Mi'kmaq
(one of the) Míkmaq State flags
Total population
40,000 Image File history File links Mikmaq_State_Flag. ...
Regions with significant populations
Canada (New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Quebec), United States (Maine)
Language(s)
English, Míkmaq, French
Religion(s)
Christianity, other
Related ethnic groups
other Algonquian peoples

The Mi'kmaq

The Mi'kmaq ([miːgmaɣ]; (also spelled Míkmaq, Mi'gmaq, Mi'qmac, or priorly Micmac) are a First Nations or Native American people, indigenous to northeastern New England, Canada's Atlantic Provinces, and the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec. The word Míkmaw is an adjectival form of the plural noun for the people, Míkmaq. This article is about the Canadian province. ... This article is about the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. ... Motto: Munit Haec et Altera Vincit (Latin: One defends and the other conquers) Capital Halifax Largest city Halifax Regional Municipality Official languages English (de facto) Government Lieutenant-Governor Mayann E. Francis Premier Rodney MacDonald (PC) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 11 Senate seats 10 Confederation July 1, 1867... This article is about the Canadian province. ... This article is about the Canadian province. ... Official language(s) None (English and French de facto) Capital Augusta Largest city Portland Area  Ranked 39th  - Total 33,414 sq mi (86,542 km²)  - Width 210 miles (338 km)  - Length 320 miles (515 km)  - % water 13. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... The Míkmaq language (also spelled Mi’kmaq, Mi’gmaq, and Micmac) is an Eastern Algonquian language spoken by around 7,300 Míkmaq in Canada, and another 1,200 in United States, out of a total ethnic Míkmaq population of roughly 20,000. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      Christianity is... The Algonquian (also Algonkian) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic language family (others are Wiyot and Yurok of northwestern California). ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1180x824, 380 KB) Epikwitk and Piktuk territories should be reversed--24. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1180x824, 380 KB) Epikwitk and Piktuk territories should be reversed--24. ... First Nations is a term of ethnicity that refers to the indigenous peoples in what is now Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people. ... This article is about the people indigenous to the United States. ... This article is about the region in the United States of America. ... Atlantic Canada consists of the four Canadian provinces on the Atlantic Ocean: Newfoundland and Labrador, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. ... NASA satellite image of the Gaspé Peninsula. ... This article is about the Canadian province. ...

The nation has a population of about 40,000 of whom approximately one-third still speak the Algonquian language Lnuísimk which was once written in Míkmaq hieroglyphic writing and is now written using most letters of the standard Latin alphabet. The Algonquian (also Algonkian) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic language family (others are Wiyot and Yurok of northwestern California). ... The Míkmaq language (also spelled Mi’kmaq, Mi’gmaq, and Micmac) is an Eastern Algonquian language spoken by around 7,300 Míkmaq in Canada, and another 1,200 in United States, out of a total ethnic Míkmaq population of roughly 20,000. ... Mikmaq hieroglyphic writing was a pictographic writing scheme and memory aid used by the Mikmaq. ... Abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz redirects here. ...

In the Canadian provinces of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador, October is celebrated as Mi'kmaq History Month and the entire Nation celebrates Treaty Day annually on October 1. Motto: Munit Haec et Altera Vincit (Latin: One defends and the other conquers) Capital Halifax Largest city Halifax Regional Municipality Official languages English (de facto) Government Lieutenant-Governor Mayann E. Francis Premier Rodney MacDonald (PC) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 11 Senate seats 10 Confederation July 1, 1867... This article is about the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. ... is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Name

L’nu (plural "Lnu'k") is the self-recognized term for the Mi'kmaq of New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec and Maine, meaning "human being".^[1]. The name "Mi'kmaq" comes from a word in their language meaning "allies". With constant use, the term "Micmac" entered the English lexicon and was used by the Lnu'k as well. Present-day Lnu’k linguists have standardized the writing of Lnui'simk for modern times, and "Mi’kmaq" is now the official spelling of the name.^{[citation needed]} This article is about the Canadian province. ... This article is about the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. ... Motto: Munit Haec et Altera Vincit (Latin: One defends and the other conquers) Capital Halifax Largest city Halifax Regional Municipality Official languages English (de facto) Government Lieutenant-Governor Mayann E. Francis Premier Rodney MacDonald (PC) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament House seats 11 Senate seats 10 Confederation July 1, 1867... This article is about the Canadian province. ... Official language(s) None (English and French de facto) Capital Augusta Largest city Portland Area  Ranked 39th  - Total 33,414 sq mi (86,542 km²)  - Width 210 miles (338 km)  - Length 320 miles (515 km)  - % water 13. ... This article is about modern humans. ...

Members of the Mi'kmaq First Nation historically referred to themselves as L'nu, but the Mi'kmaq's French allies, to whom the Mi'kmaq referred as Ni'kmaq, meaning "my kin", initially referred to the Mi'kmaq, (as is written in Relations des Jésuites de la Nouvelle-France) as "Souriquois" (the Souricoua River was a travel route between the Bay of Fundy and the Gulf of St. Lawrence) or "Gaspesians". Over time their French allies and succeeding immigrating nations’ peoples began to refer to the Lnu'k as Ni’knaq, (invariably corrupting the word to various spellings such as Mik Mak, Mic Mac, etc.) The British originally referred to them as Tarrantines.^[2] Motto: Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité Liberty, Equality, Fraternity Anthem: La Marseillaise France() – on the European continent() – in the European Union() Capital (and largest city) Paris Official languages French Demonym French Government Unitary semi-presidential republic  -  President Nicolas Sarkozy  -  Prime Minister François Fillon Formation  -  French State 843 French State Formed   -  Current... The Relations des Jésuites de la Nouvelle-France, commonly abbreviated as the Jesuit Relations, are the annual reports which were issued by the superior of the Jesuit missions in New France to the Jesuit overseer in France between the years of 1632 and 1673. ... The Tarrantines are an eastern Indian first nation tribe. ...

History

The Mi'kmaq were members of the Waponahkiyik (Wabanaki Confederacy), an alliance with four other Algonquian nations: the Abenaki, Penobscot, Passamaquoddy, and Maliseet. At the time of contact with the French (late 16th century), they were expanding from their maritime base westward along the Gaspé Peninsula /St. Lawrence River at the expense of Iroquioian Mohawk tribes, hence the Mi'kmaq name for this peninsula, Gespedeg ("last-acquired"). In 1610, Chief Membertou concluded their first alliance with Europeans, a concordat with the French Jesuits that affirmed the right of Mi'kmaq to choose Catholicism, Mi'kmaq tradition, or both. The Waponahkiyik, known in English as the Wabanaki Confederacy, is a historical confederacy located in the Wabanaki (Dawnland) area, now called New England (particularly Maine, Vermont and New Hampshire) and the Canadian Maritimes (particularly Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. ... The Algonquian (also Algonkian) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic language family (the two Algic languages that are not Algonquian are Wiyot and Yurok of northwestern California). ... The Abenaki (also Wabanuok or Wabanaki) are a tribe of Native Americans/First Nations belonging to the Algonquian peoples of northeastern North America. ... Seal of the Penobscot Indian Nation of Maine For other uses, see Penobscot (disambiguation). ... Passamaquoddy Territory The Passamaquoddy (Peskotomuhkati or Pestomuhkati in the Passamaquoddy language) are a Native American/First Nations people who live in northeastern North America, primarily in Maine and New Brunswick. ... The Maliseet (also known as Wolastoqiyik and Malecite and in French also as Malécites or Étchemins (the latter collectively referring to the Maliseet and Passamaquoddy)) are a Native American/First Nations people who inhabit the Saint John River valley and its tributaries, roughly overlapping the International Boundary between New... The Saint Lawrence River (French fleuve Saint-Laurent) is a large west-to-east flowing river in the middle latitudes of North America, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. ... For other uses, see Iroquois (disambiguation). ... This article is about the people known as Mohawk. For other uses, see Mohawk. ... Henri Membertou (died 18 September 1611) was the leader of the Mikmaq First Nations tribe situated near Port Royal, site of the first French settlement in present-day Canada. ... The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ... As a Christian ecclesiastical term, Catholic—from the Greek adjective , meaning general or universal[1]—is described in the Oxford English Dictionary as follows: ~Church, (originally) whole body of Christians; ~, belonging to or in accord with (a) this, (b) the church before separation into Greek or Eastern and Latin or...

The Mi'kmaq were allies with the French and were amenable to limited French settlement in their midst. After France lost political control of Acadia in 1710, the Mi'kmaq soon found themselves overwhelmed by British (English, Irish, Scottish, Welsh) who seized much of the land without payment and, in 1755, deported the French. Between 1725 and 1779, the Mi'kmaq signed a series of peace and friendship treaties with Great Britain, but none of these were land cession treaties. The nation historically consisted of seven districts, which was later expanded to eight with the ceremonial addition of Great Britain at the time of the 1749 treaty. Later the Mi'kmaq also settled Newfoundland as the unrelated Beothuk tribe became extinct. Mi'kmaq representatives also concluded the first international treaty with the United States after its declaration of independence, the Treaty of Watertown. Flag History  - Established 1604  - English conquest 1713 Acadia (1754) Acadia (in the French language lAcadie) was the name given to a colonial territory in northeastern North America that included parts of eastern Quebec, the Maritime provinces, and modern-day New England, stretching as far south as Philadelphia. ... This article is about the English as an ethnic group and nation. ... This article is about the Scottish as an ethnic group. ... The Welsh are, according to Hastings (1997), an ethnic group and nation associated with Wales and the Welsh language, which is a Celtic language. ... Newfoundland, home of the Beothuk The Beothuk (IPA: ) were the native inhabitants of the island of Newfoundland at the time of European contact in the 15th and 16th centuries. ... The United States Declaration of Independence was an act of the Second Continental Congress, adopted on July 4, 1776, which declared that the Thirteen Colonies in North America were Free and Independent States and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to... The Treaty of Watertown, the first foreign treaty concluded by the United States of America after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, was signed on July 19, 1776 in the Edmund Fowle House in the town of Watertown, Massachusetts Bay. ...

Mi'kmaq First Nation subdivisions

Mi'kmaq names in the table have all been spelled according to a several orthographies. The Mi'kmaq orthographies in use are Míkmaq hieroglyphs, the orthography of Silas Tertius Rand, the Pacifique orthography, and the most recent Smith-Francis orthography, which has been adopted by most of the Mi'kmaq First Nation. Mikmaq hieroglyphic writing was a pictographic writing scheme and memory aid used by the Mikmaq. ... Silas Tertius Rand (May 18, 1810 - October 4, 1889) was a Canadian Baptist clergyman, missionary, ethnologist, and linguist. ... Look up Pacifique in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Abegweit is a Mikmaq First Nation on Prince Edward Island, Canada, with its headquarters in Scotchfort, outside Charlottetown. ... Scotchfort (46º21N, 62º55W) is an unincorporated Canadian rural community in northeastern Queens County, Prince Edward Island, southwest of the village of Mount Stewart. ... Morell ( ) is a village located in Kings County in eastern Prince Edward Island just east of Bristol. ... The current version of this article or section is written in an informal style and with a personally invested tone. ... Presque Isle is a city in Aroostook County, Maine, United States. ... Bear River is a small village situated at the head of the Bear River. ... The Burnt Church First Nation (Mikmaq: Eskinuopitijk or Esgenoôpetitj) is a Mikmaq First Nation in New Brunswick, Canada, near the village of Neguac. ... Burnt Church is a Mikmaq First Nations reserve in New Brunswick, Canada. ... The Eel Ground First Nation is a First Nations community of about 800 people located on the Miramichi River in northern New Brunswick, Canada. ... The Elsipogtog First Nation (ell-zi-BOOK-took), formerly called the Big Cove Band, is a Mikmaq First Nation in New Brunswick, Canada. ... Elsipogtog (ell-zi-BOOK-took), formerly called Big Cove, is a Mikmaq community in New Brunswick, Canada. ... The Eskasoni First Nation is a First Nation in Nova Scotia, Canada. ... The Fort Folly First Nation is a Mikmaq First Nation located in New Brunswick, Canada. ... The old Bell Inn in Dorchester, New Brunswick was an inn between 1820 and 1860. ... Hantsport, Nova Scotia is a small town located on the Kings-Hants county line. ... The Listuguj Migmaq First Nation is a First Nations community with a registered population (2003) of 3152 members, most of whom are of Migmaq ancestry. ... The Listuguj Migmaq First Nation is a First Nations community with a registered population (2003) of 3152 members, most of whom are of Migmaq ancestry. ... Downtown Sydney, Nova Scotia. ... Miawpukek First Nation is a Mikmaq First Nation in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, with a population of On reserve 787, Off Reserve 1779. ... Conne River is a Mikmaw community in Baie dEspoir, historically referred to as Miawpukek. ... Website: http://www. ... Trenton is a town located in Pictou County, Nova Scotia. ... Shubenacadie is a community located in central Nova Scotia, Canada. ... Whycocomagh is small Canadian rural community in the province of Nova Scotia. ...

Demographics

The pre-contact population is estimated at 50,000- 100,000. In 1616, Father Biard believed the Mi'kmaq population to be in excess of 3,000, but he remarked that, because of European diseases, there had been large population losses during the 16th century. Smallpox, wars and alcoholism led to a further decline of the native population, which was probably at its lowest in the middle of the 17th century. Then the numbers grew slightly again, apparently stable during the 19th century. During the 20th century, the population was on the rise again. The average growth from 1965 to 1970 was about 2.5%. Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a contagious disease unique to humans. ...

Notable Mi'kmaq

• Kevin Cloud
• Anna Mae Pictou Aquash, activist (1946-1976)
• Henri Membertou, kji-saqmaw/puowin (c.1525-1611)
• Rita Joe, poet
• Donald Marshall Jr.
• Chad Denny, ice hockey player for the Lewiston MAINEiacs and Atlanta Thrashers draftee
• Lionel Little Eagle Pinn, Kitpoviosee, Writer
• Sandy McCarthy, played for the Calgary Flames ice hockey team
• Everett Sanipass, played for the Quebec Nordiques ice hockey team

Kevin Cloud is a computer games graphic designer. ... Anna Mae Aquash (also Anna Mae Pictou Aquash or Anna Mae Pictou; first name also spelled Annie Mae) (b. ... Henri Membertou (died 18 September 1611) was the leader of the Mikmaq First Nations tribe situated near Port Royal, site of the first French settlement in present-day Canada. ... Rita Joe, PC , CM , LL.D (March 15, 1932 – March 20, 2007) was a Mikmaq-Canadian poet and song writer, called the Poet Laureate of the Mikmaq people. ... Donald Marshall, Jr. ... Chad Denny (born 27 March 1987 in Sydney, Nova Scotia), is an ice hockey defensemen currently playing for the Lewiston MAINEiacs of the QMJHL. Chad Denny grew up in Eskasoni, Nova Scotia and is a full blooded Mikmaq. ... The Atlanta Thrashers are a professional ice hockey team based in Atlanta, Georgia. ... Lionel Francis Little Eagle Pinn, Jr. ... Sandy McCarthy (Born June 15, 1972, in Toronto, Ontario), is a Mikmaq Canadian professional ice hockey player. ... The Calgary Flames are a professional ice hockey team based in Calgary, Alberta, Canada and play out of the Pengrowth Saddledome. ... Ice hockey, known simply as hockey in areas where it is more common than field hockey, is a team sport played on ice. ... Everett Sanipass (born February 13, 1968 in Big Cove, New Brunswick, Canada) is a retired Canadian ice hockey forward. ... The Quebec Nordiques (in french Nordiques de Québec, pronounced ; translated into English as Northmen or Northerners) were a professional ice hockey team based in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. ... Ice hockey, known simply as hockey in areas where it is more common than field hockey, is a team sport played on ice. ...

Other

The spiritual capital of the Mi'kmaq nation is Mniku, the gathering place of the Mi'kmaq Grand Council, Chapel Island in the Bras d'Or Lakes of Cape Breton Island. The island is also the site of the St. Anne Mission, an important pilgrimage site for the Mi'kmaq. The island has been declared a historic site.^[3] Bras dOr Lake, Nova Scotia. ... For other uses, see Cape Breton. ...

See also

• Treaty of Watertown
• Elsipogtog First Nation
• Canada Post French Settlement Series

The Treaty of Watertown, the first foreign treaty concluded by the United States of America after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, was signed on July 19, 1776 in the Edmund Fowle House in the town of Watertown, Massachusetts Bay. ... The Elsipogtog First Nation (ell-zi-BOOK-took), formerly called the Big Cove Band, is a Mikmaq First Nation in New Brunswick, Canada. ... To commemorate the 400th Anniversary of the founding of the first French settlement in North America, Canada Post issued a series of stamps to commemorate the event. ...

Notes

1. ^ The Nova Scotia Museum's Mi'kmaq Portraits database
2. ^ Lydia Affleck and Simon White. Our Language. Native Traditions. Retrieved on 2006-11-08.
3. ^ CBCnews. Cape Breton Mi'kmaq site recognized

Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 312th day of the year (313th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

• Bock, Philip K. 1978. "Micmac." Pp. 109-122. InHandbook of North American Indians. Vol. 15. Northeast. Bruce G. Trigger, editor. Smithsonian Institution Press.
• Davis, Stephen A. 1998. Mi'kmaq: Peoples of the Maritimes, Nimbus Publishing.
• Paul, Daniel N. 2000. We Were Not the Savages: A Mi'kmaq Perspective on the Collision Between European and Native American Civilizations, Fernwood Pub.
• Prins, Harald E. L. 1996. The Mi'kmaq: Resistance, Accommodation, and Cultural Survival (Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology), Wadsworth.
• Rita Joe, Lesley Choyce. 2005. The Mi'kmaq Anthology, Nimbus Publishing (CN), 2005, ISBN 1-895900-04-2
• Whitehead, Ruth Holmes. 2004. The Old Man Told Us: Excerpts from Mi'kmaq History 1500-1950, Nimbus Pub Ltd, 2004, ISBN 0-921054-83-1
• Wicken, William C. 2002. Mi'kmaq Treaties on Trial: History, Land, and Donald Marshall Junior, University of Toronto Press.

http://www.cmmns.com/KekinamuekPdfs/Ch2screen.pdf

Documentary film

• Our Lives in Our Hands (Mi'kmaq basketmakers and potato diggers in northern Maine, 1986) [1]

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Category:Micmac

• First Nations Profiles
• Micmac History
• Mi'kmaq History Month
• Mi'kmaq Portraits Collection
• Mi'kmaq Dictionary Online
• The Micmac of Megumaagee
• Mi'kmaq Learning Resource
•   "Micmacs". Catholic Encyclopedia. (1913). New York: Robert Appleton Company. 

Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...