The magnetic flux quantum Φ₀ is the quantum of magnetic flux passing through a superconductor. The inverse of the flux quantum, 1/Φ₀, is called the Josephson constant, and is denoted K_J. The word quantum, pl. ... Magnetic flux, is a measure of quantity of magnetism, taking account of the strength and the extent of a magnetic field. ... Superconductivity is a phenomenon occurring in certain materials at low temperatures, characterised by the complete absence of electrical resistance and the damping of the interior magnetic field (the Meissner effect. ...

It is a property of a supercurrent (superconducting electrical current) that the magnetic flux passing through any area bounded by such a current is quantized. The quantum of magnetic flux is a physical constant, as it is independent of the underlying material as long as it is a superconductor. Its value is In electricity, current is the rate of flow of charges, usually through a metal wire or some other electrical conductor. ... This article explains the meaning of area as a physical quantity. ... In science, a physical constant is a physical quantity whose numerical value does not change. ...

If the area under consideration consists entirely of superconducting material, the magnetic flux through it will be zero, for supercurrents always flow in such a way as to expel magnetic fields from the interior of a superconductor, a phenomenon known as the Meissner effect. A non-zero magnetic flux may be obtained by embedding a ring of superconducting material in a normal (non-superconducting) medium. There are no supercurrents present at the center of the ring, so magnetic fields can pass through. However, the supercurrents at the boundary will arrange themselves so that the total magnetic flux through the ring is quantized in units of Φ₀. This is the idea behind SQUIDs, which are the most accurate type of magnetometer available. Current flowing through a wire produces a magnetic field (M) around the wire. ... Diagram of the Meissner effect. ... Suborders Myopsina Oegopsina Squids are the large, diverse group of marine mollusks, popular as food in cuisines as widely separated as the Korean and the Italian. ... A magnetometer is a scientific instrument used to measure the strength of magnetic fields. ...

A similar effect occurs when a superconductor is placed in a magnetic field. At sufficiently high field strengths, some of the magnetic field may penetrate the superconductor in the form of thin threads of material that have turned normal. These threads, which are sometimes called fluxons because they carry magnetic flux, are in fact the central regions ("cores") of vortices in the supercurrent. Each fluxon carries an integer number of magnetic flux quanta. Vortex created by the passage of an aircraft wing, revealed by coloured smoke A vortex is a spinning turbulent flow (or any spiral whirling motion) with closed streamlines. ...

The magnetic flux quantum may be measured with great precision by exploiting the Josephson effect. In fact, when coupled with the measurement of the quantum Hall resistance quantum R_H = h / e², this provides the most precise values of Planck's constant h obtained to date. This is remarkable since h is generally associated with the behavior of microscopically small systems, whereas the quantization of magnetic flux in a superconductor and the quantum Hall effect are both collective phenomena associated with thermodynamically large numbers of particles. The Josephson effect is named after British physicist Brian David Josephson who predicted its existence in 1962. ... The quantum Hall effect is a quantum-mechanical version of the Hall effect, observed in two-dimensional systems of electrons subjected to low temperatures and strong magnetic fields, in which the Hall conductance σ takes on the quantized values where e is the elementary charge and h is Plancks constant. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

The quantization of magnetic flux is closely related to the Aharonov-Bohm effect, but was predicted earlier by F. London in 1948 using a phenomenological model. The Aharonov-Bohm effect is a quantum mechanical phenomenon by which a charged particle is affected by electromagnetic fields in regions from which the particle is excluded, proposed by Aharonov and Bohm in 1959. ...