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Marian Smoluchowski (Marian Ritter von Smolan Smoluchowski, 28 May 1872 in Vorderbrühl near Vienna - 5 September 1917 in Kraków) was a Polish scientist, pioneer of statistical physics and a mountaineer. Marian Smoluchowski This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...
May 28 is the 148th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (149th in leap years). ...
1872 (MDCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ...
September 5 is the 248th day of the year (249th in leap years). ...
Year 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ...
Wawel Hill. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Poland_(bordered). ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Poland_(bordered). ...
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The building of the University. ...
Jagiellonian University (Polish: Uniwersytet Jagielloński) is a university in Krakow, Poland. ...
The University of Vienna (German: Universität Wien) in Vienna, Austria is the oldest university in the current Austro-Hungarian domain; it formally opened in 1365. ...
Franz Serafin Exner (24 March 1849 - October 15, 1926) was an important Austrian physicist. ...
Joseph Stefan (Slovene Jožef Stefan) (March 24, 1835 – January 7, 1893) was a Slovene physicist, mathematician and poet. ...
Statistical physics, one of the fundamental theories of physics, uses methods of statistics in solving physical problems. ...
May 28 is the 148th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (149th in leap years). ...
1872 (MDCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ...
Vienna (German: , see also other names) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ...
September 5 is the 248th day of the year (249th in leap years). ...
Year 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ...
Wawel Hill. ...
Statistical physics, one of the fundamental theories of physics, uses methods of statistics in solving physical problems. ...
Mountaineering is an umbrella term that can variously be used to describe the actions of climbing, hillwalking and scrambling. ...
Smoluchowski studied physics in Vienna. His teachers were Franz S. Exner and Joseph Stefan. Ludwig Boltzmann held a position at Munich University during the studies of Smoluchowski in Vienna and returned in 1894, when Smoluchowki served in the Austrian army. It seems that they had no direct contact, although Smoluchowski's work follows in the tradition of Boltzmann's ideas. After several years spent at other universities (Paris, Glasgow, and Berlin), he moved to Lviv in 1899, where he took a position at the University of Lviv, before he moved to Kraków. Vienna (German: , see also other names) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ...
Franz Serafin Exner (24 March 1849 - October 15, 1926) was an important Austrian physicist. ...
Joseph Stefan (Slovene Jožef Stefan) (March 24, 1835 – January 7, 1893) was a Slovene physicist, mathematician and poet. ...
Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann (Vienna, Austrian Empire, February 20, 1844 – Duino near Trieste, September 5, 1906) was an Austrian physicist famous for his founding contributions in the fields of statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics. ...
With approximately 48,000 students, the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (German: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München or LMU) is one of the largest universities in Germany. ...
Motto: Semper fidelis Location Map of Ukraine with Lviv. ...
The building of the University. ...
Wawel Hill. ...
He described Brownian motion and worked on the kinetic theory at the same time as Albert Einstein. Smoluchowski presented an equation which became the basis of the theory of stochastic processes. In 1908 Smoluchowski became the first physicist to ascribe the phenomenon of critical opalescence to large density fluctuations. Three different views of Brownian motion, with 32 steps, 256 steps, and 2048 steps denoted by progressively lighter colors. ...
Kinetic theory attempts to explain macroscopic properties of gases, such as pressure, temperature, or volume, by considering their molecular composition and motion. ...
Albert Einstein ( ) (March 14, 1879 – April 18, 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is widely considered one of the greatest physicists of all time. ...
In the mathematics of probability, a stochastic process is a random function. ...
1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...
Critical Opalescence is a phenomenon in liquids close to their critical point, in which a normally transparent liquid appears milky due to density fluctuations at all possible wavelengths. ...
Smoluchowski moved to Krakow in 1913, to take over the chair in Experimental Physics Department after August Witkowski, who had for a long time envisioned Smoluchowski as his successor. After the war had broken out, the conditions for work became unusually difficult, and even the spacious and modern Physics Department edifice, built by Witkowski a short time before, had been turned into a hospital by military authorities. Note that the possibility of working in that building had been of considerable importance to Smoluchowski when making the decision of moving to Krakow. Deprived of the premises, Smoluchowski was forced to work in the former apartment of the late Professor Karol Olszewski. During the experimental physics lectures carried out by Smoluchowski, making use of even the simplest demonstration equipment was virtually impossible. Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ...
Categories: Stub | 1846 births | 1915 deaths | Polish chemists | Polish mathematicians | Polish physicists ...
Smoluchowski came to Krakow as a well known physicist of worldwide recognition. His scientific output included fundamental work on the kinetic theory of matter, density fluctuations in the gas phase and gas opalescence near the critical point. His investigations also concerned the blue colour of the sky as a consequence of light dispersion on fluctuations in the atmosphere, as well as explanation of Brownian motion of particles. At that time Smoluchowski proposed formulae which presently carry his name. Kinetic theory attempts to explain macroscopic properties of gases, such as pressure, temperature, or volume, by considering their molecular composition and motion. ...
Rayleigh scattering causing a reddened sky at sunset Rayleigh scattering (named after Lord Rayleigh) is the scattering of light, or other electromagnetic radiation, by particles much smaller than the wavelength of the light. ...
During the four-year-long period of his stay in Krakow, despite of the extreme difficulties, he carried out the work, which, according to a famous astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, constituted the basis of the modern theory of stochastic processes. Smoluchowski performed a great deal of academic teaching: he lectured in experimental physics, had numerous students including, Jozef Patkowski, Stanislaw Loria and Waclaw Dziewulski. His wide non-professional interests included skiing, mountain climbing in the Alps and Tatra Mountains, watercolour painting, playing the piano. Chandrasekhar redirects here. ...
In the mathematics of probability, a stochastic process can be thought of as a random function. ...
Smoluchowski died in 1917 the victim of a dysentery epidemic. In his obituary, Professor Wladyslaw Natanson wrote: "With great pleasure I would revive the charm of his life, knightly softness of his heart, combined with exquisite kindness. I wish I could reconstruct the odd appeal of his personality, recall how restrained he was, modest, and beautifully timid, yet always full of pure, almost unintentional joy." Dysentery is an illness (formerly known as the bloody flux or simply flux) involving severe diarrhea that is often associated with blood in the feces. ...
Władysław Natanson (1864–1937) was a Polish physicist. ...
- societies = Copernicus Society of Natural Scientists, Polish Academy of Sciences and Letters
- spouse = Zofia Baraniecka (m. 1901)
- children = Aldona (1902-1984), Roman (b. 1910)
See also
In physics, in kinetic theory the Einstein relation is a previously unexpected connection revealed by Einstein in his 1905 paper on Brownian motion: linking D, the Diffusion constant, and μ, the mobility of the particles; where k is Boltzmanns constant, and T is the absolute temperature. ...
In his seminal 1916 publication, Marian Smoluchowski first introduced his eponymous integrodifferential equation which describes the evolution of the number density of particles of size at a time . ...
In statistical physics, the fluctuation dissipation theorem states that if a thermodynamic system responds linearly to an external perturbation, then the amount by which it responds is simply related to the fluctuation properties of the thermodynamic system. ...
Literature - A. Teske, Marian Smoluchowski, Leben und Werk. Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 1977.
- A. Einstein and M. Smoluchowski: "Brownsche Bewegung. Untersuchungen über die Theorie der Brownschen Bewegung. Abhandlung über die Brownsche Bewegung und verwandte Erscheinungen", Harri Deutsch, 1997.
- E. Seneta (2001) Marian Smoluchowski, Statisticians of the Centuries (ed. C. C. Heyde and E. Seneta) pp. 299-302. New York: Springer.
- S. Ulam (1957) Marian Smoluchowski and the Theory of Probabilities in Physics, American Journal of Physics, 25, 475-481.
- Abraham Pais, Subtle is the Lord, chapter 5, section 5e. Einstein and Smoluchowski; Critical Opalescence, (pp. 100-103), Oxford University Press, (1982) 2005, ISBN 0-19-280672-6.
External links - Biography
- Photograph on Portraits of Statisticians
- Writings
- 18th Marian Smoluchowski Symposium on Statistical Physics
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