NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Lynching

Lynching as unlawful communal punishment is historically associated in the USA with racial discrimination or prejudice, but lynching is also associated with communal or collective violence targeting individuals because of ethnicity, age, religion, or gender and the summary execution of a targeted victim, usually by hanging. Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Gay bashing Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Gay bashing Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial... For other uses, see Violence (disambiguation). ... Victim was the title of a British film made in 1961, directed by Basil Deardon and starring Dirk Bogarde and Sylvia Simms. ...

In 1912, Paul Walton Black published an extensive analysis of lynching, defining lynching as Ohio legislators did similarly in 1896 in an anti-lynching law: "Any collection of individuals assembled for any unlawful purpose intending to do damage or injury to anyone, or pretending to exercise correctional power over persons by violence, and without authority of law, shall for the purpose of this act be regarded as a ‘mob,' and any act of violence exercised by them upon the body of any person, shall constitute a ‘lynching'." When referring to lynching, the definition employed by recent southern historians in the USA is that of 'collective violence' which has consistency across regions.^[1]

In the United States of America, lynching is a hate crime^[2] associated with groups whose politically motivated behavior evolves and escalates to extrajudicial or unlawful executions. Groups follow a pattern of behavior in which the members gather and define their ideology and targets, disparage targets through discrediting tactics and smear campaigns, harass or terrorize targets using verbal or physical cues or signs such as the noose^[3], physically attack with and without weapons through violent acts ranging from nuisance to assault, then ultimately attempt to destroy the object of their hate.^[4] A Jewish cemetery in France after being defaced by Neo-Nazis. ... Extrajudicial execution and extrajudicial punishment are terms to describe death sentences and other types of punishment, respectively, executed without prior proper judicial procedure. ... Political Ideologies Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box: An ideology is an organized collection of ideas. ... The expression discrediting tactics in politics refers to personal attacks against a public figure intended to discourage people from believing in the figure or supporting their cause (see damaging quotations). ... Political campaign Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box: This page is about a political tactic. ... Harassment refers to a wide spectrum of offensive behavior. ... Terror is a pronounced state of fear, an overwhelming sense of imminent danger. ... For the 1948 British film, see Noose (film). ... In military science, an attack is the aggressive attempt to conquer enemy territory, installations, personnel, or equipment or to deny the enemy the use of territory, installations, personnel, or equipment, for example by destroying the equipment. ... A weapon is a tool used to kill or incapacitate a person or animal, or destroy a military target. ... Nuisance is a common law tort. ...

Lynching can culminate in murder by a mob, usually by hanging and sometimes by burning. Lynch mobs, which typically require a large number of participants, can be considered vigilante terrorists.^[5] MOB as an initialism may refer to: Management and Organizational Behavior Mail-order bride Man overboard Marching Owl Band Mobile Regional Airport Montreux-Oberland Bernois, Swiss railway Movable Object Block, used in computer graphics Mob The Mob Money Over Bitches Category: ... For other uses, see Vigilante (disambiguation). ... Terrorism refers to the use of violence for the purpose of achieving a political, religious, or ideological goal. ...

An accusation, not guilt, is all that was necessary for mobs in United States history to carry out murder. Some historians view lynching as a form of ethnic cleansing because the majority of those who were murdered by mobs in the United States were blacks and the mob of murderers were white, and lynching was carried out for nearly a century with the intent to control and humiliate a population.^[6] The mob often fancies itself a self-appointed police force with the power to illegally carry out whatever threats they care to, against any individual for any reason. Victims of lynching were often not even accused of crimes: For the video game, see Ethnic Cleansing (computer game). ...

Immediately after the Civil War lynching became a preferred way for white planter to terrorize their former slaves who they no longer legally owned and therefore did not value as they had previously. Construction of the Thomas Jefferson Building, from July 8, 1888 to May 15, 1894. ... For other uses of terms redirecting here, see US (disambiguation), USA (disambiguation), and United States (disambiguation) Motto In God We Trust(since 1956) (From Many, One; Latin, traditional) Anthem The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City National language English (de facto)1 Demonym American... The Buxton Memorial Fountain, celebrating the emancipation of slaves in the British Empire in 1834, London. ...

In U.S. history, lynch mobs had no legal authority. In its earliest usage the term lynching implied "the infliction of punishment such as whipping or tarring and feathering." Later, it generally refers only to mob murder though it is still used occasionally in its broader meaning in some jurisdictions.^[12] Members of the second Ku Klux Klan at a rally during the 1920s. ... The following is a list of political parties whose names (in English) include the word Democrat(s) or Democratic. For the phrase, see: Democrat Party Category: ... Guerrilla (also called a partisan) is a term borrowed from Spanish (from guerra meaning war) used to describe small combat groups. ... The term whipping has multiple meanings. ... Tarring and feathering is a physical punishment, at least as old as the Crusades, used to enforce formal justice in feudal Europe and informal justice in Europe and its colonies in the early modern period, as well as the early American frontier, mostly as a type of mob vengeance (compare...

In The Strange Career of Jim Crow, the historian C. Vann Woodward wrote of the post- World War I period: This article is about the occupation of studying history. ... Comer Vann Woodward (November 13, 1908 - December 17, 1999) was a pre-eminent American historian focusing primarily on the American South and race relations. ... â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ...

Lynching is a form of extrajudicial punishment, usually culminating in murder, as a method of enforcing social domination. It is characterized by a summary procedure ignoring, bypassing, or even contrary to, the strict forms of law, notably judicial execution. Victims of lynchings have often been members of groups marginalized or vilified by the larger community in which they lived. John H. Franklin John Hope Franklin (born January 2, 1915) is a United States historian and past president of the American Historical Association. ... Longview is a city in Texas, United States, located between Dallas, TX and Shreveport, LA. The population was 73,345 at the 2000 census, but a 2005 estimate placed the citys population at 75,609. ... Nickname: Location in the state of Oklahoma Coordinates: , Country State Counties Tulsa, Osage, Rogers Government - Mayor Kathy Taylor (D) Area - City 186. ... Elaine is a city located in Phillips County, Arkansas. ... Extrajudicial punishment is physical punishment without the permission of a court or legal authority, and as such, constitutes a violation of basic human rights (such as the right to due process and humane treatment). ...

Pogroms against Jews in the early twentieth century in Russia and south-eastern Europe were another form of community policing, similar to the ethnic cleansing that characterized lynchings in the United States. (See Pogrom and [7].) Pogrom (from Russian: ; from Ð³Ñ€Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ñ‚ÑŒ IPA: - to wreak havoc, to demolish violently) is a form of riot directed against a particular group, whether ethnic, religious or other, and characterized by destruction of their homes, businesses and religious centres. ...

United States

Lynching is mob violence usually resulting in the murder by hanging of victims who usually were not brought before a judge or court. The practice was frequent in the South after the end of the Civil War in the turmoil of conflict between different social groups, as whites tried to assert dominance over freedpeople. The number of lynchings peaked at the end of the 19th century, but these kinds of murders continued into the twentieth century. The civil rights movement won a slowing of the practice in the 1950s and a halt to most but not all lynchings during the 1960s. Postcard depicting the lynching of Lige Daniels, Center, Texas, August 3, 1920. ... Historic Southern United States. ... For other uses of terms redirecting here, see US (disambiguation), USA (disambiguation), and United States (disambiguation) Motto In God We Trust(since 1956) (From Many, One; Latin, traditional) Anthem The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City National language English (de facto)1 Demonym American... Civil rights or positive rights are those legal rights retained by citizens and protected by the government. ...

Before the Civil War, whites usually attacked black slaves and persons suspected of aiding escaped slaves; lynching was mainly a frontier phenomenon. The American Civil War was fought in the United States from 1861 until 1865 between the northern states, popularly referred to as the U.S., the Union, the North, or the Yankees; and the seceding southern states, commonly referred to as the Confederate States of America, the CSA, the Confederacy... Slave sale in Easton, Maryland The history of slavery in the United States (1619-1865) began soon after the English colonists first settled in Virginia and lasted until the passage of the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. ...

During Reconstruction, the Ku Klux Klan and others used lynching as a means to control African Americans, force them to work for planters, and prevent them from voting.^[14]^[15] ^[16]^[17] ^[18] White Republicans were often victims of lynching as well in the post- war period. Federal troops operating under the Civil Rights Act of 1871 largely broke up the Reconstruction-era Klan. With the end of Reconstruction in 1877, white southerners regained nearly exclusive control of the region's governments and courts. Lynchings declined briefly, but the practice took hold again with a vengeance by the end of the 19th century. In 1892, 161 African-Americans were lynched. The largest single lynching incident in America's history was the lynching of 11 Italian-Americans in New Orleans, Louisiana in 1892. This incident was popularized in the HBO movie "Vendetta". For other uses, see Reconstruction (disambiguation). ... Members of the second Ku Klux Klan at a rally during the 1920s. ... The Civil Rights Act of 1871, now codified and known as , is one of the most important federal statutes in force in the United States. ... This article is considered orphaned, since there are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...

After the 1915 release of the movie The Birth of a Nation, which glorified lynching and the Reconstruction-era Klan, the Klan re-formed and re-adopted lynching as a means to socially, economically, and politically terrorize and paralyze black populations. Victims were usually black men, and sometimes black women, often accused of assaulting or raping whites. Lynch Law declined sharply by the 1950s. For the 1982 film of the same name, see Birth of a Nation (1982 film). ... For other uses, see Reconstruction (disambiguation). ...

The executions of 4,743 people who were lynched in the United States between 1882 and 1968 were not often publicized. It is likely that many more unrecorded lynchings occurred in this period. Lynching statistics were kept only for the 86 years between 1882 and 1968, and were based primarily on newspaper accounts. Yet the socio-political impact of lynchings could be significant. In 1901 the state of Colorado restored capital punishment, in response to an outbreak of lynchings in 1900. The state had abolished capital punishment only in 1897. Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Official language(s) English Capital Denver Largest city Denver Largest metro area Denver-Aurora Metro Area Area Ranked 8th - Total 104,185 sq mi (269,837 kmÂ²) - Width 280 miles (451 km) - Length 380 miles (612 km) - % water 0. ...

Most lynchings were inspired by unsolved crime, racism, and innuendo. 3,500 of its victims were African Americans. Lynchings took place in every state except four, but were concentrated in the Cotton Belt (Mississippi, Georgia, Alabama, Texas and Louisiana). ^[19] Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Gay bashing Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial... This article is about the U.S. state. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... For other uses, see Texas (disambiguation). ... This article is about the U.S. State. ...

Members of mobs that participated in these public murders often took photographs of what they had done. Those photographs, distributed on postcards, were collected by James Allen, who has published them in book form and online ^[20], with written words and video to accompany the images.

Retaining incriminating evidence is not uncommon for sadistic criminals and in a study conducted by Robert R. Hazelwood, M.S. it was reported that of the sadistic criminals studied: "Forty percent of the men took and kept personal items belonging to their victims...which included...photographs...and some of the offenders referred to them as "trophies"."^[21]

Europe

In Europe early examples of a similar phenomenon are found in the proceedings of the Vehmgerichte in medieval Germany, and of Lydford law, gibbet law or Halifax law, Cowper justice and Jeddart justice in the thinly settled and border districts of Great Britain. ... Halifax is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. ... Halifax is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. ... William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper (c. ... Location within the British Isles Jedburgh (Referred to locally Jedart or Jethart) is a royal burgh in the Scottish Borders, lying on the Jed Water, a tributary of the River Teviot. ...

In 1944, Wolfgang Rosterg, a German POW known to be unsympathetic to the Nazi regime in Germany, was lynched by Nazi fanatics in prisoner of war Camp 21 in Comrie, Scotland. After the end of the war, five of the perpetrators were hanged at Pentonville Prison - the largest multiple execution in 20th century Britain. [8] Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ... Nazism in history Nazi ideology Nazism and race Outside Germany Related subjects Lists Politics Portal Nazism or National Socialism (German: Nationalsozialismus), refers primarily to the ideology and practices of the Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers Party, German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) under Adolf Hitler. ... Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ... Comrie is a town in Perthshire, Scotland. ... This article is about the country. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Hanging is the suspension of a person by a ligature, usually a cord wrapped around the neck, causing death. ... HMP Pentonville Pentonville Prison in 1842 HM Prison Pentonville is a prison built in 1842 in North London. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...

There are also some personal accounts of lynching in Budapest, Hungary, during the 1956 Hungarian Revolution against the occupying Soviets. For other uses, see Budapest (disambiguation). ... Combatants Soviet Union ÃVH Hungarian government, various nationalist militias Commanders Yuri Andropov PÃ¡l MalÃ©ter, BÃ©la KirÃ¡ly, Gergely PongrÃ¡tz, JÃ³zsef DudÃ¡s Strength 150,000 troops, 6,000 tanks 100,000+ demonstrators (some later armed), unknown number of soldiers Casualties 720 killed according to official... Soviet redirects here. ...

Mexico

On November 23, 2004, in the Tlahuac lynching, three Mexican undercover federal agents doing a narcotics investigation were lynched in the town of San Juan Ixtayopan (Mexico City) by an angry crowd who saw them taking photographs and mistakenly suspected they were trying to abduct children from a primary school. The policemen identified themselves immediately but were held and beaten for several hours before two of them were killed and set on fire. The whole incident was covered by the media almost from the beginning, including their pleas for help and their murder. By the time police rescue units arrived, two of the policemen were reduced to charred corpses and the third was seriously injured. Authorities suspect the lynching was provoked by the persons being investigated. is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de MÃ©xico, MÃ©xico, D.F. or simply MÃ©xico) is the capital city of Mexico. ... A primary school in ÄŒeskÃ½ TÄ›Å¡Ãn, Czech Republic. ...

Both local and federal authorities abandoned them to their fate, saying the town was too far away to even try to arrive in time and some officials stating they would provoke a massacre if they tried to rescue them from the mob.

Dominican Republic

Anti-black and anti-Haitian bias has long been a part of Dominican identity and culture. ^[22] According to an Amnesty International report, lynchings of Haitians and black Dominicans have continued to occur as late as 2006.^[23]

South Africa

The practice of whipping and necklacing offenders and political opponents evolved in the 1980s during the apartheid era in South Africa. Residents of black townships lost confidence in the apartheid judicial system and formed "people's courts" that authorized whip lashings and deaths by necklacing. Necklacing is a term used to describe the torture and execution of victims by igniting a rubber, kerosene-filled, tire that has been forced around the victim's chest and arms. Necklacing was used to punish numerous victims, including children, who were alleged to be traitors to the black liberation movement as well as relatives and associates of the offenders. Of course sometimes the "people's courts" made mistakes, or used the system to punish those to whom leaders were opposed. ^[24] There was tremendous controversy when the practice was endorsed by Winnie Mandela, wife of the imprisoned Nelson Mandela and a senior member of the African National Congress.^[25] Necklacing (sometimes metonymically called Necklace) refers to the practice of execution carried out by forcing a rubber tire, filled with gasoline, around a victims chest and arms, and setting it on fire. ... A segregated beach in South Africa, 1982. ... Winnie Madikizela-Mandela (born September 26, 1934 or 1936), born Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela, is the ex-wife of former South African president (May 1994-June 1999) and African National Congress leader Nelson Mandela. ...

India

Untold thousands of low-caste villagers have been lynched by upper-caste villagers throughout rural India. In November of 2007,Kailash Bagri was lynched and burnt alive by upper-caste villagers in his village in Madhya Pradesh. ^[26]. He was reportedly lynched by an upper-caste mob for shooing away cattle that belonged to an upper-caste villager. with a stick^[27] His body had been burnt so badly that his bones could not be recovered. Villagers were threatened not to tell anyone about the incident, but Mr. Bagri's song leaked the story to news sources.

In September of 2007, a low-caste woman was burnt alive by upper-caste villagers in Uttar Pradesh because her son had eloped with a girl from a higher-caste.^[28] In August of 2007, a policeman in Bihar beat and drowned two young low-caste girls in a river for stealing firewood from his orchard.^[29] A United Nations committee, equated violence against low-caste Hindus with racial discrimination and has questioned India’s record on treatment of the socially marginalized.^[30] , Uttar Pradesh (Hindi: , Urdu: , IPA: , translation: Northern Province), [often referred to as U.P.], located in central-south Asia and northern India, is the most populous and fifth largest state in the Republic of India. ... For other uses, see Bihar (disambiguation). ...

See also

Posse may refer to: Look up Posse in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Summary Justice refers to the informal punishment of suspected offenders without recourse to a formal trial under the legal system. ... High-tech lynching is a term describing a period of nonstop, vicious verbal attacks directed at a particular person or group that is communicated through the mass media such as TV, radio, newspapers, periodicals, or the Internet. ... KKK may refer to: // Ku Klux Klan, white supremacy group(s) Katipunan (Society), a revolutionary group from Philippine history; full name Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan Anak ng Bayan (roughly translated: Supreme and Venerable Society of the Sons of the Nation) Kokusai Kogyo Kabushikigaisha, a Japanese bus and taxi company AG K... Terrorist redirects here. ... For the 1948 British film, see Noose (film). ...

Sources and external links

Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wiktionary (a portmanteau of wiki and dictionary) is a multilingual, Web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 151 languages. ... John Lewis can refer to the following people: John L. Lewis (mayor of New Orleans) (1800â€“1886), mayor of New Orleans 1854â€“1856 John F. Lewis (1818â€“1895), United States Senator from Virginia John Lewis (1848â€“1972), English football player, administrator and referee John Lewis (department store founder) (died 1928... Leon F. Litwack is an American historian and professor of history at the University of California at Berkeley. ... EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica, the eleventh edition The EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910â€“1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... A protest song is a song which protests perceived problems in society. ... The American writer Abel Meeropol (1903 - 1986) is best known under his pseudonym Lewis Allan, under which he wrote the anti-lynching song Strange Fruit, famously performed by Billie Holiday. ... Billie Holiday (April 7, 1915 â€“ July 17, 1959), born Eleanora Fagan and later nicknamed Lady Day (see Jazz royalty regarding similar nicknames), was an American jazz singer, a seminal influence on jazz and pop singers, and generally regarded as one of the greatest female jazz vocalists. ...

Notes and references

John Lewis can refer to the following people: John L. Lewis (mayor of New Orleans) (1800â€“1886), mayor of New Orleans 1854â€“1856 John F. Lewis (1818â€“1895), United States Senator from Virginia John Lewis (1848â€“1972), English football player, administrator and referee John Lewis (department store founder) (died 1928... Leon F. Litwack is an American historian and professor of history at the University of California at Berkeley. ... Comer Vann Woodward (November 13, 1908 - December 17, 1999) was a pre-eminent American historian focusing primarily on the American South and race relations. ... is the 125th day of the year (126th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ...

Books and Articles

Categories: Discrimination | Articles needing additional references from October 2007 | History of civil rights in the United States | Terrorism in the United States | Informal legal terms | Criminal law | Murder | Human rights | Racially motivated violence in the United States | Riots and civil unrest in the United States | Terrorist incidents in the United States | History of African-American civil rights | Ku Klux Klan crimes | Ku Klux Klan | White supremacy Eric Foner (born February 7, 1943 in New York City) is an American historian. ... Ida Wells-Barnett Ida B. Wells, (Holly Springs, Mississippi, July 16, 1862 â€“ Chicago, Illinois, March 25, 1931), later known as Ida Wells-Barnett and Ida B. Wells-Barnett, was an African American civil rights advocate and womens rights activist. ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Gay bashing Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial... For the legal definition of apartheid, see the crime of apartheid. ... â€œShoahâ€ redirects here. ... Racism in the United States has been a major issue in America since the colonial era. ... Anti-racism includes beliefs, actions, movements, and policies adopted or developed to oppose racism. ... Various movements seeking civil rights, human rights and social justice since the Second World War have become known as a civil rights movement. ... Description: Colored Waiting Room sign from segregationist era United States Medium: Black_and_white photograph Location: Rome GA, United States Date: September 1943 Author: Esther Bubley Source: Library of Congress Provider: Images of American Political History at the College of New Jersey [1] License: Public domain Misc: Borders cropped with with GIMP... White supremacy is a racist ideology which holds the belief that white people are superior to other races. ... Black Supremacy is a racist ideology which holds that black people are superior to other races and is sometimes manifested in bigotry towards persons not of African ancestry, particularly white and Jewish people. ... Social Darwinism is the idea that Charles Darwins theory can be extended and applied to the social realm, i. ... Nazism in history Nazi ideology Nazism and race Outside Germany Related subjects Lists Politics Portal Nazism or National Socialism (German: Nationalsozialismus), refers primarily to the ideology and practices of the Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers Party, German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) under Adolf Hitler. ... Proto-Indo-European Indo-European studies The Aryan race is a notion mentioned in the Old Persian inscriptions and other Persian sources from c. ... Institutional racism (or structural racism or systemic racism) is a theoretical form of racism that is supposed to occur in institutions such as public bodies and corporations, including universities. ... State racism is a concept used by French philosopher Michel Foucault to designate the reappropriation of the historical and political discourse of race struggle, In the late seventeenth century. ... Racial profiling, also known as ethnic profiling, is the inclusion of racial or ethnic characteristics in determining whether a person is considered likely to commit a particular type of crime (see Offender Profiling). ... The article describes the state of race relations and racism in a number of countries. ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Gay bashing Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial... Racial segregation characterised by separation of different races in daily life, such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a rest room, attending school, going to the movies, or in the rental or purchase of a home. ... For other uses, see Stereotype (disambiguation). ... Scientific racism is a term that describes either obsolete scientific theories of the 19th century or historical and contemporary racist propaganda disguised as scientific research. ... Slave redirects here. ... The crime of apartheid is defined by the 2002 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court which established the International Criminal Court as inhumane acts of a character similar to other crimes against humanity committed in the context of an institutionalised regime of systematic oppression and domination by one racial... For the video game, see Ethnic Cleansing (computer game). ... A Jewish cemetery in France after being defaced by Neo-Nazis. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Genocide (disambiguation). ... Wise American Indian chief from the movie Drums Across the River This article discusses the various stereotypes of American Indians present in Western societies. ... Anti-Arabism is a term that refers to prejudice or hostility against people from Arabic origin. ... This article discusses stereotypes of blacks of African descent present in American culture. ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Gay bashing Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... This article is about ethnic stereotypes directed against of Caucasian or European descent, or more broadly anyone who appears to be light-skinned. ... Members of the second Ku Klux Klan at a rally during the 1920s. ... The terms Neo-Nazism and Neo-Fascism refer to any social or political movement to revive Nazism or Fascism, respectively, and postdates the Second World War. ... Youths supporting Grey Wolves movement. ... The National Party (Afrikaans: Nasionale Party) (with its members sometimes known as Nationalists or Nats) was the governing party of South Africa from June 4th 1948 until May 9th 1994, and was disbanded in 2005. ... The Nation of Islam (NOI) is a religious and social/political organization founded in the United States by Wallace Fard Muhammad in 1930 with the self-proclaimed goal of resurrecting the spiritual, mental, social, economic condition of the black man and woman of America and belief that God will bring... The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP, generally pronounced as EN Double AY SEE PEE) is one of the oldest and most influential civil rights organizations in the United States. ... The Anti-Defamation League (or ADL) is an advocacy group founded by Bnai Brith in the United States whose stated aim is to stop, by appeals to reason and conscience and, if necessary, by appeals to law, the defamation of the Jewish people. ... Anti-Fascist Action (or AFA) is a British left-wing organisation founded in 1986. ... Various movements seeking civil rights, human rights and social justice since the Second World War have become known as a civil rights movement. ... The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) is an American non-profit legal organization, whose stated purpose is to combat racism and promote civil rights through research, education and litigation. ...

Contents

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