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Using inline citations helps guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies. | Maltese is the national language of Malta[1], and an official language of the European Union. It is descended from Maghrebi Arabic [2][3]. It is the only Semitic language written in the Latin alphabet in its standard form. Image File history File links Emblem-important. ...
Image File history File links Emblem-important. ...
Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Gibraltar. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Malta. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ...
Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ...
Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ...
A language family is a group of languages related by descent from a common proto-language. ...
The Afro-Asiatic languages constitute a language family (Languages of Africa) with about 375 languages (SIL estimate) and more than 300 million speakers spread throughout North Africa, East Africa, West Africa, Central Africa, and Southwest Asia (including some 200 million speakers of Arabic). ...
14th century BC diplomatic letter in Akkadian, found in Tell Amarna. ...
12th century Hebrew Bible script The Semitic languages are a family of languages spoken by more than 250 million people across much of the Middle East, where they originated, and North and East Africa. ...
Arabic redirects here. ...
Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Malta. ...
Il-Kunsill Nazzjonali ta l-Ilsien Malti (The National Council for the Maltese Language) was founded on April 2005 after the passage of a Bill in the Maltese Parliament. ...
ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family. ...
ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages. ...
ISO 639-3 is an international standard for language codes. ...
The Unicode Standard, Version 5. ...
Chameleon, a symbol of the multilingualism of the European Union. ...
Maghrebi Arabic is a cover term for the dialects of Arabic spoken in the Maghreb, including Western Sahara, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, and Libya. ...
The Semitic languages are the northeastern subfamily of the Afro-Asiatic languages, and the only family of this group spoken in Asia. ...
The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. ...
A standard language (also standard dialect or standardized dialect) is a particular variety of a language that has been given either legal or quasi-legal status. ...
Apart from its phonology, Maltese bears considerable similarity to urban varieties of Tunisian Arabic and other North African Arabic dialects. In the course of history, the language has adopted numerous loanwords, phonetic and phonological features, and even morphological and syntactic patterns from Sicilian and Italian, while many words (some with their plural forms) are also borrowed from English. Phonology (Greek phonē = voice/sound and logos = word/speech), is a subfield of linguistics which studies the sound system of a specific language (or languages). ...
Tunisian Arabic is a Maghrebi dialect of the Arabic language, spoken by some 9 million people. ...
Maghrebi Arabic is a cover term for the dialects of Arabic spoken in the Maghreb, including Western Sahara, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, and Libya. ...
Malta has been inhabited since around 5200 BC and a significant pre-historic civilisation existed on the islands before the arrival of the Phoenicians who named the main island Malat, meaning safe haven . // Further information: Timeline of Maltese history about 5200 BCE: Earliest settlers arrive on Malta. ...
Sicilian (, Italian: ) is a Romance language. ...
Look up plural in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...
Maltese became an official language of Malta in 1936, alongside English [citation needed]. Today, there are an estimated 500,000 Maltese speakers, of whom 400,000 reside in Malta. Thousands of Maltese emigrants in Australia, the United States, Canada and Gibraltar (can) still speak the language. In 2007 it was reported that Maltese is still spoken by Maltese descendants in Tunisia.[4] An official language is a language that is given a unique legal status in the countries, states, and other territories. ...
1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...
The oldest known document in Maltese is "Il Cantilena," a poem from the 15th century written by Pietro Caxaro.[5] For centuries, Maltese was nearly exclusively a spoken language, with writing being done in Arabic, or later, Italian [citation needed]. Il Cantilena is the oldest known literary text in the Maltese language. ...
(14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ...
Grammar Maltese grammar is fundamentally derived from Arabic, although Romance and Anglo-Saxon patterns are also used. The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family, comprising all the languages that descend from Latin, the language of the Roman Empire. ...
Semitic grammatical structure Adjectives follow nouns, there are no separately formed native adverbs, and word order is fairly flexible. As in Arabic and Hebrew, both nouns and adjectives of Semitic origin take the definite article (for example It-tifel il-kbir, lit. "The boy the elder=The elder boy"; cf. Arabic at-tifl-u l-kabi:r, Hebrew ha-na`ar ha-gadol). This rule does not apply to adjectives of Romance origin. In grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a noun or pronoun (called the adjectives subject), giving more information about what the noun or pronoun refers to. ...
In linguistics, a noun or noun substantive is a lexical category which is defined in terms of how its members combine with other grammatical kinds of expressions. ...
“Adverbs†redirects here. ...
Arabic redirects here. ...
“Hebrew†redirects here. ...
14th century BC diplomatic letter in Akkadian, found in Tell Amarna. ...
Look up Cf. ...
Nouns are pluralized and also have a dual marker (rare among modern European languages, others including Slovene and Sorbian, as well as Serbian and Czech, which have preserved a somewhat vestigial dual form for certain body parts and nouns, but common among Semitic languages). Dual is the grammatical number used for two referents. ...
This article or section should be merged with List of Sorbian languages The Sorbian languages are members of the West Slavic branch of languages spoken in eastern Germany. ...
Serbian (; ) is one of the standard versions of the Shtokavian dialect, used primarily in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia, and by Serbs in the Serbian diaspora. ...
Semitic plurals are complex; if they are regular, they are marked by -iet/-ijiet, e.g., art, artijiet "lands (territorial possessions or property)" (cf. Arabic -at and Hebrew -ot) or -in (cf. Arabic -īn and Hebrew -im). If irregular, they fall in the pluralis fractus category, in which a word is pluralized by internal vowel changes: ktieb, kotba "books", raġel, irġiel "men".
Verbs still show a triliteral Semitic pattern, in which a verb is conjugated with prefixes, suffixes, and infixes (for example ktibna, Arabic katabna, Hebrew katavnu "we wrote"). There are two tenses: present and perfect. In the terminology used to discuss the grammar of the Semitic and some other Afro-Asiatic languages, a triliteral (Arabic: جذر ثلاثي, ǧaá¸r thalathi) is a root containing a sequence of three consonants (so also known as a triconsonantal root). ...
In linguistics, conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb from its principal parts by inflection (regular alteration according to rules of grammar). ...
In linguistics, a prefix is a type of affix that precedes the morphemes to which it can attach. ...
It has been suggested that Ending (linguistics) be merged into this article or section. ...
An infix is an affix inserted inside an existing word. ...
Grammatical tense is a way languages express the time at which an event described by a sentence occurs. ...
Romance grammatical structure The Romance pattern is generally simpler. Words of Romance origin are usually pluralized in two manners: addition of -i or -jiet (for example lingwa, lingwi "languages", from Sicilian lingua, lingui.)
The Maltese verb system incorporates Romance verbs and adds Arabic suffixes and prefixes to them (for example iddeċidejna "we decided" < (i)ddeċieda 'Romance verb' + -ejna 'Arabic first person plural perfect marker'). Arabic only rarely does this, although several Arabic dialects like Tunisian do. The Arabic language is classified as a Semitic language. ...
English grammatical structure The English pattern is similar to the Romance pattern, in that words of English origin are pluralized by adding either an "-s" or "-jiet", for example tojlit, tojlits from the English toilet, toilets and friġġ, friġis from the word fridge. Some words can actually adopt either of the suffixes to denote the plural. More curious still, a few words loaned from English in Maltese can amalgamate both suffixes together, like brikksa from the English brick, which can adopt either collective form brikks or the plural form brikksiet.
Vocabulary Maltese vocabulary is a hybrid based on a foundation of Arabic Semitic roots with a heavy borrowing of Sicilian, Italian, and English loanwords. In this respect it is similar to English (a Germanic language heavily influenced by French, particularly the Norman variety rather than the standard language). The result of this highly uneven distribution of loanwords throughout the language is that a speaker of the loanword-source language (in this case Romance or English language speakers) can understand, for instance, the main page of the Maltese Wikipedia or comprehend the subject of a newspaper article, but cannot understand even such basic Maltese sentences such as Ir-raġel qiegħed fid-dar (The man is in the house). This situation resembles that of a monolingual English speaker, who will often be able to guess the content of something in French if it is formal academic writing, but not understand much simpler sentences. Arabic redirects here. ...
14th century BC diplomatic letter in Akkadian, found in Tell Amarna. ...
Sicilian (, Italian: ) is a Romance language. ...
The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...
The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...
Quranic Arabic roots Żammit found that 40% of a sample of 1,820 Quranic Arabic roots were found in Maltese, a lower percentage than found in Moroccan (58%) and Syrian Arabic (72%).[6] An analysis of the etymology of the 41,000 words in Aquilina's Maltese-English Dictionary shows that 32% of the Maltese vocabulary is of Arabic origin [7], although another source claims 40%[8]. Usually, words expressing basic concepts and ideas, such as raġel man, mara woman, tifel boy, dar house, xemx sun, sajf summer, are of Arabic origin. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Syrian Arabic is the variety of Arabic spoken in Syria, classified as a Levantine dialect. ...
The Maltese language has merged many of the original Arabic consonants together, in particular the emphatic consonants, with others that are common in European languages. So, original Arabic dal, dhal, and dad all merged into Maltese "d". The vowels, however, separated from the three in Arabic (a, i, u) to the five in Maltese and most other European languages, or, in the case of some unstressed short vowels, disappeared. The common Arabic greeting as-salāmu 'alaykum would look like is-sliem għalikom in Maltese. Emphatic consonant is a somewhat imprecise term commonly used in Semitic linguistics to describe pharyngealized or velarized, and ejective consonants, or consonants that historically had one of these properties. ...
The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing languages such as Arabic, Persian, Urdu, and others. ...
Words of Romance origin An analysis of the etymology of the 41,000 words in Aquilina's Maltese-English Dictionary shows that words of Romance origin make up 52% of the Maltese vocabulary [9], although another source claims 40%[10]. These are generally more 'learned' words, having to do with new ideas, objects, government, law, education, art, literature, and general learning. They are mostly derived from Sicilian and thus exhibit Sicilian phonetic characteristics, such as 'u' in place of 'o' and 'i' in place of 'e' (e.g. tiatru not teatro and fidi not fede). Also, as with Old Sicilian, /ʃ/ (English 'sh') is written 'x' and this produces interesting spellings: ambaxxata /ambaʃːaːta/ is 'embassy', xena /ʃeːna/ is 'scene' (cf. Italian ambasciata, scena). Sicilian (, Italian: ) is a Romance language. ...
Below are just a few examples (Arabic is included for comparison): Arabic redirects here. ...
| Maltese | Sicilian | Italian | English | Arabic | | Skola | Scola | Scuola | School | مدرسة (madrassah) | | Gvern | Cuvernu | Governo | Government | حكومة (ḥukūmah) | | Repubblika | Ripùbblica | Repubblica | Republic | جمهورية (ǧummhūriyyah) | | Re | Re | Re | King | ملك (malik) | | Natura | Natura | Natura | Nature | طبيعة (ṭabīʿah) | | Pulizija | Pulizzìa | Polizia | Police | شرطة (shurta) | | Ċentru | Centru | Centro | Centre | مركز (markaz) | | Teatru | Tiatru | Teatro | Theatre | مسرح (masraḥ) |
Siculo-Arabic Similarities There are also strong similarities between Maltese and Sicilian words of Arabic origin, on account of the comparable cultural situation. between the two countries. Siculo-Arabic was a dialect of Arabic spoken in Sicily between the ninth and the fourteenth centuries. ...
Sicily ( in Italian and Sicilian) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,708 km² (9,926 sq. ...
| Siculo-Arabic | Maltese | English | | Babbaluciu | Bebbuxu | Snail | | Caponata | Kapunata | Caponata | | Cassata | Qassata | Sicilian cake | | Gebbia | Ġiebja | Cistern | | Giuggiulena | Ġunġlien | Sesame seed | | Saia | Saqqajja | Canal | | Tanura | Kenur | Oven | | Zaffarana | Żaffran | Saffron | | Zagara | Zahar | Blossom | | Zibbibbu | Żbib | Raisins | | Zuccu | Zokk | Tree trunk | Binomial name Crocus sativus L. Saffron (IPA: ) is a spice derived from the flower of the saffron crocus (Crocus sativus), a species of crocus in the family Iridaceae. ...
English loan words It is estimated that English loanwords, which are becoming more commonplace, make up 20% of the Maltese vocabulary [11], although other sources claim it's only 6%. This percentage discrepancy is due to the fact that a number of new English loanwords are sometimes not officially considered part of the Maltese vocabulary, hence they're not included in certain dictionaries [12]. English loanwords are generally transliterated, although standard English pronunciation is virtually always retained. Below are just a few examples: | Maltese | English | | Futbol | Football | | Baskitbol | Basketball | | Mowbajl | Mobile [Phone] | | Lift | Lift/Elevator | | Friġġ | Fridge | | Friżer | Freezer | | Wejter | Waiter | | Biljard | Billiard | | Strajk | Strike | | Plejer | Player | | Frejm | Frame | | Bliċ | Bleach | | Fowlder | Folder | | Kompjuter | Computer | | Spikers | Speakers | | Televixin | Television | | Tojlit | Toilet |
Semitic form vs Romance form Maltese can be spoken using either the Semitic or the Romance forms. A case in point is the English sentence The temple is situated opposite the village plaza: - Romance form: It-tempju sitwat oppost il-pjazza tal-villaġġ.
- (Italian: Il tempio è situato davanti (opposto) alla piazza del villaggio.)
- Semitic form: Il-maqdes jinsab biswit il-misraħ tar-raħal.
Both sentences are in Maltese and have exactly the same meaning. Generally though, no one form is ever spoken exclusively, and sentences are usually made up of words from both influences.
It is interesting to note that Church-related language during church services, mass and liturgies is heavily Semitic, and many words are not used in every-day common speech amongst the native Maltese-speaking population. [citation needed]
On the other hand, academic language frequently adopts a large number of Romance words, which is becoming the norm, a trend which is making the Maltese language more Europeanized, as opposed to poetry and literature which tend to utilize a lot of Semitic words which are not usually used in everyday speech. [citation needed] Europeanisation (or Europeanization) refers to a number of related phenomena and patterns of change. ...
Written Maltese Since Maltese evolved after the Normans ended the Arab rule of the islands, there was little interest in developing a written form of the language for a long time after the Arabs' expulsion in the eleventh century. This was caused by the clergy's preference of Latin or Italian vernacular over the local tongue, and since the clergy was the educated class of Maltese society, their preference of foreign tongues undermined the early development of Maltese in literature and prose. Furthermore, as the islands were almost[13] always under foreign rule, those in power preferred the advancement of their own mother language over the native tongue. Throughout the centuries, the use of the Maltese language was often discouraged with varying degrees of enthusiasm and success, ostensibly in the hope that supplanting it would strengthen ties with the country which held possession of Malta at that particular point in time, a concept which has continuously surfaced in the islands and is also present to a certain extent in the present day. Under the rule of the Order of the Knights of Malta both French and an embryonic version of Italian were used for official documents and correspondence. During the British colonial period the use of English was encouraged through education, while Italian was regarded as the next most important language. It was not until 1936 that Maltese was even recognised as an official language, more as a British coup to offset Italian influence from that increasingly belligerent country than as a genuine belief in the importance of Maltese in the islands' administration. Uniquely, no other European country lacked a standardised written form of its language until the nineteenth century, when philologists and academics such as Mikiel Anton Vassalli made a concerted effort to transcribe spoken Maltese in a comprehensive written form. One would hence have to note that the lack of an established written tradition effected Maltese culture and fueled apathy towards the Maltese language in certain segments of the nation. Norman conquests in red. ...
For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ...
Baron Vassiliev, a 19th-century Knight Commander The Knights Hospitaller (also known as the Sovereign Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta, Knights of Malta, Knights of Rhodes, and Chevaliers of Malta) was an organization that began as an Amalfitan hospital founded in Jerusalem in 1080...
Malta has been inhabited since around 5200 BC and a significant pre-historic civilisation existed on the islands before the arrival of the Phoenicians who named the main island Malat, meaning safe haven . // Further information: Timeline of Maltese history about 5200 BCE: Earliest settlers arrive on Malta. ...
1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...
Mikiel Anton Vassalli (March 1764 in Żebbuġ, Malta - January 12, 1829) was a Maltese writer and linguist. ...
Maltese literature refers, generally speaking, to written or literary works produced in the Maltese language, particularly by citizens of Malta. ...
Sample From the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe: | English | Maltese | | The Union is founded on the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities. These values are common to the Member States in a society in which pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity and equality between women and men prevail. | L-Unjoni hija mibnija fuq il-valuri ta' rispett għad-dinjità tal-bniedem, ta' libertà, ta' demokrazija, ta' ugwaljanza, ta' l-istat tad-dritt u tar-rispett għad-drittijiet tal-bniedem, inklużi d-drittijiet ta' persuni li jagħmlu parti minn minoranzi. Dawn il-valuri huma komuni għall-Istati Membri f'soċjetà karatterizzata mill-pluraliżmu, in-non-diskriminazzjoni, it-tolleranza, il-ġustizzja, is-solidarjetà u l-ugwaljanza bejn in-nisa u l-irġiel. |
Alphabet Below is the Maltese alphabet, with IPA symbols and approximate English pronunciation: The Maltese alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet with the addition of some letters with diacritic marks and digraphs. ...
| Letter | Name | IPA | Arabic | Approximate English pronunciation | | A a | a (for anġlu (angel)) | a | ـَ ، ـَا | similar to 'a' in father | | B b | be (for ballun (ball)) | b | ب | bar, but at the end of a word it is pronounced as [p]. | | Ċ ċ | ċe (for ċavetta (key)) | ʧ | (چ) | church (note: dotless C has been replaced by K.) | | D d | de (for dar (home)) | d | د | day, but at the end of a word it is pronounced as [t]. | | E e | e (for envelopp (envelope) | ɛ | (ـَ ، ـَي) | end | | F f | effe (for fjura (flower)) | f | ف | far | | Ġ ġ | ġe (for ġelat (ice-cream)) | ʤ | ج | jump, but at the end of a word it is pronounced as [tʃ]. | | G g | ge (for gallettina (biscuit)) | ɡ | (ج ، گ) | game, but at the end of a word it is pronounced as [k]. | | GĦ għ | ajn (for għasfur (bird)) | ˤ:, ħ: | ع ، ح | has the effect of lengthening and pharyngealizing associated vowels. When found at the end of a word or immediately before 'h' it has the sound of a double 'ħ' (see below). | | H h | akka (for hu (he)) | | ه ، ة | not pronounced unless it is at the end of a word, in which case it has the sound of 'ħ'. | | Ħ ħ | ħe (for ħanżir (pig)) | ħ | ح | no English equivalent; sounds like a whispered "ah" with the tongue pressed as far back as possible. | | I i | i (for ikel (food)) | i | ـِ | seat | | IE ie | ie (for ieqaf (stop)) | iɛ, iː | ـِي | yet, feet | | J j | je (for jott (yacht)) | j | ي | yard | | K k | ke (for kelb (dog)) | k | ك | cave | | L l | elle (for libsa (dress)) | l | ل | line | | M m | emme (for mara (woman)) | m | م | march | | N n | enne (for nanna (granny)) | n | ن | next | | O o | o (for ors (bear)) | o | (ـُ ، ـَو) | like 'aw' in law, but shorter. | | P p | pe (for paġna (page)) | p | (پ) | part | | Q q | qe (for qattus (cat)) | ʔ | ء ، ق | glottal stop, found in the Cockney English pronunciation of "bottle" or the phrase "(ʔ)uh-(ʔ)oh". | | R r | erre (for reġina (queen)) | r | ر | road | | S s | esse (for salib (cross)) | s | س | sand | | T t | te (for tieqa (window)) | t | ت | tired | | U u | u (for uviera (egg-cup)) | u | ـُ ، ـُو | food | | V v | ve (for vjola (violet) | v | (ڤ) | vast, but at the end of a word it is pronounced as [f]. | | W w | we (for widna (ear)) | w | و | west | | X x | exxe (for xadina (monkey)) | ʃ / ʒ | ش | shade, sometimes as measure; when doubled the sound is elongated, as in "Cash shin" vs. "Cash in." | | Ż ż | że (for żarbun (shoes)) | z | ز | maze, but at the end of a word it is pronounced as [s]. | | Z z | ze (for zalza (sauce)) | ʦ / ʣ | (تْس) | pizza; when doubled may change to gods | Final vowels with grave accents (à, è, ì, ò, ù) are also found in Maltese in words of Italian origin, such as libertà freedom, sigurtà security, or soċjetà society. or Ayin is the sixteenth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew and Arabic (in abjadi order). ...
Pharyngealisation is a secondary articulation of consonants or vowels by which the pharynx is constricted during the articulation of the sound. ...
Dictionaries
Orthography Rules The official rules governing the structure of the Maltese language are found in the official guidebook issued by the Akkademja tal-Malti, the Academy of the Maltese language, which is named Tagħrif fuq il-Kitba Maltija, that is, Knowledge on Writing in Maltese. The first edition of this book was printed in 1924 by the Maltese government's printing press. The rules were further expanded in the 1984 book, iż-Żieda mat-Tagħrif, which focused mainly on the increasing influence of Romance and Anglo-Saxon words. In 1992 the Academy issued the Aġġornament tat-Tagħrif fuq il-Kitba Maltija, which updated the previous works. All these works were included in a revised and expanded guidebook published in 1996. For the rap album, see 1924 (album). ...
This article is about the year. ...
Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ...
Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ...
Nowadays, the National Council for the Maltese Language (KNM) is the main regulator of the Maltese language (see Maltese Language Act, below) and not the Akkademja tal-Malti anymore. However, these orthography rules are still valid and official.
See also Maltenglish - also called Minglish, Maltese English, Mixed Maltese English, or Maltingliż, refers to the phenomenon of code switching between Maltese and English. ...
The Maltese Italian Enrico Mizzi (1885-1950), former leader of the Nationalist Party and Prime Minister of Malta Maltese Italians are the people of Malta who wanted the unification to Italy of the Maltese islands, following the Italian Irredentism ideals. ...
External links - Laws of Malta on Maltese as the only national language of Malta
- Organisations
- Technology and Maltese
- Broadcasting in Maltese
- Literature and Linguistics
- Translations into Maltese
- Technical Documentation for Europe: Malta
- Glossaries and Resources of the Maltese Language (Keep on adding your stuff here)
- Rimarju Malti
- Kappelli Maltin
- L-ewro
- Il-Lingwa tas-Sinjali Maltija
- Ikteb l-inviti tat-tieġ bil-Malti
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1058x1058, 477 KB) aa Wikipedia logo, version 1058px square, no text Wikipedia logo by Nohat (concept by Paullusmagnus); compare Wikipedia File links The following pages link to this file: Arabic language Talk:Anarcho-capitalism Talk:Algorithm Talk:Anno Domini Talk:The...
Wikipedia (IPA: , or ( ) is a multilingual, web-based, free content encyclopedia project, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization. ...
“PDF†redirects here. ...
A kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, commonly abbreviated KiB (never kiB). 1 kibibyte = 210 bytes = 1,024 bytes The kibibyte is closely related to the kilobyte, which can be used either as a synonym for kibibyte or to refer to...
“PDF†redirects here. ...
A kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, commonly abbreviated KiB (never kiB). 1 kibibyte = 210 bytes = 1,024 bytes The kibibyte is closely related to the kilobyte, which can be used either as a synonym for kibibyte or to refer to...
“PDF†redirects here. ...
A kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, commonly abbreviated KiB (never kiB). 1 kibibyte = 210 bytes = 1,024 bytes The kibibyte is closely related to the kilobyte, which can be used either as a synonym for kibibyte or to refer to...
“PDF†redirects here. ...
A kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, commonly abbreviated KiB (never kiB). 1 kibibyte = 210 bytes = 1,024 bytes The kibibyte is closely related to the kilobyte, which can be used either as a synonym for kibibyte or to refer to...
“PDF†redirects here. ...
A kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, commonly abbreviated KiB (never kiB). 1 kibibyte = 210 bytes = 1,024 bytes The kibibyte is closely related to the kilobyte, which can be used either as a synonym for kibibyte or to refer to...
“PDF†redirects here. ...
A kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, commonly abbreviated KiB (never kiB). 1 kibibyte = 210 bytes = 1,024 bytes The kibibyte is closely related to the kilobyte, which can be used either as a synonym for kibibyte or to refer to...
Notes - ^ Constitution of Malta, I.5.(1)
- ^ Ethnologue entry for Maltese
- ^ Borg and Azzopardi-Alexander (1997:xiii) 'The immediate source for the Arabic vernacular spoken in Malta was Muslim Sicily, but its ultimate origin appears to have been Tunisia. In fact Maltese displays some areal traits typical of Maghrebine Arabic, although during the past eight hundred years of independent evolution it has drifted apart from Tunisian Arabic'.
- ^ Times of Malta, 11 February 2007
- ^ The 'Cantilena'. Retrieved on 2007-07-29.
- ^ Żammit, Martin (2000). "Arabic and Maltese Cognate Roots", in Manwel Mifsud: Proceedings of the Third International Conference of Aida, 241-245. ISBN 99932-0-044-1.
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ [3]
- ^ [4]
- ^ [5]
- ^ [6]
- ^ Except for a period of roughly one hundred years of nominal Spanish rule over the island, while the government lay in the hands of the Maltese Kunsill Popolari, Malta was continuously in foreign hands up until independence in 1964. This period was termed Żmien l-Ispanjoli.
Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ...
is the 210th day of the year (211th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Also Nintendo emulator: 1964 (emulator). ...
References Azzopardi, C. (2007) Gwida għall-Ortografija. Malta, Klabb Kotba Maltin.
Borg, A. J. & Azzopardi-Alexander, M. (1997) Maltese. Routledge, ISBN 0415022436
Mifsud, M. & Borg, A. J. (1997) Fuq l-għatba tal-Malti. Strasbourg, Council of Europe.
- http://www.macmillandictionary.com/MED-magazine/February2005/27-LI-Maltese.htm
| Modern Semitic languages | Amharic · Arabic · Chaha · Harari · Hebrew · Inor · Maltese · Neo-Aramaic · Silt'e · Soddo · South Arabian · Syriac · Tigre · Tigrinya A modern language is any human language that is used by societies in the world today. ...
14th century BC diplomatic letter in Akkadian, found in Tell Amarna. ...
Note: This article contains special characters. ...
Arabic redirects here. ...
Chaha (in Chaha and Amharic: ቸሃ ÄehÄ or ÄexÄ) is a Semitic language spoken in central Ethiopia, mainly within the Gurage Zone in the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region and by speakers of the language who have settled in Ethiopian cities, especially Addis Ababa. ...
aman be dejqho ...
“Hebrew†redirects here. ...
Inor ([ino:r]), sometimes called Ennemor, is a Semitic language spoken in central Ethiopia, mainly within the Gurage zone in the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region, and by speakers of the language who have settled in Ethiopian cities, especially Addis Ababa. ...
Neo-Aramaic, or Modern Aramaic, languages are varieties of Aramaic that are spoken as a mother tongue in the modern era. ...
The Silte language (Selti, Silti; ISO/DIS 639-3: xst) is an South Semitic (East Gurage) language of Ethiopia, with some 830,000 speakers (1998 census), spoken in the region about 150 km south of Addis Abeba. ...
Soddo (autonym kəstane Christian; formerly called Aymälläl in Western sources, after a particular dialect of it) is a Gurage language spoken by about 300,000 people in southeastern Ethiopia. ...
South Arabian is a technical designation within Semitic linguistics for one of two main branches of South Semitic. ...
Syriac ( SuryÄyÄ) is an Eastern Aramaic language that was once spoken across much of the Fertile Crescent. ...
Tigre (Geez ትáŒáˆ¨ tigre or ትáŒáˆ¬ tigrÄ“; sometimes written as Tigré, also known as Xasa in Sudan; Arabic ألخاصية ) is a Semitic language that closely speaks the Geez in its purest form and it is also closely related to Tigrinya. ...
Tigrinya (Geez ትáŒáˆáŠ› tigriññÄ, also spelled Tigrigna) is a Semitic language spoken by the Tigray-Tigrinya people in central Eritrea (there referred to as the Tigrinya people), where it is one of the main working languages (Eritrea does not have official languages), and in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia (whose...
| | Official languages of the European Union | Bulgarian · Czech · Danish · Dutch · English · Estonian · Finnish · French · German · Greek · Hungarian · Irish · Italian · Latvian · Lithuanian · Maltese · Polish · Portuguese · Romanian · Slovak · Slovenian · Spanish · Swedish 14th century BC diplomatic letter in Akkadian, found in Tell Amarna. ...
The East Semitic languages are one of the two major subdivisions of Semitic languages, the other being West Semitic. ...
Akkadian (liÅ¡Änum akkadÄ«tum) was a Semitic language (part of the greater Afro-Asiatic language family) spoken in ancient Mesopotamia, particularly by the Assyrians and Babylonians. ...
Eblaite is an extinct East Semitic language which was spoken in the 3rd millennium BC in the ancient city Ebla, in modern Syria. ...
The West Semitic languages are a proposed major sub-grouping of Semitic languages. ...
The Central Semitic languages are an intermediate group of Semitic languages, of which the most prominent members are Arabic, Hebrew and Aramaic. ...
The Northwest Semitic languages form a medium-level division of the Semitic language family. ...
The Amorite language is the term used for the early (North-)West Semitic language, spoken by the north Semitic Amorite tribes prominent in early Middle Eastern history. ...
The Ugaritic language is only known in the form of writings found in the lost city of Ugarit in Syria since its discovery by French archaeologists in 1928. ...
The Canaanite languages are a subfamily of the Semitic languages, spoken by the ancient peoples of the Canaan region, including Canaanites, Hebrews, Phoenicians, and eventually Philistines. ...
The Ammonite language is the extinct Canaanite language of the Ammonite people mentioned in the Bible, who used to live in modern-day Jordan, and after whom its capital Amman is named. ...
The Moabite language is an extinct Hebrew Canaanite dialect, spoken in Moab (modern-day northwestern Jordan) in the early first millennium BC. Most of our knowledge about Moabite comes from the Mesha Stele, as well as the El-Kerak Stela; this is sufficient to show that it was extremely similar...
The Edomite language is the extinct Hebrew Canaanite language of the Edomites in southwestern Jordan in the first millennium BC. It is known only from a very small corpus. ...
Hebrew language most commonly refers to Modern Hebrew; in historical contexts, it commonly refers to the Biblical Hebrew language. ...
This article describes the Biblical dialects of Hebrew. ...
The Mishnaic Hebrew language or Rabbinic Hebrew language is the ancient descendant of Biblical Hebrew as preserved by the Jews after the Babylonian captivity, and definitively recorded by Jewish sages in writing the Mishnah and other contemporary documents. ...
Medieval Hebrew has many features that distinguish it from older forms. ...
The Mizrahi Hebrew language or Oriental Hebrew language refers to any one of the pronunciation systems for Biblical Hebrew used liturgically by Mizrahi Jews, that is, Jews living in Arab countries or further east, and typically speaking Arabic, Persian, Hindi, Turkish, or other languages of the Middle East and Asia. ...
The Yemenite Hebrew language or Temani Hebrew language is a descendant of Biblical Hebrew traditionally used by Yemenite Jews. ...
The Sephardi Hebrew language is the pronunciation system for Biblical Hebrew favored for liturgical use by Sephardi Jewish practice. ...
Ashkenazi Hebrew is the pronunciation system for Biblical Hebrew favored for liturgical use by Ashkenazi Jewish practice. ...
The Samaritan Hebrew language is a descendant of Biblical Hebrew as pronounced and written by the Samaritans. ...
“Hebrew†redirects here. ...
Phoenician was a language originally spoken in the coastal region of what is now Lebanon. ...
Punic was a Roman contraction of Phoenician, and was used by the Romans after the Punic wars as an adjective meaning treacherous. In archaeological and linguistic usage, it refers to the later culture and dialect of Carthage and its empire, as distinct from their Phoenician originals. ...
Aramaic is a group of Semitic languages with a 3,000-year history. ...
Al Khazneh, Petra (the Nabataean capital) Shivta The Nabataeans, Arabic (الأنباط) Al-Anbaat, were an ancient trading people of southern Jordan, Canaan and the northern part of Arabia- whose oasis settlements in the time of Josephus gave the name of Nabatene to the borderland between Syria and Arabia, from the Euphrates...
Western Neo-Aramaic is a Modern Aramaic language. ...
Samaritan Aramaic, or Samaritan, is the dialect of Aramaic used by the Samaritans in their sacred and scholarly literature. ...
Aramaic is a group of Semitic languages with a 3,000-year history. ...
Biblical Aramaic is the form of the Aramaic language that is used in the books of Daniel, Ezra and a few other places in the Hebrew Bible. ...
In 1912, W. Andrae published some inscriptions from the site of Hatra, which were studied by S. Ronzevalle and P. Jensen. ...
Syriac ( SuryÄyÄ) is an Eastern Aramaic language that was once spoken across much of the Fertile Crescent. ...
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic is a modern Eastern Aramaic or Syriac language. ...
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic is a modern Eastern Aramaic or Syriac language. ...
The Senaya language is a modern Eastern Aramaic or Syriac language. ...
Koy Sanjaq Surat is a modern Eastern Aramaic or Syriac language. ...
The Hértevin language is a modern Eastern Aramaic or Syriac language. ...
Turoyo is a Modern West Syriac language, a dialect of Aramaic. ...
Mlahsô is a Modern West Syriac language, a dialect of Aramaic. ...
The Mandaic language is the liturgical language of the Mandaean religion; a vernacular form is still spoken by a small community in Iran around Ahwaz. ...
Judæo-Aramaic is a collective term used to describe several Hebrew-influenced Aramaic and Neo-Aramaic languages. ...
Arabic is a Semitic language, closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ...
The Arabic language family consists of The Arabic macrolanguage (ISO 639-3 ara), including the living varieties of Arabic as well as Classical Arabic and Standard Arabic. ...
Arabic redirects here. ...
Literary Arabic ( the Eloquent Arabic language) or Standard Arabic is the literary and standard register of Classical Arabic used in writing. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Literary Arabic ( the Eloquent Arabic language) or Standard Arabic is the literary and standard register of Classical Arabic used in writing. ...
The Arabic language is classified as a Semitic language. ...
Hejazi Arabic is a [Varieties of Arabic|variety]] of the Arabic language spoken in the regions of western Saudi Arabia. ...
Najdi Arabic is a variety of the Arabic language spoken in the desert regions of central and eastern Saudi Arabia. ...
The Judeo-Yemenite language is the form of Judeo-Arabic spoken by Yemenite Jews. ...
Central Asian Arabic is a variety of Arabic spoken in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan and currently facing extinction. ...
Khuzestani Arabic is a dialect of Arabic spoken in the Iranian province of Khuzestan. ...
Shirvani Arabic was a dialect of Arabic that was once spoken in what is now central and northwestern Azerbaijan (historically known as Shirvan) and Dagestan (southern Russia). ...
Egyptian Arabic (Marī مصري) is part of the Arabic macrolanguage of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family. ...
Baharna Arabic is a dialect of the Arabic language spoken by the Baharna Shia of Bahrain and some parts of Saudi Eastern Province, and also in Oman. ...
Gulf Arabic is a variety of the Arabic language spoken around both shores of the Persian Gulf, mainly in Kuwait, eastern and central Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and parts of Oman. ...
Levantine Arabic (sometimes called Eastern Arabic) is a group of Arabic dialects spoken in the 100 km-wide eastern-Mediterranean coastal strip known as the Levant, i. ...
Probably the most divergent of all Arabic dialects is Cypriot Maronite Arabic, still spoken by most of the 130 elderly Maronite Catholics in Kormakiti (Korucam) in Northern Cyprus, overlooking the Mediterranean Sea. ...
Palestinian Arabic is a Levantine Arabic dialect subgroup spoken by Palestinian Arabs. ...
Iraqi Arabic is a dialect of Arabic used in Iraq. ...
Jewish Baghdad Arabic is the Arabic dialect spoken by the Jews of Baghdad and other towns of Southern Iraq. ...
Maghrebi Arabic is a cover term for the dialects of Arabic spoken in the Maghreb, including Western Sahara, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, and Libya. ...
Chadian Arabic is the variety of Arabic spoken in Chad. ...
HassÄnÄ«ya is an Arabic dialect originally spoken by the Beni HassÄn Bedouin tribes, who extended their authority over most of Mauritania and the Western Sahara between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries. ...
Andalusian Arabic (also known as Andalusi Arabic and Spanish Arabic) was a dialect of the Arabic language spoken in Al-Andalus, the regions of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Spain and Portugal) under Muslim rule. ...
Libyan Arabic is a collective term for the closely related spoken varieties of Arabic as spoken in Libya. ...
Siculo-Arabic was a dialect of Arabic spoken in Sicily between the ninth and the fourteenth centuries. ...
Moroccan Arabic, also known as Darija, is the language spoken in the Arabic-speaking areas of Morocco, as opposed to the official communications of governmental and other public bodies which use Modern Standard Arabic, as is the case in most Arabic-speaking countries, while a mixture of French and Moroccan...
// Widely used in the Jewish community during its long history there, the Moroccan dialect of Judeo-Arabic has many influences from languages other than Arabic, including Spanish (due to the close proximity of Spain), Ladino, or Judeo-Spanish, due to the influx of Sephardic refugees from Spain after the 1492...
Tunisian Arabic is a Maghrebi dialect of the Arabic language, spoken by some 9 million people. ...
The Semitic languages are the northeastern subfamily of the Afro-Asiatic languages, and the only family of this group spoken in Asia. ...
Old South Arabian is a geographic term for four closely related languages spoken in the southern portion of the Arabian Peninsula. ...
The Sabey language was a language and alphabet used in Ethiopia up until the 8th Century AD. The Sabay language was replaced by the Geez language and writing system. ...
The Minaean language was an Old Arabic Language spoken in Yemen between 100 BC and 600 AD. http://linguistlist. ...
One of the four known dialects of Old South Arabian, Qatabian was spoken in Yemen between 100 BC and 600 AD. http://linguistlist. ...
Note: This article contains special characters. ...
Tigrinya (Geez ትáŒáˆáŠ› tigriññÄ, also spelled Tigrigna) is a Semitic language spoken by the Tigray-Tigrinya people in central Eritrea (there referred to as the Tigrinya people), where it is one of the main working languages (Eritrea does not have official languages), and in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia (whose...
Tigre (Geez ትáŒáˆ¨ tigre or ትáŒáˆ¬ tigrÄ“; sometimes written as Tigré, also known as Xasa in Sudan; Arabic ألخاصية ) is a Semitic language that closely speaks the Geez in its purest form and it is also closely related to Tigrinya. ...
Dahlik (Dahaalik, Dahalik, Dahlak) is a newly discovered language spoken exclusively in Eritrea off the coast of Massawa, on three islands in the Dahlak Archipelago: Dahlak Kebir, Nora and Dehil. ...
Not to be confused with the Aramaic language. ...
Argobba is an Ethiopic language that was spoken in an area north-east of Addis Ababa. ...
aman be dejqho ...
The Silte language (Selti, Silti; ISO/DIS 639-3: xst) is an South Semitic (East Gurage) language of Ethiopia, with some 830,000 speakers (1998 census), spoken in the region about 150 km south of Addis Abeba. ...
The Zay language is one of the Ethiopic languages. ...
The Silte language (Selti, Silti; ISO/DIS 639-3: xst) is an South Semitic (East Gurage) language of Ethiopia, with some 830,000 speakers (1998 census), spoken in the region about 150 km south of Addis Abeba. ...
The Gafat language is an extinct Semitic language that was once spoken along the Abbay River in Ethiopia. ...
Soddo (autonym kəstane Christian; formerly called Aymälläl in Western sources, after a particular dialect of it) is a Gurage language spoken by about 300,000 people in southeastern Ethiopia. ...
Muher is a Semitic [2] language belonging to Ethiopia. ...
Chaha (in Chaha and Amharic: ቸሃ ÄehÄ or ÄexÄ) is a Semitic language spoken in central Ethiopia, mainly within the Gurage Zone in the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region and by speakers of the language who have settled in Ethiopian cities, especially Addis Ababa. ...
South Arabian is a technical designation within Semitic linguistics for one of two main branches of South Semitic. ...
Bathari is a language spoken in Yemen and Oman by about 200 speakers. ...
Harsusi is a Semitic language closely related to Mehri. ...
Jibbali (Alternate names: Ehkili, Geblet, Jibali, Qarawi, Shahari, Shehri, Sheret) is a dialect of Oman, interesting to philologists as one of the oldest of Semitic tongues. ...
Mehri or Mahri is a Semitic language spoken by minority populations in the eastern part of Yemen and western Oman and is a remnant of the ancient indigenous language group spoken in the southern Arabian Peninsula before the spread of Arabic along with the Islamic religion in the 7th century...
Soqotri is the native language of the island of Socotra off the southern coast of Yemen. ...
Chameleon, a symbol of the multilingualism of the European Union. ...
The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...
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