NationMaster - Encyclopedia: List of revived languages

Revived languages are those which, having experienced near or complete extinction as either a spoken or written language, were intentionally revived and have eventually regained some of their former status. // Language revival is the revival, by governments, political authorities, or enthusiasts, to recover the spoken use of a language that is no longer spoken or is endangered. ...

The most frequent reason for extinction is the marginalisation of local languages within a wider dominant nation state, which might at times amount to outright political oppression. This process normally works alongside economic and cultural pressures for greater centralisation and assimilation. Once a language has become marginalised in this way, it is often perceived as being "useless" by its remaining speakers who associate it with low social status and poverty, and consequently fail to pass it on to the next generation. A nation-state is a specific form of state, which exists to provide a sovereign territory for a particular nation, and which derives its legitimacy from that function. ... Centralization is the process by which the activities of an organization, particularly those regarding decision-making, become concentrated within a particular location and/or group. ... In the social sciences, assimilation is the process of integration whereby immigrants, or other minority groups, are absorbed into a generally larger community. ...

Estonian

Cannot the tongue of this land
In the fire of incantation
Rising up to the heavens
Seek for eternity?
Estonian ( ; IPA: ) is the official language of Estonia, spoken by about 1. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

Those lines have been interpreted as a claim to reestablish the birthright of the Estonian language.(c.1.100.000 speakers nowadays) Kristjan Jaak Peterson(1801-22) the first student at then the German-language University of Tartu to acknowledge his Estonian origin, is commonly regarded as a herald of Estonian national literature and considered the founder of modern Estonian poetry. His birthday on March 14 is celebrated in Estonia as the Mother Tongue Day.^[1] Kristjan Jaak Peterson (March 14 (March 2 O.S.), 1801, Riga - August 4 (July 23 O.S.) 1822, Riga) was an Estonian poet, commonly regarded as a herald of Estonian national literature and the founder of modern Estonian poetry. ... The University of Tartu (Estonian: ; German: ) is a classical university in the city of Tartu Estonia. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... â€œNative Languageâ€ redirects here. ...

The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Germany, Sweden, and Russia resulted few early written literary works in Estonian language. Writings in Estonian became significant only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of Age of Enlightenment, during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750-1840). Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Estonians as being a fusion with the Baltic Germans, the Estophile educated class admired the ancient culture of the Estonians and their era of freedom before the conquests by Danes and Germans in the 13 century. ^[2] The Teutonic knights in Pskov in 1240. ... The Age of Enlightenment (French: ; German: ) was an eighteenth century movement in European and American philosophy, or the longer period including the Age of Reason. ... Tarto maa rahwa NÃ¤ddali Leht (Estonian for Tartu Peasants Weekly) was one of the first regular Estonian language publications, published in 1807. ... The Baltic Germans (German: , Deutschbalten; literally German Balts) were ethnically German inhabitants of the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, which today forms the countries of Estonia and Latvia. ...

After the Estonian War of Independence Estonian language became the state language of the newly independent country. When the Soviet Union occupied Estonia in 1940, the status of the Estonian language changed overnight. ^[3] In the second half of the 1970s, the pressure of Russification and bilingualism intensified. The Russian language was termed as ‘the language of friendship of nations’, and was taught to Estonian children as early as in kindergarten. At the same time teaching Estonian to non-Estonians was considered unnecessary^[4] During the Perestroika era The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language was adopted in January 1989. The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the restoration of Republic of Estonia's independence. Estonian language became again the only state language in Estonia. Combatants Estonia, Finnish and Scandinavian volunteers, White Russians Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic Landeswehr Commanders Johan Laidoner Jukums VÄcietis Sergei Kamenev RÃ¼diger von der Goltz Strength 74,500 (Estonian Army), ca 4000 Finnish volunteers, White Russians, about 200-400 Scandinavians 160 000+ 9500 Casualties 5,600 killed 15... An official language is a language that is given a privileged legal status in a state, or other legally-defined territory. ... Russification is an adoption of the Russian language or some other Russian attribute (whether voluntarily or not) by non-Russian communities. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... An official language is a language that is given a privileged legal status in a state, or other legally-defined territory. ...

Basque

Main article: Basque language Basque (native name: euskara) is the language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain and the adjoining region of South-Western France. ...

The region in which Basque is spoken is smaller than what is known as the Basque Country, or Euskal Herria in Basque. Basque toponyms show that Basque was spoken further along the Pyrenees than today. Basque experienced a rapid decline in Navarre during the 1800s. Today Basque holds co-official language status in the Basque regions of Spain: the full autonomous community of the Basque Country and some parts of Navarre. Basque has no official standing in the Northern Basque Country of France and French citizens are barred from officially using Basque in a French court of law. Location of the Basque Country The Basque Country divided in seven provinces Capital Pamplona Official languages Basque, French, Spanish Demonym Basque Currency Euro The real Basque-speaking zones This article is about the overall Basque domain. ... Pic de Bugatetin the NÃ©ouvielle Natural Reserve Central Pyrenees For the mountains in Victoria, Australia, see Pyrenees (Victoria). ... Capital Pamplona Official language(s) Spanish and Basque Area â€“ Total â€“ % of Spain Ranked 11th 10,391 kmÂ² 2. ...

Belarusian

Main article: Belarusian language The Belarusian or Belorussian language (Ð±ÐµÐ»Ð°Ñ€ÑƒÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð°, BGN/PCGN: byelaruskaya mova, Scientific: bjelaruskaja mova) is the language of the Belarusian people and is spoken in Belarus and abroad, chiefly in Russia, Ukraine, Poland. ...

The whole nation of Belarusians was "invisible" 150 years ago, with the area's people being known as Litvins, from the name of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, to whom the Belarusian land belonged. The nation was under heavy Polonization, followed by Russification. The language recovered after the Russian Revolution, followed by another period of neglect. Litvin may refer to: Lithuanian in Slavic languages Belarusians in context of Grand Duchy of Lithuania Any person from Grand Duchy of Lithuania in Slavic languages Modern ethnographic groups of Ukrainians in Chernihiv Oblast on border with Belarus and Russia, see Anatoliy Ponomariov. ... The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lithuanian: , Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje, Ruskaje, Å»amojckaje, Belarusian: , Ukrainian: , Polish: , Latin: ) was an Eastern and Central European state of the 12th[1] /13th century until the 18th century. ... Polonization (Polish: ) is the assumption (complete or partial), of the Polish language or another real or supposed Polish attribute. ... Russification is an adoption of the Russian language or some other Russian attribute (whether voluntarily or not) by non-Russian communities. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...

A second chance of revival appeared after the collapse of the Soviet Union, followed by significant increase of interest in Belarusian culture, language and historical heritage. The government of Alexander Lukashenko has been accused of associating these interests with opposition to his policy of union with Russia. As of 2005, Minsk, the capital of Belarus, does not have a single school with education carried out in the Belarusian language. The rise of Gorbachev Although reform stalled between 1964–1982, the generational shift gave new momentum for reform. ... Aleksandr Grigoryevich Lukashenko or Alyaksandar Ryhoravich Lukashenka (Belarusian: , Russian: ) (born August 30, 1954 at Kopys, Vitebsk voblast) has been the President of Belarus since 1994. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Location of Minsk, shown within the Minsk Voblast Coordinates: Country Subdivision Belarus Minsk Founded 1067 Government - Mayor Mikhail Pavlov Area - City 305. ...

Catalan

Main article: Catalan language Catalan IPA: (catalÃ IPA: or []) is a Romance language, the national language of Andorra, and a co-official language in the Spanish autonomous communities of Balearic Islands, Catalonia and Valencia (in the latter with the name of Valencian), and in the city of LAlguer in the Italian island of...

Whilst never endangered, Catalan was previously unwelcome in its host country. After the disappearance of the institutions of the Aragonese empire in 1714, the Spanish Bourbonic dynasty began a policy of linguicide against Catalan. During the 19th century some cultural associations with strong support of the population began to make efforts to revive the language. During Francisco Franco's administration, the policies of linguicide were revived, but following his death and a return to democracy in Spain, the situation has changed considerably and Catalan is now one of the most successful cases of a revived language. It must be noted, though, that Catalan was always spoken in a familiar-popular level during the various linguicide epochs. Catalan IPA: (catalÃ IPA: or []) is a Romance language, the national language of Andorra, and a co-official language in the Spanish autonomous communities of Balearic Islands, Catalonia and Valencia (in the latter with the name of Valencian), and in the city of LAlguer in the Italian island of... History of Spain series Prehistoric Spain Roman Spain Muslim Conquest of Iberia Timeline of Muslim Occupation Medieval Spain Age of Reconquest Age of Expansion Age of Enlightenment Reaction and Revolution First Spanish Republic The Restoration Second Spanish Republic Spanish Civil War The Dictatorship Modern Spain Topics Economic History Military History... Battle of Gangut, by Maurice Baquoi, 1724-27. ... Also see: Early Modern France The House of Bourbon is an important European royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... General Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo TeÃ³dulo Franco Bahamonde (4 December 1892 - November 20, [1] 1975), commonly abbreviated to Francisco Franco (pron. ...

Cornish

Main article: Cornish language This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...

Cornish lost most of its official status following the Protestant Reformation but lingered on in rural parts of West Cornwall, United Kingdom, until the late 18th century. There were sufficient records of the language (mainly in its medieval form) to allow it to be revived in the 20th century. The revival continues to gain strength, although accompanied by often bitter disputes over spelling and exactly what type of Cornish should be used. Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Ecumenism Â· Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul Â· Church Fathers Constantine Â· Athanasius Â· Augustine Anselm Â· Aquinas Â· Palamas Â· Luther Calvin Â· Wesley Arius Â· Marcion of Sinope Pope Â· Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box: For other uses, see Reformation (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Cornwall (disambiguation). ...

Czech

Main article: Czech language Czech (ÄeÅ¡tina []) is one of the West Slavic languages, along with Slovak, Polish, Pomeranian (Kashubian), and Lusatian Sorbian. ...

Czech language was being replaced by German in general and official use in the Austrian Empire. During the 18th and 19th century, efforts were made to expand the vocabulary and revive the language in a process called the Czech National Revival. Anthem Volkshymne (Peoples Anthem) The Austrian Empire Capital Vienna Language(s) German Hungarian Romanian Czech Slovakian Slovenian Croatian Serbian Italian Polish Ruthenian Religion Roman Catholic Government Monarchy History - Established 1804 - Ausgleich 1867 The Crown of the Austrian Emperor The Austrian Empire (German: ) was a modern era successor empire founded... Czech National Revival was a cultural movement, which took part in the Czech lands during the 18th and 19th century. ...

Frisian

Main article: Frisian language This article is about the Frisian languages, as spoken in the north of the Netherlands and Germany. ...

Until the 15th century, Frisian was a widely spoken and written language, but from 1500 onwards it became an almost exclusively oral language, mainly used in rural areas. This was in part due to the occupation beginning in 1498 of its stronghold, the Dutch province of Friesland (Fryslân), by Duke Albert of Saxony, who replaced the language of government from Frisian to Dutch. This practice went on under the Habsburg rulers of the Netherlands and continued after the Netherlands attained independence. (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... Capital Leeuwarden Queens Commissioner drs. ... Albert Wettin (January 27, 1443 â€“ September 12, 1500), Duke of Saxony, surnamed the Bold or the Courageous, was the younger son of Frederick II the Gentle. ... Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy; also used as the flag of the Austrian Empire until the Ausgleich of 1867. ...

Around 1820, the language staged a spontaneous comeback and an entire generation of Frisian authors and poets appeared. 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

The number of speakers of the Frisian language stabilised in the second part of the twentieth century and due to a bigger population and an increasingly amount of second language speakers it can be said that the amount of Frisian speakers currently is higher then it ever has been.

Galician

Main article: Galician language Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... Galician (Galician: galego, IPA: ) is a language of the Western Ibero-Romance branch, spoken in Galicia, an autonomous community with the constitutional status of historic nationality, located in northwestern Spain and small bordering zones in neighbouring autonomous communities of Asturias and Castilla y LeÃ³n. ...

The Galician language is closely related to neighbouring Portuguese, but Portugal became independent in the 13th century while Galicia was annexed by the kingdom of Castile (future Spanish state). (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... Galicia (Iberian peninsula) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... A former kingdom in modern-day Spain, Castile (Spanish: Castilla; usually pronounced Cast-EEL in English) now compromises the regions of Old Castile in the north-west, and New Castile in the center of the country. ...

Like Catalans and Basques, for centuries the Galicians saw their language retreat to family use among the lower classes as Spanish was imposed as the official language of the kingdom. As most Galicians were peasants and fishermen, the language continued in use only in everyday life. The situation deteriorated in the 19th and 20th century with the emergence of a centralised government and education and a single Spanish marketplace; the aspiring lower and middle classes started raising their offspring only in Spanish. Moreover, common speech was strongly influenced by Spanish. â€¹ The template below is being considered for deletion. ...

With the arrival of democracy in 1979, Galician autonomy and separate educational systems slowed this trend considerably. However, businesses, the press and most social institutions continued to conduct their business in Spanish. The survival of the language continues to be seriously compromised because Galician native speakers and non-speakers alike still regard the Galician language as a sign of social disadvantage vis-à-vis "mainstream" Spaniards.

At present, Spanish governmental policy declares Galician to be co-official, but the Galician currently in use is so compromised that it might be considered a tool for linguicide, not revival. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article should be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ...

The supporters of etymologic Galician-Portuguese are the reintegrationists, but they are ignored by the politicians, who deny the Galician and Portuguese language unity (supported by most philologists) and usually speak Spanish. Some re-integrationist people follow a near-Portuguese norm promoted by Associaçom Galega da Língua, while others use Standard Portuguese. Galician-Portuguese (also known as galego-portuguÃªs or galaico-portuguÃªs in Portuguese and as galego-portuguÃ©s or galaico-portuguÃ©s in Galician) was a West Iberian Romance language spoken in the Middle Ages, in the northwest area of the Iberian Peninsula. ... The term reintegracionismo or reintegrationism describes a linguistic movement in Galicia, Spain, which aims to reincorporate the Galician dialect or language into the Portuguese language. ...

Hawaiian

Main article: Hawaiian language The Hawaiian language is an Austronesian language that takes its name from that of the largest island in the tropical North Pacific archipelago where it developed. ...

On six of the seven inhabited islands of Hawaii, Hawaiian was displaced by English and is no longer used as the daily language of communication. The one exception is Niʻihau, where Hawaiian has never been displaced, has never been endangered, and is still used almost exclusively. Native speakers of Niʻihau Hawaiian are able to use a manner of speaking among themselves which is significantly different from the Hawaiian of the other islands, so different that it is unintelligible to non-Niʻihau speakers of Hawaiian. Official language(s) English, Hawaiian Capital Honolulu Largest city Honolulu Area Ranked 43rd - Total 10,931 sq mi (29,311 kmÂ²) - Width n/a miles (n/a km) - Length 1,522 miles (2,450 km) - % water 41. ... Niihau is the smallest of the inhabited Hawaiian Islands in the U.S. State of HawaiÊ»i, having an area of 179. ...

Efforts to revive the language have increased in recent decades. Hawaiian language "immersion" schools are now open to children whose families want to retain (or introduce) Hawaiian language into the next generation. The local NPR station features a short segment titled "Hawaiian word of the day." Additionally, the Sunday editions of the Honolulu Star-Bulletin feature a brief article called Kauakukalahale, written entirely in Hawaiian by a student. NPR logo For other meanings of NPR see NPR (disambiguation) National Public Radio (NPR) is a private, not-for-profit corporation that sells programming to member radio stations; together they are a loosely organized public radio network in the United States. ... The Honolulu Star-Bulletin, based in Honolulu, Hawaii, is the second largest daily newspaper in the state of Hawaii (the largest being the Honolulu Advertiser. ...

Hebrew

Hebrew was reborn after two millennia - longer than any other revived language - and most successfully. The language was mostly extinct, aside from specific religious uses, until the 19th century when it was revived by Eliezer Ben-Yehuda; though respected and preserved as the holy language of Judaism, it was considered impractically archaic or too sacred for day-to-day communication, yet is now spoken by over 7,000,000 people. Most of these live in Israel, where Hebrew is the official and most commonly-spoken language, but many in Jewish communities outside Israel have undertaken its study. It is also spoken as a form of trade language by non-Jews in other countries where Israelis are often present as tourists or expatriates, such as Turkey or India. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... â€œHebrewâ€ redirects here. ... Eliezer Ben-Yehuda Eliezer Ben-Yehuda (Hebrew ×Ö±×œÖ´×™×¢Ö¶×–Ö¶×¨ ×‘Ö¶Ö¼×ŸÖ¾×™Ö°×”×•Ö¼×“Ö¸×”) (January 7, 1858 â€“ December 16, 1922), was principally responsible for the revival of Hebrew as a spoken language from its previous state as a liturgical language. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Manx

Main article: Manx language Manx (Gaelg or Gailck), also known as Manx Gaelic, is a Goidelic language spoken on the Isle of Man. ...

Manx ceased to function as a community language during the first quarter of the 20th century, but was revived by enthusiasts at a time when there were still a number of native speakers alive. Although, at one point, no native speakers of the language were alive and it may have been officially be classified as "dead" in 1975. The revival appears to have gained strength in recent years. There is a regular programme in Manx on Manx Radio. As of 2006 there were forty-six pupils undergoing their education through the medium of Manx at the Bunscoill Gaelgagh. Manx Radio - The Sound of your Life logo. ...

Mirandese

Main article: Mirandese language The Mirandese language (LhÃ©ngua Mirandesa in Mirandese; LÃngua Mirandesa or MirandÃªs in Portuguese) is spoken in northeastern Portugal. ...

While never really endangered, Mirandese has always had a very small number of speakers in northeastern Portugal, with native speakers numbering about 500 in isolated villages. It may become endangered by modern political and cultural pressures, especially given that it has a history of being perceived as "useless" and "rural". However, the language has gained official status and has started to be learned along with Portuguese in schools. It has recently lost much of its negative public image in light of the fact that it is a language that emerged from Vulgar Latin in the same way as Portuguese. Today, second language speakers may number as many as 15,000. Vulgar Latin, as in this political graffito at Pompeii, was the speech of ordinary people of the Roman Empire â€” different from the classical Latin used by the Roman elite. ...

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