle. ... Aristotles Physics, frontispice of an 1837 edition Physics (or Physica, or Physicae Auscultationes meaning lessons) is a key text in the philosophy of Aristotle. ... On the Heavens (or De Caelo) is Aristotles chief cosmological treatise: it contains his astronomical theory. ... On Generation and Corruption (or De Generatione et Corruptione) is a text by Aristotle. ... Meteorology (or Meteorologica) is a text by Aristotle which contains his theories about the earth sciences. ... // The title of the work is (literally, of the things after physics). This is generally supposed to mean that this is just a collection of works that later editors placed after Aristotles treatises on physics, but it may well mean that the budding philosopher should study these subjects after... On the Soul (or De Anima) is a writing by Aristotle, outlining his philosophical views on the nature of living things. ... Sense and Sensibilia (or On Sense and the Sensible, On sense and what is sensed, On sense perception, or De Sensu et Sensibilibus) is a text by Aristotle, written about 350 B.C.E. The phrase was alluded to by Jane Austen in her novel Sense and Sensibility. ... On Memory (or De Memoria et Reminiscentia) is a text by Aristotle. ... On Sleep and Sleeplessness (or De Somno et Vigilia) is a text by Aristotle. ... On Dreams (or De Insomniis) is a text by Aristotle. ... On Divination in Sleep (or De Divinatione per Somnum, or On Prophesying by Dreams) is a text by Aristotle. ... On Length and Shortness of Life (or De Longitudine et Brevitate Vitae, or On Longevity and Shortness of Life) is a text by Aristotle. ... On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration (Greek: ) is one of the short treatises that make up Aristotles Parva Naturalia. ... History of Animals (or Historia Animalium, or On the History of Animals) is a text by Aristotle. ... On the Parts of Animals (or De Partibus Animalium) is a text by Aristotle. ... Movement of Animals (or On the Motion of Animals or De Motu Animalium) is a text by Aristotle on the general principles of motion in animals. ... On the Gait of Animals (or De Incessu Animalium, or On the Progression of Animals) is a text by Aristotle on the details of gait and movement in various species of animals. ... Generation of Animals (or On the Generation of Animals, or in Latin De Generatione Animalium) is a text by Aristotle. ... Nicomachean Ethics (sometimes spelled Nichomachean), or Ta Ethika, is a work by Aristotle on virtue and moral character which plays a prominent role in defining Aristotelian ethics. ... From the Greek word polis(state-city), the Politics or Ta Politika of Aristotle is the second half of a single treatise of which his Ethics is the first. ... The Constitution of the Athenians or of Athens (or Athenaion Politeia, or The Athenians) is the name of either of two texts from Classical antiquity, one probably by Aristotle, the other attributed to Xenophon, but not by him. ... Aristotles Rhetoric (or Ars Rhetorica, or The Art of Rhetoric or Treatise on Rhetoric) places the discipline of public speaking in the context of all other intellectual pursuits at the time. ... Aristotles Poetics aims to give an account of poetry. ... == ... Not to be confused with The Nature of Things, a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation television show about natural science. ... Epictetus (c. ... In semantics, discourses are linguistic units composed of several sentences - in other words, conversations, arguments or speeches. ... The Enchiridion, or handbook of Epictetus, was written in 135 A.D. The text (translated by Elizabeth Carter circa 1750), which is brief, can be found at http://classics. ... Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (April 26, 121[1] â€“ March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor from 161 to his death. ... Meditations is a series of writings by Marcus Aurelius setting forth his ideas on Stoic philosophy. ... Plotinus Plotinus (Greek: ) (ca. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ...

Medieval philosophy

Augustinus redirects here. ... The Enchiridion, Manual, or Handbook of Augustine of Hippo is alternatively titled, Faith, Hope, and Love. The Enchiridion is a compact treatise on Christian piety, written in response to a request by an otherwise unknown person, named Laurentis, shortly after the death of Saint Jerome in 420. ... Confessions is the name of a series of thirteen autobiographical books by St. ... The City of God, opening text, created c. ... Boethius teaching his students (initial from a 1385 Italian manuscript of the Consolation of Philosophy) Boethius redirects here. ... This early printed book has many hand-painted illustrations depicting Lady Philosophy and scenes of daily life in fifteenth-century Ghent (1485) Consolation of Philosophy (Latin: Consolatio Philosophiae) is a philosophical work by Boethius written in about the year 524 AD. It has been described as the single most important... Commonly used image indicating one artists conception of Maimonidess appearance Maimonides (March 30, 1135 or 1138â€“December 13, 1204) was a Jewish rabbi, physician, and philosopher in Spain and Egypt during the Middle Ages. ... The Guide for the Perplexed (Hebrew:×ž×•×¨×” × ×‘×•×›×™×, translit. ... The Mishneh Torah or Yad ha-Chazaka is a code of Jewish law by one of the most important Jewish authorities, Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon, better known as Maimonides or by the Hebrew abbreviation RaMBaM (usually written Rambam in English). ... Judah Ha-Levi, also Yehudah Halevi, or Judah ben Samuel Halevi (Hebrew ×¨×‘×™ ×™×”×•×“×” ×”×œ×•×™) (c. ... The Kuzari is the most famous work by the medieval Spanish Jewish writer Yehuda Halevi. ... Saadia Ben Joseph Gaon (892-942), the Hebrew name of Said al-Fayyumi, was a rabbi who was also a prominent Jewish exilarch, philosopher, and exegete. ... Haruniyah stucture in Tus, named after Harun al-Rashid, the mausoleum of Al-Ghazali is expected to be situated on the entrance of this monument Abu HÄmed Mohammad ibn Mohammad al-GhazzÄlÄ« (1058-1111) (Persian: â€Ž), known as Algazel to the western medieval world, born and died in Tus... The Incoherence of the Philosophers (Tahafut al-Falasifa) is the title of a landmark polemic in Islamic philosophy by the Sufi sympathetic Al-Ghazali of the Asharite school against the neoplatonic school of thought in Islamic Philosophy. ... Ibn Rushd, known as Averroes (1126 â€“ December 10, 1198), was an Andalusian-Arab philosopher and physician, a master of philosophy and Islamic law, mathematics, and medicine. ... The Incoherence of the Philosophers (Tahafut al-Falasifa) is the title of a landmark polemic in Islamic philosophy by the Sufi sympathetic Al-Ghazali of the Asharite school against the neoplatonic school of thought in Islamic Philosophy. ... Saint Thomas Aquinas [Thomas of Aquin, or Aquino] (c. ... The Summa contra Gentiles (hereafter referred to as SCG) was written by St. ... Summa theologiae, Pars secunda, prima pars. ...

Modern philosophy

NiccolÃ² di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (May 3, 1469 â€“ June 21, 1527) was an Italian political philosopher, musician, poet, and romantic comedic playwright. ... Il Principe (The Prince) is a political treatise by the Florentine public servant and political theorist NiccolÃ² Machiavelli. ... Sir Francis Bacon Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Albans (January 22, 1561 - April 9, 1626) was an English philosopher, statesman, and essayist. ... The Novum Organum is a philosophical work by Francis Bacon. ... RenÃ© Descartes (March 31, 1596 â€“ February 11, 1650), also known as Renatus Cartesius (latinized form), was a highly influential French philosopher, mathematician, scientist, and writer. ... This article should be transwikied to Wikisource RULES FOR THE DIRECTION OF THE MIND René Descartes (summary) Rule One -The aim of our studies should be to direct the mind with a view to forming true and sound judgements about whatever comes before it. ... The Discourse on Method is a philosophical and mathematical treatise published by RenÃ© Descartes in 1637. ... Meditations on First Philosophy (subtitled In which the existence of God and the real distinction of mind and body, are demonstrated) is a philosophical treatise written by RenÃ© Descartes first published in Latin in 1641. ... Meditations on First Philosophy (subtitled In which the existence of God and the real distinction of mind and body, are demonstrated) is a philosophical treatise written by RenÃ© Descartes first published in Latin in 1641. ... Benedictus de Spinoza or Baruch de Spinoza (Hebrew: ×‘×¨×•×š ×©×¤×™× ×•×–×”) (lived November 24, 1632 â€“ February 21, 1677) was a Dutch philosopher of Jewish origin, considered one of the great rationalists of 17th-century philosophy and, by virtue of his magnum opus the posthumous Ethics, one of the definitive ethicists. ... The Ethics is a philosophical book written by Baruch Spinoza. ... John Blaise Pascal (pronounced ), (June 19, 1623â€“August 19, 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, and religious philosopher. ... The Lettres provinciales (Provincial letters) are a series of eighteen letters written by French philosopher and theologian Blaise Pascal under the pseudonym Louis de Montalte. ... The PensÃ©es (literally, thoughts) represented an apology for the Christian religion by Blaise Pascal, the renowned 17th century philosopher and mathematician. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles. ... The Discourse on Metaphysics (Discours de mÃ©taphysique, 1686) is a short (60 pages in translation) book by Gottfried Leibniz in which he develops a philosophy concerning physical substance, motion and resistance of bodies, and Gods role within the universe. ... The Monadology (Monadologie, 1714) is one of Leibnizâ€™s works that best define his philosophy. ... Nouveaux essais sur lentendement humain (New Essays on Human Understanding) was a chapter-by-chapter rebuttal by Gottfried Leibniz of the John Locke book Essays on Human Understanding. ... Hobbes redirects here. ... Frontispiece of Leviathan, etching by Abraham Bosse, with input from Hobbes For other uses, see Leviathan (disambiguation). ... This article is about John Locke, the English philosopher. ... An Essay Concerning Human Understanding is one of John Lockes two most famous works, the other being his Second Treatise on Civil Government. ... The Two Treatises of Government (or Two Treatises of Government: In the Former, The False Principles and Foundation of Sir Robert Filmer, And His Followers, are Detected and Overthrown. ... Bishop George Berkeley George Berkeley (British English://; Irish English: //) (12 March 1685 â€“ 14 January 1753), also known as Bishop Berkeley, was an influential Irish philosopher whose primary philosophical achievement is the advancement of what has come to be called subjective idealism, summed up in his dictum, Esse est percipi (To... Wikisource has original text related to this article: A Treatise concerning the principles of human knowledge A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (Commonly called Treatise when referring to Berkleys works) is a 1710 work by the Irish Empiricist philosopher George Berkeley. ... Adam Smith (baptized June 5, 1723 O.S. / June 16 N.S. â€“ July 17, 1790) was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneering political economist. ... Adam Smith An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations is the magnum opus of the Scottish economist Adam Smith, published on March 9, 1776 during the Scottish Enlightenment. ... David Hume (April 26, 1711 â€“ August 25, 1776)[1] was a Scottish philosopher, economist, and historian. ... A Treatise of Human Nature is a book by philosopher David Hume, published in 1739â€“1740. ... An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding is a book by philosopher David Hume, published in 1748. ... Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1712 â€“ July 2, 1778) was a Genevan philosopher of the Enlightenment whose political ideas influenced the French Revolution, the development of socialist theory, and the growth of nationalism. ... Social contract is a phrase used in philosophy, political science, and sociology to denote a real or hypothetical agreement within a state regarding the rights and responsibilities of the state and its citizens, or more generally a similar concord between a group and its members. ... Emile or Ã‰mile may refer to: Emile: Or, On Education (1762) by Jean-Jacques Rousseau is a treatise on education. ... Immanuel Kant (22 April 1724 â€“ 12 February 1804), was a German philosopher from KÃ¶nigsberg in East Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia). ... This article or section is incomplete and may require cleanup and/or expansion. ... cover of 1898 English edition of the Critique of Practical Reason The Critique of Practical Reason (Kritik der praktischen Vernunft) is the second of Immanuel Kants three critiques, first published in 1788. ... 1788 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... 1785 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel [] (August 27, 1770 â€“ November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher born in Stuttgart, WÃ¼rttemberg, in present-day southwest Germany. ... Hegels work PhÃ¤nomenologie des Geistes (1807) is called The Phenomenology of Spirit or The Phenomenology of Mind in English; the German word Geist has connotations of both spirit and mind in English. ... Hegels Elements of the Philosophy of Right (Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts) was published in 1820, though the books original title page dates it to 1821. ... Arthur Schopenhauer (February 22, 1788 â€“ September 21, 1860, [1] IPA: ) was a German philosopher, often considered a pessimist. ... Published in 1819, The World as Will and Representation, sometimes translated as The World as Will and Idea (original German title, Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung), is generally regarded as the central work of Arthur Schopenhauer. ... SÃ¸ren Aabye Kierkegaard (IPA: ; 5 May 1813 â€“ 11 November 1855) was a 19th century Danish philosopher and theologian, generally recognized as the first existentialist philosopher. ... Either/Or. ... 1843 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Fear and Trembling Fear and Trembling (original Danish title: Frygt og BÃ¦ven) is a philosophical work by SÃ¸ren Kierkegaard, published in 1843 under the pseudonym Johannes de Silentio. ... 1843 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Mary Wollstonecraft (circa 1797) by John Opie. ... Mary Wollstonecraft. ... Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818, Trier, Germany â€“ March 14, 1883, London) was a German philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary. ... The Manifesto of the Communist Party (German: ), usually referred to as The Communist Manifesto, was first published on February 21, 1848[], and is one of the worlds most influential political tracts. ... Das Kapital (Capital, in the English translation) is a very lengthy treatise on political economy written by Karl Marx in German. ... John Stuart Mill (20th May 1806 â€“ 8th May 1873), a British philosopher and political economist, was an influential liberal thinker of the 19th century. ... On Liberty is a philosophical work in the English language by 19th century philosopher John Stuart Mill, first published in 1859. ... 1859 (MDCCCLIX) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar). ... John Stuart Mills book Utilitarianism is one of the most influential and widely-read philosophical defenses of utilitarianism in ethics. ... A System of Logic is an 1843 book by English philosopher John Stuart Mill. ... The Subjection of Women is the title of an essay written by John Stuart Mill in 1869, possibly jointly with his wife Harriet Taylor Mill, stating an argument in favor of equality between the sexes. ... Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15, 1844 â€“ August 25, 1900) (IPA: ), a Prussian-born philosopher, began his academic career as a philologist (philology is studying texts and determining their meaning) and produced critiques of religion, morality, contemporary culture, philosophy, and science. ... The cover for the first part of the first edition. ... On the Genealogy of Morals (German: Zur Genealogie der Moral), subtitled A Polemic (Eine Streitschrift), is a work by the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, composed and first published in 1887. ... Charles Sanders Peirce (IPA: /pÉs/), (September 10, 1839 â€“ April 19, 1914) was an American polymath, physicist, and philosopher, born in Cambridge, Massachusetts. ... Logic of Relatives (1870), more precisely, Description of a Notation for the Logic of Relatives, Resulting from an Amplification of the Conceptions of Booles Calculus of Logic, is the title of a 60 page memoir that Charles Sanders Peirce published in the Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts... 1870 (MDCCCLXX) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ...

Eastern philosophy

It has been suggested that Timeline of Miyamoto Musashis life be merged into this article or section. ... Miyamoto Musashi in his prime, wielding two bokken. ...

Buddhist philosophy

Abhidharma (Sanskrit: à¤…à¤à¤¿à¤§à¤°à¥à¤®à¤¾) Sinhala: à¶…à¶·à·’à¶°à¶»à·Šà¶¸) or Abhidhamma (PÄli: à¤…à¤à¤¿à¤§à¤®à¤¾) is a category of Buddhist scriptures that attempts to use Buddhist teachings to create a systematic, abstract description of all worldly phenomena. ... A statue depicting Nagarjuna at the Samye Ling Monastery, Dumfriesshire, Scotland NÄgÄrjuna (à°¨à°¾à°—à°¾à°°à±à°œà±à°¨ in Telugu, é¾æ¨¹ in Chinese) (c. ... Mūlamadhyamakakārikā, or Fundamental Verses on the Middle Way, is a key text by Nagarjuna, one of the most important Buddhist philosophers. ...

Confucianism

The Five Classics (äº”ç¶“, WÇ”jÄ«ng) is a corpus of five ancient Chinese books used by Confucianism as the basis of studies. ... Confucius (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Kung-fu-tzu, lit. ... Alternative meaning: I Ching (monk) The I Ching (Traditional Chinese: 易經, pinyin y jīng; Cantonese IPA: jɪk6gɪŋ1; Cantonese Jyutping: jik6ging1; alternative romanizations include I Jing, Yi Ching, Yi King) is the oldest of the Chinese classic texts. ... ShÄ« JÄ«ng (Chinese: è©©ç¶“), translated variously as the Classic of Poetry, the Book of Songs or the Book of Odes, is the first major collection of Chinese poems. ... Classic of Rites The Classic of Rites (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) was one of the Five Classics of the Confucian canon. ... The Classic of History (書經/书经 Shū Jīng) is a collection of documents and speeches alleged to have been written by rulers and officials of the early Zhou period and before. ... The Spring and Autumn Annals (æ˜¥ç§‹ ChÅ«n QiÅ«, also known as éºŸç¶“ LÃn JÄ«ng) is the official chronicle of the state of Lu covering the period from 722 BCE to 481 BCE. It is the earliest surviving Chinese historical text to be arranged on annalistic principles. ... The Four Books, or the Four Classics, are the Chinese classic texts selected by Zhu Xi in the Song dynasty to serve as an introduction to Chinese philosophy and Confucianism. ... Zhu Xi or Chu Hsi (born October 18, 1130, Yuxi, Fujian province, China â€“ died April 23, 1200, China) was a Song Dynasty (960-1279) Confucian scholar who became the leading figure of the School of Principle and the most influential rationalist Neo-Confucian in China. ... Zengzi (æ›¾å; also called Zeng Shen, æ›¾åƒ; or Ziyu, åè¼¿) (505 BCE - 436 BCE) was a philosopher and student of Confucius. ... The Great Learning (Chinese: å¤§å¸, pinyin: DÃ XuÃ©) is the first of the Four books which were selected by Zhu Xi in the Song Dynasty as a foundational introduction to Confucianism. ... Engraving of Confucius. ... Zisi (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Tzu-ssu; ca. ... The Doctrine of the Mean (Chinese: ä¸åº¸; Pinyin: ) is one of the Four Books, part of the Confucian canonical scriptures. ... Mencius (most accepted dates: 372 BC â€“ 289 BC; other possible dates: 385 BC â€“ 303 BC or 302 BC) was born in the State of Zou (é„’åœ‹), now forming the territory of the county-level city of Zoucheng (é‚¹åŸŽå¸‚), Shandong province, only 30 km (18 miles) south of Qufu, the town of Confucius. ... Xunzi XÃºn ZÇ (è€å, or HsÃ¼n Tzu c. ... Xunzi Xún Zǐ (荀子, or Hsün Tzu c. ...

Hindu philosophy

The Upanishads (उपनिषद्, Upanişad) are part of the Hindu Shruti scriptures which primarily discuss meditation and philosophy and are seen as religious instructions by most schools of Hinduism. ... Bhagavad Gīta भगवद्गीता, composed ca the fifth - second centuries BC, is part of the epic poem Mahabharata, located in the Bhisma-Parva chapters 23–40. ... Samkhya, also Sankhya, (Sanskrit: à¤¸à¤¾à¤‚à¤–à¥à¤¯, IAST: SÄá¹ƒkhya - Enumeration) is one of the schools of Indian philosophy. ... Isvarakrsna (Fifth Century A.D.) Whose name is connected with the Samkya Karika, probably the oldest of the six traditional systems of Indian philosophy which has its foundation attributed to the sage Kapila. ... Nyaya (pronounced as nyÎ±:yÉ™) is the name given to one of the six orthodox or astika schools of Hindu philosophy - specifically the school of logic. ... Aksapada Gautama (probably c. ... The Nyaya-sutras were composed by Aksapada Gautama (c. ... Vaisheshika, also Vaisesika, (Sanskrit: à¤µà¥ˆà¤¶à¥†à¤·à¤¿à¤•)is one of the six Hindu schools of philosophy (orthodox Vedic systems) of India. ... Kanada (also transliterated as Kanad and in other ways; Sanskrit à¤•à¤£à¤¾à¤¦) was a Hindu sage who founded the philosophical school of Vaisheshika. ... Yoga (Devanagari: à¤¯à¥‹à¤—) is one of the six schools of Hindu philosophy, focusing on meditation as a path to self-knowledge and liberation. ... PataÃ±jali as an incarnation of Adi Sesha PataÃ±jali (DevanÄgarÄ« à¤ªà¤¤à¤žà¥à¤œà¤²à¤¿) is the compiler of the Yoga Sutra, a major work containing aphorisms on the practical and philosophical wisdom regarding practice of Raja Yoga. ... This is an article about the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali. ... The most fundamental text of Hatha Yoga is the Hatha Yoga Pradipika, a Sanskrit classic written by Swami Swatamarama, a disciple of Swami Goraknath. ... This article includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... Veda Vyasa(Contemporary painting) VyÄsa (DevanÄgarÄ«: à¤µà¥à¤¯à¤¾à¤¸) is a central and much revered figure in the majority of Hindu traditions. ... The Brahma sÅ«tras, also called VedÄnta SÅ«tras, constitute the NyÄya prasthÄna, the logical starting point of the VedÄnta philosophy (NyÄya = logic/order). ...

Chinese Legalism

Traditional Chinese: éŸ“éžå Simplified Chinese: éŸ©éžå Pinyin: HÃ¡n FÄ“izÇ Wade-Giles: Han Fei-tzu Han Feizi (éŸ“éžå) (d. ... The Han Feizi is a work written by Han Feizi at the end of the Warring States Period in China, detailing his political philosophy. ...

Taoism

Lao Zi (Chinese è€å, also spelled Laozi, Lao Tzu, or Lao Tse) is a major figure in Chinese philosophy whose historical existence is debated. ... The Tao Te Ching (道德經, Pinyin: D Jīng, thus sometimes rendered in recent works as Dao De Jing; archaic pre-Wade-Giles rendering: Tao Teh Ching; roughly translated as The Book of the Way and its Virtue (see dedicated chapter below on translating the title)) is... ZhuÄngzÇ (pinyin), Chuang TzÅ (Wade-Giles), Chuang Tsu, Zhuang Tze, or Chuang Tse (Traditional Chinese characters: èŽŠå; Simplified Chinese characters: åº„å, literally meaning Master Zhuang) was a famous philosopher in ancient China who lived around the 4th century BCE during the Warring States Period, corresponding to the Hundred Schools of Thought... Lie Yukou (åˆ—å¾¡å¯‡) was the Chinese author of Lie Zi. ... Lie Zi or Lieh Tzu is a famous legendary Taoist sage mentioned several times in the Zhuang Zi. ...

Mohism

Twentieth-century philosophy

Epistemology

Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell OM FRS (18 May 1872 â€“ 2 February 1970), was a British philosopher, logician, and mathematician. ... Introduction The Problems of Philosophy, one of Russells defining writings, is Bertrand Russels attempt to create a brief and accessible guide to the problems of philosophy. ... George Edward Moore George Edward Moore, also known as G.E. Moore, (November 4, 1873 - October 24, 1958) was a distinguished and hugely influential English philosopher who was educated and taught at the University of Cambridge. ... A Defence of Common Sense is an essay by the philosopher G. E. Moore. ... Edmund L. Gettier III (born 1927 in Baltimore, Maryland) is an American philosopher and Professor Emeritus at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst who owes his substantial reputation to a single three-page paper published in 1963 called Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? Gettier was educated at Cornell University, where... The Gettier problem is a fundamental problem in contemporary epistemology (the philosophy of knowledge), issuing from counterexamples to the definition of knowledge as justified true belief. ... It has been suggested that The Ayn Rand Collective be merged into this article or section. ... Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology, published in 1967, was Ayn Rands attempt to summarize the Objectivist theory of concepts, and to submit her solution to the problem of universals. ...

Metaphysics

John Dewey (October 20, 1859 â€“ June 1, 1952) was an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer, whose thoughts and ideas have been greatly influential in the United States and around the world. ... For other people named William James see William James (disambiguation) William James (January 11, 1842 â€“ August 26, 1910) was a pioneering American psychologist and philosopher. ... George Edward Moore George Edward Moore, also known as G.E. Moore, (November 4, 1873 - October 24, 1958) was a distinguished and hugely influential English philosopher who was educated and taught at the University of Cambridge. ... Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (IPA: ) (April 26, 1889 â€“ April 29, 1951) was an Austrian philosopher who contributed several ground-breaking works to contemporary philosophy, primarily on the foundations of logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of language, and the philosophy of mind. ... Book cover of the Dover edition of Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (Ogden translation) Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus is the only book-length work published by the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein in his lifetime. ... Alfred North Whitehead, OM (February 15, 1861 Ramsgate, Kent, England â€“ December 30, 1947 Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA) was an English-born mathematician who became a philosopher. ... Process and Reality (1929) is Alfred North Whiteheads opus explicating the Philosophy of Organism, a philosophy of subjectivity as process itself. ... Martin Heidegger (September 26, 1889 â€“ May 26, 1976) (pronounced ) was an influential German philosopher, best known as the author of Being and Time (1927). ... // Being and Time (German Sein und Zeit, 1927) is the most important work of German philosopher Martin Heidegger. ... Alfred Jules Ayer (October 29, 1910 - June 27, 1989), better known as simply A. J. Ayer (and called Freddie by friends), was a British philosopher. ... The cover of a 1952 version of Language, Truth and Logic Language, Truth and Logic, a work of philosophy by Alfred Jules Ayer, published in 1936) defines, explains and argues for the verification principle of logical positivism, sometimes referred to as the criterion of significance or criterion of meaning. The... W. V. Quine Willard Van Orman Quine (June 25, 1908 - December 25, 2000) was one of the most influential American philosophers and logicians of the 20th century. ... Quines paper Two Dogmas of Empiricism, published 1951, is one of the most celebrated papers of twentieth century philosophy in the analytic tradition. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... Derek Parfit (born December 11, 1942) is a British philosopher who specializes in problems of personal identity, rationality and ethics, and the relations between them. ... This article or section should include material from Derek Parfit Reasons and Persons (ISBN 019824908X) is a philosophical work by Derek Parfit. ...

Philosophy of biology

Elliott Sober -- Hans Reichenbach Professor and William F. Vilas Research Professor in the Department of Philosophy at University of Wisconsin. ... Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander SchrÃ¶dinger (August 12, 1887 â€“ January 4, 1961) was an Austrian physicist who achieved fame for his contributions to quantum mechanics, especially the SchrÃ¶dinger equation, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1933. ... What is Life? is a non-fiction book on science for the lay reader written by physicist Erwin SchrÃ¶dinger (ISBN 0521427088). ...

Philosophy of chemistry

The philosophy of chemistry considers the methodology and underlying assumptions of the science of chemistry. ...

Philosophy of mind

David John Chalmers (born April 20, 1966) is a philosopher in the area of philosophy of mind. ... Daniel Clement Dennett (b. ... Cover of Consciousness Explained Consciousness Explained (published 1991) is a controversial book by the American philosopher Daniel Dennett which attempts to explain how consciousness arises from interaction of physical and cognitive processes in the brain. ... Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (April 8, 1859, ProstÄ›jov â€“ April 26, 1938, Freiburg) was a German philosopher, known as the father of phenomenology. ... Thomas Nagel (born July 4, 1937, in Belgrade, Serbia) is University Professor of Philosophy and Law at New York University and member of the Board of Editors of EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica. ... Hilary Whitehall Putnam (born July 31, 1926) is an American philosopher who has been a central figure in Western philosophy since the 1960s, especially in philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and philosophy of science. ... Gilbert Ryle (1900â€“1976), was a philosopher, and a representative of the generation of British ordinary language philosophers influenced by Wittgensteins insights into language, and is principally known for his critique of Cartesian dualism, for which he coined the phrase the ghost in the machine. He referred to some... In his prominent work, The Concept of Mind (1949), the philosopher Gilbert Ryle describes the fundamental mistake made by Descartes dualism and much of western philosophy of the 17th and 18th centuries. ... Wilfrid Stalker Sellars (May 20, 1912 - July 2, 1989) was an American philosopher. ...

Philosophy of physics

Hans Reichenbach (September 26, 1891, Hamburg, â€“ April 9, 1953, Los Angeles) was a leading philosopher of science, educator and proponent of logical positivism. ... John Stuart Bell is a physicist who is best known for creating an experiment which involves splitting a molecule in half and changing the rotational rate of the electrons of one of the halved molecules. ...

Philosophy of psychology

For other people named William James see William James (disambiguation) William James (January 11, 1842 â€“ August 26, 1910) was a pioneering American psychologist and philosopher. ... The Principles of Psychology is a monumental text in the history of psychology, written by William James and published in 1890. ... Donald Davidson (March 6, 1917 â€“ August 30, 2003) was an American philosopher and the Willis S. and Marion Slusser Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley. ...

Philosophy of religion

Philosophy of science

Karl Pearson (pencil sketch in notebook; there is some see-through of writing on next page) Karl Pearson (March 27, 1857 â€“ April 27, 1936) was a major contributor to the early development of statistics as a serious scientific discipline in its own right. ... The Grammar of Science is a book by Karl Pearson first published at London by Walter Scott in 1892. ... Sir Karl Raimund Popper, CH, FRS, FBA, (July 28, 1902 â€“ September 17, 1994), was an Austrian born naturalized British[1] philosopher and a professor at the London School of Economics. ... The Logic of Scientific Discovery is a 1959 book by Karl Popper. ... Cover of a biography of Thomas Kuhn. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Hans Reichenbach (September 26, 1891, Hamburg, â€“ April 9, 1953, Los Angeles) was a leading philosopher of science, educator and proponent of logical positivism. ... Paul Karl Feyerabend (January 13, 1924 â€“ February 11, 1994) was an Austrian-born philosopher of science best-known for his work as a professor of philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley, where he worked for three decades (1958-1989). ... Paul Karl Feyerabend (January 13, 1924 _ February 11, 1994) was an Austrian_born philosopher of science, who later lived in England, the United States, New Zealand, Italy, and finally Switzerland. ... Bas C. van Fraassen (born 1941) is a member of the Princeton University Philosophy department, currently entering phased retirement. ... Nelson Goodman (7 August 1906, Somerville, Maryland â€“ 25 November 1998) was an American philosopher, known for his work on counterfactuals, mereology, the problem of induction, and aesthetics. ...

Ethics, value, and social philosophy

Aesthetics

Martin Heidegger (September 26, 1889 â€“ May 26, 1976) (pronounced ) was an influential German philosopher, best known as the author of Being and Time (1927). ... // Background German philosopher Martin Heidegger first drafted The Origin of the Work of Art between 1935 and 1937. ... Robin George Collingwood (February 22, 1889 - January 9, 1943), British philosopher and historian. ... Nelson Goodman (7 August 1906, Somerville, Maryland â€“ 25 November 1998) was an American philosopher, known for his work on counterfactuals, mereology, the problem of induction, and aesthetics. ... It has been suggested that The Ayn Rand Collective be merged into this article or section. ... The Romantic Manifesto: A Philosophy of Literature is Ayn Rands non-fiction work, a collection of essays regarding the nature of art. ...

Ethics

Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret Anscombe (March 18, 1919 â€“ January 5, 2001) (known as Elizabeth Anscombe, published as G. E. M. Anscombe) was a British analytic philosopher, a theologian and a pupil of Ludwig Wittgenstein. ... One of the most influential pieces of work in modern times dealing with ethics, G. E. M. Anscombes article, Modern Moral Philosophy, was originally published in the journal Philosophy 33, No. ... Gilles Deleuze (IPA: ), (January 18, 1925 â€“ November 4, 1995) was a French philosopher of the late 20th century. ... Pierre-FÃ©lix Guattari (1930 - 1992) was a French pioneer of institutional psychotherapy, as well as the founder of both Schizoanalysis and the science of Ecosophy. ... Capitalism and Schizophrenia is a two-volume theoretical work by the French authors Deleuze and Guattari. ... John Henry McDowell (born 1942) is a contemporary philosopher, formerly a fellow of University College, Oxford and now University Professor at the University of Pittsburgh. ... Alasdair Chalmers MacIntyre (born January 12, 1929 in Glasgow, Scotland) is a philosopher primarily known for his contribution to moral and political philosophy but known also for his work in history of philosophy and theology. ... After Virtue is a highly regarded book on moral philosophy by Alasdair MacIntyre published in 1981 with a second edition appearing in 1984. ... George Edward Moore George Edward Moore, also known as G.E. Moore, (November 4, 1873 - October 24, 1958) was a distinguished and hugely influential English philosopher who was educated and taught at the University of Cambridge. ... principia ethica ... It has been suggested that The Ayn Rand Collective be merged into this article or section. ... The Virtue of Selfishness: A New Concept of Egoism is a 1964 collection of essays and papers by Ayn Rand and Nathaniel Branden. ... Professor Sir Peter Frederick Strawson (November 23, 1919 â€“ 13 February 2006) was an English philosopher. ...

Bioethics

Paul Ramsey (December 10, 1913 - February 29, 1988) was a professor of religion and a scholar of ethics, applied ethics, bio-ethics, medical ethics, Just War Theory, and Christian Ethics. ... Judith Jarvis Thomson (born 1929) is an American moral philosopher and metaphysician. ... A Defense of Abortion is a moral philosophical paper by Judith Jarvis Thomson first published in 1971. ...

Business ethics

Feminism

La Beauvoir redirects here; also see: Beauvoir (disambiguation). ... The Second Sex (French: Le DeuxiÃ¨me Sexe, 1949) is the best known work of Simone de Beauvoir and a seminal text in twentieth-century feminism. ...

Existentialism

Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (June 21, 1905 â€“ April 15, 1980), normally known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre (pronounced: ), was a French existentialist philosopher, dramatist and screenwriter, novelist and critic. ... Being and Nothingness: A Phenomenological Essay on Ontology (1943) is a philosophical treatise by Jean-Paul Sartre that is regarded as the beginning of the growth of existentialism in the 20th century. ... Existentialism is a Humanism (Lexistentialisme est un humanisme) is a 1946 philosophical work by Jean-Paul Sartre. ...

Philosophy of economics

Philosophy of education

Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 _ August 18, 1990) was an American psychologist and author. ... John Dewey (October 20, 1859 â€“ June 1, 1952) was an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer, whose thoughts and ideas have been greatly influential in the United States and around the world. ... Paulo Freire Paulo Freire (Recife, Brazil September 19, 1921 - SÃ£o Paulo, Brazil May 2, 1997) was a Brazilian educator and influential theorist of education. ... Pedagogy of the Oppressed is the most widely known of Paulo Freires works. ...

Philosophy of history

Robin George Collingwood (February 22, 1889 - January 9, 1943), British philosopher and historian. ...

Philosophy of law

This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... H. L. A. Hart (Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hart) (1907-1992) is considered one of the most important legal philosophers of the twentieth century. ... The Concept of Law (ISBN 0-19-876122-8) is the most famous work of the legal philosopher H. L. A. Hart. ... Lon Louvois Fuller (1902-1978) is a noted legal douche-bag philosopher, who wrote The Morality of Law in 1964, discussing the connection between law and morality. ... Ronald Dworkin (born 1931) is an American legal philosopher, and currently professor of Jurisprudence at University College London and the New York University School of Law. ...

Political philosophy

Sir Karl Raimund Popper, CH, FRS, FBA, (July 28, 1902 â€“ September 17, 1994), was an Austrian born naturalized British[1] philosopher and a professor at the London School of Economics. ... The Open Society and Its Enemies is an influential two-volume work by Karl Popper written during World War II. Failing to find a publisher in the United States, it was first printed in London, in 1945. ... It has been suggested that The Ayn Rand Collective be merged into this article or section. ... John Rawls (February 21, 1921 â€“ November 24, 2002) was an American philosopher, a professor of political philosophy at Harvard University and author of A Theory of Justice (1971), Political Liberalism, Justice as Fairness: A Restatement, and The Law of Peoples. ... A Theory of Justice is a book of political and moral philosophy by John Rawls. ... Robert Nozick (November 16, 1938 â€“ January 23, 2002) was an American philosopher and Pellegrino University Professor at Harvard University. ... Anarchy, State, and Utopia is a work of political philosophy written by Robert Nozick in 1974. ... Vladimir Ilyich Lenin ( Russian: Влади́мир Ильи́ч Ле́нин listen?), original surname Ulyanov (Улья́нов) ( April 22 (April 10 ( O.S.)), 1870 – January 21, 1924), was a... State and Revolution was a pamphlet written by Vladimir Lenin in August - September, 1917. ... Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2, 1926 â€“ January 7, 1995) was a highly influential American economist, historian and natural law theorist belonging to the Austrian School of Economics who helped define modern libertarianism and anarcho-capitalism. ... The Ethics of Liberty, by American economist and historian Murray N. Rothbard, first published in 1982, is a rigorous and philosophically sophisticated exposition of the libertarian political position. ...

Logic, language, and mathematics

Logic and philosophy of logic

Charles Sanders Peirce (IPA: /pÉs/), (September 10, 1839 â€“ April 19, 1914) was an American polymath, physicist, and philosopher, born in Cambridge, Massachusetts. ... Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege (8 November 1848, Wismar â€“ 26 July 1925, IPA: ) was a German mathematician who became a logician and philosopher. ... Begriffsschrift is the title of a short book on logic by Gottlob Frege, published in 1879, and is also the name of the formal system set out in that book. ... Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell OM FRS (18 May 1872 â€“ 2 February 1970), was a British philosopher, logician, and mathematician. ... Alfred North Whitehead, OM (February 15, 1861 Ramsgate, Kent, England â€“ December 30, 1947 Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA) was an English-born mathematician who became a philosopher. ... The Principia Mathematica is a three-volume work on the foundations of mathematics, written by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell and published in 1910-1913. ... Kurt GÃ¶del (IPA: ) (April 28, 1906 Brno, then Austria-Hungary, now Czech Republic â€“ January 14, 1978 Princeton, New Jersey) was an Austrian logician, mathematician, and philosopher of mathematics One of the most significant logicians of all time, GÃ¶dels work has had immense impact upon scientific and philosophical... In mathematical logic, GÃ¶dels incompleteness theorems are two celebrated theorems proved by Kurt GÃ¶del in 1931. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... // Alfred Tarski (January 14, 1902, Warsaw, Russian-ruled Poland â€“ October 26, 1983, Berkeley, California) was a logician and mathematician who spent four decades as a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley. ... Hans-Georg Gadamer (February 11, 1900 â€“ March 13, 2002) was a German philosopher best known for his 1960 magnum opus, Truth and Method (Wahrheit und Methode). ... Donald Davidson (March 6, 1917 â€“ August 30, 2003) was an American philosopher and the Willis S. and Marion Slusser Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley. ...

Philosophy of language

Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell OM FRS (18 May 1872 â€“ 2 February 1970), was a British philosopher, logician, and mathematician. ... On Denoting is one of the most significant and influential philosophical essays of the 20th century. ... Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (IPA: ) (April 26, 1889 â€“ April 29, 1951) was an Austrian philosopher who contributed several ground-breaking works to contemporary philosophy, primarily on the foundations of logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of language, and the philosophy of mind. ... Book cover of the Blackwell edition of Philosophical Investigations Philosophical Investigations (Philosophische Untersuchungen) is, along with the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, one of the two major works by 20th-century philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein. ... John Langshaw Austin (March 28, 1911 - February 8, 1960) was a philosopher of language, who developed much of the current theory of speech acts. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... Herbert Paul Grice (1913 - 1988), often writing under the name Paul Grice, was a philosopher remembered mainly for his substantial contribution to the study of meaning within language, particularly his maxims of conversation. ... Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege (8 November 1848, Wismar â€“ 26 July 1925, IPA: ) was a German mathematician who became a logician and philosopher. ... The distinction between Sinn and Bedeutung (usually but not always translated sense and reference, respectively) was an innovation of the German philosopher and mathematician Gottlob Frege in his 1892 paper Ãœber Sinn und Bedeutung (On Sense and Reference), which is still widely read today. ...

Philosophy of mathematics

This is a list of important publications in mathematics, organized by field. ...