 The stylized signature of Mahmud II was written in an expressive calligraphy. It reads Mahmud Khan son of Abdulhamid is forever victorious. Mahmud II (Ottoman Turkish: محمود ثان Mahmud-ı sānī) (July 20, 1785 – July 1, 1839) was the 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death. He was the son of Sultan Abdülhamid I. Image File history File links Circle-question-red. ...
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The Battle of Vienna of 1683 was the real point at which the Empire began its decline. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Sultan_Mahmud_II.jpg‎ Sultan Mahmud II started the modernization of Turkey with the Edict of Tanzimat in 1839 This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author...
Sultan Mustafa IV Mustafa IV (September 8, 1779 – November 15, 1808) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1807 to 1808. ...
The Osmanli Dynasty, also the House of Osman, ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1281 to 1923, beginning with Osman I (not counting his father, Ertuğrul), though the dynasty was not proclaimed until 1383 when Murad I declared himself sultan. ...
Abdülmecid I (Ottoman Turkish: عبد المجيد اول ‘Abdü’l-Mecīd-i evvel) (April 23, 1823 – June 25, 1861) was the 31st sultan of the Ottoman Empire and succeeded his father Mahmud II on July 2, 1839. ...
Image File history File links Tugra_Mahmuds_II.gif Animated Tughra Mahmud II showing the structure of the calligraphy. ...
Animation showing the structure of the Tughra of Mahmud II A tughra (طغراء) is a Turkish paisley-like calligraphic seal or signature used at the beginning of sultans decrees. ...
Ottoman Turkish (Turkish: Osmanlıca or Osmanlı Türkçesi, Ottoman Turkish: لسان عثمانی - lisân-i Osmânî) is the variant of the Turkish language that was used as the administrative and literary language of the Ottoman Empire. ...
July 20 is the 201st day (202nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 164 days remaining. ...
1785 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...
July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ...
1839 (MDCCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...
Sultan (Arabic: سلطان) is an Islamic title, with several historical meanings. ...
Motto: دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem: Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299-1326) Bursa (1326-1365) Edirne (1365-1453) Constantinople (Istanbul) (1453-1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281–1326 Osman I - 1918–1922 Mehmed VI...
1808 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...
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His reign in general
In 1808, Mahmud II's predecessor (and half-brother) Mustafa IV (1807–08) ordered his execution along with that of a cousin, the deposed Sultan Selim III (1789–1807), in order to defuse a rebellion. Selim III was killed, but Mahmud was safely hid by his mother and was placed on the throne after the rebels deposed Mustafa IV. The leader of this rebellion, Mustafa Bayrakdar, then became Mahmud II's vizier. Sultan Mustafa IV Mustafa IV (September 8, 1779 – November 15, 1808) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1807 to 1808. ...
Sultan Selim III Selim III (December 24, 1761 – July 28/29, 1808) was a sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1789–1807). ...
Mustafa Bayrakdar (1775-1808) was an Ottoman provincial notable from Rustchuk, Bulgaria who became grand Vizier under Mahmud II. The deposition of the reformer Sultan Selim III in 1807, and his replacement with the reactionary Mustafa IV by the Janissaries and other opponents of reform, provoked Mustafa Bayrakdar to lead...
A Vizier (وزير, sometimes also spelled Vizir, Wasir, Wazir, Wesir, Wezir - grammatical vowel changes are common in many oriental languages) is an oriental, originally Persian, term for a high-ranking political (and sometimes religious) advisor or Minister, often to a Muslim monarch such as a Caliph, Amir, Malik (king) or Sultan. ...
The vizier took the initiative in resuming reforms that had been terminated by the conservative coup of 1807 that had brought Mustafa IV to power. However, soon the vizier was killed by Ibrahim's army, and Mahmud II temporarily abandoned the reforms. Later in his reign, Mahmud II's efforts at reform were more successful. A coup d’état (pronounced ), or simply coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government through unconstitutional means by a part of the state establishment — mostly replacing just the high-level figures. ...
1807 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...
His most notable achievements were the abolition of the Janissary corps in 1826 and establishment of a modern Ottoman Army, and the preparation of the Tanzimat reforms in 1839 which started the modernization of Turkey and had immediate effects such as European style clothing, architecture, legislation, institutional organization and land reform. Chamberlain of Sultan Murad IV with janissaries. ...
The oldest surviving photograph, Nicéphore Niépce, circa 1826 1826 (MDCCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...
Graphical timeline Caricature; changes in the form, not in the mind The Tanzimat was a period of reform in the Ottoman Empire that lasted from 1839 to 1876. ...
1839 (MDCCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...
Mahmud II died from tuberculosis in 1839. His funeral was crowded by throngs of people who came to bid the Sultan farewell. His son Abdülmecid succeeded him. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for Tubercle Bacillus) is a common and deadly infectious disease caused by the mycobacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium bovis, which most commonly affects the lungs (pulmonary TB) but can also affect the central nervous system, lymphatic system, circulatory system, genitourinary system, bones and joints. ...
Abdülmecid I (Ottoman Turkish: عبد المجيد اول ‘Abdü’l-Mecīd-i evvel) (April 23, 1823 – June 25, 1861) was the 31st sultan of the Ottoman Empire and succeeded his father Mahmud II on July 2, 1839. ...
Reforms
Legal Reform Among his reforms are the edicts (or Firmans), by which he closed the Court of Confiscations, and took away much of the power of the Pashas. Firman refers to a royal mandate or decree issued from a sovereign in Western Asian countries such as Iran under the Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi or the Ottoman rulers. ...
Pasha (or pascha, bashaw; Turkish: paÅŸa; originally from Persian padshah or padeshah meaning king or from Turkish bash head, chief [1]) was a high rank in the Ottoman Empire political system, typically granted to governors and generals. ...
Previous to the first of the Firmans the property of all persons banished or condemned to death was forfeited to the crown; and a sordid motive for acts of cruelty was thus kept in perpetual operation, besides the encouragement of a host of vile Delators. Delator, in Roman history, properly one who gave notice (deferre) to the treasury officials of moneys that had become due to the imperial fisc. ...
By the second, it was rendered no longer in the power of a Turkish governor to doom men to instant death by his will; the Paşas, the Ağas, and other officers, were enjoined that "they should not presume to inflict, themselves, the punishment of death on any man, whether Raya or Turk, unless authorized by a legal sentence pronounced by the Kadi, and regularly signed by the judge." He also created an appeal system by a criminal to one of the Kazaskers of Asia or Europe, and finally to the Sultan himself, if the criminal chose to persist in his appeal.
About the same time that Mahmud II ordained these just and humane changes, he set personally an example of reform by regularly attending the Divan, instead of secluding himself from the labors of state, according to the bad practice, which had been introduced as long ago as the reign of Suleiman I, and which had been assigned as one of the causes of the decline of the empire by a Turkish historian nearly two centuries before Mahmud II's time. Suleiman the Magnificent Suleiman I (November 6, 1494 – September 5/6, 1566); in Turkish Süleyman , (nicknamed the Magnificent in Europe and the Lawgiver in the Islamic World, in Turkish Kanuni) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 to 1566 and successor to Selim I. He was...
Mahmud II also addressed some of the worst abuses connected with the Vakifs, by placing the revenues under the administration of the state, but he did not venture to apply this vast mass of property to the general purposes of the government. A waqf (Arabic: وقÙ) is a religious endowment in Islam, typically devoting a building or plot of land for Muslim religious purposes. ...
In dealing with the complicated questions caused by the embarrassed finances of his empire, and by the oppression and vexatiousness with which certain imposts pressed upon particular classes, Mahmud II showed the best spirit of the best of the Köprülüs. A Firman of February 22, 1834, abolished the vexatious charges which public functionaries, when traversing the provinces, had long been accustomed to make on the inhabitants. By the same edict all collection of money, except for the two regular half-yearly periods, was denounced as abuses. "No one is ignorant," said Sultan Mahmud II in this document, "that I am bound to afford support to all my subjects against vexatious proceedings; to endeavour unceasingly to lighten, instead of increasing their burdens, and to ensure peace and tranquillity. Therefore, those acts of oppression are at once contrary to the will of God, and to my imperial orders." The Köprülü (also Kiuprili, Koprili Kuprili and Kuprilic) was an Ottoman noble family of Albanian origin. ...
The haraç, or capitation-tax, though moderate in and exempting those who paid it from military service, had long been made an engine of gross tyranny, through the insolence and misconduct of the government collectors. The Firman of 1834 abolished the old mode of levying it, and ordained that it should be raised by a commission composed of the Kadı, the Muslim governors, and the Ayans, or municipal chiefs of Rayas in each district. Many other financial improvements were effected, the narration of which would be too long for introduction here. By another important series of measures, the administrative government was simplified and strengthened, and a large number of sinecure offices were abolished, and the Sultan gave a valuable personal example of good sense, and economy, organising the imperial household, and mercilessly suppressing all titles without duties, and all salaried officials without functions.
Military Reform With the military fiefs, the Tımars and the Ziamets, he dealt more boldly. These had long ceased to furnish the old effective military force, for the purpose of which they were instituted and by attaching them to the public domains, Mahmud II materially strengthened the resources of the state, and put an end to a host of corruptions. One of the most resolute acts of his ruling was the suppression of the Dere Beys, the hereditary local chiefs (with power to nominate their successors in default of male heirs), which, by one of the worst abuses of the Ottoman feudal system, had made themselves petty princes in almost every province of the empire. When Selim III came to the throne in 1789 an ambitious effort of military reform was launched, geared towards securing the Ottoman Empire. ...
The reduction of these insubordinate feudatories was not effected at once, or without severe struggles and frequent insurrections. Mahmud II steadily persevered in this great measure and ultimately the island of Cyprus became the only part of empire in which power, not emanating from the Sultan, was allowed to be retained by Dere Beys.
See also Atçalı Kel Mehmet Efe (1780-1830) is a Turkish outlaw, who led a local revolt against Ottoman authority and established control of the Aydın region for a short period between 1829 and 1830. ...
References - Incorporates text from "History of Ottoman Turks" (1878)
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