Lyric poetry refers to either poetry that has the form and musical quality of a song, or a usually short poem that expresses personal feelings, which may or may not be set to music.^[1] Aristotle, in Poetics, contrasted lyric poetry with drama and epic poetry. An example would be a poem that expresses feelings and maybe a song that could be performed to an audience. For other uses, see Aristotle (disambiguation). ... Aristotles Poetics aims to give an account of poetry. ... For other uses, see Drama (disambiguation). ... The epic is a broadly defined genre of narrative poetry, characterized by great length, multiple settings, large numbers of characters, or long span of time involved. ...

Forms

Although arguably the most popular form of lyric poetry in the Western tradition is the 14-line sonnet, either in its Petrarchan or its Shakespearean form, lyric poetry appears in a variety of forms. Ballades and villanelles are other forms of the lyric.^[2] The term sonnet derives from the Provençal word sonet and the Italian word sonetto, both meaning little song. ... Shakespeare The sonnet is a fourteen-line poem finding its origins in Italy around 1235 AD. While the early sonneteers experimented with patterns, Francesco Petrarch began to solidify sonnet structure. ... The ballade was a verse form consisting of three (sometimes five) stanzas, each with the same metre, rhyme scheme and last line, with a shorter concluding stanza (an envoi). ... Look up Villanelle in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Ancient Hebrew poetry relied on repetition, alliteration, and chiasmus for many of its effects. Although much Greek and Roman classical poetry was written in forms with set meters and strophes, Pindar's odes seem as formless to the ear accustomed to rhyme and meter as such modern poetry as Rilke's Duino Elegies. Hebrew poetry is poetry written in the Hebrew language. ... Chiasmus (latinized form of Greek χιασμός, from χίασμα (chiasm), crossing) is a figure of speech based on inverted parallelism. ... For the PINDAR military bunker in London, please see the PINDAR section of Military citadels under London Pindar (or Pindarus, Greek: ) (probably born 522 BC in Cynoscephalae, a village in Boeotia; died 443 BC in Argos), was a Greek lyric poet. ... Rainer Maria Rilke (born 4 December 1875 in Prague; died 29 December 1926 in Val-Mont (Switzerland)) was an important poet in the German language. ...

In some cases, the form and theme are wed, as in the courtly love aubade or dawn song in which lovers are forced to part after a night of love, often with the watchman's refrain telling them it is time to go. Look up Aubade in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

A common feature of lyric forms is the refrain, whether just one line or several, that ends or follows each strophe. The refrain is repeated throughout the poem, either exactly or with slight variation. A refrain (from the Old French refraindre to repeat, likely from Vulgar Latin refringere) is the line or lines that are repeated in music or in verse; the chorus of a song. ...

Meters

Much lyric poetry depends on regular meter based either on number of syllables or on stress. The most common meters are as follows:

• Iambic - two syllables, with the long or stressed syllable following the short or unstressed syllable.
• Trochaic - two syllables, with the short or unstressed syllable following the long or stressed syllable.
• Anapestic - three syllables, with the first two short or unstressed and the last long or stressed.
• Dactylic - three syllables, with the first one long or stressed and the other two short or unstressed.

Some forms have a combination of meters, often using a different meter for the refrain. An iamb is a metrical foot used in formal poetry. ... A trochee is a metrical foot used in formal poetry. ... ... Dactyl may mean: A dactyl, a creature in Greek mythology. ...

Each meter can have any number of elements, called feet. The most common meter in English is iambic pentameter, with five iambs per line. The most common in French is the alexandrin, with twelve syllables. In English, the alexandrine is iambic hexameter. An alexandrine is a line of poetic meter. ...

History of lyric poetry

The Classical period

Alcaeus and Sappho, Attic red-figure kalathos, ca. 470 BC, Staatliche Antikensammlungen (Inv. 2416)

Lyric poetry for the ancient Greeks had a precise and technical meaning: verse that was accompanied by the lyre. The lyric poet was classified as distinct from the writer of plays (which were spoken rather than sung), the writer of trochaic and iambic verses (which were recited), from the writer of elegies (which were accompanied by the flute, rather than the lyre) and the writer of epics.^[3] The scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria identified nine lyric poets worthy of critical study. These archaic Greek musician-poets included Sappho, Pindar, Anacreon and Alcaeus. The metrical forms characteristic of ancient Greek sung verse are strophes, antistrophes and epodes.^[4] The Roman poet Catullus was influenced by Sappho as well as the Neoteric poets who had turned away from epic poetry to more personal themes. Horace was another notable Roman poet. Alcaeus (Alkaios) of Mitylene (ca. ... For other uses, see Sappho (disambiguation). ... Attica (in Greek: Αττική, Attike; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a periphery (subdivision) in Greece, containing Athens, the capital of Greece. ... The Staatliche Antikensammlungen (State Collections of Antiques) in the Kunstareal of Munich is a museum for the Bavarian states antique collections for Greek, Etruscan and Roman art. ... A trochee is a metrical foot used in formal poetry. ... An iamb is a metrical foot used in formal poetry. ... Elegies are the Morning Musume 2005 shuffle group consisting of Ai Takahashi and Reina Tanaka, along with Melon Kinenbis Ayumi Shibata and Country Musumes Mai Satoda. ... The term Hellenistic (established by the German historian Johann Gustav Droysen) in the history of the ancient world is used to refer to the shift from a culture dominated by ethnic Greeks, however scattered geographically, to a culture dominated by Greek-speakers of whatever ethnicity, and from the political dominance... This article is about the city in Egypt. ... The nine lyric poets (nine melic poets) were a canon of archaic Greek composers esteemed by the scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria as worthy of critical study. ... The archaic period in Greece is the period during which the ancient Greek city-states developed, and is normally taken to cover roughly the 9th century to the 6th century BCE. The Archaic period followed the dark ages, and saw significant advancements in political theory, and the rise of democracy... For other uses, see Sappho (disambiguation). ... For the PINDAR military bunker in London, please see the PINDAR section of Military citadels under London Pindar (or Pindarus, Greek: ) (probably born 522 BC in Cynoscephalae, a village in Boeotia; died 443 BC in Argos), was a Greek lyric poet. ... Anacreon (born ca. ... Alcaeus (Alkaios) of Mitylene (ca. ... Strophe (Greek στροφή, turn, bend, twist, see also phrase) is a term in versification which properly means a turn, as from one foot to another, or from one side of a chorus to the other. ... Antistrophe, the portion of an ode which is sung by the chorus in its returning movement from west to east, in response the strophe, which was sung from east to west. ... Epode, in verse, the third part in an ode, which followed the strophe and the antistrophe, and completed the movement. ... Fresco from Herculaneum, presumably showing a love couple. ... For other uses, see Sappho (disambiguation). ... Neoteric Poets A slightly vague term, the neoteroi were a group of Latin poets of the 1st century BC who were much influenced by Alexandrian Greek authors such as Callimachus and Theocritus. ... The epic is a broadly defined genre of narrative poetry, characterized by great length, multiple settings, large numbers of characters, or long span of time involved. ... For other people named Horace, see Horace (disambiguation). ...

In China, an anthology of poems by Qu Yuan and Song Yu., Songs of Chu, defined a new form of poetry that came from the area of Chu during the Warring States period. As a new literary style, chu ci abandoned the classic four-character verses used in poems of Shi Jing and adopted verses with varying lengths. This gave it more rhythm and latitude in expression. Qu Yuan (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) (ca. ... Song Yu (Simplified Chinese: 宋玉) was a well-known Chinese poet in the State of Chu during the third century BCE. He is commonly said to be a nephew of Qu Yuan, but no reliable biographical information is available (He is also said to be a student of Qu Yuan). ... Portrait of Qu Yuan, the central figure of Chu Ci, by Australian Chinese artist Zhang Cuiying Chu Ci (Simplified Chinese: 楚辞; Traditional Chinese: 楚辞; Pinyin chǔ cí), also known as Songs of the South or Songs of Chu, is an anthology of Chinese poems by Qu Yuan and Song Yu from the... State of Chu (small seal script, 220 BC) Chu (楚) was a kingdom in what is now southern China during the Spring and Autumn period (722-481 BCE) and Warring States Period (481-212 BCE). ... Warring States redirects here. ... Shī Jīng (Chinese: 詩經), translated variously as the Classic of Poetry, the Book of Songs or the Book of Odes, is the first major collection of Chinese poems. ...

Middle ages

Originating in 10th century Persian, a ghazal is a poetic form consisting of couplets which share a rhyme and a refrain. Formally it consists of a short lyric composed in a single metre with a single rhyme throughout. The central subject is love. Notable exponents include: Hafez, Amir Khusro, Auhadi of Maragheh, Alisher Navoi, Obeid e zakani, Khaqani Shirvani, Anvari, Farid al-Din Attar, Omar Khayyam, and Rudaki. As a means of recording the passage of time, the 10th century was that century which lasted from 901 to 1000. ... Farsi redirects here. ... This article is about the poetic form. ... Poetry (ancient Greek: poieo = create) is an art form in which human language is used for its aesthetic qualities in addition to, or instead of, its notional and semantic content. ... For the Angel episode, see Couplet (Angel episode). ... A rhyme is a repetition of identical or similar sounds in two or more different words and is most often used in poetry. ... A refrain (from the Old French refraindre to repeat, likely from Vulgar Latin refringere) is the line or lines that are repeated in music or in verse; the chorus of a song. ... Hafez, detail of an illumination in a Persian manuscript of the Divan of Hafez, 18th century. ... Abul Hasan Yamīn al-Dīn Khusrow (Persian: , Devanagari: अबुल हसन यमीनुददीन ख़ुसरो) (1253-1325 CE), better known as Amīr Khusrow Dehlawī, was the greatest Persian-writing poet of medieval India one of the iconic figures in the cultural history of the Indian subcontinent. ... Auhaduddin Auhadi of Maragha (also written Ohadi) (1271–1338) was a Persian poet of Maragha, Azarbaijan. ... Nizām al-Din Ali Shīr Navāi (1441-1501) Nizām al-Din Ali Shīr (Heravi) (Persian: مير على شير نوائى - Mir Ali Shīr Nawāi), known by his pen-name Navāi (Persian: the weeper), * February 9th 1441 in Herat; † January 3rd 1501, was a Central Asian politician, mystic... Obeid e zakani (d. ... Afdhaluddin Badil Ibrahim ibn Ali Khaqani Shirvani (b. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Farid al-Din Attar (b. ... Tomb of Omar Khayam, Neishapur, Iran. ... Rudaki depicted as a blind poet, here on this Iranian stamp. ...

Lyric in European literature of the medieval or Renaissance period means simply a poem which has been written to be set to music. A poem's particular structure, function or theme is not specified by the term.^[5] The lyric poetry of Europe in this period was created largely without reference to the classical past, by the pioneers of courtly poetry and courtly love.^[6] The troubadors, travelling composers and performers of songs, began to flourish during the 11th century and were often imitated in the 13th. Trouvères were poet-composers who were roughly contemporary with and influenced by the troubadours but who composed their works in the northern dialects of France. The first known trouvère was Chrétien de Troyes (fl. 1160s-80s). The dominant form of German lyric poetry in the period was the Minnesang, "a love lyric based essentially on a fictitious relationship between a knight and his high-born lady".^[7] Initially imitating the lyrics of the French troubadours and trouvères, Minnesang soon established a distinctive tradition.^[8] Court of Love in Provence in the 14th Century (after a manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris). ... For the article about the night club in West Hollywood, California, see: Troubadour (nightclub). ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100. ... Trouvère is the Northern French (langue doïl) version of troubador (langue doc), and refers to poet-composers who were roughly contemporary with and influenced by the troubadors but who composed their works in the northern dialects of France. ... There are a number of languages of France. ... Chrétien de Troyes was a French poet and trouvère who flourished in the late 12th century. ... Walther von der Vogelweide (Codex Manesse, ca. ...

A bhajan or kirtan is a Hindu devotional song. Bhajans are often simple songs in lyrical language expressing emotions of love for the Divine. Notable exponents include: Kabir, Surdas and Tulsidas. A bhajan or kirtan is a Hindu devotional song, often of ancient origin. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ... Devotional songs are hymns that accompany religious rituals. ... This article is about the musical composition. ... This page is about musical songs. ... For other uses, see Divinity (disambiguation) and Divine (disambiguation). ... A painting of Kabir Kabīr (also Kabīra) (Hindi: कबीर, Gurmukhī: ਕਬੀਰ, Urdu: ) (1440—1518[1]) (born in 1398 according to some accounts[1][2]) was a mystic poet or poet sants of India, whose literature has greatly influenced the Bhakti as well as Sufi movements of India. ... Surdas was a Hindu poet, sant and musician of India. ... Gosvāmī Tulsīdās (1532-1623; Devanāgarī: तुलसीदास) was an Awadhi poet and philosopher. ...

Hebrew singer-poets of the Middle ages include: Yehuda Halevi, Solomon ibn Gabirol and Abraham ibn Ezra. The word Hebrew most likely means to cross over, referring to the Semitic people crossing over the Euphrates River. ... Yehuda Halevi, in full Yehuda ben Shemuel Ha-Levi, also Judah ha-Levi, or Judah ben Samuel Halevi (Hebrew: יהודה הלוי) (c. ... Solomon Ibn Gabirol, also Solomon ben Judah, is a Spanish Jewish poet and philosopher. ... Rabbi Abraham Ben Meir Ibn Ezra (also known as Ibn Ezra, or Abenezra) (1092 or 1093-1167), was one of the most distinguished Jewish men of letters and writers of the Middle Ages. ...

Chinese Sanqu poetry was a Chinese poetic genre from the Jin Dynasty, 1115–1234, through the Yuan Dynasty, (1271-1368), to the following Ming period. Playwrights like Ma Zhiyuan (c. 2170-1330) and Guan Hanqing (c. 1300) were well-established writers of Sanqu Dramatic Lyrics. This poetry was composed in the vernacular or semi-vernacular. Chinese Sanqu poetry (Chinese: 散曲) or San-ch’ü poetry. ... The JÄ«n Dynasty (Jurchen: Anchu; Chinese: 金朝; Pinyin: ; 1115-1234), also known as the Jurchen dynasty, was founded by the Wanyan (完顏 Wányán) clan of the Jurchen, the ancestors of the Manchus who established the Qing Dynasty some 500 years later. ... Capital Dadu Language(s) Mongolian Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1260-1294 Kublai Khan  - 1333-1370 (Cont. ... For other uses, see Ming. ... Mă Zhìyuăn (馬致遠) (c. ... Considered one of the Four Great Yuan Playwrights, Guan Hanqing (關漢卿) (circa 1241-1320), sobriquet the Oldman of the Studio (齋叟 ZhāisÇ’u), was born in the capital city of the Yuan Empire, Dadu (the part that is Anguo, Hebei, China now) and produced about 65 plays, mostly in Vernacular Chinese...

In Italy, Petrarch developed the sonnet form inherited from Giacomo da Lentini and which Dante had widely used in his Vita Nova . In 1327, the sight of a woman called Laura in the church of Sainte-Claire d'Avignon awoke in him a lasting passion, celebrated in the Rime sparse ("Scattered rhymes"). Later, Renaissance poets who copied Petrarch's style named this collection of 366 poems Il Canzoniere ("Song Book"). The realistic presentation of Laura in his poems contrasts with the clichés of troubadours and courtly love. From the c. ... Giacomo da Lentini (also known as Jacopo Da Lentini) was an Italian poet. ... Events January 25 - Edward III becomes King of England. ... Il Canzoniere (English: Song Book) is a poetical collection by Italian poet Francesco Petrarca. ... For other uses, see Troubadour (disambiguation). ... Court of Love in Provence in the 14th Century (after a manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris). ...

Sixteenth century

Thomas Campion wrote lute songs. Sir Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser and William Shakespeare helped popularize the sonnet. Thomas Campion, sometimes Campian (February 12, 1567 – March 1, 1620) was an English composer, poet and physician. ... The lute song was a generic form of music in the late Renaissance and very early Baroque eras, generally consisting of a singer accompanying himself on a lute, though lute songs may often have been performed by a singer and a separate lutenist. ... Philip Sidney Sir Philip Sidney (November 30, 1554 - October 17, 1586) became one of the Elizabethan Ages most prominent figures. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

In France, La Pléiade aimed to break with earlier traditions of French poetry (especially Marot and the grands rhétoriqueurs), and, maintaining that French (like the Tuscan of Petrarch and Dante) was a worthy language for literary expression, to attempt to ennoble the French language by imitating the Ancients. Among the models favoured by the Pléiade were Pindar, Anacreon, Alcaeus, Horace and Ovid. The forms that dominate the poetic production of these poets are the Petrarchan sonnet cycle and the Horatian/Anacreontic ode. The group included: Pierre de Ronsard, Joachim du Bellay and Jean-Antoine de Baïf. The Pléiade was a group of 16th-century French poets whose principal members were Pierre de Ronsard, Joachim du Bellay and Jean-Antoine de Baïf. ... Clément Marot (1496–1544), was a French poet of the Renaissance period. ... The Grands Rhétoriqueurs or simply the Rhétoriqueurs is the name given to a group of poets from 1460 to 1520 (or from François Villon to Clément Marot) working in Northern France, Flanders and the Duchy of Burgundy whose poetic production was dominated by (1) an extremely... From the c. ... DANTE is also a digital audio network. ... For the PINDAR military bunker in London, please see the PINDAR section of Military citadels under London Pindar (or Pindarus, Greek: ) (probably born 522 BC in Cynoscephalae, a village in Boeotia; died 443 BC in Argos), was a Greek lyric poet. ... Anacreon (born ca. ... Alcaeus may refer to several ancient Greek figures: in mythology, Alcaeus was the son of Perseus and the father of Amphitryon. ... For other people named Horace, see Horace (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Ovid (disambiguation) Publius Ovidius Naso (March 20, 43 BC – 17 AD) was a Roman poet known to the English-speaking world as Ovid who wrote on topics of love, abandoned women and mythological transformations. ... From the c. ... A group of sonnets, arranged to address a particular person or theme, and designed to be read both as a collection of fully-realized individual poems and as a single poetic work comprising all the individual sonnets. ... For other people named Horace, see Horace (disambiguation). ... Anacreon (born ca. ... For other uses, see Ode (disambiguation). ... Pierre de Ronsard Pierre de Ronsard, commonly referred to as Ronsard (September 11, 1524 – December, 1585), was a French poet and prince of poets (as his own generation in France called him). ... Portrait : Joachim du Bellay Joachim du Bellay (c. ... Jean Antoine de Baïf (1532 - 1589), French poet and member of the Pléiade, was born at Venice. ...

Spanish devotional poetry adapts the lyric for religious purposes. Notable poets include: Teresa of Avila, Saint John of the Cross, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Garcilaso de la Vega, Lope de Vega. Teresa of Avila by Peter Paul Rubens Saint Teresa of Avila (known in religion as Teresa de Jesús, baptised as Teresa de Cepeda y Ahumada) was a Spanish Roman Catholic mystic and monastic reformer; born at Avila (53 miles north-west of Madrid), Old Castile, March 28, 1515; died... Saint John of the Cross (Juan de la Cruz) was a Spanish Carmelite friar, born on June 24, 1542 at Fontiveros, a small village near Avila. ... Sor Juana (12 November 1651 (or 1648, according to some biographers) – 17 April 1695), also known as Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz or, in full, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz de Asbaje y Ramírez, was a self taught Mexican scholar, nun, and writer of the... Garcilaso de la Vega (c. ... Lope de Vega Lope de Vega (also Félix Lope de Vega Carpio or Lope Félix de Vega Carpio) (25 November 1562 – 27 August 1635) was a Spanish playwright and poet. ...

Seventeenth century

Lyric is the dominant poetic idiom in seventeenth century English poetry from John Donne to Andrew Marvell.^[9] The poems of this period are short, rarely tell a story and are intense in expression.^[9] Notable poets of the era include Donne, Ben Jonson, Robert Herrick, George Herbert, Thomas Carew, John Suckling, Richard Lovelace, John Milton, Richard Crashaw, Henry Vaughan and Marvell. For the Welsh courtier and diplomat, see Sir John Donne. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... For other persons of the same name, see Ben Johnson (disambiguation). ... Robert Herrick (baptized August 24, 1591 – October 1674) was a 17th century English poet. ... For other persons named George Herbert, see George Herbert (disambiguation). ... Thomas Carew (pronounced like Carey) (1595 – March 22, 1640) was an English poet. ... Sir John Suckling as painted by VanDyck Sir John Suckling (February 10, 1609–June 1, 1642) was an English Cavalier poet whose best known poem may be Ballad Upon a Wedding. He was born at Whitton, in the parish of Twickenham, Middlesex, and baptized there on February 10, 1609. ... Richard Lovelace (1618 - 1657) was an English poet and nobleman, born in Woolwich, today part of south-east London. ... For other persons named John Milton, see John Milton (disambiguation). ... Richard Crashaw (c. ... Henry Vaughan (April 17, 1622 - April 28, 1695) was a Welsh Metaphysical poet and a doctor, the twin brother of the philosopher Thomas Vaughan. ...

A German lyric poet of the period is Martin Opitz. Matsuo Bashō is a Japanese lyric poet. Martin Opitz von Boberfeld (December 23, 1597 - August 20, 1639), German poet, was born at Bunzlau/Boleslawiec in Silesia, the son of a prosperous citizen. ... A statue of Bashō in Hiraizumi, Iwate. ...

Eighteenth century

In the eighteenth century lyric poetry declined in England and France. The atmosphere of the English coffee-house or French salon, where literature was discussed, was not congenial to lyric poetry.^[10] Exceptions include the lyrics of Robert Burns, William Cowper, Thomas Gray and Oliver Goldsmith. For the chain gang fugitive and author from Georgia, see Robert Elliott Burns. ... Portrait of William Cowper attributed to Romney. ... For other uses, see Thomas Gray (disambiguation). ... Oliver Goldsmith Oliver Goldsmith (November 10, 1730 or 1728 – April 4, 1774) was an Irish writer and physician known for his novel The Vicar of Wakefield (1766), his pastoral poem The Deserted Village (1770) (written in memory of his brother), and his plays The Good-naturd Man (1768) and...

German lyric poets of the period include Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Novalis, Friedrich Schiller, Johann Heinrich Voß.Kobayashi Issa is a Japanese lyric poet. Johann Wolfgang Goethe  , IPA: , later von Goethe, (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German polymath: he was a poet, novelist, dramatist, humanist, scientist, theorist, painter, and for ten years chief minister of state for the duchy of Weimar. ... For the German rock band, see Novalis (band). ... Friedrich Schiller “Schiller” redirects here. ... Johann Heinrich Voß (Voss) (February 20, 1751 – March 29, 1826), German poet and translator, was born at Sommersdorf in Mecklenburg-Strelitz, the son of a farmer. ... Kobayashi Issa (小林一茶 Kobayashi Issa) (June 15, 1763 - January 5, 1828) was a Japanese writer of haikai known for his hokku verses. ...

Nineteenth century

Portrait of William Wordsworth, 1842, by Benjamin Haydon

In Europe the lyric emerges as the principal poetic form of the nineteenth century, and comes to be seen as synonymous with poetry itself.^[11] Romantic lyric poetry consists of first-person accounts of the thoughts and feelings of a specific moment; feelings are extreme, but personal.^[12] Download high resolution version (2024x2481, 313 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (2024x2481, 313 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wordsworth redirects here. ... Benjamin Robert Haydon (January 26, 1786 _ June 22, 1846) was an English historical painter and writer. ... Romanticism largely began as a reaction against the prevailing Enlightenment ideals of the day. ...

The traditional form of the sonnet is revived in Britain, with William Wordsworth writing more sonnets than any other British poet.^[11] Other important Romantic lyric writers of the period include Samuel Taylor Coleridge, John Keats and George Gordon, Lord Byron. Later in the century the Victorian lyric is more linguistically self-conscious and defensive than the Romantic lyric.^[13] Victorian lyric poets include Alfred Lord Tennyson and Christina Rossetti. Wordsworth redirects here. ... Samuel Taylor Coleridge (October 21, 1772 – July 25, 1834) (pronounced ) was an English poet, critic, and philosopher who was, along with his friend William Wordsworth, one of the founders of the Romantic Movement in England and one of the Lake Poets. ... Keats redirects here. ... Lord Byron, English poet Lord Byron (1803), as painted by Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron, (January 22, 1788 – April 19, 1824) was the most widely read English language poet of his day. ... Image:Cg Charles Dickens is still one of the best known English writers of any era. ... Lord Tennyson, Poet Laureate Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson (August 6, 1809 - October 6, 1892) is generally regarded as one of the greatest English poets. ... Christina Rossetti Christina Georgina Rossetti (December 5, 1830 – December 29, 1894) was an English poet. ...

Lyric poetry was popular with the German reading public between 1830 and 1890, as shown in the number of poetry anthologies published in the period.^[14] According to Georg Lukacs, the verse of Joseph von Eichendorff exemplifies the German Romantic revival of the folk-song tradition, initiated by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Johann Gottfried Herder and receiving new impetus with the publication of Achim von Arnim and Clemens Brentano's collection of Folk Songs, Des Knaben Wunderhorn.^[15] Georg Lukács (April 13, 1885 - June 4, 1971) was a Hegelian and Marxist philosopher and literary critic. ... Freiherr Joseph von Eichendorff (March 10, 1788 - November 26, 1857), German lyricist and narrator. ... Goethe redirects here. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Ludwig Achim (or Joachim) von Arnim (January 26, 1781 – January 21, 1831), German poet and novelist, was born at Berlin. ... Clemens Brentano, or Klemens Brentano (September 8, 1778 – July 28, 1842) was a German poet and novelist. ... Des Knaben Wunderhorn (The Young Boys Magic Horn) is a collection of German folk poems collected by Achim von Arnim and Clemens von Brentano and published in the 1800s. ...

The nineteenth century in France sees a confident recovery of the lyric voice after its relative demise in the eighteenth century.^[16] The lyric becomes the dominant mode in French poetry of this period.^[17] Charles Baudelaire is, for Walter Benjamin, the last European example of lyric poetry "successful on a mass scale."^[18] “Baudelaire” redirects here. ... Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin (July 15, 1892 – September 27, 1940) was a German Marxist literary critic, essayist, translator, and philosopher. ...

The eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries constitute the period of the rise of Russian lyric poetry, exemplified by Aleksandr Pushkin.^[19] The Swedish "Phosphorists" were influenced by the Romantic movement and their chief poet, Per Daniel Amadeus Atterbom produced many lyric poems.^[20] Italian lyric poets of the period include Ugo Foscolo, Giacomo Leopardi, Giovanni Pascoli and Gabriele D'Annunzio. Japanese lyric poets include Taneda Santoka, Masaoka Shiki and Ishikawa Takuboku. Spanish lyric poets include Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, Rosalía de Castro and José de Espronceda. Aleksandr Pushkin by Vasily Tropinin Aleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin (Russian: Алекса́ндр Серге́евич Пу́шкин, Aleksandr Sergeevič PuÅ¡kin,  ) (June 6, 1799 [O.S. May 26] – February 10, 1837 [O.S. January 29]) was a Russian Romantic author who is considered to be the greatest Russian poet[1] [2][3] and the founder of modern Russian... Per Daniel Amadeus Atterbom (1790 - 1855) was a Swedish romantic poet, and a member of the Swedish Academy. ... Ugo Foscolo (1778-1827), Italian writer, was born at Zakynthos in the Ionian Isles on 6 Febraury 1778. ... Giacomo Leopardi, Count (June 29, 1798 – June 14, 1837) is generally considered, along with such figures as Dante, Petrarca, Ariosto and Tasso, to be among Italys greatest poets and one of its greatest thinkers. ... Giovanni Pascoli (December 31, 1855—April 6, 1912) was an Italian poet and classical scholar. ... Gabriele dAnnunzio (12 March 1863, Pescara – 1 March 1938, Gardone Riviera, province of Brescia) was an Italian poet, writer, novelist, dramatist and daredevil, who went on to have a controversial role in politics as a precursor of the fascist movement. ... Taneda Santoka (種田山頭火, December 3, 1882 - October 11, 1940) is a Japanese author and haiku poet. ... Haiku by Shiki at Horyu-ji (temple): kaki kueba kane ga naru nari Hōryū-ji I bite into a persimmon and a bell resounds— Hōryūji —trans. ... Statue of Takuboku in Hakodate, Hokkaidō Ishikawa Takuboku ) was a Japanese poet born on February 20, 1886. ... Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer Gustavo Adolfo Domínguez Bastida, better known as Bécquer, (Seville February 17, 1836 – Madrid December 22, 1870) was a Spanish post-romanticist writer of poetry and short stories, now considered one of the most important figures in Spanish literature. ... Rosalía de Castro Rosalía Castro de Murguía better known as Rosalía de Castro (24 February 1837 – 15 July 1885) was a Galician writer and poet. ... José Ignacio Javier Oriol Encarnacion de Espronceda y Delgado (March 25, 1808-May 23, 1842) was among the most important Spanish poets of the 19th century. ...

Twentieth century

In the early years of the twentieth century rhymed lyric poetry, usually expressing the feelings of the poet, was the dominant poetic form in America.^[21] This dominance was challenged by American experimental modernists such as Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, H.D. and William Carlos Williams, who rejected the English lyric form of the nineteenth century, feeling that it relied to heavily on melodious language, rather than complexity of thought.^[22] Wallace Stevens and Hart Crane, however, were modernists who also worked within the tradition of post-Romantic lyric poetry. Ezra Weston Loomis Pound (Hailey, Idaho Territory, United States, October 30, 1885 – Venice, Italy, November 1, 1972) was an American expatriate poet, critic and intellectual who was a major figure of the Modernist movement in early-to-mid 20th century poetry. ... For other persons named Thomas Eliot, see Thomas Eliot (disambiguation). ... H.D. in the mid 1910s Hilda Doolitle(September 10, 1886, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States – September 27, 1961, Zürich, Switzerland), prominently known only by her initials H.D., was an American poet, novelist and memoirist. ... William Carlos Williams Dr. William Carlos Williams (sometimes known as WCW) (September 17, 1883 – March 4, 1963), was an American poet closely associated with modernism and Imagism. ... Wallace Stevens Wallace Stevens (October 2, 1879 – August 2, 1955) was a major American Modernist poet. ... Harold Hart Crane (July 21, 1899 – April 27, 1932) was an American poet. ...

Defenders of lyric poetry in the early twentieth century saw it as an ally in the fight against mechanization, standardization and the commodification of human activities.^[23] The poetry of Guillaume Apollinaire represents an alternative view, that mechanization could extend the repertoire of lyric poetry.^[23] Guillaume Apollinaire Guillaume Apollinaire (August 26, 1880 – November 9, 1918) was a poet, writer, and art critic. ...

English Georgian poets in the early twentieth century such as A. E. Housman, Walter de la Mare and Edmund Blunden used the lyric form. The tension between the traditional subjects of lyric poetry and the horrors of war are expressed in the War Poetry of Wilfred Owen, Siegfried Sassoon and Ivor Gurney. Owen’s poem Strange Meeting has been described as “a dream of a conversation with a dead lyric poet, or possibly even dead lyric itself.”^[24] The Irish poet William Butler Yeats's work up to 1917 is predominantly dramatic and lyric love poetry, but after the First World War he explores the political subjects of Irish independence, nationalism and civil war.^[25] Georgian Poetry was the title of a series of anthologies showcasing the work of a school of English poetry that established itself during the early years of the reign of King George V of the United Kingdom. ... Alfred Edward Housman (IPA: ; March 26, 1859 – April 30, 1936), usually known as A.E. Housman, was an English poet and classical scholar, now best known for his cycle of poems A Shropshire Lad. ... Walter John de la Mare, OM CH (April 25, 1873 – June 22, 1956), was an English poet, short story writer, and novelist, probably best remembered for his works for children and The Listeners. He was born in Kent (at 83 Maryon Road, Charlton[1] - now part of the London Borough... Edmund Charles Blunden (November 1, 1896 - January 20, 1974), although not one of the top trio of English World War I writers, was an important and influential poet, author and critic. ... The term war poet came into currency during and after World War I. A number of poets writing in English had been soldiers, and had written about that experience. ... Wilfred Edward Salter Owen MC (March 18, 1893 – November 4, 1918) was a British poet and soldier, regarded by many as the leading poet of the First World War. ... Siegfried Loraine Sassoon, CBE MC (8 September 1886 – 1 September 1967) was an English poet and author. ... The grave of Ivor Gurney at Twigworth, Gloucestershire Ivor Gurney (August 28, 1890 - December 26, 1937) was an English composer and poet. ... Yeats redirects here. ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ...

Yeats met the Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore, then in his 50s, in 1912 and praised his lyric poetry, comparing him to the troubadour poets.^[26] Another Bengali lyric poet of the early twentieth century is Jibanananda Das. (Bengali: , IPA: ) (7 May 1861 – 7 August 1941), also known by the sobriquet Gurudev, was a Bengali poet, Brahmo Samaj philosopher, visual artist, playwright, novelist, and composer whose works reshaped Bengali literature and music in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. ... THIS ARTICLE IS BEING REVAMPED. TO BE FINALIZED BY NOV 2007. ...

The American New Criticism returned to the lyric in the 1950s, advocating a poetry that made conventional use of rhyme, meter and stanzas, and was modestly personal in the lyric tradition.^[27] Lyric poets consistent with the New Criticism ethos include Robert Frost and Robert Lowell.^[28] In the 1950s long personal epics, such as Allen Ginsberg's Howl were a reaction against the well-wrought short lyric of the New Criticism.^[29] New Criticism was the dominant trend in English and American literary criticism of the early twentieth century, from the 1920s to the early 1960s. ... Robert Lee Frost (March 26, 1874 – January 29, 1963) was an American poet. ... Robert Lowell (March 1, 1917–September 12, 1977), born Robert Traill Spence Lowell, IV, was a highly regarded mid-twentieth-century American poet. ... Irwin Allen Ginsberg (IPA: ) (June 3, 1926 – April 5, 1997) was an American poet. ... Howl and Other Poems was published in the fall of 1956 as number four in the Pocket Poets Series from City Lights Books This article is about the poem by Allen Ginsberg. ...

Lyric poetry dealing with relationships, sex and domestic life constituted the new mainstream of American poetry in the late twentieth century, influenced by the confessional poets of the 1950s and 60s, such as Sylvia Plath and Anne Sexton.^[30] A confessional poet traffics in intimate, and sometimes unflattering, information about him or herself, in poems about illness, sexuality, despondence and the like. ... Sylvia Plath (October 27, 1932 – February 11, 1963) was an American poet, novelist, and short story writer. ... Anne Sexton, 1974 Anne Sexton (November 9, 1928, Newton, Massachusetts – October 4, 1974, Weston, Massachusetts), born Anne Gray Harvey, was an American poet and writer. ...

Other notable twentieth century lyric poets include: Robert Graves, Geoffrey Hill, Ted Hughes (UK), P.K. Page, George Bowering (Canada); Paul Eluard, Max Jacob, Paul Valéry (France); Gottfried Benn, Paul Celan, Stefan George, Rainer Maria Rilke (Germany); Yehuda Amichai, Leah Goldberg (Israeli); Eugenio Montale, Giuseppe Ungaretti (Italy); Czesław Miłosz (Poland); Fernando Pessoa (Portugal); Alexander Blok, Anna Akhmatova, Marina Tsvetaeva, Osip Mandelstam, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Joseph Brodsky (Russia); Rubén Darío(Nicaragua); Federico García Lorca, Antonio Machado (Spain), Gabriela Mistral, Pablo Neruda (Chile), Octavio Paz (Mexico); Nazim Hikmet (Turkey). Robert von Ranke Graves (24 July 1895 – 7 December 1985) was an English poet, scholar, and novelist. ... for the British aeronautical engineer and professor, see Geoffrey T. R. Hill Geoffrey Hill (born June 18, 1932) is an English poet, professor of English Literature and religion, and co-director of the Editorial Institute at Boston University, Massachusetts, USA. // Geoffrey Hill was born in Bromsgrove, Worcestershire, England, in 1932. ... 1 Aspinall Street, Mytholmroyd, West Yorkshire, where Ted Hughes was born. ... Patricia Kathleen Page (born November 23, 1916), commonly known as P. K. Page, is a Canadian poet. ... George Harry Bowering (born 1935) is a prolific Canadian novelist, poet, historian, and biographer. ... Paul Éluard was the nom de plume of Eugène Grindel (December 14, 1895 - November 18, 1952), a French poet. ... In 1915, Max Jacob and Pablo Picasso Max Jacob (July 12, 1876 – March 5, 1944) was a French poet, painter, writer, and critic. ... For other people of the same name, see Valery. ... Gottfried Benn (May 2, 1886 – July 7, 1956) was a German essayist, novelist and expressionist poet. ... Paul Celan Paul Celan (November 23, 1920 – approximately April 20, 1970) was the most frequently used pseudonym of Paul Antschel, one of the major poets of the post-World War II era. ... Stefan George (1910) Stefan George (Bingen, Hesse, July 12, 1868 – Locarno, December 4, 1933) was a German poet and translator. ... Rainer Maria Rilke (4 December 1875 – 29 December 1926) is considered one of the German languages greatest 20th century poets. ... Yehuda Amichai (1924 - 2000) was an Israeli poet. ... Lea Goldberg (1911-1970) was a Hebrew poet and student of literature who is considered one of Israels classic poets. ... Eugenio Montale Eugenio Montale (October 12, 1896, Genoa – September 12, 1981, Milan) was an Italian poet, prose writer, editor and traslator, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1975. ... Giuseppe Ungaretti. ... CzesÅ‚aw MiÅ‚osz  ; (June 30, 1911 – August 14, 2004), was a Polish poet, writer, academic, and translator. ... Fernando Pessoa Fernando António Nogueira de Seabra Pessoa (pron. ... Blok in 1907 Alexander Blok (Александр Александрович Блок, November 28 [O.S. November 16] 1880 – August 7, 1921), was perhaps the most gifted lyrical poet produced by Russia after Alexander Pushkin. ... Akhmatova in 1922 (Portrait by Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin) Anna Akhmatova (Russian: , real name А́нна Андре́евна Горе́нко) (June 23 [O.S. June 11] 1889 — March 5, 1966) was the pen name of Anna Andreevna Gorenko, the leader and the heart and soul of the Saint Petersburg tradition of Russian poetry for half a century. ... Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva (Russian: ) (October 9, 1892 – August 31, 1941) was a Russian poet and writer. ... Osip Mandelstam Osip Emilyevich Mandelstam (also spelled Mandelshtam) (Russian: ) (January 15 [O.S. January 3] 1891 – December 27, 1938) was a Jewish Russian poet and essayist, one of the foremost members of the Acmeist school of poets. ... Portrait of Vladimir Mayakovsky Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky (Влади́мир Влади́мирович Маяко́вский) (July 19 [O.S. July 7] 1893 – April 14, 1930) was a Russian poet and playwright, among the foremost representatives of early-20th century Russian Futurism. ... Bookcover of Works and Days in Russian Joseph Brodsky (May 24, 1940 – January 28, 1996), born Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky (Russian: ) was a Russian-born poet and essayist who won the Nobel Prize in Literature (1987) and was chosen Poet Laureate of the United States (1991-1992). ... A framed picture of Rubén Darío hanging in the National Theater. ... Federico García Lorca Federico García Lorca (June 5, 1898 – August 19, 1936) was a Spanish poet and dramatist, also remembered as a painter, pianist, and composer. ... // Antonio Machado y Ruiz (July 26, 1875 – February 22, 1939) was a Spanish poet and one of the leading figures of the Spanish literary movement known as the Generation of 98. ... Gabriela Mistral (April 7, 1889 – January 10, 1957) was the pseudonym of Lucila de María del Perpetuo Socorro Godoy Alcayaga, a Chilean poet, educator, diplomat and feminist who was the first Latin American to win the Nobel Prize for Literature, in 1945. ... Pablo Neruda (July 12, 1904 – September 23, 1973) was the penname and, later, legal name of the Chilean writer and communist politician Ricardo Eliecer Neftalí Reyes Basoalto. ... Octavio Paz Lozano (March 31, 1914 – April 19, 1998) was a Mexican writer, poet, and diplomat, and the winner of the 1990 Nobel Prize in Literature. ... Portrait of Nazim Hikmet Nazım Hikmet Ran (November 20, 1902 – June 3, 1963) was a Turkish poet and dramatist, who is widely regarded as the best-known Turkish poet in the West and his works have been translated into several languages. ...

References