NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Marcel Duchamp

Marcel Duchamp (pronounced [maʀsɛl dyʃɑ̃]) (July 28, 1887 – October 2, 1968) was a French artist (he became an American citizen in 1955) whose work and ideas had considerable influence on the development of post-World War II Western art, and whose advice to modern art collectors helped shape the tastes of the Western art world. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Smithsonian Institution Building or Castle on the National Mall serves as the Institutions headquarters. ... is the 209th day of the year (210th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. ... Blainville-Crevon is a well-known village in the Seine_Maritime departement in the Haute-Normandie Region of France. ... is the 275th day of the year (276th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Neuilly-sur-Seine is a commune in the Hauts-de-Seine département in France. ... For other uses, see United States (disambiguation) and US (disambiguation). ... Painter redirects here. ... â€œSculptorâ€ redirects here. ... â€œMoving pictureâ€ redirects here. ... Cover of the first edition of the publication, Dada. ... Max Ernst. ... Marcel Duchamp. ... Fountain by Marcel Duchamp. ... The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass). ... Etant donnÃ©s (, French: Etant donnÃ©s: 1Â° la chute deau / 2Â° le gaz dÃ©clairage. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the â€œInternational Phonetic Alphabetâ€. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... is the 209th day of the year (210th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. ... is the 275th day of the year (276th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

While he is most often associated with the Dada and Surrealism movements, his participation in Surrealism was largely behind the scenes, and after being involved in New York Dada, he barely participated in Paris Dada. Cover of the first edition of the publication, Dada. ... Max Ernst. ...

Thousands of books and articles attempt to interpret Duchamp's artwork and philosophy, but in interviews and his writing, Duchamp only added to the mystery. The interpretations interested him as creations of their own, and as reflections of the interpreter.

A playful man, Duchamp prodded thought about artistic processes and art marketing, not so much with words, but with actions such as dubbing a urinal "art" and naming it Fountain. He produced relatively few artworks as he quickly moved through the avant-garde rhythms of his time. Fountain by Marcel Duchamp. ... A work similar to Marcel Duchamps Fountain Avant garde (written avant-garde) is a French phrase, one of many French phrases used by English speakers. ...

Childhood

Marcel Duchamp was born in Blainville-Crevon Seine-Maritime in the Haute-Normandie Region of France, and grew up in a family that respected and encouraged cultural activities. The art of painter and engraver Emile Nicolle, his maternal grandfather, filled the house, and the family played chess, read books, painted and made music together. Blainville-Crevon is a well-known village in the Seine_Maritime departement in the Haute-Normandie Region of France. ... Seine-Maritime is a French département in Normandy. ... Capital Rouen Land areaÂ¹ 12,318 kmÂ² Regional President Alain Le Vern (PS) (since 1998) Population - Jan. ...

Of Eugene and Lucie Duchamp's seven children, one died as an infant and four became successful artists. Marcel Duchamp was the brother of: Pre 1923 image not subject to copyright. ... Pre 1923 image not subject to copyright. ... The Smithsonian Institution Building or Castle on the National Mall serves as the Institutions headquarters. ...

As a child, with his two older brothers already away from home at school in Rouen, Duchamp was closest to his sister Suzanne who was a willing accomplice in the games and activities conjured from his fertile imagination. At 10 years old, Duchamp followed in his brothers' footsteps when he left home and began schooling at Lycée Corneille in Rouen. For the next 7 years he was locked into an educational regime which focused on intellectual development. Though he was not an outstanding student, his best subject was mathematics, and he won two mathematics prizes at the school. He also won a prize for drawing in 1903, and at his commencement in 1904 he won a coveted first prize validating his recent decision to become an artist. Jacques Villon (July 31, 1875 - June 9, 1963) was a French Cubist painter and printmaker. ... Raymond Duchamp-Villon (November 5, 1876 - October 9, 1918) was a French sculptor. ... Suzanne Duchamp (October 20, 1889 â€“ September 11, 1963) was a French Dadaist painter. ...

He took drawing classes and learned academic drawing from a teacher, who unsuccessfully attempted to protect his students from Impressionism, Post-Impressionism and other avant-garde influences. However, Duchamp's artist mentor was his brother Jacques Villon whose fluid and incisive style he sought to imitate. At 14, his first serious art attempts were drawings and watercolors depicting Suzanne Duchamp in various poses and activities. That summer he also painted landscapes in an Impressionist style using oils. This article is about the art movement. ... Self-Portrait with sister, by Victor Borisov-Musatov 1898 Post-Impressionism is the term coined by the British artist and art critic Roger Fry in 1914, to describe the development of European art since Monet (Impressionism). ...

Early work

Duchamp's early art works align with Post-Impressionist styles. He experimented with classical techniques and subjects, as well as Cubism and Fauvism. When he was later asked about what influenced him at the time, Duchamp cited the work of Symbolist painter Odilon Redon, whose approach to art was not outwardly anti-academic, but quietly individual. Self-Portrait with sister, by Victor Borisov-Musatov 1898 Post-Impressionism is the term coined by the British artist and art critic Roger Fry in 1914, to describe the development of European art since Monet (Impressionism). ... Woman with a guitar by Georges Braque, 1913 Cubist villa in Prague, Czech Republic Cubist house in Prague, Czech Republic Cubist House of the Black Madonna, Prague, Czech Republic Cubism was a 20th century art movement that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music and literature. ... The Dessert: Harmony in Red (1908) by Henri Matisse Les Fauves (French for The Wild Beasts) were a short-lived and loose grouping of early Modern artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities, and the use of deep color over the representational values retained by Impressionism. ... Symbolist painters were part of a 19th century movement in which art became infused with mysticism, and by the closely allied Symbolist movement in literature. ... Self portrait, 1880, MusÃ©e dOrsay. ...

He studied art at Académie Julian (1904 to 1905), but preferred playing billiards to attending classes. During this time Duchamp drew and sold cartoons which reflected his ribald humor. Many of the drawings use visual and/or verbal puns. Such play with words and symbols engaged his imagination for the rest of his life. The AcadÃ©mie Julian was an art school in Paris, France. ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ... For other uses, see Pun (disambiguation). ...

In 1905 he began his compulsory military service working for a printer in Rouen. There he learned typography and printing processes – skills he would use in his later work. 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ... A specimen of roman typefaces by William Caslon Typography is the art and techniques of type design, modifying type glyphs, and arranging type. ... For other uses, see Print. ...

Due to his brother Jacques Villon's membership in the prestigious Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture Duchamp's work hung in the 1908 Salon d'Automne. The following year his work displayed in the Salon des Indépendants. Of Duchamp's pieces in show, critic Guillaume Apollinaire wrote, "... Duchamp's very ugly nudes...", though the two were to become friends. He also became life-long friends with exuberant artist Francis Picabia after meeting him at the 1911 Salon d' Automne, and Picabia proceeded to introduce him the life of fast cars and 'high' living. The AcadÃ©mie royale de peinture et de sculpture (Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture), Paris, was founded in 1648, modelled on Italian examples, such as the Accademia di San Luca in Rome. ... 1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... First Salon dAutomne Catalog In 1903, the first Salon dAutomne (Fall Salon) was organized as a reaction to the conservative policies of the official Paris Salon. ... Salon des IndÃ©pendants is an exhibition of art held annually since 1884 in Paris, France. ... Guillaume Apollinaire Guillaume Apollinaire (August 26, 1880 â€“ November 9, 1918) was a poet, writer, and art critic. ... Francis Picabia in his studio. ...

In 1911 at his eldest brother Jacques Villon's home in Puteaux the Duchamp brothers hosted regular discussion group with other artists and writers including Francis Picabia, Robert Delaunay, Fernand Léger, Roger de la Frenaye, Albert Gleizes, Jean Metzinger, Juan Gris, and Alesander Archipenko. The group came to be known as the Puteaux Group, and the artists' work dubbed Orphic cubism. Disinterested in the Cubists' seriousness and their focus on visual matters, he did not join Cubist theory conversations, and gained a reputation of being shy. However, that same year he painted in a Cubist style and added his impression of movement by repeating imagery. Year 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... EDF headquarters, located in Puteaux in the district of La DÃ©fense. ... Francis Picabia in his studio. ... Image:300px-Delaunay ChampDeMars. ... Still Life with a Beer Mug, 1921. ... Albert Gleizes, born December 8, 1881 _ died June 23, 1953 was a French painter. ... At the Cycle-Race Track, 1912, Peggy Guggenheim Collection. ... The Sunblind, 1914, Tate Gallery. ... The Puteaux Group is the name applied to a group of European artists and critics associated with Cubism but because of their unique style, were branded a Cubist offshoot called Orphism. ... Orphism or Orphic cubism, is a term coined in 1912 France by the poet Guillaume Apollinaire. ...

During this period Duchamp's fascination with transition, change, movement and distance began to manifest, and like many artists of the time he was intrigued with the concept of the 4th dimension and depicting it. Since 1984, when Laurent Ribardière has started to develop the 4th Dimension (or just 4D) relational database management system (RDBMS), the product line has continued to grow from a desktop application to an integrated client/server solution, a SQL front-end, several productivity plug-ins and interfaces to other...

Works from this period included his first "machine" painting, Coffee Mill (Moulin à café) (1911), which he gave to his brother Raymond Duchamp-Villon. The Coffee Mill shows similarity to the "grinder" mechanism of the Large Glass he was to paint years later.

In his 1911 Portrait of Chess Players (Portrait de joueurs d'echecs) there is the Cubist overlapping frames and multiple perspectives of his two brothers playing chess, but to that Duchamp added elements conveying the unseen mental activity of the players. (Notably, "échec" is French for "failure".)

Image File history File links Duchamp_-_Nude_Descending_a_Staircase. ... Image File history File links Duchamp_-_Nude_Descending_a_Staircase. ... Marcel Duchamp. ... The Philadelphia Museum of Art, located at the west end of the Benjamin Franklin Parkway in Philadelphias Fairmount Park, was established in 1876 in conjunction with the Centennial Exposition of the same year and is now among the largest and most important art museums in the United States. ...

Nude Descending a Staircase

Duchamp's first controversial work, Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (Nu descendant un éscalier n° 2) (1912), depicts the motion of the mechanistic nude with superimposed facets, similar to motion pictures. The painting shows elements of both the fragmentation and synthesis of the Cubists, and the movement and dynamism of the Futurists. Marcel Duchamp. ... Marcel Duchamp. ... â€œMoving pictureâ€ redirects here. ... Woman with a guitar by Georges Braque, 1913 Cubist villa in Prague, Czech Republic Cubist house in Prague, Czech Republic Cubist House of the Black Madonna, Prague, Czech Republic Cubism was a 20th century art movement that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music and literature. ... Futurism was a 20th century art movement. ...

He first submitted the piece to appear at the Cubist Salon des Indépendants, but jurist Albert Gleizes asked Duchamp's brothers to have him voluntarily withdraw the painting, or paint over the title that he had painted on the work and rename it something else. His brothers did approach him with Gleizes' request, and Duchamp quietly refused. Of the incident Duchamp later recalled, "I said nothing to my brothers. But I went immediately to the show and took my painting home in a taxi. It was really a turning point in my life, I can assure you. I saw that I would not be very much interested in groups after that." Salon des IndÃ©pendants is an exhibition of art held annually since 1884 in Paris, France. ... Albert Gleizes, born December 8, 1881 _ died June 23, 1953 was a French painter. ...

Later he submitted the painting to the 1913 Armory Show in New York City, which displayed works of American artists and was the first major exhibition of the modern trends coming out of Paris. American show-goers, accustomed to realistic art, were scandalized, and the Nude was at the center of much of the controversy. Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Armory Show poster. ...

Leaving "retinal art" behind

About this time Duchamp read Max Stirner's philosophical tract, The Ego and Its Own, the study of which he considered another turning point in his artistic and intellectual development. He called it "...a remarkable book ... which advances no formal theories, but just keeps saying that the ego is always there in everything." This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Ego and Its Own (German: Der Einzige und sein Eigentum; also translated as The Individual and His Property; a literal translation would read The Sole One and His Property) is the main work by German philosopher Max Stirner, published in 1844. ...

Duchamp also credited the stage adaption of Raymond Roussel's 1910 novel, Impressions d'Afrique which featured plots that turned in on themselves, word play, surrealistic sets and humanoid machines with radically changing his approach to art, and inspiring him to begin his creation of The Bride Stripped Bare By Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass). Raymond Roussel (Paris, January 20, 1877–Palermo, July 14, 1933) was a French poet, novelist, playwright, musician, chess enthusiast, neurasthenic, homosexual, drug addict, and probable suicide. ... The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass). ...

While in Germany in 1912 he painted the last of his Cubist-like paintings and a "bride stripped bare by her bachelors" image, and began making plans for the Large Glass — scribbling short notes to himself, sometimes with hurried sketches, but it would be over 10 years before the piece was completed. Little else is known about the two-month stay in Germany except that the friend he visited was intent to show him the sights and the night life. 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass). ...

Later that year he travelled with Picabia, Apollinaire and Gabrielle Buffet-Picabia through the Jura mountains, an adventure that Buffet-Picabia described as one of their "forays of demoralization, which were also forays of witticism and clownery ... the disintegration of the concept of art." Duchamp's notes from the trip avoid logic and sense with a sort of surrealistic mythical flavor. Looking towards Lelex from near to CrÃªt de la Neige The Jura folds are located north of the main Alpine orogenic front and are being continually deformed, accommodating the northwards compression from Alpine folding. ...

Duchamp painted few canvases after 1912, and in those he did, he attempted to remove "painterly" effects, and instead used a technical drawing approach. Painterly is a literal translation of German MÃ¤lerisch, hence malerisch, one of the opposed categories popularized by the art historian Heinrich WÃ¶lfflin (1864 - 1945) in order to help focus, enrich and standardize the terms being used by art historians of his time to characterize works of art. ...

His broad interests took him to an exhibition of aviation technology during this period, and about it Duchamp said to his friend Constantin Brancusi, "Painting is washed up. Who will ever do anything better than that propellor? Tell me, can you do that?" Ironically, Brancusi later sculpted bird forms that U.S. Customs officials mistook for aviation parts and for which they attempted to collect import duties. Constantin Brancusi Constantin Brancusi (February 19, 1876 â€“ March 16, 1957, originally Constantin BrÃ¢ncuÅŸi IPA: ), was a Romanian sculptor, born in HobiÅ£a, Gorj, near TÃ¢rgu Jiu, where he placed his sculptural ensemble with The Table of Silence, The Gate of the Kiss and The Endless Column. ...

During this decade Duchamp began working as a librarian in the Bibliotèque Sainte-Geneviève where he earned a living wage and withdrew from painting circles into scholarly realms. He studied math and physics – areas where exciting new discoveries were taking place. The theoretical writings of Henri Poincaré particularly intrigued and inspired Duchamp. Poincaré postulated that the laws believed to govern matter were created solely by the minds that "understood" them and no theory could be considered "true." "The things themselves are not what science can reach..., but only the relations between things. Outside of these relations there is no knowable reality," Poincaré wrote in 1902. Jules TuPac Henri PoincarÃ© (April 29, 1854 â€“ July 17, 1912) (IPA: [][1]) was one of Frances greatest mathematicians and theoretical physicists, and a philosopher of science. ... 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

Duchamp's own art-science experiments began during his tenure at the library. To make one of his favorite pieces, 3 Standard Stoppages (3 stoppages étalon), one at a time from a height of 1 meter, he dropped three 1-meter lengths of thread onto a prepared canvases. They landed in three random undulating positions. He varnished them into place on the blue-black canvas strips and attached them to glass. Then he cut three wood slats into the shapes of the curved strings, and put all the pieces into a croquet box. Three small leather signs with the title printed in gold were glued to each of the "stoppage" backgrounds. The piece appears to literally follow Poincaré's School of the Thread, part of a book on classical mechanics.

Work on The Large Glass continued into 1913 with his invention of inventing a repertoire of forms with notes, sketches and painted studies, and even drawing some of his ideas on the wall of his apartment. The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass). ... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

In his studio he mounted a bicycle wheel upside down onto a stool, spinning it occasionally just to watch it. Later he denied that its creation was purposeful, though it has come to be known as the first of his readymades. "I enjoyed looking at it," he said. "Just as I enjoy looking at the flames dancing in the fireplace." Fountain 1917; 1964 artist-authorized replica made by the artists dealer, Arturo Schwartz, based on a photograph by Alfred Stieglitz. ...

Meanwhile, Nude Descending a Staircase No. 2 was scandalizing Americans at the Armory Show, and the sale of all four of his paintings in the show financed his trip to America in 1915. Marcel Duchamp. ... Armory Show poster. ... Year 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday[1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

After World War I was declared in 1914, with his brothers and many friends in military service and himself exempted, Paris felt uncomfortable to Duchamp. He decided to emigrate to the then neutral United States, and to his surprise he found he was a celebrity when he arrived in New York in 1915 where he quickly befriended art patron Katherine Dreier and artist Man Ray. Duchamp's circle also included art patrons Louise and Walter Conrad Arensberg, actress and artist Beatrice Wood and his friend Francis Picabia, as well as other avant-garde figures, and though he spoke little English in the course of supporting himself by giving French lessons and some library work, he quickly learned the language. â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday[1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Katherine Dreier. ... Man Ray, photographed at Gaite-Montparnasse exhibition in Paris by Carl Van Vechten on June 16, 1934 Man Ray (August 27, 1890â€“November 18, 1976) was an American artist who spent most of his career in Paris, France. ... Walter Conrad Arensberg (1878, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania - 1954) was an American art collector, critic and poet. ... Walter Conrad Arensberg (1878, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania - 1954) was an American art collector, critic and poet. ... Beatrice Wood Beatrice Wood (March 3, 1893 â€“ March 12, 1998) was an American artist and ceramicist, who late in life was dubbed the Mama of Dada, and served as a partial inspiration for the character of Rose DeWitt Bukater in James Camerons 1997 film, Titanic. ... Francis Picabia in his studio. ... A work similar to Marcel Duchamps Fountain Avant garde (written avant-garde) is a French phrase, one of many French phrases used by English speakers. ...

For two years the Arensbergs who remained his friends and patrons for 42 years were the landlords to his studio with payment to be The Large Glass. He turned down an offer of $10,000 per year for all of his yearly production made by an art gallery preferring to work on The Large Glass.

Société Anonyme

For Duchamp creating Société Anonyme in 1920, along with Katherine Dreier and Man Ray, was the beginning of his life-long involvement is art dealing and collecting. The group collected modern art works, and arranged modern art exhibitions and lectures into the 1930s. SociÃ©tÃ© Anonyme, Inc. ... Katherine Dreier. ... Man Ray, photographed at Gaite-Montparnasse exhibition in Paris by Carl Van Vechten on June 16, 1934 Man Ray (August 27, 1890â€“November 18, 1976) was an American artist who spent most of his career in Paris, France. ...

By this time Walter Pach, one of the coordinators of the 1913 Armory Show, sought Duchamp's advice on modern art, and beginning with Société Anonyme Dreier depended on his counsel in gathering her collection, as did Arensberg. Later Peggy Guggenheim, Museum of Modern Art directors Alfred Barr and James Johnson Sweeney consulted with Duchamp on their modern art collections and shows. Walter Pach (1883-1958) was an artist, critic, lecturer, art adviser, and art historian who wrote extensively about modern art and championed the cause of modern art. ... Armory Show poster. ... Peggy Guggenheim (August 26, 1898 - December 23, 1979) was an American art collector. ... This article is about the museum in New York City. ... Alfred H. Barr, Jr. ... James Johnson Sweeney (1900â€“1986) was the second director of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, from 1952-1960. ...

Dada

New York Dada had a less serious tone than that of Europe, and wasn't a particularly organized venture. Duchamp's friend Picabia connected with the Dada group in Zürich, bringing to New York the Dada ideas of absurdity and anti-art. Together with Man Ray and many from the group that met almost nightly at the Arensberg home or caroused in Greenwich Village, Duchamp contributed his ideas about art and his humor to the New York activities, much of which ran concurrent with the development of readymades and The Large Glass. (See also found art.) Download high resolution version (594x814, 59 KB) The copyright status of this work is difficult or impossible to determine. ... Download high resolution version (594x814, 59 KB) The copyright status of this work is difficult or impossible to determine. ... Fountain by Marcel Duchamp. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... He was a loser. ... Cover of the first edition of the publication, Dada. ... Francis Picabia, Self-Portrait, c. ... Man Ray, photographed at Gaite-Montparnasse exhibition in Paris by Carl Van Vechten on June 16, 1934 Man Ray (August 27, 1890â€“November 18, 1976) was an American artist who spent most of his career in Paris, France. ... Walter Arensberg was a poet, who with his wife Louise, collected art and supported artistic endeavors. ... The Washington Square Arch Greenwich Village (IPA pronunciation: ), also called simply the Village, is a largely residential area on the west side of downtown (southern) Manhattan in New York City named after Greenwich, London. ... Fountain 1917; 1964 artist-authorized replica made by the artists dealer, Arturo Schwartz, based on a photograph by Alfred Stieglitz. ... Fountain by Marcel Duchamp. ...

Duchamp and Dada are most often connected by his submission of Fountain, a urinal, to the Society of Independent Artists exhibit in 1917. The Independent Artists shows were unjuried and all pieces that were submitted were displayed. However, the show committee said that Fountain was not art and rejected it from the show causing an uproar amongst the Dadaists and led Duchamp to resign from the board of the Independent Artists.^[2] Fountain by Marcel Duchamp. ... Society of Independent Artists was an association of American artists founded in 1916 and based in New York. ...

Along with Henri-Pierre Roché and Beatrice Wood, Duchamp published New York's Dada's magazine, The Blind Man which included art, literature, humor and commentary. Henri-Pierre RochÃ© (May 28, 1879 â€“ April 9, 1959) was a French author who was involved with the Dada movement. ... Beatrice Wood Beatrice Wood (March 3, 1893 â€“ March 12, 1998) was an American artist and ceramicist, who late in life was dubbed the Mama of Dada, and served as a partial inspiration for the character of Rose DeWitt Bukater in James Camerons 1997 film, Titanic. ...

Readymades

In 1915 Duchamp began doing his "readymades" — found objects he chose and presented as art. He assembled the first readymade, a bicycle wheel mounted on a stool, in 1913 about the same time as his Nude Descending A Staircase was attracting the attention of critics at the International Exhibition of Modern Art, though it wasn't until two years later he called it a readymade. Fountain 1917; 1964 artist-authorized replica made by the artists dealer, Arturo Schwartz, based on a photograph by Alfred Stieglitz. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (3072 Ã— 2304 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (3072 Ã— 2304 pixel, file size: 1. ... For the Marcel Duchamp sculpture, see Bicycle Wheel. ... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... For other uses, see Bicycle (disambiguation). ... Armory Show poster. ...

Bottle Rack (1914), a bottle drying rack signed by Duchamp, is considered to be the first "pure" readymade. Prelude to a Broken Arm (Nov. 1915), a snow shovel, followed soon after. His Fountain, the urinal signed with the pseudonym R. Mutt that shocked the art world in 1917, was selected in 2004 as "the most influential artwork of the 20th century" by 500 renowned artists and historians.^[3] Fountain by Marcel Duchamp. ...

Research published in 1997 by Rhonda Roland Shearer speculates that Duchamp's "found" objects may actually have been created by Duchamp. (See Readymades of Marcel Duchamp.) Fountain 1917; 1964 artist-authorized replica made by the artists dealer, Arturo Schwartz, based on a photograph by Alfred Stieglitz. ...

The Large Glass

Duchamp carefully created The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass), working on the piece from 1915 to 1923 except when he was in Buenos Aires and Paris in 1918-1920. He executed the work on two panes of glass with materials such as lead foil, fuse wire, and dust. It combines chance procedures, plotted perspective studies, and laborious craftsmanship. His notes for the piece, published as The Green Box, reflect the creation of unique rules of physics, and myth which describes the work, and describe that his "hilarious picture" is intended to depict the erratic encounter between a bride, and her nine bachelors. The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass). ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (716x1105, 233 KB)The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass). ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (716x1105, 233 KB)The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass). ... The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass). ... The Philadelphia Museum of Art, located at the west end of the Benjamin Franklin Parkway in Philadelphias Fairmount Park, was established in 1876 in conjunction with the Centennial Exposition of the same year and is now among the largest and most important art museums in the United States. ... The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass). ...

Until 1969 when the Philadelphia Museum of Art revealed his Etant donnés tableau, The Glass was thought to be his last major work. The Philadelphia Museum of Art, located at the west end of the Benjamin Franklin Parkway in Philadelphias Fairmount Park, was established in 1876 in conjunction with the Centennial Exposition of the same year and is now among the largest and most important art museums in the United States. ... Etant donnÃ©s (, French: Etant donnÃ©s: 1Â° la chute deau / 2Â° le gaz dÃ©clairage. ...

Kinetic works

Duchamp's interest in kinetic works shows as early as the notes for The Large Glass and the Bicycle Wheel readymade, and despite losing interest in "retinal art" he retained interest in visual phenomena. Whirligig Public library, OFallon, Illinois Kinetic art is art that moves, or appears to move. ... The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass). ... For the Marcel Duchamp sculpture, see Bicycle Wheel. ...

In 1920, with help from Man Ray, Duchamp built what has come to be known as Rotary Glass Plates (Precision Optics) (Rotative plaque de verre). The piece, which he did not consider art, involved a motor to spin pieces of rectangular glass on which were painted segments of a circle. When the apparatus spins, the circle segments appear to be closed concentric circles. (Animation of Rotary Glass Plates) Man Ray, photographed at Gaite-Montparnasse exhibition in Paris by Carl Van Vechten on June 16, 1934 Man Ray (August 27, 1890â€“November 18, 1976) was an American artist who spent most of his career in Paris, France. ...

Man Ray set up to photograph the initial experiment, but when they turned the machine on for the second time, a belt broke, caught a piece of the glass which after glancing off of Man Ray's head, crashed into bits. ^[4] Man Ray, photographed at Gaite-Montparnasse exhibition in Paris by Carl Van Vechten on June 16, 1934 Man Ray (August 27, 1890â€“November 18, 1976) was an American artist who spent most of his career in Paris, France. ...

After moving back to Paris in 1923, at Andre Breton's urging and the financing of Jacques Doucet, he built another optical device based on the first one - Rotary Demisphere (Precision Optics). This time the optical element was a globe cut in half with black concentric circles painted on it. When it spins the circles appear to move backwards and forwards in space. Duchamp asked that Doucet not exhibit the apparatus as art. ^[5] Andr Breton (February 18, 1896 - September 28, 1966) was a French writer, poet, and Surrealist theoretician. ...

Rotoreliefs were the next phase of Duchamp's spinning works. To make the optical "play toys" he painted designs on flat cardboard circles and spun them on a phonographic turntable that when spinning the flat disks appeared 3-dimensional. He had a printer run off 500 sets of six of the designs and set up a booth at a 1935 Paris inventors' show to sell them. The venture was a financial disaster, but some optical scientists thought they might be of use in restoring 3-dimensional sight to people with one eye. ^[6] (Animated display of the Rotoreliefs)

In collaboration with Man Ray and Marc Allégret, Duchamp filmed early versions of the Rotoreliefs and they named the film Anémic Cinéma (1925-1926). Man Ray, photographed at Gaite-Montparnasse exhibition in Paris by Carl Van Vechten on June 16, 1934 Man Ray (August 27, 1890â€“November 18, 1976) was an American artist who spent most of his career in Paris, France. ... Marc AllÃ©gret (December 23, 1900 - November 3, 1973) was a French screenwriter and film director. ...

Later, in Alexander Calder's studio in 1931, while looking at the sculptor's kinetic works Duchamp suggested that he call them "mobiles" which Calder did for his upcoming show. To this day this type of sculpture is called "mobiles".^[7] For other persons named Alexander Calder, see Alexander Calder (disambiguation). ... A simple modern mobile in the style of Alexander Calder A mobile is a type of kinetic sculpture constructed to take advantage of the principle of equilibrium. ...

Rrose Sélavy

Rrose Sélavy, or Rose Sélavy, was one of Duchamp's pseudonyms. The name, a pun, sounds like the French phrase "Eros, c'est la vie", which translates to English as "eros, that's life". It has also been read as "arroser la vie" ("to make a toast to life"). Image File history File links RroseSelavy. ... Image File history File links RroseSelavy. ... Rrose SÃ©lavy (Marcel Duchamp). ... Man Ray, photographed at Gaite-Montparnasse exhibition in Paris by Carl Van Vechten on June 16, 1934 Man Ray (August 27, 1890â€“November 18, 1976) was an American artist who spent most of his career in Paris, France. ... The Philadelphia Museum of Art, located at the west end of the Benjamin Franklin Parkway in Philadelphias Fairmount Park, was established in 1876 in conjunction with the Centennial Exposition of the same year and is now among the largest and most important art museums in the United States. ... Rrose SÃ©lavy (Marcel Duchamp). ... For other uses, see Pun (disambiguation). ...

Sélavy emerged in 1921 in a series of photographs by Man Ray of Duchamp dressed as a woman. Through the 1920s Man Ray and Duchamp collaborated on more photos of Sélavy. Duchamp later used the name as the byline on written material and signed several creations with it. Duchamp used the name in the title of at least one sculpture, Why Not Sneeze Rrose Sélavy?. The sculpture, a type of readymade called an assemblage, consists of an oral thermometer, a couple dozen small cubes of marble resembling sugar cubes inside a birdcage. Man Ray, photographed at Gaite-Montparnasse exhibition in Paris by Carl Van Vechten on June 16, 1934 Man Ray (August 27, 1890â€“November 18, 1976) was an American artist who spent most of his career in Paris, France. ... Diverse women. ... â€œSculptorâ€ redirects here. ... Marcel Duchamp. ... Fountain 1917; 1964 artist-authorized replica made by the artists dealer, Arturo Schwartz, based on a photograph by Alfred Stieglitz. ... Look up oral in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... It has been suggested that List of temperature sensors be merged into this article or section. ... Venus de Milo, front. ... This article is about sugar as food and as an important and widely-traded commodity. ... A cage designed for medium-large parrots, with a playtop. ...

The inspiration of the name Rrose Sélavy has been viewed to be Belle da Costa Greene, J.P. Morgan's librarian of The Morgan Library & Museum (formerly The Pierpont Morgan Library) who, following his death, became the Library's director, working there for a total of forty-three years. Empowered by J.P. Morgan, and then by his son Jack, Greene built the collection buying and selling rare manuscripts, books and art.^{[citation needed]} Belle da Costa Greene (December 13, 1883 - May 10, 1950) Librarian to J. P. Morgan and after his death she became the first director of the Pierpont Morgan Library. ... John Pierpont Morgan (April 17, 1837 – March 31, 1913), American financier and banker, was born in Hartford, Connecticut, a son of Junius Spencer Morgan (1813–1890), who was a partner of George Peabody and the founder of the house of J. S. Morgan & Co. ... The Morgan Library & Museum (formerly The Pierpont Morgan Library) is a museum and research library in New York City. ... A manuscript (Latin manu scriptus written by hand), strictly speaking, is any written document that is put down by hand, in contrast to being printed or reproduced some other way. ... [1]#redirect Book ... This article is about the philosophical concept of Art. ...

Turns from art to chess

In 1918 Duchamp left his work on the Large Glass and the art scene, and went to Buenos Aires, Argentina for nine months where he often played chess, and carved from wood the only chess set he himself made, though a local craftsman made the knights. He returned to Paris in 1919, where he lived until he returned to the United States in 1920. By the time he moved to Paris in 1923 he was no longer a practicing artist. Instead he played and studied chess, which he played for the rest of his life to the near exclusion of all other activity. Duchamp's obsessive fascination with chess can be traced back much earlier to the themes of his major art pieces. The most immediately obvious of these is the chess position known as "trébuchet" (the trap), which gave its title to the Readymade of 1917: a coat rack with four hooks, which is nailed to the floor, hooks uppermost. For other uses, see Chess (disambiguation). ... Zugzwang (German for compulsion to move, IPA: ) is a term used in combinatorial game theory and in other types of games (particularly in chess). ...

Not only did he design the 1925 Poster for the Third French Chess Championship, but he finished the event at fifty percent (3-3, with 2 draws), and thus earned the title of chess master. During this period his fascination with chess distressed his first wife so much that she glued his pieces to the board, which possibly contributed to their divorce four months later. He went on to play in the French Championships and also in the Olympiads from 1928-1933, favoring hypermodern openings like the Nimzo-Indian. Sometime in the early 1930s, Duchamp realized that he had reached the height of his ability and had no real chance of winning recognition in top-level chess. Over the following years, the intensity of his participation in chess tournaments declined but he discovered correspondence chess and became a chess journalist writing weekly newspaper columns. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... An Olympiad is a period of four years, associated with the Olympic Games of Classical Greece. ... The Queens Indian Defence is a hypermodern opening Hypermodernism is a school of chess thought which advocates controlling the centre of the board with distant pieces rather than with pawns, thus inviting the opponent to occupy the centre with pawns which can then become objects of attack. ... The Nimzo-Indian Defence is a chess opening characterised by the moves (in algebraic notation) 1. ... Correspondence chess is chess played by various forms of long-distance correspondence, usually through a correspondence chess server, through email or by the postal system; less common methods which have been employed include fax and homing pigeon. ...

In 1932 Duchamp teamed up with fellow chess theorist Halberstadt to publish "L'opposition et cases conjuguées sont réconciliées" (Opposition and Sister Squares are Reconciled). This treatise describes the Lasker-Reichelm position, a unique and extremely rare position that can arise in the endgame of a chess match. In conclusion, the authors observe that the most Black can hope for is a draw. Given accurate play by White, Black can only succeed in delaying the progress of events, ultimately losing to White. They demonstrate this fact by plotting the game play on enneagram-like charts that fold in upon themselves. Grasping the central theme of this work, the endgame, is an important key to understanding Duchamp's complex attitude towards his artistic career. While his contemporaries were achieving spectacular success in the art world by selling their visions to high society collectors and trend setters, Duchamp observed "I am still a victim of chess. It has all the beauty of art - and much more. It cannot be commercialized. Chess is much purer than art in its social position." Duchamp can be seen, very briefly, playing chess with Man Ray in the short film Entr'acte (1924) by Rene Clair. EndGame is the name of a 1997 story arc of the Sonic the Hedgehog comic book published by published by Archie Comics. ... Enneagram Figure The Enneagram is a nine-pointed geometric figure. ... ... Man Ray, photographed at Gaite-Montparnasse exhibition in Paris by Carl Van Vechten on June 16, 1934 Man Ray (August 27, 1890â€“November 18, 1976) was an American artist who spent most of his career in Paris, France. ... Entracte is French for between the acts. It can have the meaning of a pause between two parts of a stage production, synonym to intermission, but is more often used to indicate that part of a theatre production that is performed between acts as an intermezzo or interlude. ... René Clair (November 11, 1898 - March 15, 1981) was a French filmmaker. ...

His theme of the endgame was picked up by Irish playwright Samuel Beckett who used it as the narrative device for his commercially successful 1957 play of the same name, "Endgame". One of Duchamp's most notable chess games occurred in 1968, at a concert called "Reunion" at Ryerson Polytechnic in Toronto. His opponent was the avant-garde composer and event organizer John Cage. The music was produced by a series of photoelectric cells underneath each square of the chessboard which were sporadically triggered during normal game play.^[8] Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 â€“ 22 December 1989) was an Irish dramatist, novelist and poet. ... Endgame is a one-act play for four characters by Samuel Beckett. ... For the Mortal Kombat character, see Johnny Cage. ...

On choosing a career in chess Duchamp had this to say: "If Bobby Fischer came to me for advice, I certainly would not discourage him - as if anyone could - but I would try to make it positively clear that he will never have any money from chess, live a monk-like existence and know more rejection than any artist ever has, struggling to be known and accepted." Robert James Bobby Fischer (born March 9, 1943) is a United States-born chess Grandmaster who in 1972 became the only US-born chessplayer to become the official World Chess Champion. ...

Artistic involvement and marriages

Though Duchamp was no longer a practicing artist he continued to consult with artists, art dealers and collectors, but as far as most people knew at the time he did not produce art. From 1925 he often travelled to and from France and the United States, and made New York's Greenwich Village his home in 1942.

On June 8, 1927, Duchamp married Lydie Sarazin-Lavassor, and they divorced six months later on 25 January 1928. It was gossiped at the time that it was a marriage of convenience for Duchamp, because she was the daughter of a wealthy automobile manufacturer. Early in January 1928 Duchamp told Lydie that he could no longer bear the responsibility and confinement of marriage, and a little over three weeks later they were divorced. ^[9] is the 159th day of the year (160th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 25th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

From the mid-1930s onwards he collaborated with the Surrealists and participated in their exhibitions. From then until 1944, together with Max Ernst, Eugenio Granell and André Breton, he edited the Surrealist periodical VVV, and also served as an advisory editor for View magazine which featured him in its March 1945 edition which introduced him to many Americans. Max Ernst. ... Max Ernst and Dorothea Tanning in 1948. ... Eugenio Granell Granells, Head of Indian, Oil on Linen, 1944. ... AndrÃ© Breton AndrÃ© Breton (French IPA: ) (February 19, 1896 â€“ September 28, 1966) was a French writer, poet, and surrealist theorist, and is best known as the main founder of surrealism. ... VVV was a journal devoted to the dissemination of Surrealism. ... View was an American literary and art magazine published from 1940 to 1947 by artist and writer Charles Henri Ford, and writer and film critic Parker Tyler. ...

In 1954, he and Alexina "Teeny" Sattler married, and they remained together until his death. Teeny Duchamp was born Alexina Sattler in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1906. ...

Duchamp became a United States citizen in 1955 but his influence on the art world remained behind the scenes until the late 1950s when he was "discovered" by a young artists such as Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns who were eager to escape the dominance of Abstract Expressionism. Robert Rauschenberg, Canyon, 1959. ... Jasper Johnss Map, 1961 Jasper Johnss Flag, Encaustic, oil and collage on fabric mounted on plywood,1954-55 Detail of Flag (1954-55). ... Jackson Pollock, No. ...

Interest in Duchamp re-ignited in the 1960s, and he gained international public recognition. 1963 saw his first retrospective exhibition at the Pasadena Art Museum, and in 1966 the Tate Gallery hosted a large exhibit of his work. Other major institutions, including the Philadelphia Art Museum and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, followed with large showings of Duchamp's work. He was invited to lecture on art and participate in formal discussions, as well as, interviewed for major publications. The Tate Gallery in the United Kingdom is a network of four galleries: Tate Britain (opened 1897), Tate Liverpool (1988), Tate St Ives (1993), Tate Modern (2000), with a complementary website Tate Online (1998). ... The Philadelphia Museum of Art, located at the west end of the Benjamin Franklin Parkway in Philadelphias Fairmount Park, was founded in 1876 in conjunction with the Centennial Exposition of the same year and is now among the largest and most important art museums in the United States. ... Metropolitan Museum of Art New York Elevation The Metropolitan Museum of Art, often referred to simply as The Met, is one of the worlds largest and most important art museums. ...

The last surviving member of the Duchamp family of artists, in Rouen in 1967 Duchamp helped organize an exhibition called "Les Duchamp: Jacques Villon, Raymond Duchamp-Villon, Marcel Duchamp, Suzanne Duchamp." Some of this family exhibition was later shown at the Musée National d'Art Moderne in Paris. The MusÃ©e National dArt Moderne is an art museum in Paris, France, located within the Centre Georges Pompidou. ...

Exhibition design

1938 - The International Surrealist Exhibition was held at the Beaux-arts Gallery, Paris with more than 60 artists from different countries, showing around 300 paintings, objects, collages, photographs and installations.

The surrealists wanted to create an exhibition which in itself would be a creative act and called on Duchamp to do so. At the exhibition's entrance he placed Salvador Dalí's Rainy Taxi (an old taxi rigged to produce a steady drizzle of water down the inside of the windows, and a shark-headed creature in the driver's seat and a blond mannequin crawling with live snails in the back) greeted the patrons who were in full evening dress. Surrealist Street filled one side of the lobby with mannequins dressed by various surrealists. He designed the main hall to seem like subterranean cave with 1,200 coal bags suspended from the ceiling over a coal brazier with a single light bulb which provided the only lighting,[1] so patrons were given flashlights with which to view the art. The floor was carpeted with dead leaves, ferns and grasses and the aroma of roasting coffee filled the air. Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto DalÃ y DomÃ¨nech, Marquis of Pubol (May 11, 1904 â€“ January 23, 1989), was a Spanish (Catalan) surrealist painter. ...

1942 - For the First Papers of Surrealism show in New York, surrealists again called on Duchamp to design the exhibition. This time he wove a 3-dimensional web of string throughout the rooms of the space, in some cases making it almost impossible to see the works.[2] He made a secret arrangement with an associate's son to bring his friends to the opening of the show, so that when the finely dressed patrons arrived they found a dozen children in athletic clothes kicking and passing balls, and skipping rope. His design for the show's catalog included "found", rather than posed, photographs of the artists.

Etant donnés

Duchamp's final major art work surprised the art world that believed he'd given up art for chess 25 years earlier. Given: 1 The Waterfall, 2. The Illuminating Gas (Etant donnés: 1° la chute d'eau / 2° le gaz d'éclairage) is a tableau, visible only through a peep hole in a wooden door,[3] of a nude woman lying on her back with her face hidden and legs spread holding a gas lamp in the air in one hand against a landscape backdrop.[4] Etant donnÃ©s (, French: Etant donnÃ©s: 1Â° la chute deau / 2Â° le gaz dÃ©clairage. ... Etant donnÃ©s (, French: Etant donnÃ©s: 1Â° la chute deau / 2Â° le gaz dÃ©clairage. ...

Duchamp worked secretly on the piece from 1946 to 1966 in his Greenwich Village studio while even his closest friends thought he had abandoned art. The Washington Square Arch Greenwich Village (IPA pronunciation: ), also called simply the Village, is a largely residential area on the west side of downtown (southern) Manhattan in New York City named after Greenwich, London. ...

Death and burial

Marcel Duchamp died on October 2, 1968 in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France and is buried in the Rouen Cemetery, in Rouen, Normandy, France. His grave bears the epitaph, "D'ailleurs, c'est toujours les autres qui meurent;" or "Anyway, it's always other people who die." is the 275th day of the year (276th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Neuilly-sur-Seine is a commune in the Hauts-de-Seine département in France. ... Rouen (pronounced in French, sometimes also ) is the historical capital city of Normandy, in northwestern France on the River Seine, and currently the capital of the Haute-Normandie (Upper Normandy) rÃ©gion. ... For other uses, see Normandy (disambiguation). ...

Legacy

Duchamp is usually considered to have a negative attitude to later artists who developed the ideas he had initiated, because of this quote which is widely attributed to him:

However, it had actually been written in a letter to him in 1961 by fellow Dadaist Hans Richter, but in the second person not the first, i.e. "You threw... etc". In the margin next to it, Duchamp had written, "Ok, ça va très bien" ("that's really fine"). Richter did not make this clear for many years.^[10] Hans Richter was a Dadaist artist, filmmaker and writer. ...

Duchamp's attitude is actually far more favourable as his words in 1964 evidence:

Perhaps in tribute, surrealist Salvador Dalí wrote a preface to Pierre Cabanne's Dialogues with Marcel Duchamp, a transcription of interviews between Cabanne and Duchamp. In it, Dalí oddly writes "Marcel Duchamp spoke to me, during the course of the Second World War (traveling between Arcachon and Bordeaux) of a new interest in the preparation of shit, of which the small excretions from the navel are the "deluxe" editions. To this I replied that I wished to have genuine shit, from the navel of Raphael. Today Pop artist Verona sells artists' shit in very sophisticated packaging as a luxury item." ^[11] Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto DalÃ y DomÃ¨nech, Marquis of Pubol (May 11, 1904 â€“ January 23, 1989), was a Spanish (Catalan) surrealist painter. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... Just What Is It That Makes Todayâ€™s Homes So Different, So Appealing? (1956) is one of the earliest works to be considered pop art. ...

A testimony to the influence of Duchamp's work and the mark he left on the art world, in December 2004, Duchamp's Fountain was voted the most influential artwork of the 20th century by 500 of the most powerful people in the British art world.^[3] On January 4, 2006, a replica of Fountain was attacked by Pierre Pinoncelli. Fountain by Marcel Duchamp. ... is the 4th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Pierre Pinoncelli is a performance artist most famous for damaging two of the eight copies of Fountain by Marcel Duchamp with a hammer as a statement that the work by now had lost its provocative value. ...

The Marcel Duchamp Prize (in French: Prix Marcel Duchamp) is an annual award given to a young artist by Centre Georges Pompidou. The Marcel Duchamp Prize (in french : Prix Marcel Duchamp) is an annual award given to a young artist. ... Centre Georges Poopy Doo Doo (constructed 1971â€“1977 and known as the Pompidou Centre in English) is a complex in the Beaubourg area of the IVe arrondissement of Paris, near Les Halles and the Marais. ...

Contents

Childhood

Early work

Nude Descending a Staircase

Leaving "retinal art" behind

Société Anonyme

Dada

Readymades

The Large Glass

Kinetic works

Rrose Sélavy

Turns from art to chess

Artistic involvement and marriages

Exhibition design

Etant donnés

Death and burial

Legacy

See also

Selected works

Notes and references

External links

Contents

Childhood GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Early work

Nude Descending a Staircase

Leaving "retinal art" behind

Société Anonyme

Dada

Readymades

The Large Glass

Kinetic works

Rrose Sélavy

Turns from art to chess

Artistic involvement and marriages

Exhibition design

Etant donnés

Death and burial

Legacy

See also

Selected works

Notes and references

External links

Childhood