NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Military history of India

India has a long military history dating back several millennia. The first reference of armies is found in the Vedas. The epics Ramayana and Mahabaratha contains information on standing armies and warfare techniques like the Chakravyuha used in the Kurukshetra War. The epics contains information on the usage of chariots, war elephants and even flying machines used in wars. There were many dynasties in India like the Magadha empire, Shishunaga dynasty, Nanda dynasty, Maurya Dynasty, Satavahana dynasty, Kushan empire, Gupta dynasty, Harsha's empire, Pandiyan and Chola empire, Chera dynasty, Pratiharas, Palas, Rashtrakutas, Rajputs,Yadav Vijayanagar empire, Chalukyas and Pallavas, Mughal Empire etc. Veda redirects here. ... For the television series by Ramanand Sagar, see Ramayan (TV series). ... For the film by Peter Brook, see The Mahabharata (1989 film). ... The Chakravyuha is an army formation mentioned in the Hindu epic Mahabharata. ... Combatants Pandavas led by Dhristadyumna Kauravas led by Bhishma Commanders Arjuna Bhima Yudhishthira Nakula Sahadeva Bhishma Drona Karna Duryodhana Ashwatthama Strength 7 Akshauhinis 1,530,900 soldiers 11 Akshauhinis 2,405,700 soldiers Casualties Almost Total Only 7 survivors - the five Pandavas, Krishna, and Satyaki Almost Total Only 3 survivors... This page deals with the flying chariots of Hindu mythology. ...

Overview

The Army of India were raised under British Raj in the 19th century and fought in both the World Wars. During World War II, the Army of India played a crucial role in checking the advance of Imperial Japan and also fought several battles against Axis forces in northern Africa and Italy. Army of India consisted of both the Indian Army and the British Army in India between 1903 and 1947. ... Anthem God Save The King The British Indian Empire, 1909 Capital Calcutta (until 1912), New Delhi (after 1912) Language(s) Hindustani, English and many others Government Monarchy Emperor of India - 1858-1901 VictoriaÂ¹ - 1901-1910 Edward VII - 1910-1936 George V - 1936 Edward VIII - 1936-1947 George VI ViceroyÂ² - 1858... A world war is a war affecting the majority of the worlds major nations. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The ensign of Imperial Japanese Navy was a prominent symbol of Imperial Japan. ... This article is about the independent states that comprised the Axis powers. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ...

Indian troops made up a substantial part of the British forces fighting the Japanese in Asia during World War II. Many of the troops that surrendered at Singapore to Japanese General Tomoyuki Yamashita, known as the "Tiger of the Orient" on February 15, 1942, were Indians. Some of these, approached as prisoners, chose to take up arms against the British with Subhash Chandra Bose, the leader of the Indian National Army fighting for Indian independence. Bose received training military training from Nazi Germany and substantial support from Imperial Japan. Tomoyuki Yamashita, 1945 General Tomoyuki Yamashita (å±±ä¸‹ å¥‰æ–‡ Yamashita Tomoyuki,) (November 8, 1885 â€“ February 23, 1946) was a general of the Japanese Imperial Army during the World War II era. ... Subhash Chandra Bose, (Bangla: à¦¨à§‡à¦¤à¦¾à¦œà§€ à¦¸à§à¦à¦¾à¦· à¦šà¦¨à§à¦¦à§à¦° à¦¬à¦¸à§ ( à¤¸à¥à¤à¤¾à¤· à¤šà¤¦à¤‚à¤° à¤µà¤¸à¥ ) Shubhash ChÃ´ndro Boshu) (January 23, 1897 â€“ presumably August 18, 1945 [although this is disputed]note), also known as Netaji, was one of the most prominent leaders of the Indian Independence Movement against the British Raj and was a prominent supporter of the Axis dictatorships as... The Indian National Army (I.N.A) or Azad Hind Fauj was the army of the Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind (The Provisional Government of Free India ) which fought along with the Japanese 15th Army during the Japanese Campaign in Burma, and in the Battle of Imphal, during the Second... The Indian Independence Movement was a series of revolutions empowered by the people of India put forth to battle the British Empire for complete political independence, beginning with the Rebellion of 1857. ...

Indian troops fighting for the British Army made a significant impact in the CBI (China, Burma, India) theater. They were among the troops pushed out of Burma in 1942 and made up a large portion of the troops who fought their way back into Burma (1943-45). China Burma India Theater (CBI) was the name used by the United States Army for its forces in China, Burma, India during World War II. Well-known US units in this theater included the Flying Tigers, transport and bomber units flying the Hump, the engineers who built Ledo Road, and...

In 1944, the Imperial Japanese Army launched an invasion from Burma into India. On the one hand, the Japanese goal was to establish a presence in India with thoughts that the populace would rise up and help kick the British out. The other thought, based on Allied attacks from India into Burma, was to deny the British a base from which to launch further attacks. The Japanese invasion was stopped in bloody fighting and, some might say, the IJA used up much of its energy in the effort leading to its increased inability to stop the next Allied push into Burma.

The Indian armed forces succeeded the Military of British India following India's independence in 1947. The Indian armed forces fought in all three wars against Pakistan and a war with the People's Republic of China. India also fought in the Kargil War with Pakistan in 1999, the highest altitude mountain warfare in history. The Indian Armed Forces have participated in several United Nations peacekeeping operations and are presently the second largest contributor of troops to the peacekeeping force. Since both nations achieved independence in August 1947, there have been three major wars and one minor war between India and Pakistan. ... Combatants China India Commanders Zhang Guohua[4] Brij Mohan Kaul Strength 80,000[5][6] Casualties Killed 1,460 (Chinese sources)[7] None captured[8][9][10][11] Wounded 1,697[7] Killed 3,128 (Indian sources)[12] Captured 3,968[2] Wounded 548[13] The Sino-Indian War (Simplified... Combatants India Pakistan, Kashmiri secessionists, Islamic militants (Foreign Fighters) Strength 30,000 5,000 Casualties Indian Official Figures: 527 killed,[1][2][3] 1,363 wounded[4] 1 POW Pakistani Estimates: 357â€“4,000+ killed[5][6] (Pakistan troops) 665+ soldiers wounded[5] 8 POWs. ... This article is about the year. ... High altitude are regions on the Earths surface (or in its atmosphere) that are high above mean sea level. ... Mountain warfare refers to warfare in the mountains. ... UN and U.N. redirect here. ...

The Bronze age

This article is about the History of South Asia. ... The History of India begins with the Indus Valley Civilization, which flourished in the north-western part of the Indian subcontinent from 3300 to 1700 BCE. This Bronze Age civilization was followed by the Iron Age Vedic period, which witnessed the rise of major kingdoms known as the Mahajanapadas. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Bangladesh. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Bhutan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_India. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Maldives. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Nepal. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Sri_Lanka. ... The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic in South Asia. ... Mehrgarh was an ancient settlement in South Asia and is one of the most important sites in archaeology for the study of the earliest neolithic settlements in that region. ... Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro. ... The Cemetery H culture developed out of the northern part of the Indus Valley Civilization around 1900 BC, in and around the Punjab region. ... Map of early Iron Age Vedic India after Witzel (1989). ... The Iron Age in the Indian subcontinent succeeds the Late Harappan (Cemetery H) culture, also known as the last phase of the Indus Valley Tradition. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... Magadha was an ancient kingdom of India, mentioned in both the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. ... A representation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka, which was erected around 250 BCE. It is the emblem of India. ... Middle kingdoms of India refers to the political entities in India from the 6th century BCE through to the Islamic invasions and the related Decline of Buddhism from the 7th century CE. // Kingdoms and Empires The Aryans had invaded India from the Northwest, according to the Aryan Invasion Theory, and... The SÄtavÄhanas (Marathi:à¤¸à¤¾à¤¤à¤µà¤¾à¤¹à¤¨ Telugu:à°¸à°¾à°¤à°µà°¾à°¹à°¨à±à°²à±), also known as the Andhras, were a dynasty which ruled from Junnar, Pune over Southern and Central India starting from around 230 BCE. Although there is some controversy about when the dynasty came to an end, the most liberal estimates suggest that it lasted... Boundary of the Kushan empire, c. ... The Gupta Empire under Chandragupta II (ruled 375-415) The Gupta Empire was one of the largest political and military empires in the world. ... Buddha and Bodhisattvas, 11th century, Pala Empire. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Cholas. ... During the middle ages, several Islamic regimes established empires in South Asia. ... The Delhi Sultanate (Ø¯Ù„ÛŒ Ø³Ù„Ø·Ù†Øª), or Sulthanath-e-Hind (Ø³Ù„Ø·Ù†ØªÙ ÛÙ†Ø¯) / Sulthanath-e-Dilli (Ø³Ù„Ø·Ù†ØªÙ Ø¯Ù„ÛŒ) refers to the various Muslim dynasties that ruled in India from 1210 to 1526. ... The Deccan sultanates were five Muslim-ruled kingdomsâ€“-Bijapur, Golconda, Ahmednagar, Bidar, and Berar of south-central India. ... Extent of Hoysala Empire, 1200 CE Capital Belur, Halebidu Language(s) Kannada Religion Hindu Government Monarchy King - 1026 â€“ 1047 Nripa Kama II - 1292 â€“ 1343 Veera Ballala III History - Earliest Hoysala records 950 - Established 1026 - Disestablished 1343 The Hoysala Empire (Kannada: à²¹à³Šà²¯à³à²¸à²³ à²¸à²¾à²®à³à²°à²¾à²œà³à²¯) (pronunciation: in Kannada) was a prominent South Indian empire that... The Kakatiya Dynasty was a South Indian dynasty that ruled parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh, India from 1083 to 1323. ... The Vijayanagara empire was based in the Deccan, in peninsular and southern India, from 1336 onwards. ... Flag Capital Delhi / Agra Language(s) Persian (initially also Chagatai, Turkish; later also Urdu) Government Monarchy Emperor - 1526-1530 Babur - 1530â€“1539 and after restoration 1555â€“1556 Humayun - 1556â€“1605 Akbar - 1605â€“1627 Jahangir - 1628â€“1658 Shah Jahan - 1659â€“1707 Aurangzeb History - Established April 21, 1526 - Ended September 21, 1857... Flag of the Maratha Empire Extent of the Maratha Empire ca. ... The Sikh Confederacy (from 1716-1799) was a collection of small to medium sized independent sovereign, punjabi Sikh states, which were governed by barons, in Punjab[1]. They were loosely politically linked but strongly bound in the cultural and religious spheres. ... Anthem God Save The Queen/King British India, circa 1860 Capital Calcutta (1858-1912), New Delhi (1912-1947) Language(s) Hindi, Urdu, English and many others Government Monarchy Emperor of India - 1877-1901 Victoria - 1901-1910 Edward VII - 1910-1936 George V - January-December 1936 Edward VIII - 1936-1947 George... This article is under construction. ... Buddha and Bodhisattvas, 11th century, Pala Empire Further information: History of Bangladesh The history of Bengal (including Bangladesh and West Bengal) dates back four millennia. ... Himachal Pradesh has been inhabited by human beings since the dawn of civilization. ... // Orissa has a history spanning a period of over 3000 years. ... The historical regions of Pakistan are former states, provinces and territories which mainly existed between 1947 and 1975 when the current provinces and territories were finally established. ... The first known use of the word Punjab is in the book Tarikh-e-Sher Shah (1580), which mentions the construction of a fort by Sher Khan of Punjab. The name is mentioned again in Ain-e-Akbari (part 1), written by Abul Fazal, who also mentions that the territory... The history of South India covers a span of over two thousand years during which the region saw the rise and fall of a number of dynasties and empires. ... Tibet is situated between the two ancient civilizations of China and India, but the tangled mountain ranges the Tibetan Plateau and the towering Himalayas serve to distance it from both. ... The history of Indian coinage stretches back at least 2600 years. ... The following list of Indian monarchs is one of several lists of incumbents. ... Indology refers to the academic study of the history, languages, and cultures of the Indian subcontinent, and as such a subset of Asian studies. ... Indian literature is generally acknowledged, but not wholly established, as the oldest in the world. ... India has had a maritime history dating back around 5,000 years. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This is a timeline of Indian history. ...

Indus Valley Civilisation

The amazing uniformity of measurement systems across a number of sites suggests that the Indus Valley Civilisation was a single state. However, it seems that the large cities were controlled by small groups of merchants, landowners and priests. Therefore, no standing armies were involved. The artifacts and texts from contemporaneous Egypt and Mesopotamia clearly depict battles. But the excavations at Harappan sites have not revealed a single artifact that depicts military, battles, prisoners or a human killing another human. Very few bronze weapons have been found. Fortified cities have been excavated which seems to indicate some defensive capability. Excavations do not indicate a well developed martial culture, which may be a reason for the eventual decline of the civilisation. The Indus Valley Civilization existed along the Indus River and the Vedic Sarasvati River in present-day Pakistan. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Mesopotamia was a cradle of civilization geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, largely corresponding to modern-day Iraq. ... Location of Harappa in the Indus Valley. ... Assorted ancient Bronze castings found as part of a cache, probably intended for recycling. ... Fortifications (Latin fortis, strong, and facere, to make) are military constructions designed for defensive warfare. ... The term archaeological excavation has a double meaning. ...

Early Indo-Aryans

The Rigvedic tribes of Indo-Aryans were led by their tribal chieftain (raja) and engaged in wars with each other as well as other tribes. They used bronze weapons and had horse-drawn spoke-wheeled chariots described prominently in the Rigveda. The main share from the booty obtained during the cattle raids and battles went to the chief of the tribe. The warriors belonged to the Kshatriya varna. Earlier, most archaeologists believed that Aryan armies invaded peaceful Harappan cities and destroyed them. However, since none of the excavations indicate battle damage to the cities, the arrival of the Aryans is now more often dated to Late Harappan (Cemetery H) times. The earliest allusions to a specific battle are those to the Battle of the Ten Kings in Mandala 7 of the Rigveda. The Aryan tribes mentioned in the Rigveda are described as semi-nomadic pastoralists, subdivided into villages (vish) and headed by a tribal chief (raja) and administered by a priestly caste. ... The Indo-Aryans are a wide collection of peoples united by their common status as speakers of the Indo-Aryan (Indic/Indian) branch of the family of Indo-European and Indo-Iranian languages. ... For other uses, see Raja (disambiguation). ... Assorted ancient Bronze castings found as part of a cache, probably intended for recycling. ... Binomial name Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 The horse (Equus caballus, sometimes seen as a subspecies of the Wild Horse, Equus ferus caballus) is a large odd-toed ungulate mammal, one of ten modern species of the genus Equus. ... For other uses, see Chariot (disambiguation). ... Rig veda is the oldest text in the world. ... Cattle rustling or cattle raiding is the act of stealing livestock. ... For the Bollywood film of the same name see Kshatriya Kshatriya (Hindi: , from Sanskrit: , ) is one of the four varnas, or castes, in Hinduism. ... This article is about the city in Bulgaria. ... Aryan (/eÉ™rjÉ™n/ or /É‘ËrjÉ™n/, Sanskrit: ) is a Sanskrit and Avestan word meaning noble/spiritual one. ... The Cemetery H culture developed out of the northern part of the Indus Valley Civilization around 1900 BC, in and around the Punjab region. ... Combatants Trtsu (Indo-Aryans) Alinas (Nuristanis?) Anu (Kashmiris) Bhrigus (Indo-Aryans) Bhalanas (Khorasans) Dasa (Dahae?) Druhyus (Ghandaris) Matsya (Indo-Aryans) Parsu (Persians?) Purus (Indo-Aryans) Panis (Parni?) Commanders King Sudas Vasishtha The Ten Kings Vishvamitra Strength Unknown but less More than 6,666 Casualties Unknown but less 6,666 (Mandala... The seventh Mandala of the Rig Veda has 104 hymns, to Agni, Indra, the Visvadevas, the Maruts, Mitra-Varuna, the Asvins, Ushas, Indra-Varuna, Varuna, Vayu (the wind), two each to Sarasvati and Vishnu, and to others. ... Rig veda is the oldest text in the world. ...

The Mahajanapadas

During the post-Rigvedic (Iron Age) Vedic period (ca. 1100-500 BC), the Vedas and other associated texts contain references to warfare. The earliest known application of war elephants dates to this period, being mentioned in several Vedic Sanskrit hymns.^{[citation needed]} Iron Age Axe found on Gotland This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age, for the mythological Iron Age see Iron Age (mythology). ... Proto-Indo-European Indo-European studies The Vedic civilization is the earliest civilization in Indian history of which we have written records that we understand. ... Veda redirects here. ... The elephants thick hide protects it from injury. ... Vedic Sanskrit is the language of the Vedas, which are the earliest sacred texts of India,. The Vedas were first passed down orally and therefore have no known date. ...

The two great epics of India, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, are centered around conflicts between the emerging Mahajanapadas and refer to military formations, theories of warfare and esoteric weaponry. Valmiki's Ramayana describes Ayodhya's military as defensive rather than aggressive. The city, it says, was strongly fortified and was surrounded by a deep moat. Ramayana describes Ayodhya in following words: "The city abounded in warriors undefeated in battle, fearless and skilled in the use of arms, resembling lions guarding their mountain caves". Mahabharata describes various military techniques like Chakravyuha used in the Kurukshetra War. For the television series by Ramanand Sagar, see Ramayan (TV series). ... For the film by Peter Brook, see The Mahabharata (1989 film). ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... Valmiki composes the Ramayana Valmiki (Sanskrit: à¤µà¤¾à¤²à¥à¤®à¥€à¤•à¤¿, vÄlmÄ«ki) born as Ratnakar is a legendary Hindu sage (maharishi) traditionally regarded as the author of the epic, Ramayana, based on the attribution in the text of the epic itself[1]. He was the tenth child of Pracheta. ... For the television series by Ramanand Sagar, see Ramayan (TV series). ... Ayodhya (Hindi: à¤…à¤¯à¥‹à¤§à¥à¤¯à¤¾, Urdu: Ø§ÛŒÙˆØ¯Ú¾ÛŒØ§ IAST AyodhyÄ) is an ancient city of India, the old capital of Awadh, in the Faizabad district of Uttar Pradesh. ... For the film by Peter Brook, see The Mahabharata (1989 film). ... The Chakravyuha is an army formation mentioned in the Hindu epic Mahabharata. ... Combatants Pandavas led by Dhristadyumna Kauravas led by Bhishma Commanders Arjuna Bhima Yudhishthira Nakula Sahadeva Bhishma Drona Karna Duryodhana Ashwatthama Strength 7 Akshauhinis 1,530,900 soldiers 11 Akshauhinis 2,405,700 soldiers Casualties Almost Total Only 7 survivors - the five Pandavas, Krishna, and Satyaki Almost Total Only 3 survivors...

The Magadha empire

Shishunaga dynasty

King Bimbisara was an expansionist and conquered Anga in what is now West Bengal. He strengthened the military of Magadh's capital, Rajagriha. Ajatashatru built a new fort at Pataliputra, Magadh's new capital to launch an attack on Licchavis, across the Ganga River. Jain texts tell that he used two new weapons - a catapult and a covered chariot with swinging mace that has been compared to modern tanks. Bimbisara (ruled 544-491 BCE) was a king of the Magadha empire. ... Map of the Mahajanapadas Earliest reference to Angas (à¤…à¤‚à¤—) occurs in Atharava Veda (V.22. ... , West Bengal (Bengali: à¦ªà¦¶à§à¦šà¦¿à¦®à¦¬à¦™à§à¦— PoshchimbÃ´Å‹go) is a state in eastern India. ... Magadha was an ancient kingdom of India, mentioned in both the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. ... Rajgir is an ancient town, and has reference in Mahabharata,Buddhist and Jain texts. ... Ajatasatrus stupa in Rajgir, where his ashes were interred AjÄtashatru (Sanskrit à¤…à¤œà¤¾à¤¤à¤¶à¤¤à¥à¤°à¥; ruled 491-461 BCE) was a king of the Magadha empire that ruled north India. ... ... Licchavi (also Lichchhavi, Lichavi) was an ancient kingdom in Nepal, which existed in the Kathmandu Valley from approximately 400 to 750. ... â€œGangaâ€ redirects here. ... JAIN is an activity within the Java Community Process, developing APIs for the creation of telephony (voice and data) services. ... Replica catapult at ChÃ¢teau des Baux, France For the handheld Y-shaped weapon, see slingshot. ... For other uses, see Chariot (disambiguation). ... A development of the club, a mace consists of a strong, heavy wooden, metal-reinforced, or metal shaft, with a head made of stone, copper, bronze, iron or steel. ...

Nanda dynasty

The powerful Mahapadma Nanda defeated Ikshvakus, Panchalas, Kasis, Harhayas, Kalingas, Asmakas, Kurus, Maithilas, Surasenas and Vitihotras and assumed the title "the destroyer of the kshathriyas". At the time of Dhana Nanda, the Nandas had an army consisting of 80,000 cavalry, 200,000 infantry, 8,000 armed chariots, and 6,000 war elephants.Many historians hold the view that Alexander confined himself to the plains of Punjab for fear of the mighty Nandas. The introduction of this article does not provide enough context for readers unfamiliar with the subject. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Panchala Kingdom. ... Benares (also known as Banaras, Kashi, Kasi and Varanasi (वाराणसी)) is a Hindu holy city on the banks of the river Ganga or Ganges in the modern north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. ... Kalinga in 265 B.C. Kalinga was an ancient Indo-Aryan kingdom of central-eastern India, in the province of Orissa. ... Kuru or Kurus may be: Kuru (kingdom), a powerful Indian kingdom during the Vedic period and later a republic during the Mahajanapada period Kuru Kingdom, a kingdom based on the historic Kuru kingdom in Indian epic literature Kuru (disease), neurological, and associated with New Guinea, the Fore, and cannibalism Kuru... Surasena (or Shourasena) was the kingdom around the modern Brajabhumi. ... Nanda dynasty was established by an illegitimate son of the king Mahanandin of the previous Shishunaga dynasty. ... The Nanda Empire at its greatest extent under Dhana Nanda circa 323 BC. The Nanda dynasty ruled Magadha during the 5th and 4th centuries BC. It is said to have been established by an illegitimate son of the king Mahanandin of the previous Shishunaga dynasty. ... Not to be confused with Golgotha, which was called Calvary. ... Infantry of the Royal Irish Rifles during the Battle of the Somme in World War I Infantry or footmen are very highly disciplined and trained soldiers who fight primarily with small arms(rifles), but are trained to use everything from their bare hands to missle systems in order to neutralize... For other uses, see Chariot (disambiguation). ... The elephants thick hide protects it from injury. ... For the film of the same name, see Alexander the Great (1956 film). ...

Maurya Dynasty

According to Megasthenes, Chandragupta Maurya built an army consisting of 30,000 cavalry, 9,000 war elephants, and 600,000 infantry. Some modern historians feel that this is an exaggeration on the part of Megasthenes, who was serving as an ambassador from the Seleucid Empire. Chandragupta conquered all of northern India, establishing an empire from the Arabian Sea to the Bay of Bengal. He then conquered the regions to the east of the Indus river after defeating the Macedonians and Seleucus Nicator, and then moved southwards, taking over much of what is now Central India. The entire army was administrated by six chairs, one for each of the four arms of the army (infantry, cavalry, elephants, and chariots), one chair for the navy, and one for logistics and supply. Megasthenes (c. ... Allegiance: Maurya Dynasty Rank: Emperor Succeeded by: Bindusara Maurya Reign: 322 BC-298 BC Place of birth: Indian subcontinent Chandragupta Maurya (Sanskrit: à¤šà¤¨à¥à¤¦à¥à¤°à¤—à¥à¤ªà¥à¤¤ à¤®à¥Œà¤°à¥à¤¯; Romanized Greek: Sandrakottos), whilst often referred to as Sandrakottos outside India, is also known simply as Chandragupta (born c. ... Not to be confused with Golgotha, which was called Calvary. ... The elephants thick hide protects it from injury. ... Infantry of the Royal Irish Rifles during the Battle of the Somme in World War I Infantry or footmen are very highly disciplined and trained soldiers who fight primarily with small arms(rifles), but are trained to use everything from their bare hands to missle systems in order to neutralize... Megasthenes (c. ... The Seleucid Empire was a Hellenistic successor state of Alexander the Greats dominion. ... The Arabian Sea (Arabic: Ø¨ØØ± Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø±Ø¨; transliterated: Bahr al-Arab) is a region of the Indian Ocean bounded on the east by India, on the north by Pakistan and Iran, on the west by Arabian Peninsula, on the south, approximately, by a line between Cape Guardafui, the north-east point of Somalia... Look up Bay of Bengal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Indus River (Urdu: Sindh; Sindhi: Sindhu; Sanskrit and Hindi: à¤¸à¤¿à¤¨à¥à¤§à¥ ; Persian: ØÙ†Ø¯Ùˆ ; Pashto: Ù‘Ø¢Ø¨Ø§Ø³Ù†Father of Rivers; Tibetan: Lion River; Chinese: YÃ¬ndÃ¹; Greek: Î™Î½Î´ÏŒÏ‚ Indos) is the longest and most important river in Pakistan and one of the most important rivers on the Indian subcontinent and has given the country India its... Silver coin of Seleucus. ...

Infantry at this time was most commonly armed with a longbow made of bamboo, and a double-handed broadsword. Other foot soldiers could be armed with a large tower shield and a spear or javelins. The cavalry is not noted especially, but Megasthenese does mention that they were armed with a few spears, of which we can assume most were meant for hurling. Elephants were mounted, either bareback or with a howdah, with archers or javelineers, and with a mahout around the animal's neck. Chariots by this time were in definite decline, but still managed to stay an arm of the army by sheer virtue of their prestige. Lemonwood, purpleheart and hickory longbow, 45 lbf / 200 N draw force. ... A howdah, or houdah, is an ornate carriage which is positioned on the back of an elephant, or occasionally some other animal, used most often in the past for rich people who travelled in India via elephant. ... A mahout is a person who drives an elephant. ... For the torpedo-shaped underwater vehicle ridden by two frogmen, sometimes referred to as a chariot, see Human torpedo. ...

In 185 BC, the last Mauryan king was assassinated by Pushyamitra Shunga, the Commander-in-Chief of the Mauryan armed forces. Chandragupta Maurya (ruled 322–298 BC), known to the Greeks as Sandracottus, was the first emperor of the Mauryan empire. ... Pusyamitra Sunga (also Pushyamitra Shunga) was the founder of the Indian Sunga dynasty (185-78 BCE). ...

Early Middle Kingdoms (the golden age)

Classical Indian texts on archery in particular, and martial arts in general are known as Dhanurveda. Martial arts have been associated with avatars, such as Balarama, in ancient Hindu mythological texts The Indian subcontinent is home to a variety of martial arts, including Pehlwani, Vajra Mushti, Gatka, and Dravidian martial arts (Kalarippayattu, Marma Adi). ...

Satavahana dynasty

Simuka, the founder of the Satavahana dynasty, conquered Maharashtra, Malwa and part of Madhya Pradesh. His successor and brother Kanha (or Krishna) further extended his kingdom to the west and the south. He was succeeded by Satakarni I, who defeated the Sunga dynasty of North India. Gautamiputra Satakarni defeated the Western Kshatrapas ruler Nahapana. His brother Vashishtiputra Satakarni, was defeated by his Western Kshatrapa father-in-law in a battle. Simuka (230-207 BCE) was an Indian king and the founder of the Satavahana dynasty. ... The SÄtavÄhanas (Marathi:à¤¸à¤¾à¤¤à¤µà¤¾à¤¹à¤¨ Telugu:à°¸à°¾à°¤à°µà°¾à°¹à°¨à±à°²à±), also known as the Andhras, were a dynasty which ruled from Junnar, Pune over Southern and Central India starting from around 230 BCE. Although there is some controversy about when the dynasty came to an end, the most liberal estimates suggest that it lasted... , Maharashtra (Marathi: à¤®à¤¹à¤¾à¤°à¤¾à¤·à¥à¤Ÿà¥à¤° , IPA: , translation: Great Nation) is Indias third largest state in area and second largest in population after Uttar Pradesh. ... Malwa (Malvi:à¤®à¤¾à¤³à¤µà¤¾) is a region in western India occupying a plateau of volcanic origin in the western part of Madhya Pradesh state and the south-eastern part of Rajasthan. ... , Madhya Pradesh (abbreviated as MP) (HindÄ«: à¤®à¤§à¥à¤¯ à¤ªà¥à¤°à¤¦à¥‡à¤¶, English: , IPA: ), often called the Heart of India, is a state in central India. ... Kanha or Kanhapad was one of the poets of Charjapad, the earliest known example of bangla literature. ... The Sunga dynasty ruled the Sunga empire of central and eastern India from 185 BCE to around 73 BCE. The last ruler of the Mauryan dynasty was Brithadratha. ... Gautamiputra Satakarni (also known as Shalivahana) (c. ... Approximate territory of the Western Kshatrapas ( 35- 405 CE). ... Nahapana (119-124 CE) was an important ruler of the Western Kshatrapas, descendant of the Indo-Scythians, in northwestern India. ... Silver coin of king Vashishtiputra SÄtakarni (c. ... Approximate territory of the Western Kshatrapas (35-405 CE). ...

Indian family that, according to some interpretations based on the Puranas belonged to the Andhrajati (“tribe”) and was the first Deccanese dynasty to build an empire in daksinapatha (southern region). The Satavahanas (also called Andhra and Shalivahan) rose to power in Maharashtra around 200 B.C. They remained in power, for about 400 years. Almost the whole of present day Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and South India were under Satavahana rule. Paithan in Maharashtra, formerly called Pratishthan, was the capital of the Satavahanas. The founder of the Satvahanas was Simuka. But the man who raised it to eminence was Satakarni I. Sri Yajna Satakarni was the last great king in this dynasty. After him, the empire began to decline. Gautamiputra Satakarni was the famous king during the Satvahana dynasty. He defeated the Sakas (Scythians), Yavanas (Greeks) and Pahlavas (Parithans). His empire extended upto Banavasi in the south, and included Maharashtra, Konkan, Saurashtra, Malwa, west Rajasthan and Vidharbha. His son, Vasishtiputra, ruled at Paithan on the banks of Godavari. Two other cities, Vaijayanti (in North Kanara) and Amravati (in the Guntur district), attained eminence during the Satvahana period. Kings succeeding Gautamiputra lost many of their territories. But the power of Satvahanas revived under Sri Yajna Satakarni, who was the last great king. After him, the empire began to decline. The Satavahanas inaugurated the Shalivahana Shaka. Satavahanas were very able rulers. Their empire was divided into provinces called Aharas, each under an Amatya (minister). They had a large army. They were lovers of literature and architecture. Prakrit was the court language. Women took part in assemblies. The Karle caves in Maharashtra were built during this period. Some caves of Ajanta were also built during this period. The construction of 29 galleries of Ajantha Caves continued until 650 AD. Vasishthiputra Pulumavi, Vasishthiputra Satakarni, Yadnyashri Satakarni are some other Satavahana rulers who succeeded Gautamiputra Satakarni. However, the glory of the Satavahana power began to recede after Yadnyashri -Satakarni.

Kushan empire

Vima Takto, using the name "Soter Megas" (Great Saviour), conquered Gandhara and northern India in 68 AD. The Kushan warriors were assimilated into Indian society as Kshatriyas. Following Yuezhi's style, most of the Kushan nobles fought from horse back, supported by the heavier parts of the army, cataphracts. The coins of Kujula, Vima Takto, Vima Kadphises and Kanishka show the king usually unarmored, lightly armored than the later Kushan kings. In many coins Kanishka appears to have a bow, but this interpretation is debatable. Some Buddhist texts indicate the use of Indian influences like elephants leading the attacks and the use of chariots. The elephants first appeared on the coins of Vima Kadphises and probably went on to become the mount of the kings. The elephants are depicted with towers and a covering. It is not clear whether these were armor or just padding. Buddhist texts mention that the infantry were used to support these elephants. The historian Nikonorov suggests that the elephants used were provided by the Satraps. However, the main strength of the Kushan army came from its unarmored horses. The use of heavy cavalry increased later. Apart from the original Kushans and Indians, the Greeks, various mountain tribes, Sacas from northern India and Iranian mercenaries were also added to Kushan army. The Kidarites and Sassanids predominantly used cavalry. The Satraps provided them with additional India forces including elephants. Bronze coin of Vima Takto, alias Soter Megas (r. ... GandhÄra (Sanskrit: à¤—à¤¨à¥à¤§à¤¾à¤°, Persian; Gandara, Waihind) (Urdu: Ú¯Ù†Ø¯Ú¾Ø§Ø±Ø§) is the name of an ancient Indian Mahajanapada, currently in northern Pakistan (the North-West Frontier Province and parts of northern Punjab and Kashmir) and eastern Afghanistan. ... Boundary of the Kushan empire, c. ... For the Bollywood film of the same name see Kshatriya Kshatriya (Hindi: , from Sanskrit: , ) is one of the four varnas, or castes, in Hinduism. ... Languages Unknown, although the epigraphy ranges from Greek language to Bactrian, and often considered to have spoken a Tocharian language. ... Binomial name Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 The horse (Equus caballus, sometimes seen as a subspecies of the Wild Horse, Equus ferus caballus) is a large odd-toed ungulate mammal, one of ten modern species of the genus Equus. ... Parthian cataphract fighting a lion. ... Tetradrachm of Kujula Kadphises (30-80 CE) in the style of Hermaeus. ... Bronze coin of Vima Takto, alias Soter Megas (r. ... Coin of Vima Kadphises. ... Kanishka (Kushan language: , Ancient Chinese: è¿¦è…»è‰²ä¼½) was a king of the Kushan Empire in South Asia, ruling an empire extending from Northern India to Central Asia in the 2nd century of the common era, famous for his military, political, and spiritual achievements. ... Kanishka (Kushan language: , Ancient Chinese: è¿¦è…»è‰²ä¼½) was a king of the Kushan Empire in South Asia, ruling an empire extending from Northern India to Central Asia in the 2nd century of the common era, famous for his military, political, and spiritual achievements. ... This article is about the projectile weapon bow. ... A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, SiddhÄrtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by... Genera and Species Loxodonta Loxodonta cyclotis Loxodonta africana Elephas Elephas maximus Elephas antiquus â€ Elephas beyeri â€ Elephas celebensis â€ Elephas cypriotes â€ Elephas ekorensis â€ Elephas falconeri â€ Elephas iolensis â€ Elephas planifrons â€ Elephas platycephalus â€ Elephas recki â€ Stegodon â€ Mammuthus â€ Elephantidae (the elephants) is a family of pachyderm, and the only remaining family in the order Proboscidea... For the torpedo-shaped underwater vehicle ridden by two frogmen, sometimes referred to as a chariot, see Human torpedo. ... Coin of Vima Kadphises. ... Satrap (Greek σατράπης satrápēs, from Old Persian xšaθrapā(van), i. ... Å aca [pronunciation: shatsa] is a city part of KoÅ¡ice, Slovakia. ... Coin of Kidara (reigned circa 360-380 CE), founder of the Kidarite Kingdom Obv: King Kidara standing. ... Sassanid Empire at its greatest extent The Sassanid dynasty (also Sassanian) was the name given to the kings of Persia during the era of the second Persian Empire, from 224 until 651, when the last Sassanid shah, Yazdegerd III, lost a 14-year struggle to drive out the Umayyad Caliphate... Satrap (Greek σατράπης satrápēs, from Old Persian xšaθrapā(van), i. ...

Gupta dynasty

See also: Military organisation of the Gupta Empire The Gupta Empire under Chandragupta II (ruled 375-415) The Gupta Empire was one of the largest political and military empires in the world. ...

Siva-Dhanur-veda, considered a contemporary military classic gives information about the military system of the Guptas. They utilized war elephants, supplemented by additional armor. The use of horses, if any, was very limited. The use of chariots had heavily declined by the time of the Guptas, as they had not proved very useful against the Ancient Macedonians, Scythians, and other invaders. Guptas utilised heavy cavalry clad in mail armor and equipped with maces and lances, who would have used shock action to break the enemy line. They also heavily relied on infantry archers, and the bow was one of the dominant weapons of their army. Their longbow was composed of metal, or more typically bamboo, and fired a long bamboo cane arrow with a metal head. Iron shafts were used against armored elephants, and fire arrows were also part of the bowmen's arsenal. Archers were frequently protected by infantry equipped with shields, javelins, and longswords. Guptas also maintained a navy, allowing them to control regional waters. Genera and Species Loxodonta Loxodonta cyclotis Loxodonta africana Elephas Elephas maximus Elephas antiquus â€ Elephas beyeri â€ Elephas celebensis â€ Elephas cypriotes â€ Elephas ekorensis â€ Elephas falconeri â€ Elephas iolensis â€ Elephas planifrons â€ Elephas platycephalus â€ Elephas recki â€ Stegodon â€ Mammuthus â€ Elephantidae (the elephants) is a family of pachyderm, and the only remaining family in the order Proboscidea... For other uses, see Chariot (disambiguation). ... For the full range of meanings of Macedonia, see Macedonia (terminology). ... Scythia was an area in Eurasia inhabited in ancient times by an Indo-Aryans known as the Scythians. ... Not to be confused with Golgotha, which was called Calvary. ... A development of the club, a mace consists of a strong, heavy wooden, metal-reinforced, or metal shaft, with a head made of stone, copper, bronze, iron or steel. ... Infantry of the Royal Irish Rifles during the Battle of the Somme in World War I Infantry or footmen are very highly disciplined and trained soldiers who fight primarily with small arms(rifles), but are trained to use everything from their bare hands to missle systems in order to neutralize... For other uses, see Bamboo (disambiguation). ... This article is about the defensive device. ... Reconstruction of a post-Marian pilum A Roman coin showing Antoninianus of Carinus holding pilum and globe. ... The multinational Combined Task Force One Five Zero (CTF-150) The British Grand Fleet, the supreme naval force of World War I A rare occurrence of a 5-country multinational fleet, during Operation Enduring Freedom in the Oman Sea. ...

Samudragupta seized the kingdoms of Shichchhatra and Padmavati early in his reign. Later, he took the Kingdom of Kota and attacked the tribes in Malvas, the Yaudheyas, the Arjunayanas, the Maduras and the Abhiras. By his death in 380, he had conquered over twenty kingdoms. Chandragupta II defeated the Saka Western Kshatrapas of Malwa, Gujarat and Saurashtra in a campaign lasting till 409. He had defeated his main opponent Rudrasimha III by 395. He also crushed the Bengal (Vanga) chiefdoms. Skandagupta defeated Pushyamitra. He repulsed the attack of Hephthalites or "White Huns", c. 455, but the expense of the wars drained the empire's resources and contributed to its decline. Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... The Western Satraps, or Western Kshatrapas (35-405) were Saka rulers of the western and central part of India (Saurashtra and Malwa: modern Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh states). ... Rudrasimha III was the last ruler of the Western Satraps in India, in the 4th century CE. A fragment from the Natya-darpana mentions the Gupta king Ramagupta, the elder brother of Chandragupta II, decided to expand his kingdom by attacking the Western Satraps in Gujarat. ... Coin of Samudragupta, with Garuda pillar. ... The goddess Padmavati is a popular Jain goddess. ... Kota can refer to: The Indonesian word for city. ... Malwa (Malvi:à¤®à¤¾à¤³à¤µà¤¾) is a region in western India occupying a plateau of volcanic origin in the western part of Madhya Pradesh state and the south-eastern part of Rajasthan. ... Coin of the Yaudheyas. ... The Arjunayanas, also Arjunakas and Prarjunas were a tribe of northern India around the area of Mathura. ... Madura is an Indonesian island off the northeastern coast of Java, near the port of Surabaya. ... Ahir (a corruption of the word Abhir, fearless) is a subgroup of the Yadav caste of India. ... Coins of Chandragupta II. The period of prominence of the Gupta dynasty is very often referred to as the Golden Age of India. ... A cataphract-style parade armour of a Saka royal from the Issyk kurgan. ... Approximate territory of the Western Kshatrapas (35-405 CE). ... Malwa (Malvi:à¤®à¤¾à¤³à¤µà¤¾) is a region in western India occupying a plateau of volcanic origin in the western part of Madhya Pradesh state and the south-eastern part of Rajasthan. ... This article is for the Indian state. ... Saurashtra in between Gulf of Kutch and Gulf of Khambat. ... Rudrasimha III was the last ruler of the Western Satraps in India, in the 4th century CE. A fragment from the Natya-darpana mentions the Gupta king Ramagupta, the elder brother of Chandragupta II, decided to expand his kingdom by attacking the Western Satraps in Gujarat. ... For other uses, see Bengal (disambiguation). ... Genera Calicalicus Schetba Vanga Falculea Artamella Leptopterus Cyanolanius Oriolia Euryceros Tylas Hypositta Xenopirostris The vangas are a group of little-known small to medium sized passerine birds restricted to Madagascar. ... Skandagupta was a ruler of northern India under the Gupta dynasty. ... Pusyamitra Sunga (also Pushyamitra Shunga) was the founder of the Indian Sunga dynasty (185-78 BCE). ... The Hephthalites, also known as White Huns, were a nomadic people who lived across northern China, Central Asia, and northern India in the fourth through sixth centuries. ... The Hephthalites, also known as White Huns, were a nomadic people who lived across northern China, Central Asia, and northern India in the fourth through sixth centuries. ...

Late Middle Kingdoms (the classical age)

Harsha's empire

Emperor Harshavardhana (606-648) ruled northern India for over forty years. His father, a king of Thanesar had gained prominence by successful wars against the Huns. Harsha had plans to conquer the whole of India, and carried on wars for thirty years with considerable success. By 612 he had built up a vast army with which he conquered nearly all North India up to the Narmada river. But, in 620 Harsha lost to Pulakesin II, when he attempted to invade Deccan. Harsha or Harshavardhana (606-648) was an Indian emperor who ruled northern India as paramount monarch for over forty years. ... Events Shashanka is the first recorded independent king of Bengal (approximate date). ... Events Pope Theodore I excommunicates patriarch Paul II of Constantinople Births Emperor Kobun of Japan Categories: 648 ... Thanesar is an old and historic town on the banks of the Ghaggar river in North India, located approximately 160 km northwest of Delhi. ... For other uses, see Hun (disambiguation). ... Dark green region marks the approximate extent of northern India while the regions marked as light green lies within the sphere of north Indian influence. ... The Narmada River in central India The Narmada (Gujarati: àª¨àª°à«àª®àª¦àª¾ Devanagri: à¤¨à¤°à¥à¤®à¤¦à¤¾ or Nerbudda (Narbada) is a river in central India in Indian subcontinent. ... Events Medina is converted to Islam. ... Pulakesi II (c. ... The Deccan Plateau is a vast plateau in India, encompassing most of Central and Southern India. ...

The Chalukyas and Pallavas

In South India, the Chalukyas and the Pallavas gained prominence. Chalukya king Pulakesi II's expansionism started with minor campaign against the Alupas, Gangas and others. He defeated the Pallava king Mahendravarman, and also conquered the Cheras and the Pandyas. His most successful military campaign was his defeat of Harshavardhana (c. 615). However, the war depleted the treasury, so Pulakesi II had to stop his expansionist campaigns. The geographical south of India includes all Indian territory below the 20th parallel. ... The Chalukya dynasty (Kannada: à²šà²¾à²²à³à²•à³à²¯à²°à³) was a powerful Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th century C.E. They began to assert their independence at the decline of the Satavahana empire and rapidly rose to prominence during the reign of... PULAKESI II (C.610-642 A.D.): Pulakesi II ascended the throne in C.610 A. D., and he has been rightly regarded as the ablest monarch in the Chalukyan line. ... The Alupas kings (Kannada: à²†à²²à³‚à²ªà²°à³)(450 - 1400 C.E.) were a minor dynasty who ruled parts of coastal Karnataka. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... The Pallava kingdom (Tamil: à®ªà®²à¯à®²à®µà®°à¯) was an ancient South Indian kingdom. ... Bhavavarman I (Citrasena) was a king of the Cambodian kingdom of Kamboja, which would later become the Khmer empire. ... The Chera dynasty (Tamil: à®šà¯‡à®°à®°à¯) was one of the ancient Tamil dynasties that ruled southern India from ancient times until around the fifteenth century CE. The Early Cheras ruled over the Malabar Coast, Coimbatore, Karur and Salem Districts in South India, which now forms part of the modern day Kerala and... The Pandyan kingdom was an ancient state at the tip of South India, founded around the 6th century BCE. It was part of the Dravidian cultural area, which also comprised other kingdoms such as that of the Pallava, the Chera, the Chola, the Chalukya and the Vijayanagara. ... Harsha or Harshavardhana (606-648) was an Indian emperor who ruled northern India as paramount monarch for over forty years. ...

The Pallava king Narasimhavarman had vowed to avenge Mahendravarman's defeat against Pulakesi II. He invaded Vatapi with an army headed by his general Paranjothi. He successfully defeated Chalukyas, killing Pulakesi II in 642. The clashes between the Chalukyas and the Pallavas continued. The Chalukya king Vikramaditya II won a comprehensive victory against the Pallavas in 740. The Chalukya Empire was overthrown in 750 by the Rashtrakutas. During the 970s, Tailapa II, a scion the Chalukya dynasty, overthrew the Rashtrakutas and recovered most of the Chalukya empire, except for Gujarat. The Chalukyas of this period are known as the Kalyani Chalukyas, as Kalyani was their capital. The Kalyani Chalukyas clashed with the Cholas intermittently. Someshvara I, also known as Ahavamalla, defeated the Chola king Rajadhiraja Chola in 1052. This article belongs in one or more categories. ... The town of Vatapi, better-known today as Badami, is located at the foot of a rugged, red sandstone outcrop that surrounds Agastyatirth water reservoir - an artificial lake - on three sides. ... Vikaramaditya II was a son of Vijayaditya. ... Jain cave in Ellora The Rastrakutas (Sanskrit/Maharashtri Prakrit [1]/Marathi[2][3]:à¤°à¤¾à¤·à¥à¤Ÿà¥à¤°à¤•à¥‚à¤Ÿ, Kannada: à²°à²¾à²·à³à²Ÿà³à²°à²•à³‚à²Ÿ) were a dynasty which ruled the southern and the central parts or the Deccan, India during the 8th - 10th century. ... Tailapa II (973 â€“ 997 CE) (Nurmadi Taliapa) re-established the Chalukya dynasty after a period of 220 years during which they had been in eclipse. ... This article is for the Indian state. ... Kalyani may refer to: Kalyani (rÄga), a rÄga in the Carnatic music of South India Kalyani (well), a type of ancient Hindu bathing well Kalyani, West Bengal, a town in the Nadia District of West Bengal Basavakalyan, a town formerly called Kalyani, in Karnataka state of India Western... The Cholas were the most famous of the three dynasties that ruled ancient Tamil Nadu. ... Rajadhiraja Chola I (1018-1054) was the king of the Cholas empire in southern India and the eldest son of king Rajendra Chola I. Although not supreme king untill his fathers death in 1044 he was associated in kingship since 1018 He maintained Cholas authority over most of Lanka, despite... Events Births Milarepa Deaths Heads of state Holy See - Leo IX pope (1049-1054) Categories: 1052 ...

The Chola empire

The Cholas were the first rulers in the Indian subcontinent to maintain a fleet and use it to expand their dominion overseas. The Chola king Vijayalaya defeated the Pallavas and captured Thanjavur. In the early 10th century the Chola king Parantaka I defeated the Pandyan king Rajasimha and also invaded Ceylon (Sri Lanka). His son, Rajaditya, was defeated and killed by the Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna III (c.949). It is known through inscriptions that at least from Uttama Chola's time, Chola warriors were provided with waist coats of armor. Hence, one regiment was called Niyayam-Uttama-Chola-tterinda-andalakattalar. Paluvettaraiyar Maravan Kandanar is noted as an important general during Uttama Chola reign. He also served under Sundara Chola. The Cholas were the most famous of the three dynasties that ruled ancient Tamil Nadu. ... Vijayalaya was the Chola king of South India who captured Thanjavur during c. ... The Pallava kingdom (Tamil: à®ªà®²à¯à®²à®µà®°à¯) was an ancient South Indian kingdom. ... , Tanjore redirects here. ... Parantaka Chola I (907 c. ... The Pandyan kingdom was an ancient state at the tip of South India, founded around the 6th century BCE. It was part of the Dravidian cultural area, which also comprised other kingdoms such as that of the Pallava, the Chera, the Chola, the Chalukya and the Vijayanagara. ... Jain cave in Ellora The Rastrakutas (Sanskrit/Maharashtri Prakrit [1]/Marathi[2][3]:à¤°à¤¾à¤·à¥à¤Ÿà¥à¤°à¤•à¥‚à¤Ÿ, Kannada: à²°à²¾à²·à³à²Ÿà³à²°à²•à³‚à²Ÿ) were a dynasty which ruled the southern and the central parts or the Deccan, India during the 8th - 10th century. ... Krishna III or Kannara(939 - 967) C.E. was an last great warrior and able monarch of the Rashtrakuta dynasty. ... Uttama Chola ascended the Chola throne c. ...

Rajaraja Chola began his military career with the conquest of the Cheras. He defeated the Chera King Bhaskara Ravivarman, destroying his fleet at the port of Kandalur. He also seized Pandya Amara Bhujanga and captured the port of Vilinam, Kerala and a part of Ceylon. In the 14th year of his reign (998-999) he conquered Gangas of Mysore, Nolambas (Bellary and Eastern Mysore), Tadigaipadi (the district of Mysore), Vengi (southern part of Northern Circars), Coorg (Kudamalainadu) and the Pandyas. Next, he conquered the Chalukyas of the Deccan. During the next three years, he subdued Quilon and the northern kingdom of Kalinga with the help of his son Rajendra Chola I. Rajaraja Chola the first is considered the greatest of all Chola kings. ... The Cheras were one of the three ancient Tamil dynasties who ruled the southern tip of the peninsula of India for most of its early history. ... Vizhinjam Port site Vizhinjam (IPA: [Ê‹iÉ»iÉ²Ëam]) is a small coastal Town in Thiruvananthapuram District of Kerala state, South India. ... , Kerala ( ; Malayalam: à´•àµ‡à´°à´³à´‚; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of southwestern India. ... Events Benedictine abbey founded at Sherborne Births Deaths Abul-Wafa, iranian mathematician Categories: 998 ... Events Silesia is incorporated into territory ruled by Boleslaus I of Poland Pope Silvester II succeeds Pope Gregory V Sigmundur Brestisson introduces christianity in the Faroe Islands Deaths December 16 - Saint Adelaide of Italy (b. ... , Bellary (Kannada: pronunciation: in Kannada and in English) is a city in Bellary District in Karnataka state, India. ... , For other uses, see Mysore (disambiguation). ... // Vengi dynasties Vengi kingdom extended from River Godavari in the north to Mount MahendraGiri in the southeast and to just below the southern banks of River Krishna in the south. ... Circar is an Indian term applied to the component parts of a subah or province, each of which is administered by a deputy governor. ... now. ... The Pandyan kingdom was an ancient state at the tip of South India, founded around the 6th century BCE. It was part of the Dravidian cultural area, which also comprised other kingdoms such as that of the Pallava, the Chera, the Chola, the Chalukya and the Vijayanagara. ... The Chalukya Dynasty was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled parts of southern India between 550 and 750, and again between 973 and 1190. ... The Deccan Plateau is a vast plateau in India, encompassing most of Central and Southern India. ... Kollam, formerly known as Quilon, is a city in Kerala which is also the headquarters of a district by the same name. ... Kalinga in 265 B.C. Kalinga was an ancient Indo-Aryan kingdom of central-eastern India, in the province of Orissa. ... Rajendra Chola I was the son of Rajaraja Chola I, the great Chola king of South India. ...

Rajendra Chola later completed the conquest of Sri Lanka, crossed the Ganges and marched across Kalinga to Bengal, and sent out a great naval expedition that occupied parts of Burma (Myanmar), Java, Malaya, and Sumatra in South East Asia. Cholas were later defeated by the Hoysalas from the west and Pandyas from the south. Rajendra Chola I was the son of Rajaraja Chola I, the great Chola king of South India. ... â€œGangaâ€ redirects here. ... Kalinga in 265 B.C. Kalinga was an ancient Indo-Aryan kingdom of central-eastern India, in the province of Orissa. ... For other uses, see Bengal (disambiguation). ... Map of Peninsular Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia (Malay: Semenanjung Malaysia) is the part of Malaysia which lies on the Malay Peninsula, and shares a land border with Thailand in the north. ... Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470,000 kmÂ²) and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two larger islands, Borneo and New Guinea, are partially in Indonesia). ... The Hoysala Empire ruled part of southern India from 1000 to 1346. ... The Pandyan kingdom was an ancient state at the tip of South India, founded around the 6th century BCE. It was part of the Dravidian cultural area, which also comprised other kingdoms such as that of the Pallava, the Chera, the Chola, the Chalukya and the Vijayanagara. ...

The Pratiharas, Palas and Rashtrakutas

In middle of 9th century, the Palas under Devapala attacked Pratiharas. Led by Bhoj, the Pratiharas and their allies defeated Pala king Narayanpala. The Pratiharas' cavalry was described as the finest in 851 by an Arab. There were many battles between Pratiharas under Bhoj and Rashtrakutas under Krishna II with mixed results. When Rashtrakuta king Indra III attacked Kanauj, Mahipala (Bhoj's successor) fled but returned after the left. During the rule of Mahipala, in 915, Al Mas'udi from Baghdad wrote that the Pratiharas were at war with the Muslims in the west and the Rashtrakutas in the south. He wrote that Pratiharas had four armies of about 800,000 men each. This article is about a village in Estonia. ... Devapala (rule: 810 AD - 850 AD) was a powerful king of Pala dynasty of Bengal. ... The Pratiharas (Hindi à¤ªà¤°à¤¤à¤¿à¤¹à¤¾à¤° pratihÄra, also known as Parihars) ruled a large kingdom in northern India from the 6th to the 11th centuries. ... Bhoj was a great philosopher king and polymath of medieval India. ... Not to be confused with Golgotha, which was called Calvary. ... For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ... Jain cave in Ellora The Rastrakutas (Sanskrit/Maharashtri Prakrit [1]/Marathi[2][3]:à¤°à¤¾à¤·à¥à¤Ÿà¥à¤°à¤•à¥‚à¤Ÿ, Kannada: à²°à²¾à²·à³à²Ÿà³à²°à²•à³‚à²Ÿ) were a dynasty which ruled the southern and the central parts or the Deccan, India during the 8th - 10th century. ... Krishna II (878 - 914)C.E. rule was one of mixed fortunes. ... Indra III (914 - 929)C.E. was the grandson of Rashtrakuta Krishna II and son of Chedi princess Lakshmi. ... Kanauj, or Kannauj, is an ancient city of Uttar Pradesh state of India (1991 pop. ... Mahipala I (c. ... Baghdad (Arabic: ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ...

The Rajputs

After Babur's victory over Ibrahim Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat, the Mewar ruler Rana Sanga led a combined Rajput army of 20000, with an intent to defeat Babur and capture Delhi. The Mughals had superior artillery, which prevailed against the Rajput cavalry. A Tomar general betrayed Rana Sanga, resulting in his defeat by Babur at the Battle of Khanua (March 16, 1527). During the reign of Rana Udai Singh II (son of Rana Sanga), Babur's Grandson Akbar conquerod Chittor, the capital of Mewar. ZÄhir ud-DÄ«n Mohammad, commonly known as BÄbur (February 14, 1483 â€“ December 26, 1530) (Chaghatay/Persian: ; also spelled ), was a Muslim Emperor from Central Asia who founded the Mughal dynasty of India. ... Ibrahim Lodi (died April 21, 1526) was the last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. ... The first battle of Panipat took place in northern India, and marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire. ... Mewar is a region of south-central Rajasthan state in western India. ... This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... ZÄhir ud-DÄ«n Mohammad, commonly known as BÄbur (February 14, 1483 â€“ December 26, 1530) (Chaghatay/Persian: ; also spelled ), was a Muslim Emperor from Central Asia who founded the Mughal dynasty of India. ... For other uses, see Delhi (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Artillery (disambiguation). ... Not to be confused with Golgotha, which was called Calvary. ... District or region SantarÃ©m Mayor - Party AntÃ³nio Paiva PSD Area 351. ... Khanwa (Khanua), Battle of (March 17, 1527), a finally disastrous conflict for Mewar, which led to the death of one the kingdoms greatest heroes, Maharana SANGRAM SINGH I, popularly known as Rana Sanga. ... is the 75th day of the year (76th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... January 5 - Felix Manz, co-founder of the Swiss Anabaptists, was drowned in the Limmat in ZÃ¼rich by the ZÃ¼rich Reformed state church. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Chittorgarh (also Chittor, Chittaur, or Chittaurgarh) is an ancient city in Rajasthan state of western India. ... Mewar is a region of south-central Rajasthan state in western India. ...

The Battle of Haldighati (June 21, 1576) between Rana Pratap Singh (Rana Udai Singh II's son) and Akbar is one of the most famous battles in the Indian history. The Mughal army of 80,000 was headed by a Rajput, Raja Man Singh and Akbar's son Salim (aka Jahangir). The Rajput army's strength was 20,000. The extremely fierce battle lasted for about four hours. Haldighati is a mountain pass in the Aravalli Range of Rajasthan in western India. ... is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events May 5 - Peace of Beaulieu or Peace of Monsieur (after Monsieur, the Duc dAnjou, brother of the King, who negotiated it). ... Maharana Pratap (1540-1597) was the ruler of Mewar, a state in north-western India. ... Raja Man Singh was the Kacchwaha rajput raja of Amber, Near Jaipur. ... n ...

After most of his soldiers were either killed or captured, Rana Pratap escaped. His legendary horse Chetak was killed in the battle. Rana Pratap was saved by his estranged brother Sakta Singh. Later, Rana Pratap organized a small army of Bhil tribals funded by a businessman called Bhamashah and started a guerrilla war against Akbar. He conquered large parts of Mewar, but was unsuccessful in conquering the capital Chittor. Chetak is the name of all of the following: Chetak (horse) The horse of Rana Pratap, famous in Indian folk-legend. ... Bhils are a tribal people of central India. ... â€œGuerrillaâ€ redirects here. ...

The Sultanate era

Delhi Sultanate

The Delhi Sultanate, under the Khilji dynasty, was successful in defeating a number of invasions from the Mongol Empire. Zafar Khan, the general of Alauddin Khilji, was successful against several such invasions. Zafar Khan defeated invading Mongols near Jalandhar in 1297 to secure Alauddin Khilji's throne. Later in 1299, a Mongol army of 200,000 soldiers entered India with the intention of conquest. Zafar Khan showed desperate valor in battle and defeated them, though he did not survive. The Delhi Sultanate (Ø¯Ù„ÛŒ Ø³Ù„Ø·Ù†Øª), or Sulthanath-e-Hind (Ø³Ù„Ø·Ù†ØªÙ ÛÙ†Ø¯) / Sulthanath-e-Dilli (Ø³Ù„Ø·Ù†ØªÙ Ø¯Ù„ÛŒ) refers to the various Muslim dynasties that ruled in India from 1210 to 1526. ... The Khilji or Khalji were a dynasty of Indian rulers. ... Expansion of the Mongol Empire Historical map of the Mongol Empire The Mongol Empire, also known as the Mongolian Empire (Mongolian: , Mongolyn Ezent GÃ¼ren; 1206â€“1405) was the largest contiguous empire in history and for sometime was the most feared in Eurasia. ... Zafar Khan was the pashtun Muslim Indian general of Alauddin Khilji of the pashtun Khilji dynasty, ruler of the Delhi Sultanate in northern India. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about the city in India. ... Events 8 January - Monaco gains independence. ... Events Osman I declares the independence of the Ottoman Principality The County of Holland is annexed by the County of Hainaut April 1, 1299 Kings Towne on the River Hull granted city status by Royal Charter of King Edward I of England. ...

Samoothiris of Kozhikode

More famously known as the Zamorin, this small Kingdom welcomed the Portuguese in 1498 as traders and then with the assistance of its naval chief, Kunjali Marakkar, fought several naval wars with them in the 16th century. Zamorin is the anglicised version of Samoothirippadu or Samoothiri or Swamy Thirumulpad, a title of the rulers of the erstwhile Hindu state of Kozhikode (previously known as Calicut)(Nediyirippu Swarupam), located in the present day state of Kerala, India, between the 14th and 18th century AD. Manavikraman Raja, the Samoothiri... 1498 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Mohammed Kunjali Marakkar was the Muslim naval chief of the Samoothiri Raja Manavikraman (Samoothiri was anglicized as Zamorin) a title of the Hindu kings of Kozhikode (anglicized Calicut, also known as kozhikode), in present day state of Kerala, India during the 16th century. ...

Muzzafarid dynasty

Sultan Muzaffar Shah I, the Governor of Gujarat established the Muzzafarid dynasty in 1391. It expanded rapidly and peaked under Sultan Mahmud I who lost the famous Battle of Diu to the Portuguese in 1509. For other uses, see Governor (disambiguation). ... This article is for the Indian state. ... July 18 - Battle of the Kondurcha River - Timur defeats Tokhtamysh in the Volga. ... Mahmud Begada (May 25, 1458 â€“ 1511) also known as Sultan Mahmud I was the great-grandson of Ahmed Shah, the founder of the Muslim Ahmadshahi Kingdom, and of the City of Ahmedabad in the state of Gujarat, India. ... The naval Battle of Diu was a critical sea battle that took place on 2-3 February 1509 near the port town of Diu, India , between Portugal and a joint fleet of MamlÃ»k Burji Sultanate of Egypt, Ottoman Empire, the Zamorin of Calicut and the Sultan of Gujarat, with... 1509 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Vijayanagar empire

In 1509, the Bahamani Sultan declared a jehad against Vijaynagar. His large coalition army was defeated by Krishnadevaraya, who also wounded the Sultan. In 1510, Krishnadevaraya launched a counteroffensive against the Sultan at Kovelaconda. In this battle, Yusuf Adil Shahi of Bijapur was killed. In 1512, Krishnadevaraya captured Raichur and Gulbarga after defeating Barid-i-Mamalik, the titular head of the Bahmani Sultanate, who escaped to Bidar. Later, Bidar also fell to Krishnadevaraya. However, he diplomatically restored the Bahmani Sultan to his throne, with an intention to create discord and suspicion in the Bahmani coalition. 1509 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Bahmani Sultanate was a Muslim state of the Deccan in southern India. ... For other uses, see Sultan (disambiguation). ... Jihad (ǧihād جهاد) is an Arabic word which comes from the Arabic root word jahada; which means exerting utmost effort or to strive. ... Krishnadevaraya Recently excavated Vishnu temple, Hampi Krishnadevaraya (Kannada: à²¶à³à²°à³€ à²•à³ƒà²·à³à²£à²¦à³‡à²µà²°à²¾à²¯, Telugu:à°¶à±à°°à±€à°•à±ƒà°·à±à°£à°¦à±‡à°µà°°à°¾à°¯;) (1509-1529 CE) was the most famous king of Vijayanagara empire. ... Year 1510 (MDX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... Bijapur is a district in the Indian state of Karnataka. ... Year 1512 (MDXII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... , Raichur is a town and a city municipal council in Raichur district in the Indian state of Karnataka. ... Gulbarga is a town in the Indian state of Karnataka. ... The Bahmani Sultanate was a Muslim state of the Deccan in southern India. ... , Bidar (Kannada à²¬à³€à²¦à²°à³)is a city and taluka in Karnataka state, India. ...

In a battle from 1512 to 1514, Krishnadevaraya subjugated the Palaigar of Ummattur, who had rebelled against his brother. While this campaign was halfway, the Gajapati of Orissa attacked Vijayanagar and occupied two northeast provinces, Udayagiri and Kondavidu. In January 1513, Krishnadevaraya launched a campaign recover to Udaygiri. The campaign lasted till 1518, resulting in defeat of Gajapati. On January 26, 1565 the Islamic kingdoms of Ahmednagar, Berar, Bidar, Bijapur and Golconda came together to defeat the Vijayanagar decisively in the Battle of Talikota. Year 1512 (MDXII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... 1514 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Gajapati is a district of Orissa, India. ... , Orissa (Oriya: à¬“à¬¡à¬¼à¬¿à¬¶à¬¾), is a state situated on the east coast of India. ... Udaigiri (also Udayagiri) is a the site of a now-ruined complex of Buddhist buildings 60km north-east of Cuttack in Orissa state in India. ... 1513 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Events A plague of tropical fire ants devastates crops on Hispaniola. ... is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events March 1 - the city of Rio de Janeiro is founded. ... For other uses, see Ahmednagar (disambiguation). ... Berar is a former province of British India, located in central India. ... , Bidar (Kannada à²¬à³€à²¦à²°à³)is a city and taluka in Karnataka state, India. ... Bijapur is a district in the Indian state of Karnataka. ... Golconda is a ruined city and fortress 11 km west of the city of Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh state, India. ... Battle of Talikota or Tellikota (January 26, 1565) fought between the Vijayanagara Empire and the Deccan sultanates resulted in a rout for Vijayanagara and ended the last great Hindu kingdom in South India. ...

After the battle the remaining Vijaynagar fled with large treasury to re-establish their head quarters at Vellore Fort(in Tamil Nadu and Chandragiri (Present day Andhra Pradesh) near Tirupathi.It would be here where the British sought land grant to establish the English East India CompanyFort St. George in Madras. Vellore Fort This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ... For other places with the same name, see Chandragiri (disambiguation). ... â€œAndhraâ€ redirects here. ... Tirupathi is one of the most famous temple towns in India. ... The British East India Company, popularly known as John Company, was founded by a Royal Charter of Queen Elizabeth I on December 31, 1600. ... Madras refers to: the Indian city of Chennai, formerly known as Madras, the former Indian state, now known as Tamil Nadu (Plural of Madra): Ancient people of Iranian affinites, who lived in northwest Panjab in the Uttarapatha division of ancient India. ...

Later its southern Telugu governors established their independence and emerging as Gingee Nayaks in Gingee Fort,Tanjore Nayaks and the famous Nayaks of Madurai all in present day Tamil Nadu. Gingee Fort also known as Chinji or Jinji in Tamil Nadu, India is one of the few surving forts in Tamil Nadu - which is much more popular for its temples than forts. ... TANJORE NAYAK KINGS Tanjore Nayak kings started as viceroys of Vijaynagar dynasty lasted 1535 to 1675,a span of 140 years by only 4 kings each having a lengthy reign. ... The Madurai Nayaks were rulers of Madurai state during the years 1559-1736. ... Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ...

The effects of the Mongol wars

Indians made steel weapons that were popular in the ancient world because of their quality and durability. These weapons were forged from wootz steel, which may have existed in India as early as 200 BCE.they were grt warriors For other uses, see Steel (disambiguation). ... Wootz is a steel characterized by a pattern of bands or sheets of micro carbides within a tempered martensite or pearlite matrix. ... (Redirected from 200 BCE) Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC - 200s BC - 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC 150s BC Years: 205 BC 204 BC 203 BC 202 BC 201 BC - 200 BC...

The Mughal era

It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Mughal Empire. ...

Mughal Empire

Flag Capital Delhi / Agra Language(s) Persian (initially also Chagatai, Turkish; later also Urdu) Government Monarchy Emperor - 1526-1530 Babur - 1530â€“1539 and after restoration 1555â€“1556 Humayun - 1556â€“1605 Akbar - 1605â€“1627 Jahangir - 1628â€“1658 Shah Jahan - 1659â€“1707 Aurangzeb History - Established April 21, 1526 - Ended September 21, 1857... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ...

The Maratha empire

The Maratha Empire, also called the Maratha Confederacy, of India was founded by Chatrapati Shivaji in 1674, when he carved an independent Maratha zone around Pune, from the Bijapur Sultanate. Chatrapati Shivaji established an effective civil and military administration. He made it a state policy never to desecrate a mosque or seize women after military raids. He had many loyal Muslim admirers, who served in his army. He was also only the second king in Indian history to have his own active navy. After a lifetime of exploits and guerrilla warfare with the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, Maharaja Shivaji died in 1680, leaving a Maratha kingdom of great but ill-defined extent. This was followed by a period of unstability which ended with the death of Aurangzeb. Flag of the Maratha Empire Extent of the Maratha Empire ca. ... This article needs cleanup. ... Events February 19 - England and the Netherlands sign the Treaty of Westminster. ... , Pune (IPA: , Marathi: à¤ªà¥à¤£à¥‡) is a city located in the western Indian state of Maharashtra. ... Bijapur is a district in the Indian state of Karnataka. ... This article needs cleanup. ... â€œGuerrillaâ€ redirects here. ... Aurangzeb (Persian: (full title Al-Sultan al-Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Abdul Muzaffar Muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahadur Alamgir I, Padshah Ghazi) (November 3, 1618 â€“ March 3, 1707), also known by his chosen Imperial title Alamgir I (Conqueror of the Universe) (Persian: ), was the ruler of the Mughal Empire from... Events First Portuguese governor was appointed to Macau The Swedish city Karlskrona was founded as the Royal Swedish Navy relocated there. ... Aurangzeb (Persian: (full title Al-Sultan al-Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Abdul Muzaffar Muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahadur Alamgir I, Padshah Ghazi) (November 3, 1618 â€“ March 3, 1707), also known by his chosen Imperial title Alamgir I (Conqueror of the Universe) (Persian: ), was the ruler of the Mughal Empire from...

Kanhoji Angre was the first Maratha naval chief under Chattrapati Shahu, Shivaji's grandson. He harassed Dutch, English and Portuguese commercial ships on the Western coast of India in the early 18th century. He remained undefeated until his death in 1729. Kanhoji Angre or Conajee Angria or Sarkhel Angre (? â€“ 1729) was the first notable chief of the Maratha Navy in 18th century India. ... Shrimant Shahu Shivaji Raje Bhonsle Chhatrapati Maharaj (1682-1749) was the fourth ruler of the Maratha Empire created by his grandfather, Chhatrapati Shivaji, and was officially the Raja of Satara (now in state of Maharashtra, India). ... The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ... Events July 30 - Baltimore, Maryland is founded. ...

Although the descendants of Shivaji continued to rule, the office of the Peshwa, or the Prime Minister, had become the dispensers of Maratha power and patronage. The Peshwas were the effective rulers of the Maratha state and oversaw the period of greatest Maratha expansion, brought to an end by the Maratha's defeat by an Afghan army at the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761. The Marathas recovered their position as the dominant power in India by 1772 until the last Peshwa, Baji Rao II, was defeated by the British in the Third Anglo-Maratha War. The Maratha Empire at its peak in 1760 The Peshwa(Marathi:à¤ªà¥‡à¤¶à¤µà¥‡ or à¤ªà¥‡à¤¶à¤µà¤¾) (also known in Marathi as Peshwe) were Brahmin Prime Ministers to the Maratha Chattrapatis (Kings), who began commanding Maratha armies and later became the hereditary rulers of the Maratha empire of central India from 1749 to 1818. ... A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... 1761 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Baji Rao II was the last Peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy. ... The Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817 - 1818) was a final and decisive conflict between Britain and the Maratha empire in India, which left Britain in control of most of India. ...

Major wars: See: List of Anglo-Maratha Wars The Anglo-Maratha Wars were a series of eighteenth-century wars fought in India between the Maratha Empire and the British East India Company. ...

The First Anglo-Maratha War was the first of three Anglo-Maratha wars fought between the Great Britain and Maratha Empire in India. ... The Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803 - 1805) was a second conflict between Britain and the Maratha empire in India. ... The Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817 - 1818) was a final and decisive conflict between Britain and the Maratha empire in India, which left Britain in control of most of India. ... The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798â€“1799) was a war in South India between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company under Lord Wellesley. ...

State of Travancore

Raja Marthanda Varma built this Kingdom after inheriting a small state of Venad in 1723. It became one of the most powerful Kingdoms in Southern India until it merged with India in 1956. Raja Varma also led the Battle of Colachel in 1741 which marks the first Asian victory over an European naval power with his army called the Nair Brigade. The principal military caste was the Nairs. Travancore is also the only kingdom which defeated Tipu Sultan in battle without any foreign aid. They joined the British against Tipu in the Third Battle of Carnatic. For other uses, see Raja (disambiguation). ... Marthanda Varma (1706 - 1758) was the son of the Rani of Attingal. ... Venad was one of the thirteen kingdoms of the ancient Cheran empire. ... Events February 16 - Louis XV of France attains his majority Births February 24 - John Burgoyne, British general (d. ... A car from 1956 Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The naval Battle of Kulachal took place on 10 August 1741 (31 July OS) [1], when forces of Marthanda Varma, the Raja of the erstwhile Indian State of Travancore (also known as Tiruvitamkur) defeated forces of the Dutch East India Company (also known as VOC), and the allied Rani of... // Events April 10 - Austrian army attack troops of Frederick the Great at Mollwitz August 10 - Raja of Travancore defeats Dutch East India Company naval expedition at Battle of Colachel December 19 - Vitus Bering dies in his expedition east of Siberia December 25 - Anders Celsius develops his own thermometer scale Celsius... This article is about a Hindu caste. ... This article is about a Hindu caste. ... Portrait of Tippu Sultan, 1792 Tippu (Tips) Sultan (full name Sultan Fateh Ali Tippu), also known as the Tiger of Mysore (November 20, 1750, Devanahalli â€“ May 4, 1799, Srirangapattana), was the first son of Haidar Ali by his second wife, Fatima or Fakhr-un-nissa. ...

Kingdom of Mysore

Hyder Ali was instructed by French military officers. He was one of the first Indian rulers to use rockets. He used iron rockets to defeat a top British unit in battle[1]. His son, Tipu Sultan was also instructed by French military officers. Tipu participated in First Anglo-Maratha War of 1775–1779. He defeated the Brathwaite on the banks of the Coleroon in February 1782 in the Second Mysore War. After his father's death in 1782, he decided to check British advances by forming alliances with the Marathas and the Mughals. However, his plan wasn't successful. So, he turned to France. In 1789, he invaded the state of Travancore, a British protectorate. However, he didn't receive expected help from France (the French were embroiled in the French Revolution) and Mysore was defeated in what is now known as the Third Mysore War. Tipu Sultan died in the Fourth Mysore War. Although Horatio Nelson crushed Napoleon's ambitions of advancing to India at the Battle of the Nile, three armies - one from Bombay, and two British (one of which was commanded by Arthur Wellesley), marched into Mysore in 1799 and besieged the capital, Srirangapatnam. On May 4, 1799, the armies broke through the defending walls and Tipu died of a gunshot wound near the gates of his fortress. Hyder Ali or Haidar Ali (c. ... This article is about vehicles powered by rocket engines. ... Portrait of Tippu Sultan, 1792 Tippu (Tips) Sultan (full name Sultan Fateh Ali Tippu), also known as the Tiger of Mysore (November 20, 1750, Devanahalli â€“ May 4, 1799, Srirangapattana), was the first son of Haidar Ali by his second wife, Fatima or Fakhr-un-nissa. ... The First Anglo-Maratha War was the first of three Anglo-Maratha wars fought between the Great Britain and Maratha Empire in India. ... Year 1775 (MDCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1779 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The Coleroon is a river in southeastern India. ... 1782 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-1784) was a conflict in India between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Mysore. ... 1782 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The MarÄthÄs (Marathi: , also Mahrattas) form an Indo Aryan group of Hindu warriors and peasants hailing mostly from the present-day state of Maharashtra, who created a the expansive Maratha Empire, covering a major part of India, in the late 17th and 18th centuries. ... The Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. ... Year 1789 (MDCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Flag for former princely state of Travancore Travancore or Thiruvithaamkoor (Malayalam: à´¤à´¿à´°àµà´µà´¿à´¤à´¾à´™àµà´•àµ‚à´°àµâ€ [], à´¤à´¿à´°àµà´µà´¿à´¤à´¾à´‚à´•àµ‚à´°àµâ€ [], à´¤à´¿à´°àµà´µà´¿à´¤à´¾à´™àµà´•àµ‹à´Ÿàµ []) was a princely state in India with its capital at Trivandrum (Thiruvananthapuram). ... The French Revolution (1789â€“1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on... The Third Anglo-Mysore War (1789-1792) was a war in South India between the Kingdom of Mysore and the Kingdom of Great Britain. ... The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798-1799) was a war in South India between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East-India Company under Lord Wellesley. ... Lord Nelson Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson (September 29, 1758 – October 21, 1805) was a British admiral who won fame as a leading naval commander. ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... Combatants Britain France Commanders Horatio Nelson FranÃ§ois-Paul Brueys DAigalliersâ€ Strength 14 ships of the line: * 13 x 74-gun, * 1 x 50-gun, 1 sloop 13 ships of the line: * 1 x 120-gun, * 3 x 80-gun, * 9 x 74gun, 4 frigates, some smaller Casualties 218... This article or section should be merged with Mumbai Mumbai (previously known as Bombay) is the worlds most populous conurbation, and is the sixth most populous agglomeration in the world. ... Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (1 May 1769–14 September 1852) was an Anglo-Irish soldier and statesman, widely considered one of the leading military and political figures of the 19th century. ... 1799 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Ranganatha Temple Srirangapatna (British called it Seringapatam) is a small town, 13 km from Mysore in southern India. ... is the 124th day of the year (125th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1799 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

The First Anglo-Mysore War (1766-1769) was a war in India between the Kingdom of Mysore and the Kingdom of Great Britain. ... 1766 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-1784) was a conflict in India between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Mysore. ... The Third Anglo-Mysore War (1789-1792) was a war in South India between the Kingdom of Mysore and the Kingdom of Great Britain. ... Year 1789 (MDCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1792 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798-1799) was a war in South India between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East-India Company under Lord Wellesley. ... 1799 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

Punjab

Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjabi: ਮਹਾਰਾਜਾ ਰਣਜੀਤ ਸਿੰਘ ), also called "Sher-e-Punjab" ("The Lion of the Punjab") (1780-1839) was a Sikh ruler of the sovereign country of Punjab and the Sikh Empire. His Samadhi is located in Lahore, Pakistan. Ranjit Singh was a Sikh born in 1780 in Gujranwala in modern day Pakistan, into the Sansi-Sandhawalia family. At the time much of Punjab was ruled by the Sikhs, who had divided the territory among factions known as misls. Ranjit Singh's father Maha Singh was the commander of the Sukerchakia misl and controlled a territory in west Punjab based around his headquarters at Gujranwala. Ranjit Singh succeeded his father at the young age of 12. After several campaigns, his rivals accepted him as their leader, and he united the Sikh factions into one state and he took the title of Maharaja on April 13, 1801 (to coincide with Baisakhi day), with Lahore having served as his capital from 1799. In 1802 he took the holy city of Amritsar. This article is about the geographical region. ... This article is about the geographical region. ... The Sikh Empire (from 1801-1849) was formed on the foundations of the Sikh Confederacy by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. ... Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjabi: ), also called Sher-e-Punjab (The Lion of the Punjab) (1780-1839) was a Sikh ruler of the Punjab. ... Religions Sikhism Scriptures Guru Granth Sahib Languages English, Punjabi] A Sikh (English: or ; Punjabi: , , IPA: ) is an adherent to Sikhism. ... This article is about the geographical region. ... A Sikh man wearing a turban The adherents of Sikhism are called Sikhs. ... This article is about the geographical region. ...

Maharaja Ranjit Singh also hired European mercenaries to train his troops, creating a powerful military force whose presence delayed the eventual British colonization of Punjab. He also modernized his army, hiring European mercenaries to create the first modern Indian Army. The effect was to create a powerful and heavily armed state; at this point, Punjab was the only state not controlled by the British. He brought law and order, yet was reluctant to use the death penalty. He stopped Indian non-secular style practises by treating Hindus and Muslims equally. He banned the discriminatory "jizya" tax on Hindus and Sikhs. Maharaja Ranjit Singh may refer to Maharaja Ranjit Singh , the Sikh ruler of Punjab region Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Jat ruler of Bharatpur princely state in Rajasthan, India Maharaja Ranjitsinhji, Jam Sahib of Nawanagar, India and cricketer Category: ...

Maharaja Ranjit Singh died in 1839 and the state went to his eldest son Kharak Singh. Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjabi: ), also called Sher-e-Punjab (The Lion of the Punjab) (1780-1839) was a Sikh ruler of the Punjab. ... Kharak Singh (1801-1840) was a Sikh ruler of the sovereign country of Punjab and the Sikh Empire. ...

The Kingdom, that he had worked so hard to build, began to crumble due to poor governance and political mismanagement by his heirs. His successors died through accidents and murder, while the nobility and army struggled for power till the end of the Second Anglo-Sikh War(1848-49), when it was annexed by the British from his youngest son Duleep Singh. However, after the First Anglo-Sikh War(1845-46), Punjab effectively ceased to be an independent state and in 1849 was annexed by the British and all major decisions where made by the British Empire. The Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848â€“1849), resulted in the subjugation of the Sikh kingdom and absorption of the Punjab into lands controlled by the British East India Company. ... The First Anglo-Sikh War (1845â€“1846), resulted in partial subjugation of the Sikh kingdom by the British East India Company. ... This article is about the geographical region. ... The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ...

The British Empire annexed Punjab in c.1845-49 AD; after two Anglo Sikh Wars Maharaja Ranjit Singh may refer to Maharaja Ranjit Singh , the Sikh ruler of Punjab region Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Jat ruler of Bharatpur princely state in Rajasthan, India Maharaja Ranjitsinhji, Jam Sahib of Nawanagar, India and cricketer Category: ... Kharak Singh (1801-1840) was a Sikh ruler of the sovereign country of Punjab and the Sikh Empire. ... Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjabi: ), also called Sher-e-Punjab (The Lion of the Punjab) (1780-1839) was a Sikh ruler of the Punjab. ... Nau Nihal Singh (9 March 1821-6 November 1840) was a Sikh ruler of the sovereign country of Punjab and the Sikh Empire. ... Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjabi: ), also called Sher-e-Punjab (The Lion of the Punjab) (1780-1839) was a Sikh ruler of the Punjab. ... Sher Singh, (Born: December 1807 - Died: 1843) was a Sikh ruler of the sovereign country of Punjab and the Sikh Empire. ... Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjabi: ), also called Sher-e-Punjab (The Lion of the Punjab) (1780-1839) was a Sikh ruler of the Punjab. ... Portrait of Duleep Singh by Franz Xaver Winterhalter Duleep Singh (Lahore, 6 September 1838 - Paris, 22 October 1893) was a Sikh ruler of the sovereign country of Punjab and the Sikh Empire. ... Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjabi: ), also called Sher-e-Punjab (The Lion of the Punjab) (1780-1839) was a Sikh ruler of the Punjab. ... There have been two Anglo-Sikh wars: The First Anglo-Sikh War (1845â€“1846) The Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-1849) This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ...

The Anglo-Sikhs Wars (1846-1849)

The First Anglo-Sikh War (1845â€“1846), resulted in partial subjugation of the Sikh kingdom by the British East India Company. ... 1845 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1846 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848â€“1849), resulted in the subjugation of the Sikh kingdom and absorption of the Punjab into lands controlled by the British East India Company. ... Year 1848 (MDCCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1849 (MDCCCXLIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Image File history File links Broom_icon. ...

The Napoleonic wars

Company rule

The British Indian Army was raised to guard the factories. Later, it grew into the army of John Company Bahadur, and subsequently grew into Presidency armies of Bengal, Madras and Bombay in 1795, after the fall of French Pondicherry in 1793. The Dutch trained the military of the princely state of Travancore called the Nair Brigade. A group of native Indian Muslim soldiers posing for volley firing orders. ... For other uses, see Bengal (disambiguation). ... Madras refers to: the Indian city of Chennai, formerly known as Madras, the former Indian state, now known as Tamil Nadu (Plural of Madra): Ancient people of Iranian affinites, who lived in northwest Panjab in the Uttarapatha division of ancient India. ... This article or section should be merged with Mumbai Mumbai (previously known as Bombay) is the worlds most populous conurbation, and is the sixth most populous agglomeration in the world. ... 1795 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Map of Pondicherry Region, Union Territory of Pondicherry, India Pondicherry (Tamil:à®ªà¯à®¤à¯à®µà¯ˆ,Hindi: à¤ªà¥‰à¤£à¥à¤¡à¤¿à¤šà¥‡à¤°à¥€) is a Union Territory of India. ... Year 1793 (MDCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Flag for former princely state of Travancore Travancore or Thiruvithaamkoor (Malayalam: à´¤à´¿à´°àµà´µà´¿à´¤à´¾à´™àµà´•àµ‚à´°àµâ€ [], à´¤à´¿à´°àµà´µà´¿à´¤à´¾à´‚à´•àµ‚à´°àµâ€ [], à´¤à´¿à´°àµà´µà´¿à´¤à´¾à´™àµà´•àµ‹à´Ÿàµ []) was a princely state in India with its capital at Trivandrum (Thiruvananthapuram). ... This article is about a Hindu caste. ...

The 1857 Sepoy war

After 1857, the Presidency Armies were abolished. The Queen took over their control. An engraving titled Sepoy Indian troops dividing the spoils after their mutiny against British rule gives a contemporary view of events from the British perspective. ...

The British Raj

The British Raj or British India, officially the British Indian Empire, and internationally and contemporaneously, India, was the term used synonymously for the region, the rule, and the period, from 1858 to 1947, of the British Empire on the Indian subcontinent. The region included areas directly administered by the United Kingdom (contemporaneously, "British India") as well as the princely states ruled by individual rulers under the paramountcy of the British Crown. The princely states, which had all entered into treaty arrangements with the British Crown, were allowed a degree of local autonomy in exchange for protection and representation in international affairs by Great Britain. The British Indian Empire included the regions of present-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, and, in addition, at various times, Aden (from 1839 to 1937), Lower Burma (from 1852 to 1937), Upper Burma (from 1886 to 1937), British Somaliland (briefly from 1884 to 1898), and Singapore (briefly from 1819 to 1867). British India had some ties with British possessions in the Middle East; the Indian rupee served as the currency in many parts of that region. What is now Iraq was, immediately after World War I, administered by the India Office of the British government. Anthem God Save The King The British Indian Empire, 1909 Capital Calcutta (until 1912), New Delhi (after 1912) Language(s) Hindustani, English and many others Government Monarchy Emperor of India - 1858-1901 VictoriaÂ¹ - 1901-1910 Edward VII - 1910-1936 George V - 1936 Edward VIII - 1936-1947 George VI ViceroyÂ² - 1858... Year 1858 (MDCCCLVIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ... Map of South Asia (see note) This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia. ... A princely state or native state was a feudal monarchy in British India ruled by a hereditary ruler, who was nominally sovereign. ... The doctrine of paramountcy is the legal principle that reconciles contradicting or conflicting laws in a federalist state. ... The British monarch or Sovereign is the monarch and head of state of the United Kingdom and its overseas territories, and is the source of all executive, judicial and (as the Queen_in_Parliament) legislative power. ... This article is about the former British Colony of Aden, a former territory in what is now Yemen. ... Burma is divided into 7 states and 7 divisions: Categories: Myanmar | Subdivisions of Myanmar | States of Myanmar | Divisions of Myanmar ... Upper Burma was a term used by the British to refer to the central and northern area of what is now the country of Myanmar. ... The British Somaliland was a British protectorate in the north part of the Horn of Africa, and later part of Somalia and presently the unrecognized Republic of Somaliland. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... The India Office was the British government department responsible for the government of British India. ...

The Indian Air Force was established in 1932. The Indian Air Force (à¤à¤¾à¤°à¤¤à¥€à¤¯ à¤µà¤¾à¤¯à¥ à¤¸à¥‡à¤¨à¤¾ : Bharatiya Vayu Sena) is the air-arm of the Armed Forces of India and has the prime responsibility of conducting aerial warfare and securing the Indian airspace. ...

The British-Indian army

The British-Indian army contained members of all the major religious groups in India, it contained Hindus, Sikhs, Christians, and Muslims. The number of Sikhs in the army grew steadily with time because they were considered less biased, less drastic in dealing with the different Indian cultural and religious sects and less likely to challenge their British superiors. This was especially true after the Sepoy Rebellion where they were less active in the rebellion and almost absent from it. The reason for their absence was the recent attacks by the Britishers to take over Punjab and two Sikh Wars (1846 and 1849) in which the Bengalis, Biharis, Purbais and the Marathas helped and abated the British Empire, as well as the fact that they had fought to remain independent from the Mughal Empire the rebels wished to restore. This article is about the Hindu religion; for other meanings of the word, see Hindu (disambiguation). ... A Sikh man wearing a turban The adherents of Sikhism are called Sikhs. ... This article is about the religous people known as Christians. ... A Muslim is a believer in or follower of Islam. ... An engraving titled Sepoy Indian troops dividing the spoils after their mutiny against British rule gives a contemporary view of events from the British perspective. ... This article is about the geographical region. ... There have been two Anglo-Sikh wars: The First Anglo-Sikh War (1845â€“1846) The Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-1849) This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ...

The world wars

The British Indian Army's strength was about 189,000 in 1939. There were about 3,000 British officers and 1,115 Indian officers. The army was expanded greatly to fight in World War II. By 1945, the strength of the Army had risen to about two and a half million. There were about 34,500 British officers and 15,740 Indian officers. The Army took part in campaigns in France, East Africa, North Africa, Syria, Tunisia, Malaya, Burma, Greece, Sicily and Italy and fought very bravely. It suffered 179,935 casualties in the war (including killed(24,338), wounded(64,354), missing(11,762) and POW(79,481) soldiers). Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Eastern Africa (UN subregion) East African Community Central African Federation (defunct) geographic, including above East Africa or Eastern Africa is the easternmost region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. ... Northern Africa (UN subregion) geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa. ... Map of Peninsular Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia (Malay: Semenanjung Malaysia) is the part of Malaysia which lies on the Malay Peninsula, and shares a land border with Thailand in the north. ... Sicily ( in Italian and Sicilian) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,708 kmÂ² (9,926 sq. ...

World War I

During WWI the Sikh battalions fought in Egypt, Palestine, Mesopotamia, Gallipoli and France. The 14th Ferozepore Sikhs were in Gallipoli in April 1915 and fought in a number of battles in the Gallipoli campaign . After Gallipoli the battalion was in the Persian Gulf region and took part in some fierce fighting on the Tigris River. The 15th Ludhiana Sikhs were in France in September 1914 and participated in fighting at Fauquissart, Festubert and Neuve Chapelle.

World War II

India was an active participant in the World War II as a part of the British Empire, and was a major contributor of troops and resources to the war effort. Indian units and troops fought in almost all the major campaigns in which the British were involved, and presented an excellent account of themselves. Of particular significance were the Allied victory at El-Alamein, the Chindit operations under Stilwell, and the Burma Camapaign as a whole. This is a list of Indian divisions in WWII. 2nd Indian Infantry Division 3rd Indian Infantry Division 4th Indian Infantry Division 5th Indian Infantry Division 6th Indian Infantry Division 7th Indian Infantry Division 8th Indian Infantry Division 9th Indian Infantry Division 10th Indian Infantry Division 11th Indian Infantry Division 12th...

Azad Hind Fauj

Azad Hind Fauj, also known as the Indian National Army was led by prominent freedom fighter Netaji Subash Chandra Bose. As repeated promises failed to surface, Bose backed by German and Japanese forces led the liberation of Burma against the wishes of the Allied Powers. The Indian National Army (I.N.A) or Azad Hind Fauj was the army of the Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind (The Provisional Government of Free India ) which fought along with the Japanese 15th Army during the Japanese Campaign in Burma, and in the Battle of Imphal, during the Second... Subhas Chandra Bose, (Bengali: , (January 23, 1897 â€“ presumably August 18, 1945 [although this is disputed]note), generally known as Netaji (lit. ...

The independence movement

Republic of India

The Republic of India has fought three wars and one major incursion battle with Pakistan and one border war with China. Since both nations achieved independence in August 1947, there have been three major wars and one minor war between India and Pakistan. ...

Major wars

First Indo-Pak war, 1947

Independent India, formed on August 15, 1947, has seen three wars with Pakistan (1947-48, 1965, 1971). The first war took place after Pakistani soldiers and armed tribesmen invaded the independent province of Kashmir. When the forces almost reached the capital Srinagar the Maharaja, Hari Singh, and the democratically elected Prime Minister of Kashmir, Sheikh Abdullah, signed an agreement with India in which all Kashmiri lands were ceded to India. India sent their troops in shortly after and freed a majority of the new Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir from Pakistani inflitrators. Combatants India Pakistan Commanders General K M Cariappa, Lt Gen S M Shrinagesh, Maj Gen K S Thimayya, Maj Gen Kalwant Singh Maj Gen Akbar Khan Casualties 1,104 killed[1](Indian army) 684 KIA(State Forces)[2] [3] 3,152 wounded [1] 1,500 killed[4] (Pakistan army) The... is the 227th day of the year (228th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Kashmir (or Cashmere) may refer to: Kashmir region, the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent India, Kashmir conflict, the territorial dispute between India, Pakistan, and the China over the Kashmir region. ... For Srinagar in Uttarakhand, see Srinagar, Uttarakhand. ... Hari Singh was the last maharaja of the kingdom of Jammu and Kashmir. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article is about the area administered by India. ...

Sino-Indian war, 1962

India fought a border war against China (1962). China won the border skirmish, leading India to revamp the entire military system. After the war ended, the Department of Defence Production was set up to create an indigenous defence production base which is self-reliant and self-sufficient. Since 1962, 16 new ordinance factories have been set up. Combatants China India Commanders Zhang Guohua[4] Brij Mohan Kaul Strength 80,000[5][6] Casualties Killed 1,460 (Chinese sources)[7] None captured[8][9][10][11] Wounded 1,697[7] Killed 3,128 (Indian sources)[12] Captured 3,968[2] Wounded 548[13] The Sino-Indian War (Simplified... Year 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Second Indo-Pak war, 1965

The second Indo-Pak war was also fought over Kashmir issue. It ended in with Indian forces gaining chunks of lands all around except Punjab where it was even. USSR interfered and got the truce between the two nations at Tashkent agreement, which also saw the mysterious death of Indian PM Lal Bahadur Shastri. At the same time, there was the possibility of a second Sino-Indian war along the Nathu Pass in Sikkim [2]. Combatants India Pakistan Commanders Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri Harbakhsh Singh Ayub Khan Musa Khan Casualties 3,264 killed[1] 8,623 wounded[1] (From July to ceasefire) 3,800 killed[2] (September 6 - 22) 4,000 - 8,000 killed/ captured[3][4][5] (July to September 6) The Indo-Pakistani War... Kashmir (or Cashmere) may refer to: Kashmir region, the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent India, Kashmir conflict, the territorial dispute between India, Pakistan, and the China over the Kashmir region. ... , Sikkim (Nepali: , also Sikhim) is a landlocked Indian state nestled in the Himalayas. ...

Ten battalions of the Sikh Regiment saw action in the 1965 war. In a bid to seal off routes of infiltrations for the Pakistanis in J & K, 1 Sikh who were in the Tithwal sector attacked Pakistani positions . A company led by Major Somesh Kapur captured Richhmar Ridge on 24 August 1965 and then attacked and captured the Pir Sahiba feature on the night of 25/26 August. From this feature the Indian troops could now overlook an extensive area under Pakistan control. Through out September, Pakistani troops tried hard to recapture this feature but were unsuccessful. 1 Sikh received 3 Vir Chakras ( Major Somesh Kapur and L/ Havildar Gurdev Singh and Sepoy Gurmel Singh (posth.)) for these operations .

The Chola Incident

A Sino-India skirmish took place in 1967 and is known today as the Chola Incident. Year 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. ...

Third Indo-Pak war, 1971

In the third Indo-Pak war, India intervened decisively in what was then East Pakistan due to the mass exodus of refugees to India following West Pakistani military action there. The new nation of Bangladesh was created as a result. India succeeded in removing Pakistani soldiers from "EAST PAKISTAN" resulting the formation of Bangladesh. Naukot. Combatants India Mukti Bahini Pakistan Commanders Sam Manekshaw J.S. Aurora A. A. K. Niazi # Strength 500,000+ troops 400,000+ troops Casualties 3,843 killed[1] 9,851 wounded[1] c. ... East Pakistan was a former province of Pakistan which existed between 1955 and 1971. ...

Siachin war, 1984

The Siachin war between India and Pakistan occurred in 1984. The area of the dispute was the Siachen Glacier - the world's highest battlefield. The Glacier was under territorial dispute, but in the late 1970s and early 1980s, Pakistan began organizing several tourist expeditions to the Glacier. India, irked by this development, mounted Operation Meghdoot, and captured the top of the Glacier by establishing a military base which it still maintains to this day at a cost of more than US$1 million per day.^[1] Pakistan on the other hand spends just under US$1 million per day, though as % of GDP Pakistan spends 5 times as the Indian Military does to maintain its share of the glacier.^[2] Pakistan tried in 1987 and in 1989 to re-take the Glacier but was unsuccessful. A stalemate has arose where India controls the top part of the Glacier and Pakistan is placed at the bottom of the Glacier. The Siachen Glacier is located in the eastern Karakoram range in the Himalaya Mountains along the disputed India-Pakistan border at approximately . ... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, also called The Seventies. ... The 1980s refers to the years from 1980 to 1989. ... Combatants India Pakistan Operation Meghdoot was the name given to the preemptive attack launched by the Indian Military to capture most of the Siachen Glacier, in the disputed Kashmir region, precipating the Siachen Conflict. ... This article is about the geological formation. ...

Kargil war, 1999

India fought a brief border skirmish with Pakistan in the Indian state of Kashmir in 1999. Dubbed the Kargil War, after the infiltration of Pakistani soldiers and paramilitary in the Kargil area, India reclaimed the territory through military and diplomatic channels. More than 500 Soldiers gave their lives for India, and 4000 Pakistani soldiers. This article is about the year. ... Combatants India Pakistan, Kashmiri secessionists, Islamic militants (Foreign Fighters) Strength 30,000 5,000 Casualties Indian Official Figures: 527 killed,[1][2][3] 1,363 wounded[4] 1 POW Pakistani Estimates: 357â€“4,000+ killed[5][6] (Pakistan troops) 665+ soldiers wounded[5] 8 POWs. ...

By 21 May, the the Indian army had isolated Tiger Hill from three directions, east, north and south. In order to inflict casualties the enemy positions on Tiger Hill were subjected to artillery and mortar fire. A fresh battalion, 18 Grenadiers was brought in to capture the peak with regiments holding the firm base. On the night of July 3, 18 Grenadiers captured the eastern slope but further advance was held up due to effective enemy fire from Helmet Top, India Gate features on the western slope.

Other Operations

Sri Lanka mission, 1987-1990

The Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) carried out a mission in northern and eastern Sri Lanka, in 1987-1990 to disarm the LTTE as per the Indo-Sri Lanka accord. In what was labeled as Operation Pawan, the Indian Air Force flew about 70,000 sorties to and within Sri Lanka, without a single aircraft lost or mission aborted. Combatants Military of Sri Lanka Indian Peace Keeping Force Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam Commanders Junius Richard Jayawardene (1983-89) Ranasinghe Premadasa (1989-93) Dingiri Banda Wijetunge (1993-94) Chandrika Kumaratunga (1994-2005) Mahinda Rajapaksa (2005-present) Velupillai Prabhakaran (1983-present) Strength 111,000[1] 11,000[1] The Sri... Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF), was the Indian military contingent performing a peacekeeping operation in Sri Lanka between 1987 and 1990. ... Year 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The Indian Air Force (à¤à¤¾à¤°à¤¤à¥€à¤¯ à¤µà¤¾à¤¯à¥ à¤¸à¥‡à¤¨à¤¾ : Bharatiya Vayu Sena) is the air-arm of the Armed Forces of India and has the prime responsibility of conducting aerial warfare and securing the Indian airspace. ...

Operation Cactus, 1988

In November 1988, the Maldives Government appealed India for military help against a mercenary invasion. On the night of November 3, 1988, the Indian Air Force airlifted a parachute battalion group from Agra and flew them non-stop over 2000 km to Maldives. The Indian paratroopers landed at Hulule, secured the airfield and restored the Government rule at Malé within hours. The brief, bloodless operation showed the capability of the Indian Air Force in what was labeled as Operation Cactus. Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... For other uses, see Mercenary (disambiguation). ... is the 307th day of the year (308th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... This article is about the device. ... For other uses, see Agra (disambiguation). ... Hulhule (Þ€ÞªÞ…ÞªÞÞ¬) is an island in the North MalÃ© Atoll of the Maldives. ... MalÃ© (Dhivehi: Þ‰Þ§ÞÞ¬), (pronounced: Maa-lay) population 81,647 (2004), is the capital of the Republic of Maldives located at the southern edge of North Male Atoll Kaafu Atoll. ...

Missile program

India has a well developed missile capabilities, which traces its roots to the Indian Space Program. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP)

The Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) was formed in 1983 with the aim of achieving self-sufficiency in missile development & production.

This program has given India self reliance in Missile development. So, attempts like Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) to control access to and availability of advanced weapon systems for developing nations are not a major concern for India now. An Agni-II on a road-mobile launcher displayed at the Republic Day Parade 2004 (Photo: AntÃ´nio Milena/ABr) The Agni missile (named after Agni, the god of fire) is an IRBM developed under the IGMDP by India. ... Prithvi is the short range ballistic missile developed by India under the IGMDP. It has a range of upto 150 to 300 km with variants for Land and Sea/Sub-Surface roles (Dhanush (Bow)) targeting surface targets. ... Akash SAM Test Firing Akash (Sanskrit for Sky, sometimes spelt Aakash) is under development as part of Indias Integrated Guided Missile Development Program and DRDO to achieve self-sufficiency in the area of surface-to-air missiles. ... Trishul is the name of a short range surface-to-air missile developed by India as a part of IGMDP project. ... Nag (Sanskrit for cobra) is Indias third generation fire and forget anti-tank missile. ... A developing country is a country with low average income compared to the world average. ...

Nuclear program

Smiling Buddha, 1974

In 1966, India had declared that it can produce nuclear weapons within 18 months. In 1974, India tested a device of up to 15 kilotons. The test was a "peaceful nuclear explosion" and was codenamed "Operation Smiling Buddha". Year 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ...

Operation Shakti (nuclear tests, 1998)

On May 11 and May 13, 1998, India conducted five underground nuclear tests (3 on May 11 and 2 on May 13) and declared itself a nuclear state. is the 131st day of the year (132nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 133rd day of the year (134th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... This is a list of countries with nuclear weapons. ...

Overview and recent developments

The Indian military today ranks as the world's third largest after the USA and China in terms of troops. Over a million strong, the paramilitary unit of the Republic of India is the world's largest and most elite paramilitary force. Eager to portray itself as a potential superpower, India began an intense phase of modernization and upgradation of its armed forces in the late 1990s. India is focusing more on developing indigenous military equipments rather than relying on other countries for military supplies. This change in policy has paid off well for the Indian Armed Forces. Most of the Indian naval ships and submarines, military armoured vehicles, missiles and ammunition are indigenously designed and manufactured. Number of active troops per country This is a list of countries sorted by the total number of active troops where the military manpower of a country is measured by the total amount of active troops within the command of that country. ... Paramilitary designates forces whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force, but which are not regarded as having the same status. ... This article is about powerful states. ... For the band, see 1990s (band). ...

Military collaborations with other nations

Apart from diverting resources towards indigenously manufacturing military equipment, the Indian Government is also focusing on collaborating with other countries to develop cutting-edge military technology and weapons. Jointly developed by Russia and India, the world's only supersonic cruise missile, known as the BrahMos, was successfully test-fired in 2001. In 1997, India agreed to participate in the development of Russia's Prospective Air Complex for Tactical Air Forces program. One of the primary objectives of the program is to develop a 5th generation fighter aircraft, a prototype of which, known as the Su-47, flew its first successful test-flight in 1997. India is also collaborating with Israel to develop Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and anti-missile defense systems. A United States Navy F/A-18E/F Super Hornet in transonic flight. ... A Taurus KEPD 350 cruise missile of the German Luftwaffe A cruise missile is a guided missile which carries an explosive payload and uses a lifting wing and a propulsion system, usually a jet engine, to allow sustained flight; it is essentially a flying bomb. ... The BrahMos is a supersonic cruise missile that can be launched from submarines, ships, aircraft or land. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... An A-10 Thunderbolt II, F-86 Sabre, P-38 Lightning and P-51 Mustang fly in formation during an air show at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia. ... Su-47 Berkut The Sukhoi Su-47 Berkut (Russian: Су-47 Беркут - golden eagle), designated S-32 and/or S-37 during initial development, is an experimental supersonic jet fighter developed by the Sukhoi Corporation. ... The Â£124 million Taranis UAV built by BAE Systems An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is an aircraft with no onboard pilot. ...

India is now focusing on purchasing the technology behind the military equipment rather than the military equipment. Recent examples of the successful implementation of this Indian policy include the purchase of Sukhoi Su-30 MKI multi-role fighter aircraft and T-90 main battle tanks from Russia and diesel-powered Scorpene submarines from France. In 2004, India purchased US$ 5.7 billion worth of military equipment from other countries, making it the developing world's leading arms-purchaser. The Sukhoi Su-30 is a military aircraft that was produced by the Russian company Sukhoi in 1996. ... This article is about the Russian tank. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Disasters

On April 28, 2000, ammunition worth Rs. 393 crore was destroyed due to a fire at the Bharatpur ammunition depot. Another fire at Pathankot sub-depot resulted in loss of ammo worth Rs. 27.39 crore. On May 24, 2001, another blaze at the Birdhwal sub-depot destroyed ammunition worth Rs. 378 crore. is the 118th day of the year (119th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... â€œINRâ€ redirects here. ... A crore is a unit in the Indian numbering system, still widely used in Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan. ... , Bharatpur (Hindi:à¤à¤°à¤¤à¤ªà¥à¤°) is a city in the Indian state of Rajasthan. ... , Pathankot (Punjabi: à¨ªà¨ à¨¾à¨¨à¨•à©‹à¨Ÿ, Hindi: à¤ªà¤ à¤¾à¤¨à¤•à¥‹à¤Ÿ, Pashto: Ù¾Ù¹Ú¾Ø§Ù† ÚªÙˆÙ½) a city and a municipal committee in Gurdaspur district in the Indian state of Punjab. ... is the 144th day of the year (145th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ...

Awards

In Independent India, the gallantry awards for exemplary display of bravery in war time are the Param Vir Chakra, Maha Vir Chakra and Vir Chakra in the decreasing order of importance. Their peace time equivalents are the Ashoka Chakra, Kirti Chakra and Shaurya Chakra. The latter two awards were formerly known as Ashoka Chakra, Class II and Ashoka Chakra, Class III respectively. Sometimes, the peace time awards are bestowed on civilians as well. For meritorious service, the awards are Param Vishisht Seva Medal, Athi Vishisht Seva Medal and Vishisht Seva Medal in decreasing order of importance. The Param Vir Chakra is an Indian military decoration given for valour in combat operations. ... The Maha Vir Chakra medal The Maha Vir Chakra (MVC) is the second highest military decoration in India and is awarded for acts of conspicuous gallantry in the presence of the enemy, whether on land, at sea or in the air. ... Vir Chakra is an Indian gallantry award presented for acts of bravery in the battle field. ... The Ashoka Chakra (Pronunced as Ashok Chakra, not Ashokaa Chakraa) is an ancient Indian depiction of the Wheel of Life and Cosmic Order (Sanskrit: Chakra, wheel. ... Kirti Chakra is an Indian military decoration awarded for valor, courageous action or self-sacrifice away from the battlefield. ... Shaurya Chakra is an Indian military decoration awarded for valor, courageous action or self-sacrifice away from the battlefield. ...

External links

Official war histories

The list of official war histories, written & researched by the History Division, Ministry of Defence, Government of India. The Government of India (Hindi: à¤à¤¾à¤°à¤¤ à¤¸à¤°à¤•à¤¾à¤° [1]BhÄrat SarkÄr), officially referred to as the Union Government, and commonly as Central Government, was established by the Constitution of India, and is the governing authority of a federal union of 28 states and 7 union territories, collectively called the Republic of...

Notes

Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 100th day of the year (101st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Contents

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