History of South Asia History of India
Stone Age	70,000–7000 BC
Mehrgarh Culture	7000–3300 BC
Indus Valley Civilization	3300–1700 BC
Late Harappan Culture	1700–1300 BC
Vedic Period	1500–500 BC
· Iron Age Kingdoms	· 1200–700 BC
Maha Janapadas	700–300 BC
Magadha Empire	684–26 BC
· Maurya Dynasty	· 321–184 BC
Middle Kingdoms	230 BC–1279 AD
· Satavahana Empire	· 230 BC–199 AD
· Kushan Empire	· 60–240 AD
· Gupta Empire	· 240–550
· Chola Empire	· 848–1279
Islamic Sultanates	1206–1596
· Delhi Sultanate	· 1206–1526
· Deccan Sultanates	· 1490–1596
Hoysala Empire	1040–1346
Vijayanagara Empire	1336–1565
Mughal Era	1526–1707
Maratha Empire	1674–1818
Colonial Era	1757–1947
Modern States	1947 onwards
National Histories Republic of India · Pakistan · Bangladesh Bhutan · Maldives · Nepal · Sri Lanka
Regional Histories Assam · Bengal · Punjab · Pakistani Regions Sindh · South India · Tamil Nadu · Tibet
Specialised Histories Dynasties · Economy · Indology · Language · Literature Maritime · Military · Science and Technology · Timeline
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Mehrgarh was an ancient settlement in South Asia and is one of the most important sites in archaeology for the study of the earliest neolithic settlements in that region. The remains are located in Balochistan, Pakistan, on the Kachi plain near the Bolan Pass, to the west of the Indus River valley and between the present-day cities of Quetta, Kalat and Sibi. This article is about the History of South Asia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Bhutan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Maldives. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Pakistan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_India. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Bangladesh. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Sri_Lanka. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Nepal. ... The history of India begins with the archaeological record of Homo sapiens ca. ... The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic in South Asia. ... Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro. ... The Cemetery H culture developed out of the northern part of the Indus Valley Civilization around 1900 BC, in and around the Punjab region. ... The time period in the history of India known as the Vedic period or Vedic age is the period of the composition of the sacred texts called Vedas and other such texts in Vedic Sanskrit. ... This article tries to compile and classify all the Kingdoms of Ancient India mentioned in the Sanskrit/Vedic literature. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... Magadha was an ancient kingdom of India, mentioned in both the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. ... The Maurya Empire, ruled by the Mauryan dynasty, was the largest and most powerful political and military empire of ancient India. ... Middle kingdoms of India refers to the political entities in India from the 6th century BCE through to the Islamic invasions and the related Decline of Buddhism from the 7th century CE. // Kingdoms and Empires The Aryans had invaded India from the Northwest, according to the Aryan Invasion Theory, and... The Sātavāhanas, also known as the Andhras, were a dynasty which ruled in Southern and Central India starting from around 230 BCE. Although there is some controversy about when the dynasty came to an end, the most liberal estimates suggest that it lasted about 450 years. ... Boundary of the Kushan empire, c. ... The Gupta Empire under Chandragupta II The Gupta Empire was one of the largest political and military empires in ancient India. ... The Chola dynasty (Tamil: , IPA: Chola pronounced Sola) was a Tamil dynasty that ruled primarily in southern India until the 13th century CE. The dynasty originated in the fertile valley of the Kaveri River. ... During the middle ages, several Islamic regimes established empires in South Asia. ... The Delhi Sultanate (دلی سلطنت), or Sulthanath-e-Hind (سلطنتِ ہند) / Sulthanath-e-Dilli (سلطنتِ دلی) refers to the various Muslim dynasties that ruled in India from 1210 to 1526. ... The Deccan sultanates were five Muslim-ruled kingdoms–-Bijapur, Golconda, Ahmednagar, Bidar, and Berar of south-central India. ... The Hoysala Empire ruled part of southern India from 1000 to 1346. ... The Vijayanagara empire was based in the Deccan, in peninsular and southern India, from 1336 onwards. ... // The Mughal Empire Main article: Mughal Empire India in the 16th century presented a fragmented picture of rulers, both Muslim and Hindu, who lacked concern for their subjects and who failed to create a common body of laws or institutions. ... Extent of the Maratha Confederacy ca. ... In 1498, the Portuguese set foot in Goa. ... Britains holdings on the Indian subcontinent were granted independence in 1947 and 1948, becoming four new independent states: India, Burma (now Myanmar), Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), and Pakistan (including East Pakistan, modern-day Bangladesh). ... The history of Assam is the history of a confluence of peoples from the east, west and the north; the confluence of the Indo-Aryan, Austro-Asiatic and the Tibeto-Burman cultures. ... Buddha and Bodhisattvas, 11th century, Pala Empire Further information: History of Bangladesh The history of Bengal (including Bangladesh and West Bengal) dates back four millenia. ... // Introduction The first known use of the word Punjab is in the book Tarikh-e-Sher Shah (1580), which mentions the construction of a fort by Sher Khan of Punjab. The name is mentioned again in Ain-e-Akbari (part 1), written by Abul Fazal, who also mentions that the... The historical regions of Pakistan are former states, provinces and territories which mainly existed between 1947 and 1975 when the current provinces and territories were finally established. ... Sindh (Sind) (Sindhi: سنڌ ;Urdu: سندھ) is one of the provinces of Pakistan. ... The history of South India covers a span of over two thousand years during which the region saw the rise and fall of a number of dynasties and empires. ... The History of Tamil Nadu dates back to the early prehistory. ... Tibet is situated between the two ancient civilizations of China and India, but the tangled mountain ranges the Tibetan Plateau and the towering Himalayas serve to distance it from both. ... The following list of Indian monarchs is one of several lists of incumbents. ... Indology is a name given by indologists to the academic study of the history, languages, and cultures of South Asia. ... Indian literature is generally acknowledged, but not wholly established, as the oldest in the world. ... India has had a maritime history dating back around 5,000 years. ... Science and technology in ancient India covered all the major branches of human knowledge and activities, including mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, medical science and surgery, fine arts, mechanical and production technology, civil engineering and architecture, shipbuilding and navigation, sports and games. ... This is a timeline of Indian history. ... Map of South Asia (see note on Kashmir). ... Archaeology, archeology, or archology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech/discourse) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. ... An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools Excavated dwellings at Skara Brae Scotland, Europes most complete Neolithic village. ... The province of Balochistan (or Baluchistan) of Pakistan contains roughly the part of Balochistan that falls within the borders of present-day Pakistan. ... The Bolan Pass (Urdu: درہ بولان) is a gap through the Toba Kakar Range of mountains in western Pakistan, 120 kilometers from the Afghanistan border. ... The position of the Sindhu River in Iron Age Vedic India. ... Quetta (Urdu: کوئٹہ) is the capital of the province Balochistan in Pakistan. ... The city of Kalat is located roughly in the center of Balochistan, Pakistan, south and slightly west of the provincial capital Quetta. ... Sibi is a district in the center of Balochistan province of Pakistan. ...

Mehrgarh is sometimes cited as the earliest known farming settlement in South Asia, based on archaeological excavations from 1974 (Jarrige et al). The earliest evidence of settlement dates from 7000 BCE. It is also cited for the earliest evidence of pottery in South Asia. Archaeologists divide the occupation at the site into several periods. 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... (6th millennium – 7th millennium – 8th millennium – other millennia) The 7th millennium is a period of time which will begin on January 1, 6001 and will end on December 31, 7000. ... The Common Era (CE), is the period of measured time beginning with the year 1 on the Gregorian calendar. ... [[Image:Conner- Pottery production is a process by which abody, clay mixed with other minerals, is shaped and allowed to dry. ...

The chalcolithic people of Mehrgarh also had contacts with northern Afghanistan, northeastern Iran and even with the southern part of central Asia (B.B. Lal 1997: 287). The Chalcolithic (Greek khalkos + lithos copper stone) period, also known as the Eneolithic (Aeneolithic) or Copper Age period, is a phase in the development of human culture in which the use of early metal tools appeared alongside the use of stone tools. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ...

Mehrgarh Period I

Mehrgarh Period I 7000 - 5500 BCE, was neolithic and aceramic (i.e., without the use of pottery). The earliest farming in the area was developed by semi-nomadic people using plants such as wheat and barley and animals such as sheep, goat and cattle. The settlement was established with simple mud buildings with four internal subdivisions. Numerous burials have been found, many with elaborate goods such as baskets, stone and bone tools, beads, bangles, pendants and occasionally animal sacrifices, with more goods left with burials of males. Ornaments of sea shell, limestone, turquoise, lapis lazuli, sandstone and polished copper have been found, along with simple figurines of women and animals. A single ground stone axe was discovered in a burial, and several more were obtained from the surface. These ground stone axes are the earliest to come from a stratified context in the South Asia. (6th millennium – 7th millennium – 8th millennium – other millennia) The 7th millennium is a period of time which will begin on January 1, 6001 and will end on December 31, 7000. ... The sixth millennium is a period of time which will begin on January 1 5001 and will end on December 31 6000. ... Farming, ploughing rice paddy, in Indonesia Agriculture is the process of producing food, feed, fiber and other desired products by cultivation of certain plants and the raising of domesticated animals (livestock). ... Species T. aestivum T. boeoticum T. compactum T. dicoccoides T. dicoccon T. durum T. monococcum T. spelta T. sphaerococcum References:   ITIS 42236 2002-09-22 For the indie rock group see: Wheat (band). ... Binomial name Hordeum vulgare L. Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is a major food and animal feed crop, a member of the grass family Poaceae. ... Species See text. ... Species See Species and subspecies The goat is a mammal in the genus Capra, which consists of nine species: the Ibex, the West Caucasian Tur, the East Caucasian Tur, the Markhor, and the Wild Goat. ... Binomial name Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 Cattle (often called cows in vernacular and contemporary usage, or kye as the Scots plural of cou) are domesticated ungulates, a member of the subfamily Bovinae of the family Bovidae. ... The hard, rigid outer calcium carbonate covering of certain animals is called a shell. ... Limey shale overlaid by limestone. ... Turquoise (or turquois) is opaque, blue-to-green hydrated copper aluminium phosphate mineral according to the chemical formula CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·5H2O. It is rare and valuable in finer grades and has been enjoyed as a gem and ornamental stone for thousands of years owing to its unique... A block of lapis lazuli Lapis lazuli is one of the oldest of all gems, with a history of use stretching back 7,000 years. ... Red sandstone interior of Lower Antelope Canyon, Arizona, worn smooth due to erosion by flash flooding over millions of years Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-size mineral or rock grains. ... General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance metallic pinkish red Atomic mass 63. ... For the Prison Break episode, please see Buried (Prison Break episode) Underwater funeral in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea from an edition with drawings by Alphonse de Neuville and Edouard Riou. ... Map of South Asia (see note on Kashmir). ...

Mehrgarh Period II and Period III

Mehrgarh Period II 5500 - 4800 BC and Merhgarh Period III 4800 - 3500 BC were ceramic neolithic (i.e., pottery was now in use) and later chalcolithic. Much evidence of manufacturing activity has been found and more advanced techniques were used. Glazed faience beads were produced and terracotta figurines became more detailed. Figurines of females were decorated with paint and had diverse hairstyles and ornaments. Two flexed burials were found in period II with a covering of red ochre on the body. The amount of burial goods decreased over time, becoming limited to ornaments and with more goods left with burials of females. The first button seals were produced from terracotta and bone and had geometric designs. Technologies included stone and copper drills, updraft kilns, large pit kilns and copper melting crucibles. There is further evidence of long-distance trade in period II: important as an indication of this is the discovery of several beads of lapis lazuli - originally from Badakshan. The sixth millennium is a period of time which will begin on January 1 5001 and will end on December 31 6000. ... This page may meet Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... This page may meet Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... // Centuries 31st century | 32nd century | 33rd century | 34th century | 35th century | 36th century | 37th century | 38th century | 39th century | 40th century Astronomical events The Earth will experience 2366 solar eclipses. ... [[Image:Conner- Pottery production is a process by which abody, clay mixed with other minerals, is shaped and allowed to dry. ... The Chalcolithic (Greek khalkos + lithos copper stone) period, also known as the Eneolithic (Aeneolithic) or Copper Age period, is a phase in the development of human culture in which the use of early metal tools appeared alongside the use of stone tools. ... Faience or faïence is the conventional name in English for fine tin-glazed earthenware on a delicate pale buff body. ... Terra cotta is a hard semifired waterproof ceramic clay used in pottery and building construction. ... For the Prison Break episode, please see Buried (Prison Break episode) Underwater funeral in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea from an edition with drawings by Alphonse de Neuville and Edouard Riou. ... Red ochre and yellow ochre (pronounced //, from the Greek ochros, yellow) are pigments made from naturally tinted clay. ... Seal on envelope A seal is an impression printed on, embossed upon, or affixed to a document (or any other object) in order to authenticate it, in lieu of or in addition to a signature. ... Charcoal Kilns, California Gold Kiln, Victoria, Australia Hop kiln. ... A bead is a small, decorative object that is pierced for threading or stringing. ... A block of lapis lazuli Lapis lazuli is one of the oldest of all gems, with a history of use stretching back 7,000 years. ... Afghanistan and of Tajikistan. ...

Mehrgarh Period VII

Somewhere between 2600 and 2000 BC, the city seems to have been largely abandoned, which is when the Indus Valley Civilisation was in its initial stages of development. It has been surmised that the inhabitants of Mehrgarh migrated to the fertile Indus valley as the Balochistan became more arid due to climatic changes. 2600 may refer to: 2600 Hz, the tone used by a blue box to gain control of telephone networks 2600: The Hacker Quarterly, a magazine named after the above tone The Atari 2600 was a popular video game console 2600 (year) The ARP 2600 was a synthesizer The stable public... This article is about the year 2000. ... The Indus Valley Civilization existed along the Indus River and the Vedic Sarasvati River in present-day Pakistan. ...

Common variant spellings

• Mehrgarh is also spelled as Mehrgahr, Merhgarh or Merhgahr.
• Kachi plain is also spelled as Kacchi plain, Katchi plain.

See also

• Indus Valley Civilization
• Pirak
• Nausharo

Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro. ... Pirak is an located in Balochistan, Pakistan. ... Nausharo is located in Balochistan, Pakistan. ...

References

• Lal, B.B. The Earliest Civilization of South Asia.

External links

• Mehrgarh (Balochistan)
• Mehrgarh
• Early Developments of Art, Symbol and Technology in the Indus Valley Tradition - http://www.harappa.com/indus3/e1.html
• Stone age man used dentist drill - http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4882968.stm
• A brief writeup - http://travel.web.pk/destinations/archaeological_sites/mehrgarh.asp