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Literature is a body of (usually) written works related by subject-matter, by language or place of origin, or by dominant cultural standards.[1] Literally translated, the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter). In Western culture the most basic literary types include poetry and prose, fiction and non-fiction. Literature, in addition to its main meaning, can refer to the following: Literature (card game) Category: ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (3072x2048, 1965 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Book User:Brighterorange Merton College Library ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (3072x2048, 1965 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Book User:Brighterorange Merton College Library ...
Merton College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom. ...
For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ...
A Specimen of typeset fonts and languages, by William Caslon, letter founder; from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. ...
This article is about the art form. ...
Prose is writing distinguished from poetry by its greater variety of rhythm and its closer resemblance to everyday speech. ...
For other uses, see Fiction (disambiguation). ...
For the book by Chuck Palahniuk titled Non-fiction, see Stranger Than Fiction: True Stories. ...
[edit] Definitions | Literature | | Major forms | | Epic · Romance · Novel
Tragedy · Comedy · Drama The epic is a broadly defined genre of narrative poetry, characterized by great length, multiple settings, large numbers of characters, or long span of time involved. ...
As a literary genre, romance or chivalric romance refers to a style of heroic prose and verse narrative current in Europe from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. ...
This article is about the literary concept. ...
For other uses, see Tragedy (disambiguation). ...
A comedy is a dramatic performance of a light and amusing character, usually with a happy conclusion to its plot. ...
For other uses, see Drama (disambiguation). ...
| | Media | | Performance · Book Buskers perform in San Francisco A performance, in performing arts, generally comprises an event in which one group of people (the performer or performers) behave in a particular way for another group of people (the audience). ...
For other uses, see Book (disambiguation). ...
| | Techniques | | Prose · Poetry Prose is writing distinguished from poetry by its greater variety of rhythm and its closer resemblance to everyday speech. ...
This article is about the art form. ...
| | History and lists | | Basic topics · Literary terms
History · Modern history
Books · Authors
Literary awards · Poetry awards Literature is prose, written or oral, including fiction and non-fiction, drama and poetry. ...
The following is a list of literary terms; that is, those words used in discussion, classification, criticism, and analysis of literature. ...
The history of literature is the historical development of writings in prose or poetry which attempt to provide entertainment, enlightenment, or instruction to the reader/hearer/observer, as well as the development of the literary techniques used in the communication of these pieces. ...
This article is homosexual and should be burned the second in a series of The History of Literature. ...
These are lists of books: List of books by title List of books by author Lists of authors List of anonymously published works (List of Hiberno-Saxon illustrated manuscripts) List of books by genre or type List of books by award or notoriety List of books by year of publication...
The following are lists of authors and writers: By name A – B – C – D – E – F – G – H – I – J – K – L – M – N – O – P – Q – R – S – T –...
It has been suggested that the section Literature from the article List of prizes, medals, and awards be merged into this article or section. ...
This is a list of awards that are, or have been, given out to writers of poetry, either for a specific poem, collection of poems, or body of work. ...
| | Discussion | | Criticism · Theory · Magazines Literary criticism is the study, discussion, evaluation, and interpretation of literature. ...
Literary theory is the theory (or the philosophy) of the interpretation of literature and literary criticism. ...
A literary magazine is a periodical devoted to literature in a broad sense. ...
| The word "literature" has different meanings depending on who is using it and in what context. It could be applied broadly to mean any symbolic record, encompassing everything from images and sculptures to letters. In a more narrow sense the term could mean only text composed of letters, or other examples of symbolic written language (Egyptian hieroglyphs, for example). An even more narrow interpretation is that text have a physical form, such as on paper or some other portable form, to the exclusion of inscriptions or digital media. The Muslim scientist and philosopher Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq defined Literature as follows: "Literature is the garment which one puts on what he says or writes so that it may appear more attractive." [2] Frequently, the texts that make up literature crossed over these boundaries. Illustrated stories, hypertexts, cave paintings and inscribed monuments have all at one time or another pushed the boundaries of "literature." Sculptor redirects here. ...
A section of the Papyrus of Ani showing cursive hieroglyphs. ...
Inscriptions are words or letters written, engraved, painted, or otherwise traced on a surface and can appear in contexts both small and monumental. ...
Audio & Visual Media Digital media (as opposed to analog media) usually refers to electronic media that work on digital codes. ...
There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ...
A philosopher is a person who thinks deeply regarding people, society, the world, and/or the universe. ...
Jafar al-Sadiq (Arabic: جعÙر الصادق) (April 20, 702 – December 4, 765), in full Jafar ibn Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Husayn, is considered the sixth Shia imam by Ja’fari Shia Muslims & the fifth Shia imam by Shia Ismaili Muslims. ...
For scale drawings or plans, see Plans (drawings). ...
In computing, hypertext is a user interface paradigm for displaying documents which, according to an early definition (Nelson 1970), branch or perform on request. ...
Cave or Rock Paintings are paintings on cave or rock walls and ceilings, usually dating to prehistoric times. ...
For other uses, see Monument (disambiguation). ...
[edit] National literatures Nations can have literatures, as can corporations, philosophical schools or historical periods. Popular belief commonly holds that the literature of a nation, for example, comprises the collection of texts which make it a whole nation. The Hebrew Bible, Persian Shahnama, the Indian Mahabharata, Ramayana and Thirukural, the Iliad and the Odyssey, Beowulf, and the Constitution of the United States, all fall within this definition of a kind of literature.[citation needed] For other uses, see Nation (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Corporation (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Philosophy (disambiguation). ...
Periodization is the attempt to categorize or divide time into discrete named blocks. ...
For other uses, see Nation (disambiguation). ...
11th century manuscript of the Hebrew Bible with Targum Hebrew Bible is a term that refers to the common portions of the Jewish canon and the Christian canons. ...
Anthem SorÅ«d-e MellÄ«-e ĪrÄn ² Capital (and largest city) Tehran Official languages Persian Demonym Iranian Government Islamic Republic - Supreme Leader - President Unification - Unified by Cyrus the Great 559 BCE - Parthian (Arsacid) dynastic empire (first reunification) 248 BCE-224 CE - Sassanid dynastic empire 224–651 CE - Safavid dynasty...
Shahnameh Shahnameh Scenes from the Shahnameh carved into reliefs at Tus, where Ferdowsi is buried. ...
For the film by Peter Brook, see The Mahabharata (1989 film). ...
For the television series by Ramanand Sagar, see Ramayan (TV series). ...
Tiruvalluvar statue at Kanyakumari Tirukkural (திருக்குறள் in Tamil) is an important work of Tamil literature by Tiruvalluvar written in the form of couplets expounding various aspects of life. ...
title page of the Rihel edition of ca. ...
For other uses, see Odyssey (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the epic poem. ...
Page I of the Constitution of the United States of America Page II of the United States Constitution Page III of the United States Constitution Page IV of the United States Constitution The Syng inkstand, with which the Constitution was signed The Constitution of the United States is the supreme...
[edit] Topical literatures More generally, one can equate a literature with a collection of stories, poems, and plays that revolve around a particular topic. In this case, the stories, poems and plays may or may not have nationalistic implications. The Western Canon forms one such literature. Eugène Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolising French nationalism during the July Revolution 1830. ...
The Western canon is a canon of books and art (and specifically one with very loose boundaries) that has allegedly been highly influential in shaping Western culture. ...
[edit] Quality divisions Furthermore, people may perceive a difference between "literature" and some popular forms of written work. The terms "literary fiction" and "literary merit" often serve to distinguish between individual works. For example, almost all literate people perceive the works of Charles Dickens as "literature," whereas some critics[citation needed] look down on the works of Jeffrey Archer as unworthy of inclusion under the general heading of "English literature." Critics may exclude works from the classification "literature," for example, on the grounds of a poor standard of grammar and syntax, of an unbelievable or disjointed story-line, or of inconsistent or unconvincing characters. Genre fiction (for example: romance, crime, or science fiction) may also become excluded from consideration as "literature." Literary fiction is a somewhat uneasy term that has come into common usage since around 1970, principally to distinguish serious fiction from the many types of genre fiction and popular fiction. ...
Literary Merit a written text has Liteary Merit if it is a work of quality, that is if it has some aesthetic value. ...
Dickens redirects here. ...
Not to be confused with Geoffrey Archer or Baron Archer of Sandwell. ...
The term English literature refers to literature written in the English language, including literature composed in English by writers not necessarily from England; Joseph Conrad was Polish, Robert Burns was Scottish, James Joyce was Irish, Dylan Thomas was Welsh, Edgar Allan Poe was American, Salman Rushdie is Indian, V.S...
For the rules of English grammar, see English grammar and Disputes in English grammar. ...
For other uses, see Syntax (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Verisimilitude (disambiguation). ...
Look up plot in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Genre fiction is a term for fictional works (novels, short stories) written with the intent of fitting into a specific literary genre in order to appeal to the fans of that genre. ...
[edit] History Different historical periods have emphasized various characteristics of literature. Early works often had an overt or covert religious or didactic purpose. Moralizing or prescriptive literature stems from such sources. The exotic nature of romance flourished from the Middle Ages onwards, whereas the Age of Reason manufactured nationalistic epics and philosophical tracts. Romanticism emphasized the popular folk literature and emotive involvement, but gave way in the 19th-century West to a phase of realism and naturalism, investigations into what is real. The 20th century brought demands for symbolism or psychological insight in the delineation and development of character. As a literary genre, romance or chivalric romance refers to a style of heroic prose and verse narrative current in Europe from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. ...
The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ...
The Age of Reason is either Thomas Paines book The Age of Reason. ...
Tract may be a reference to: tract (anatomy), a bundle of nerve fibers following a path through the brain, or a collection of related anatomic structures (e. ...
Romantics redirects here. ...
For other uses, see Realism (disambiguation). ...
Naturalism is a movement in theater, film, and literature that seeks to replicate a believable everyday reality, as opposed to such movements as Romanticism or Surrealism, in which subjects may receive highly symbolic, idealistic, or even supernatural treatment. ...
Psychological science redirects here. ...
[edit] Forms of literature
[edit] Poetry A poem is defined as a composition written in verse (although verse has been equally used for epic and dramatic fiction). Poems rely heavily on imagery, precise word choice, and metaphor; they may take the form of measures consisting of patterns of stresses (metric feet) or of patterns of different-length syllables (as in classical prosody); and they may or may not utilize rhyme. One cannot readily characterize poetry precisely. Typically though, poetry as a form of literature makes some significant use of the formal properties of the words it uses — the properties attached to the written or spoken form of the words, rather than to their meaning. Metre depends on syllables and on rhythms of speech; rhyme and alliteration depend on words that have similar pronunciation. Some recent poets, such as E. E. Cummings, made extensive use of words' visual form. Poetry (ancient Greek: poieo = create) is an art form in which human language is used for its aesthetic qualities in addition to, or instead of, its notional and semantic content. ...
Meter (British English spelling: metre) describes the linguistic sound patterns of a verse. ...
Imagery is any of the five senses (sight, touch, smell, hearing, and taste). ...
This article is about metaphor in literature and rhetoric. ...
Meter (British English spelling: metre) describes the linguistic sound patterns of a verse. ...
Prosody may mean several things: Prosody consists of distinctive variations of stress, tone, and timing in spoken language. ...
A rhyme is a repetition of identical or similar sounds in two or more different words and is most often used in poetry. ...
This article is about the art form. ...
Write redirects here. ...
Bold text This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
For the computer operating system, see Syllable (operating system). ...
Rhythm (Greek = flow, or in Modern Greek, style) is the variation of the length and accentuation of a series of sounds or other events. ...
Alliteration is a literary device in which the same sound appears at the beginning of two or more consecutive words. ...
E. E. Cummings Edward Estlin Cummings (October 14, 1894 – September 3, 1962), popularly known as e. ...
In psychology, visual perception is the ability to interpret visible light information reaching the eyes which is then made available for planning and action. ...
Poetry perhaps pre-dates other forms of literature: early known examples include the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh (dated from around 2700 B.C.), parts of the Bible, the surviving works of Homer (the Iliad and the Odyssey), and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. In cultures based primarily on oral traditions the formal characteristics of poetry often have a mnemonic function, and important texts: legal, genealogical or moral, for example, may appear first in verse form. Sumeria may refer to: A back-formation from the adjective Sumerian, often used to mean the ancient civilisation more properly known as Sumer Sumeria, a disco artist best known for the 1978 hit Golden Tears 1970 Sumeria, an asteroid discovered in 1954 by Miguel Itzigsohn Donna Sumeria, a song on...
The Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic poem from Babylonia and is among the earliest known literary works. ...
The 3rd millennium BC spans the Early to Middle Bronze Age. ...
This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library. ...
For other uses, see Homer (disambiguation). ...
title page of the Rihel edition of ca. ...
For other uses, see Odyssey (disambiguation). ...
The ancient Sanskrit epics, the Ramayana and Mahabharata, laid the cornerstone for much of Hindu religion. ...
For the television series by Ramanand Sagar, see Ramayan (TV series). ...
For the film by Peter Brook, see The Mahabharata (1989 film). ...
For other uses, see Mnemonic (disambiguation). ...
Genealogy (from Greek: γενεα, genea, family; and λόγος, logos, knowledge) is the study and tracing of family pedigrees. ...
Some poetry uses specific forms: the haiku, the limerick, or the sonnet, for example. A traditional haiku written in Japanese must have something to do with nature, contain seventeen onji (syllables), distributed over three lines in groups of five, seven, and five, and should also have a kigo, a specific word indicating a season. A limerick has five lines, with a rhyme scheme of AABBA, and line lengths of 3,3,2,2,3 stressed syllables. It traditionally has a less reverent attitude towards nature. For the operating system, see Haiku (operating system). ...
This article is about the poetic form. ...
Francesco Petrarca, or Petrarch, one of the best-known early Italian sonnet writers. ...
This article is about the physical universe. ...
A rhyme scheme is like the pattern of rhyming like lines in a poem or in like lyrics for music. ...
Language and tradition dictate some poetic norms: Persian poetry always rhymes, Greek poetry rarely rhymes, Italian or French poetry often does, English and German can go either way (although modern non-rhyming poetry often, perhaps unfairly, has a more "serious" aura). Perhaps the most paradigmatic style of English poetry, blank verse, as exemplified in works by Shakespeare and by Milton, consists of unrhymed iambic pentameters. Some languages prefer longer lines; some shorter ones. Some of these conventions result from the ease of fitting a specific language's vocabulary and grammar into certain structures, rather than into others; for example, some languages contain more rhyming words than others, or typically have longer words. Other structural conventions come about as the result of historical accidents, where many speakers of a language associate good poetry with a verse form preferred by a particular skilled or popular poet. For other uses, see Paradigm (disambiguation). ...
Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...
For other persons named John Milton, see John Milton (disambiguation). ...
Insert non-formatted text hereIambic pentameter is a meter in poetry. ...
Works for theatre (see below) traditionally took verse form. This has now become rare outside opera and musicals, although many would argue that the language of drama remains intrinsically poetic. For other uses, see Opera (disambiguation). ...
Musical theater (or theatre) is a form of theatre combining music, songs, dance, and spoken dialogue. ...
In recent years, digital poetry has arisen that takes advantage of the artistic, publishing, and synthetic qualities of digital media. Digital poetry (also referred to as E-poetry, short for electronic poetry, also computer poetry) refers to a wide range of approaches to poetry that all have in common prominent and crucial use of computers. ...
[edit] Essays An essay consists of a discussion of a topic from an author's personal point of view, exemplified by works by Francis Bacon or by Charles Lamb. For other uses, see Essay (disambiguation). ...
Sir Francis Bacon Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Albans, KC (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626) was an English astrologer, philosopher, statesman, spy, freemason and essayist. ...
Charles Lamb (1775-1834) Charles Lamb (10 February 1775 –- 27 December 1834) was an English essayist, best known for his Essays of Elia and for the childrens book Tales from Shakespeare, which he produced along with his sister, Mary Lamb (1764–1847). ...
'Essay' in English derives from the French 'essai', meaning 'attempt'. Thus one can find open-ended, provocative and/or inconclusive essays. The term "essays" first applied to the self-reflective musings of Michel de Montaigne, and even today he has a reputation as the father of this literary form. Michel Eyquem de Montaigne-Delecroix (IPA pronunciation: []) (February 28, 1533–September 13, 1592) was one of the most influential writers of the French Renaissance. ...
Genres related to the essay may include:
- the memoir, telling the story of an author's life from the author's personal point of view
- the epistle: usually a formal, didactic, or elegant letter.
As a literary genre, a memoir (from the French: mémoire from the Latin memoria, meaning memory) forms a subclass of autobiography, although it is an older form of writing. ...
An epistle (Greek επιστολη, epistolē, letter) is a writing directed or sent to a person or group of persons, usually a letter and a very formal, often didactic and elegant one. ...
For other uses, see Letter (disambiguation). ...
[edit] Fiction Prose consists of writing that does not adhere to any particular formal structures (other than simple grammar); "non-poetic writing," writing, perhaps. The term sometimes appears pejoratively, but prosaic writing simply says something without necessarily trying to say it in a beautiful way, or using beautiful words. Prose writing can of course take beautiful form; but less by virtue of the formal features of words (rhymes, alliteration, metre) but rather by style, placement, or inclusion of graphics. But one need not mark the distinction precisely, and perhaps cannot do so. Note the classifications: Prose is writing distinguished from poetry by its greater variety of rhythm and its closer resemblance to everyday speech. ...
For the rules of English grammar, see English grammar and Disputes in English grammar. ...
Look up beautiful in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
- "prose poetry", which attempts to convey the aesthetic richness typical of poetry using only prose
- "free verse", or poetry not adhering to any of the structures of one or another formal poetic style
Narrative fiction (narrative prose) generally favours prose for the writing of novels, short stories, graphic novels, and the like. Singular examples of these exist throughout history, but they did not develop into systematic and discrete literary forms until relatively recent centuries. Length often serves to categorize works of prose fiction. Although limits remain somewhat arbitrary, modern publishing conventions dictate the following: // Prose poetry is usually considered a form of poetry written in prose that breaks some of the normal rules associated with prose discourse, for heightened imagery or emotional effect, among other purposes. ...
Free verse (also at times referred to as vers libre) is a term describing various styles of poetry that are not written using strict meter or rhyme, but that still are recognizable as poetry by virtue of complex patterns of one sort or another that readers will perceive to be...
For other uses, see Fiction (disambiguation). ...
A novel is an extended work of written, narrative, prose fiction, usually in story form; the writer of a novel is a novelist. ...
“Publisher†redirects here. ...
- A Mini Saga is a short story of exactly 50 words
- A Flash fiction is generally defined as a piece of prose under a thousand words.
- A short story comprises prose writing of less than 10,000 to 20,000 words, but typically more than 500 words, which may or may not have a narrative arc.
- A story containing between 20,000 and 50,000 words falls into the novella category.
- A work of fiction containing more than 50,000 words falls squarely into the realm of the novel.
A novel consists simply of a long story written in prose, yet the form developed comparatively recently. Icelandic prose sagas dating from about the 11th century bridge the gap between traditional national verse epics and the modern psychological novel. In mainland Europe, the Spaniard Cervantes wrote perhaps the first influential novel: Don Quixote, the first part of which was published in 1605 and the second in 1615. Earlier collections of tales, such as Boccaccio's Decameron and Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, have comparable forms and would classify as novels if written today. Earlier works written in Asia resemble even more strongly the novel as we now think of it — for example, works such as the Chinese Romance of the Three Kingdoms and the Japanese Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki. Compare to The Book of One Thousand and One Nights. // Flash fiction is fiction characterized by its extreme brevity, as measured by its length in words. ...
This article is in need of attention. ...
A novella is a narrative work of prose fiction somewhat longer than a short story but shorter than a novel. ...
This article is about the literary concept. ...
This article is about the literary concept. ...
Excerpt Njåls saga in the Möðruvallabók (AM 132 folio 13r) circia 1350. ...
The epic is a broadly defined genre of narrative poetry, characterized by great length, multiple settings, large numbers of characters, or long span of time involved. ...
The psychological novel is a type of novel supposed to have originated with Giovanni Boccaccio in 1344 CE, in La Fiammetta. ...
Cervantes redirects here. ...
This article is about the fictional character and novel. ...
1605 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ...
Events June 2 - First Récollet missionaries arrive at Quebec City, from Rouen, France. ...
This article is in need of attention. ...
Giovanni Boccaccio (June 16, 1313 – December 21, 1375) was an Italian author and poet, a friend and correspondent of Petrarch, an important Renaissance humanist in his own right and author of a number of notable works including On Famous Women, the Decameron and his poetry in the vernacular. ...
Illustration from a copy of The Decameron, ca. ...
Chaucer redirects here. ...
For other uses, see The Canterbury Tales (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Romance of the Three Kingdoms (disambiguation). ...
Ilustration of ch. ...
Murasaki Shikibu (紫 式部 Murasaki Shikibu, c. ...
Queen Scheherazade tells her stories to King Shahryar. ...
Early novels in Europe did not, at the time, count as significant literature, perhaps because "mere" prose writing seemed easy and unimportant. It has become clear, however, that prose writing can provide aesthetic pleasure without adhering to poetic forms. Additionally, the freedom authors gain in not having to concern themselves with verse structure translates often into a more complex plot or into one richer in precise detail than one typically finds even in narrative poetry. This freedom also allows an author to experiment with many different literary and presentation styles — including poetry— in the scope of a single novel. Look up plot in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
See Ian Watt's The Rise of the Novel. [This definition needs expansion] Literary critic and literary historian Ian Watt (1917-1999) was a professor of English at Stanford University. ...
[edit] Other prose literature Philosophy, history, journalism, and legal and scientific writings traditionally ranked as literature. They offer some of the oldest prose writings in existence; novels and prose stories earned the names "fiction" to distinguish them from factual writing or nonfiction, which writers historically have crafted in prose. For other uses, see Philosophy (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the study of the past in human terms. ...
Journalism is a discipline of gathering, writing and reporting news, and broadly it includes the process of editing and presenting the news articles. ...
For other uses, see Fiction (disambiguation). ...
Non-fiction is a truthful account or representation of a subject which is composed of facts. ...
The "literary" nature of science writing has become less pronounced over the last two centuries, as advances and specialization have made new scientific research inaccessible to most audiences; science now appears mostly in journals. Scientific works of Euclid, Aristotle, Copernicus, and Newton still possess great value; but since the science in them has largely become outdated, they no longer serve for scientific instruction, yet they remain too technical to sit well in most programmes of literary study. Outside of "history of science" programmes students rarely read such works. Many books "popularizing" science might still deserve the title "literature"; history will tell. Nature, Science and PNAS In academic publishing, a scientific journal is a periodical publication intended to further the progress of science, usually by reporting new research. ...
For other uses, see Euclid (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Aristotle (disambiguation). ...
Copernicus redirects here. ...
Sir Isaac Newton FRS (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727) [ OS: 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727][1] was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, and alchemist. ...
Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by a global community of researchers making use of a body of techniques known as scientific methods, emphasizing the observation, experimentation and scientific explanation of real world phenomena. ...
Philosophy, too, has become an increasingly academic discipline. More of its practitioners lament this situation than occurs with the sciences; nonetheless most new philosophical work appears in academic journals. Major philosophers through history—Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Descartes, Nietzsche—have become as canonical as any writers. Some recent philosophy works are argued to merit the title "literature", such as some of the works by Simon Blackburn; but much of it does not, and some areas, such as logic, have become extremely technical to a degree similar to that of mathematics. Academic publishing describes the subfield of publishing which distributes academic research and scholarship. ...
For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Aristotle (disambiguation). ...
Augustinus redirects here. ...
Descartes redirects here. ...
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15, 1844 – August 25, 1900) (IPA: ) was a nineteenth-century German philosopher. ...
Simon Blackburn (born 1944) is a British academic philosopher also known for his efforts to popularise philosophy. ...
Logic (from Classical Greek λόγος logos; meaning word, thought, idea, argument, account, reason, or principle) is the study of the principles and criteria of valid inference and demonstration. ...
For other meanings of mathematics or uses of math and maths, see Mathematics (disambiguation) and Math (disambiguation). ...
A great deal of historical writing can still rank as literature, particularly the genre known as creative nonfiction. So can a great deal of journalism, such as literary journalism. However these areas have become extremely large, and often have a primarily utilitarian purpose: to record data or convey immediate information. As a result the writing in these fields often lacks a literary quality, although it often and in its better moments has that quality. Major "literary" historians include Herodotus, Thucydides and Procopius, all of whom count as canonical literary figures. Creative nonfiction, also known as literary journalism and narrative journalism, is a type of writing which uses literary skills in the writing of nonfiction. ...
Creative nonfiction is a genre of literature, also known as literary journalism, which uses literary skills in the writing of nonfiction. ...
Herodotus of Halicarnassus (Greek: HÄ“rodotos HalikarnÄsseus) was a Greek historian from Ionia who lived in the 5th century BC (ca. ...
Bust of Thucydides residing in the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto. ...
Procopius of Caesarea (in Greek Î Ïοκόπιος, c. ...
Law offers a less clear case. Some writings of Plato and Aristotle, or even the early parts of the Bible, might count as legal literature. The law tables of Hammurabi of Babylon might count. Roman civil law as codified in the Corpus Juris Civilis during the reign of Justinian I of the Byzantine Empire has a reputation as significant literature. The founding documents of many countries, including the United States Constitution, can count as literature; however legal writing now rarely exhibits literary merit. For other uses, see Law (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Aristotle (disambiguation). ...
This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library. ...
For the computer game, see Hamurabi. ...
For other uses, see Babylon (disambiguation). ...
Using the term Roman law in a broader sense, one may say that Roman law is not only the legal system of ancient Rome but the law that was applied throughout most of Europe until the end of the 18th century. ...
Justinian I depicted on a mosaic in the church of San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy The Corpus Juris Civilis (Body of Civil Law) is the modern name[1] for a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence, issued from 529 to 534 by order of Justinian I, Byzantine Emperor. ...
This article is about the Roman emperor. ...
Byzantine redirects here. ...
Wikisource has original text related to this article: The United States Constitution The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States of America. ...
Game Design Scripts - In essence never seen by the player of a game and only by the developers and/or publishers, the audience for these pieces is usually very small. Still, many game scripts contain immersive stories and detailed worlds making them hidden literary gems. Game design is the process of designing the content and rules of a game. ...
Most of these fields, then, through specialization or proliferation, no longer generally constitute "literature" in the sense under discussion. They may sometimes count as "literary literature"; more often they produce what one might call "technical literature" or "professional literature".
A play or drama offers another classical literary form that has continued to evolve over the years. It generally comprises chiefly dialogue between characters, and usually aims at dramatic / theatrical performance (see theatre) rather than at reading. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, opera developed as a combination of poetry, drama, and music. Nearly all drama took verse form until comparatively recently. Shakespeare could be considered drama. Romeo and Juliet, for example, is a classic romantic drama generally accepted as literature. For other uses, see Play (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Drama (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Dialogue (disambiguation). ...
Buskers perform in San Francisco A performance, in performing arts, generally comprises an event in which one group of people (the performer or performers) behave in a particular way for another group of people (the audience). ...
Serge Sudeikins poster for the Bat Theatre (1922). ...
(17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ...
Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...
For other uses, see Opera (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Music (disambiguation). ...
Greek drama exemplifies the earliest form of drama of which we have substantial knowledge. Tragedy, as a dramatic genre, developed as a performance associated with religious and civic festivals, typically enacting or developing upon well-known historical or mythological themes. Tragedies generally presented very serious Theme. With the advent of newer technologies, scripts written for non-stage media have been added to this form. War of the Worlds (radio) in 1938 saw the advent of literature written for radio broadcast, and many works of Drama have been adapted for film or television. Conversely, television, film, and radio literature have been adapted to printed or electronic media. Greek theatre or Greek Drama came into its own between 600 and 200 BC in the ancient city of Athens. ...
For other uses, see Tragedy (disambiguation). ...
A genre [], (French: kind or sort from Greek: γÎνος (genos)) is a loose set of criteria for a category of literary composition; the term is also used for any other form of art or utterance. ...
Various Religious symbols, including (first row) Christian, Jewish, Hindu, Bahai, (second row) Islamic, tribal, Taoist, Shinto (third row) Buddhist, Sikh, Hindu, Jain, (fourth row) Ayyavazhi, Triple Goddess, Maltese cross, pre-Christian Slavonic Religion is the adherence to codified beliefs and rituals that generally involve a faith in a spiritual...
For other uses, see Festival (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the study of the past in human terms. ...
For other uses, see Mythology (disambiguation). ...
In literature, a theme is a broad idea in a story, or a message or lesson conveyed by a work. ...
On October 30, 1938, as a Halloween special, Orson Welles performed a live radio adaptation of H. G. Wells classic novel The War of the Worlds, which famously frightened many in the audience into believing that an actual Martian invasion was in progress. ...
[edit] Other narrative forms - Graphic novels and comic books present stories told in a combination of sequential artwork, dialogue and text.
- Films, videos and broadcast soap operas have carved out a niche which often parallels the functionality of prose fiction.
- Interactive fiction, a term for a prose-based genre of computer games, occupies a small literary niche.
- Electronic literature is a developing literary genre meant to be read on a computer screen, often making use of hypertext.
Trade paperback of Will Eisners A Contract with God (1978), often mistakenly cited as the first graphic novel. ...
A comic book is a magazine or book containing the art form of comics. ...
This article is about motion pictures. ...
The first TIME cover devoted to soap operas: Dated January 12, 1976, Bill Hayes and Susan Seaforth Hayes of Days of our Lives are featured with the headline Soap Operas: Sex and suffering in the afternoon. A soap opera is an ongoing, episodic work of fiction, usually broadcast on television...
Zork I is one of the first interactive fiction games, as well as being one of the first commercially sold. ...
Electronic literature refers to texts that take advantage of the capabilities of computers, software, or network technologies. ...
In computing, hypertext is a user interface paradigm for displaying documents which, according to an early definition (Nelson 1970), branch or perform on request. ...
[edit] Genres of literature A literary genre refers to the traditional divisions of literature of various kinds according to a particular criterion of writing. See the list of literary genres. A literary genre is one of the divisions of literature into genres according to particular criteria such as literary technique, tone, or content. ...
[edit] Literary techniques -
A literary technique or literary device may be used by works of literature in order to produce a specific effect on the reader. Literary technique is distinguished from literary genre as military tactics are from military strategy. Thus, though David Copperfield employs satire at certain moments, it belongs to the genre of comic novel, not that of satire. By contrast, Bleak House employs satire so consistently as to belong to the genre of satirical novel. In this way, use of a technique can lead to the development of a new genre, as was the case with one of the first modern novels, Pamela by Samuel Richardson, which by using the epistolary technique strengthened the tradition of the epistolary novel, a genre which had been practiced for some time already but without the same acclaim. A literary technique or literary device may be used in works of literature in order to produce a specific effect on the reader. ...
A literary genre is one of the divisions of literature into genres according to particular criteria such as literary technique, tone, or content. ...
Military tactics (Greek: Taktikē, the art of organizing an army) are the collective name for methods for engaging and defeating an enemy in battle. ...
This article is about real and historical warfare. ...
For David Copperfield the illusionist, see David Copperfield (illusionist). ...
Bleak House is the ninth novel by Charles Dickens, published in 20 monthly parts between March 1852 and September 1853. ...
Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded is an epistolary novel by Samuel Richardson, first published in 1740. ...
Samuel Richardson (August 19, 1689 – July 4, 1761) was a major 18th century writer best known for his three epistolary novels: Pamela: Or, Virtue Rewarded (1740), Clarissa: Or the History of a Young Lady (1748) and Sir Charles Grandison (1753). ...
Titlepage of Aphra Behns Love-Letters (1684) An epistolary novel is a novel written as a series of documents. ...
[edit] Literary criticism Also see:Literary criticism, Literary history, Literary theory Literary criticism is the study, discussion, evaluation, and interpretation of literature. ...
The history of literature is the historical development of writings in prose or poetry which attempt to provide entertainment, enlightenment, or instruction to the reader/hearer/observer, as well as the development of the literary techniques used in the communication of these pieces. ...
Literary theory is the theory (or the philosophy) of the interpretation of literature and literary criticism. ...
Literary criticism implies a critique and evaluation of a piece of literature and in some cases is used to improve a work in progress or classical piece. There are many types of literary criticism and each can be used to critique a piece in a different way or critique a different aspect of a piece. The major types of literary criticism are Marxism, Human studies, which umbrellas homosexual studies and feminism, historical, and Traditional, also known as New Criticism.
[edit] See also
Literature is prose, written or oral, including fiction and non-fiction, drama and poetry. ...
The following are lists of authors and writers: By name A – B – C – D – E – F – G – H – I – J – K – L – M – N – O – P – Q – R – S – T –...
These are lists of books: List of books by title List of books by author Lists of authors List of anonymously published works (List of Hiberno-Saxon illustrated manuscripts) List of books by genre or type List of books by award or notoriety List of books by year of publication...
It has been suggested that the section Literature from the article List of prizes, medals, and awards be merged into this article or section. ...
The following is a list of literary terms; that is, those words used in discussion, classification, criticism, and analysis of literature. ...
A list of famous prizes, medals and awards including cups, trophies, bowls, badges, state decorations etc. ...
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The following are lists of authors and writers: By name A – B – C – D – E – F – G – H – I – J – K – L – M – N – O – P – Q – R – S – T –...
[edit] Related topics Asemic writing is an open semantic form of writing. ...
Childrens books redirects here. ...
A cultural movement is a change in the way a number of different disciplines approach their work. ...
English studies is an academic discipline that includes the study of literatures written in the English language (including literatures from the U.K., U.S., Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, the Philippines, India, South Africa, and the Middle East, among other areas), English linguistics (including English phonetics, phonology...
Ergodic literature is literature that requires special effort to comprehend or read, perhaps due to a non linear structure. ...
The Hinman Collator, an early optical collator, was an opto-mechanical device for comparing pairs of documents for differences in the text. ...
The history of literature is the historical development of writings in prose or poetry which attempt to provide entertainment, enlightenment, or instruction to the reader/hearer/observer, as well as the development of the literary techniques used in the communication of these pieces. ...
This article is homosexual and should be burned the second in a series of The History of Literature. ...
This is a list basic topics in the field--topics about which wed like to have articles soon. ...
Literary criticism is the study, discussion, evaluation, and interpretation of literature. ...
Literary cycles are groups of stories grouped around common figures, based on mythical figures or loosely on historic ones. ...
A literary magazine is a periodical devoted to literature in a broad sense. ...
The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Fifth Edition The Modern Language Association of America (MLA) is the principal professional association in the United States for scholars of literature and literary criticism. ...
Orature corresponds in the sphere of the spoken (oral) word to literature as literature operates in the domain of the written word. ...
Postcolonial literature (less often spelled Post-colonial literature, sometimes called New English Literature(s)) is literature concerned with the political and cultural independence of people formerly subjugated in colonial empires, and the literary expression of postcolonialism. ...
Rabbinic literature, in the broadest sense, can mean the entire spectrum of Judaisms rabbinic writing/s throughout history. ...
Scientific literature is the totality of publications that report original empirical and theoretical work in the sciences and social sciences. ...
Vernacular literature is literature written in the vernacular - the speech of the common people. ...
World literature refers to literature from all over the world, including American literature, European literature, Latin American literature, Asian literature, African literature, Arabic literature and so on. ...
- ^ "literature" The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. Christopher Baldick. Oxford University Press, 1996. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Brigham Young University (BYU). 21 November 2007 <http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t56.e555>
- ^ The Great Muslim Scientist and Philosopher Imam Jafar Ibn Mohammad As-Sadiq(a.s),Imam Hussain Publication, First Edition, ISBN: 964-7371 12-8
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