NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Military history of the Netherlands

The Dutch- speaking people have a long history, the Netherlands as a nation-state dates from 1568. Belgium (a country with a Dutch speaking majority) became an independent state in 1830 when it seceded from the Netherlands. Earlier periods are subject to definition debates. The Franks, for instance, were a union of Germanic tribes. Some of the Franks later identified themselves as French; the capital of medieval ruler Charlemagne's empire was the city of Aachen, now part of Germany, yet he was a Frank and the Dutch and Flemish people are nearly all of Frankish stock (as opposed to the German and French people). Hence both Dutch, Flemish, French and German historians can claim his victories as their heritage. The Holy Roman Empire he founded was largely — but far from entirely — German speaking. For example, Charles V, probably the most famous Holy Roman Emperor after Charlemagne, was born in Gent, Flanders, (a Dutch speaking area both then and today), and spoke Dutch. The Conspiracy of Julius Civilis, completed in 1661 by Rembrandt, the best-known painter of the Dutch Golden Age. ... Image File history File links Dutch_flag_and_hourglass. ... The term Germanic tribes (or Teutonic tribes) applies to the ancient Germanic peoples of Europe. ... The Conspiracy of Julius Civilis, completed in 1661 by Rembrandt, the best-known painter of the Dutch Golden Age. ... Human migration denotes any movement of groups of people from one locality to another, rather than of individual wanderers. ... The Frankish Empire was the territory of the Franks, from the 5th to the 10th centuries, from 481 ruled by Clovis I of the Merovingian Dynasty, the first king of all the Franks. ... For other uses, see Franks (disambiguation). ... The Holy Roman Empire and from the 16th century on also The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation was a political conglomeration of lands in Central Europe in the Middle Ages and the early modern period. ... In the history of the Low Countries, the Burgundian Netherlands refers to the period when the dukes of Burgundy ruled the area, as well as Luxembourg and northern France from 1384 to 1477. ... The Seventeen Provinces were a personal union of states in the Low Countries in the 16th century, roughly covering the current Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, a good part of the North of France (Artois, Nord) and a small part of Germany. ... This article or section should be merged with Seventeen Provinces The Spanish Netherlands was a portion of the Low Countries controlled by Spain from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. ... The Eighty Years War, or Dutch Revolt, was the war of secession between the Netherlands and the Spanish king, that lasted from 1568 to 1648. ... The United Provinces (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden/ProvinciÃ«n, Republic of the Seven United Netherlands/Provinces â€” 1581â€“1795) was a European republic which is now known as the Netherlands. ... Map of Dutch Republic by Joannes Janssonius The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden/ProvinciÃ«n; also Dutch Republic or United Provinces in short) was a European republic between 1581 and 1795, which is now known as the Netherlands. ... Rembrandt The Nightwatch (1642) The Dutch Golden Age (1584-1702) was a period in Dutch history, roughly spanning the 17th century, in which Dutch trade, science, and art were among the most acclaimed in the world. ... From 1795 to 1806, the Batavian Republic (Bataafse Republiek in Dutch) designated the Netherlands as a republic modelled after the French Republic, to which it was a vassal state. ... The Kingdom of Holland 1806 - 1810 (Koninkrijk Holland in Dutch, Royaume dHollande in French) was set up by Napoleon Bonaparte as a puppet kingdom for his third brother, Louis Bonaparte, in order to better control the Netherlands. ... The First French Empire, commonly known as the French Empire or the Napoleonic Empire, covers the period of the domination of France and much of continental Europe by Napoleon I of France. ... Map of the kingdom United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815 - 1830) (1839) (Dutch: Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden, French: Royaume-Uni des Pays-Bas and German: Vereinigte KÃ¶nigreich der Niederlande) were the unofficial names used to refer to a new unified European state created during the Congress of Vienna in... Preamble to the War During the period between the first and second World Wars the Netherlands, like other countries, suffered from the effects of the Great Depression after the Stock market crash of 1929. ... Blue:Areas below sealevel or vunerable to flooding, either by sea or by rivers. ... The history of the Dutch language as separate from common West Germanic begins in the 6th century AD with the High German consonant shift and growing social and political power of the Franks. ... Historically, many Dutch military terms have been influential and adopted by many other languages all over the world. ... The Dutch people have a history and tradition in inventing and discovery, Dutch scientists and engineers have made a remarkable contribute to human progress as a whole. ... The term nation-state, while often used interchangeably with the terms unitary state and independent state, refers properly to the parallel occurence of a state and a nation. ... Charlemagne (742 or 747 â€“ 28 January 814) (also Charles the Great[1]; from Latin, Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus), son of King Pippin the Short and Bertrada of Laon, was the king of the Franks from 768 to 814 and king of the Lombards from 774 to 814. ... Aachen (French Aix-la-Chapelle, Dutch Aken, Latin Aquisgranum, Ripuarian Oche) is a spa city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, on the border with Belgium and the Netherlands, 65 km to the west of Cologne, and the westernmost city in Germany. ... Charles V may refer to: Charles V of France, the Wise (1338â€“1380). ... Charlemagne (742 or 747 â€“ 28 January 814) (also Charles the Great[1]; from Latin, Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus), son of King Pippin the Short and Bertrada of Laon, was the king of the Franks from 768 to 814 and king of the Lombards from 774 to 814. ... gent is a morpheme, see contingent, agent, short for gentleman Native spelling for the Belgian city of Ghent This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Flanders (Flemish, Fleming) (Dutch: Vlaanderen (Vlaams, Vlaming)) has two main designations: a geographical region in the north of Belgium, corresponding to the Flemish region, a constituent part of the federal Belgian state. ...

During the ancient and early medieval periods, the Germanic tribes had no written language. What we know about their early military history comes from accounts written in Latin and from archaeology. This causes significant gaps in the historic timeline. Germanic wars against the Romans are fairly well documented from the Roman perspective; however, Germanic wars against the early Celts remain mysterious because neither side recorded the events. Wars between the Germanic tribes in Northern Belgium and the present day [[Netherlands], and various Celtic tribes that bordered their lands, are likely due to their geographical proximity. Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... The Germanic Wars is a name given to a series of Wars between the Romans and various Germanic tribes between 113 BC and 439 AD1. ... A Celtic cross. ... Flanders (Flemish, Fleming) (Dutch: Vlaanderen (Vlaams, Vlaming)) has two main designations: a geographical region in the north of Belgium, corresponding to the Flemish region, a constituent part of the federal Belgian state. ...

Ancient times

Germanic tribes are thought to have originated during the Nordic Bronze Age in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia. The tribes spread south, possibly motivated by the deteriorating climate of that area. They crossed the River Elbe, most likely overrunning territories formerly occupied by Celtic people. In the East, other tribes, such as Goths, Rugians and Vandals, settled along the shores of the Baltic Sea pushing southward and eventually settling as far away as Ukraine. The Angles and Saxons migrated to England. The Germanic peoples often had unsettled relationships with their neighbours and each other, leading to a period of over two millennia of military conflict over various territorial, religious, ideological and economic issues. The term Germanic tribes (or Teutonic tribes) applies to the ancient Germanic peoples of Europe. ... Map of the Nordic Bronze Age culture, ca 1200 BC The Nordic Bronze Age (also Northern Bronze Age) is the name given by Oscar Montelius (1843-1921) to a period and a Bronze Age culture in Scandinavian pre-history, ca 1800 BC - 600 BC, with sites that reached as far... Scandinavia is a region in Northern Europe named after the Scandinavian Peninsula. ... The River Elbe (Czech Labe , Sorbian/Lusatian Åobjo, German Elbe) is one of the major waterways of Central Europe. ... Invasion of the Goths: a late 19th century painting by O. Fritsche portrays the Goths as cavalrymen. ... The Rugians (Latin rugii) were an East Germanic tribe whose ultimate origins have been traced to Rogaland in Norway, whose population probably was the Rugii that Jordanes mentioned as a tribe that still remained in Scandza. ... The Vandals were an East Germanic tribe that entered the late Roman Empire during the 5th century and created a state in North Africa, centered on the city of Carthage. ... The Baltic Sea is located in Northern Europe, from 53Â°N to 66Â°N latitude and from 20Â°E to 26Â°E longitude. ... The Angles (German: Angeln, Old English: Englas, Latin: singular Anglus, plural Angli) were a Germanic people who take their name from Angeln in Schleswig, and who settled eastern Britain in the early middle ages. ... Map showing the Saxons homeland in traditional region bounded by the three rivers: Weser, Eider, and Elbe Src: Freemans Historical Geographys. The Saxons or Saxon people are part of the German people with its main areas of settlements in the German Federal States of Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony, Saxony...

Events December 31 - Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia Roman legions in Britain mutiny against the Roman Emperor and select Marcus as new Roman Emperor. ... For other uses, see Franks (disambiguation). ... The Alamanni, Allemanni or Alemanni, were a Germanic tribe, first mentioned by Dio Cassius when they fought Caracalla in 213. ... The Burgundians or Burgundes were an East Germanic tribe which may have emigrated from mainland Scandinavia to the island of Bornholm, whose old form in Old Norse still was Burgundarholmr (the Island of the Burgundians), and from here to mainland Europe. ... Suebi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The Vandals were an East Germanic tribe that entered the late Roman Empire during the 5th century and created a state in North Africa, centered on the city of Carthage. ... Map of Gaul circa 58 BC Gaul (Latin Gallia, Greek Galatia) was the region of Western Europe occupied by present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. ... Events June 2 - Gaiseric leads the Vandals into Rome and plunder the city for two weeks. ... Geiseric (circa 389 – January 25, 477), also spelled as Gaiseric or Genseric, was the King of the Vandals and Alans (428–477) and was one of the key players in the troubles of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. ... Events Pope Adrian I succeeds Pope Stephen IV. Adrian I turns to Charlemagne for support against king Desiderius of the Lombards. ... Events Louis the Pious succeeds Charlemagne as king of the Franks and Emperor. ... Charlemagne (742 or 747 â€“ 28 January 814) (also Charles the Great[1]; from Latin, Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus), son of King Pippin the Short and Bertrada of Laon, was the king of the Franks from 768 to 814 and king of the Lombards from 774 to 814. ...

The Batavii

The Batavii (or Batavi, Batavians) were a Germanic tribe, originally part of the Chatti, reported by Tacitus to have lived around the Rhine delta, in the area which is currently the Netherlands, "an uninhabited district on the extremity of the coast of Gaul, and also of a neighbouring island, surrounded by the ocean in front, and by the river Rhine in the rear and on either side" (Tacitus, Histories iv). This led to the Latin name of Batavia for the area. The same name is used for several military units, originally raised among the Batavii. The Chatti (also Catti) were an ancient Germanic tribe settled in central and northern Hesse and southern Lower Saxony, along the upper reaches of the Weser river and in the valleys and mountains of the Eder, Fulda and Werra river regions, a district approximately corresponding to Hesse-Cassel, though probably... Gaius Cornelius Tacitus Publius or Gaius Cornelius Tacitus (c. ... Loreley At 1,320 kilometres (820 miles) and an average discharge of more than 2,000 cubic meters per second, the Rhine (German Rhein, French Rhin, Dutch Rijn, Romansch: Rein, Italian: Reno) is one of the longest and most important rivers in Europe. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ...

They were mentioned by Julius Caesar in his commentary Gallic Wars, as living on an island formed by the Meuse River after it is joined by the Waal, 80 Roman miles from the mouth of the river. He said there were many other islands formed by branches of the Rhine, inhabited by savage a barbarous nation, some of whom were supposed to live on fish and the eggs of sea-fowl. Map of Gaul circa 58 BC The Gallic Wars were a series of wars fought between the Romans and the people of Gaul during the mid-first century BC, culminating in the Battle of Alesia in 52 BC which resulted in the expansion of the Roman Republic across Gaul. ... Meuse near Grave The Meuse (Dutch Maas) is a major European river, rising in France and flowing through Belgium and the Netherlands before draining into the North Sea. ... Edited Satellite image of the Rhine-Waal fork, showing the beginning of river Waal (green). ... A mile is any of a number of units of distance, each in the magnitude of 1â€“10 km. ... Loreley At 1,320 kilometres (820 miles) and an average discharge of more than 2,000 cubic meters per second, the Rhine (German Rhein, French Rhin, Dutch Rijn, Romansch: Rein, Italian: Reno) is one of the longest and most important rivers in Europe. ...

Tacitus named the Mattiaci as a similar tribe under homage, but on the other side of the Rhine. The areas inhabited by the Batavians were never occupied by the Romans, as the Batavians were allies. For other senses of this name, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ...

The Batavians incorrectly became regarded as the sole and eponymous ancestors of the Dutch people. The Netherlands were briefly known as the Batavian Republic. Moreover, in the time Indonesia was a Dutch colony, the capital (now Jakarta) was named Batavia. If one would trace back the ancestry of most native Dutch people back to Germanic tribes, one would probably end up with the Franks in most cases. Dutch is in fact a Low Frankish language, and is the only language (together with Afrikaans, which descends from Dutch itself) the be a direct descendant of Old Frankish, the language of the Franks. From 1795 to 1806, the Batavian Republic (Bataafse Republiek in Dutch) designated the Netherlands as a republic modelled after the French Republic, to which it was a vassal state. ... Motto: Jaya Raya (Indonesian): Prosper and Great Founded 22 June 1527 Governor Sutiyoso Area 661. ... For other uses, see Franks (disambiguation). ... Low Franconian is any of several West Germanic languages spoken in the Netherlands, northern Belgium, and South Africa. ... Afrikaans is a West Germanic language mainly spoken in South Africa and Namibia with smaller numbers of speakers in Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, Zimbabwe and Zambia. ... Old Frankish was the language of the Franks. ... For other uses, see Franks (disambiguation). ...

Military units of the Batavii

Later, Tacitus described the Batavians as the bravest of the tribes of the area, hardened in the Germanic border wars, with cohorts under their own noble commanders transferred to Britannia. He said they retained the honour of the ancient association with the Romans, not required to pay tribute or taxes and used by the Romans only for war: "They furnished to the Empire nothing but men and arms", Tacitus remarked. Well-regarded for their skills in horsemanship and swimming — for men and horses could cross the Rhine without losing formation, according to Tacitus. Dio Cassius describes this surprise tactic employed by Aulus Plautius against the "barbarians" — the British Celts — at the battle of the River Medway, 43: Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1524x2032, 1060 KB) Funerary stela of a Batavian member of the Corporis Custodes (imperial bodyguard) of Nero, from Museo Nazionale Romano - Terme di Diocleziano. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1524x2032, 1060 KB) Funerary stela of a Batavian member of the Corporis Custodes (imperial bodyguard) of Nero, from Museo Nazionale Romano - Terme di Diocleziano. ... Nero Claudius CÃ¦sar Augustus Germanicus (December 15, 37 â€“ June 9, 68), born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, also called Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus, was the fifth and last Roman Emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty (54â€“68). ... Britannia, the British national personification. ... Dio Cassius Cocceianus (155â€“after 229), known in English as Dio Cassius or Cassius Dio, was a noted Roman historian and public servant. ... Aulus Plautius (lived 1st century) was the first governor of Roman Britain, serving from 43 to 47. ... For the battle of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, see raid on the Medway. ...

The Batavians also provided a contingent for the Emperor's Imperial Horse Guard. Kircholm, a 1925 painting by Wojciech Kossak. ...

The Batavian Legacy

Numerous altars and tombstones of the Batavii, dating to the 2nd century and 3rd century, have been found along Hadrian's Wall, notably at Castlecary and Carrawburgh, Germany, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Romania and Austria. After the 3rd century, however, the Batavians are no longer mentioned, and they are assumed to have merged with the neighbouring Frisian and Frankish people. // Events Roman Empire governed by the Five Good Emperors (96â€“180) â€“ Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius. ... // Overview Events 212: Constitutio Antoniniana grants citizenship to all free Roman men 212-216: Baths of Caracalla 230-232: Sassanid dynasty of Persia launches a war to reconquer lost lands in the Roman east 235-284: Crisis of the Third Century shakes Roman Empire 250-538: Kofun era, the first... Pieces of Hadrians Wall remain near Greenhead and along the route, though large sections have been dismantled over the years to use the stones for various nearby construction projects. ... This is article is about the village near Cumbernauld in Scotland, for the village in Somerset see Castle Cary. ... Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija in all south Slavic languages, in Serbian and Macedonian Cyrillic ÐˆÑƒÐ³Ð¾ÑÐ»Ð°Ð²Ð¸Ñ˜Ð°) is a term used for three separate but successive political entities that existed during most of the 20th century on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe. ... The Frisians are an ethnic group of northwestern Europe, inhabiting an area known as Frisia. ... Statue of Charlemagne (also called Karl der Große, Charles the Great) in Frankfurt, Germany. ...

The Romans

Until the Franks defeated and pushed them back the Romans established two provinces in the area of the present-day Belgium and a part of the Netherlands. Both were outposts, especially above the Meuse and apart from a few Roman legions send there to protect the Empires borders, the Roman presence was limited. The provinces were called Gallia Belgica named after the Belgae a group of Celtic tribes conquered by the Romans and Germania Inferior, inferior means 'low' in Latin, and Germania refers to the area occupied by the Germanic tribes. Image File history File links Belgium-TheNetherlands. ... For other uses, see Franks (disambiguation). ... Meuse is a dÃ©partement in northeast France, named after the Meuse River. ... See also Legion software and Legion forummer. ... The Roman Province of Gallia Belgica in 58 BCE The Roman Province of Gallia Belgica around 120 CE Gallia Belgica was a Roman province located in what is now the southern part of the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northeastern France, and western Germany. ... The Belgae were a group of nations or tribes living in north-eastern Gaul, on the west bank of the Rhine, in the 1st century BC, and later also attested in Britain. ... The Roman province of Germania Inferior, 120 AD Germania Inferior (in English: Lower Germany) was a Roman province located on the left bank of the Rhine, in todays southern Netherlands and western Germany. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... The term Germanic tribes (or Teutonic tribes) applies to the ancient Germanic peoples of Europe. ...

During the Batavian rebellion, which took place in the Roman province of Germania Inferior between 69 and 70 AD. The rebels led by Civilis managed to destroy four legions and inflict humiliating defeats on the Roman army. After their initial successes, a massive Roman army led by Cerealis eventually defeated them. Following peace talks, the situation was normalized, but Batavia had to cope with humiliating conditions and a legion stationed permanently within her lands. Map of the Roman Empire, with the provinces, after 120. ... The Roman province of Germania Inferior, 120 AD Germania Inferior (in English: Lower Germany) was a Roman province located on the left bank of the Rhine, in todays southern Netherlands and western Germany. ... Events The Year of the four emperors: After Neros death, Galba, Otho and Vitellius are all Roman emperor a short time before eventually Vespasian takes over. ... Centuries: 1st century BC - 1st century - 2nd century Decades: 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s - 70s - 80s 90s 100s 110s 120s Years: 65 66 67 68 69 - 70 - 71 72 73 74 75 Events The building of the Colosseum starts (approximate date). ... Gaius Julius Civilis was the leader of the Batavian rebellion against the Romans in 69 AD. By his name, it can be told that he (or one of his male ancestors) was made a Roman citizen (and thus, the tribe a Roman vassal) by either Augustus Caesar or Caligula. ... A modern reconstruction of a roman centurion around 70 AD The Roman legion (from Latin , from lego, legere, legi, lectus â€” to collect) was the basic military unit of the ancient Roman army. ... Quintus Petilius Cerialis Caesius Rufus (born around 30 AD) was a Roman general of the 1st century. ...

For more information see: The Batavian rebellion The Batavian rebellion took place in the Roman province of Germania Inferior between 69 and 70 AD. The rebels led by Civilis managed to destroy four legions and inflicted humiliating defeats on the Roman army. ...

The Franks

The Franks or the Frankish people were one of several west Germanic federations. The confederation was formed out of Germanic tribes: Salians, Sugambri, Chamavi, Tencteri, Chattuarii, Bructeri, Usipetes, Ampsivarii, Chatti. They entered the late Roman Empire from the present day Netherlands and Northern Germany and conquered northern Gaul where they were accepted as a foederati and established a lasting realm (sometimes referred to as Francia) in an area that covers most of modern-day France and the western regions of Germany (Franconia, Rhineland, Hesse) and the whole of the Low Countries, forming the historic kernel of all these two modern countries. The conversion to Christianity of the pagan Frankish king Clovis was a crucial event in the history of Europe.Like the French and Germans, the Dutch too (perhaps most righteously) claim the military history of the Franks as their own. This are some historical Germanic Confederations 230 BC - Bastarnae, a mixture of Germanic tribes, at the Black Sea; they participated in the siege of Olbia (modern Odessa) in 220 BC. 109 BC - Huge confederation composed of the Germanic of Cimbri and Teutoni and the Celtic-Germanic Helvetii formed near Miltenberg... The term Germanic tribes (or Teutonic tribes) applies to the ancient Germanic peoples of Europe. ... The Salian Franks were a subgroup of the Franks. ... This article or section should include material from Sigambrer The Sugambri, Sigambrer or Sicambri were a west Germanic tribe which existed during the time of the Roman Empire. ... The Chamavi first appear under that name in the 1st century AD Germania of Tacitus as a Germanic tribe that, for most of their history, existed along the north bank of the lower Rhine in the region today called Hamaland after them. ... The Chatti (also Catti) were an ancient Germanic tribe settled in central and northern Hesse and southern Lower Saxony, along the upper reaches of the Weser river and in the valleys and mountains of the Eder, Fulda and Werra river regions, a district approximately corresponding to Hesse-Cassel, though probably... The Bructeri were a Germanic tribe located in northwestern Germany (Soester Boerde), between the Lippe and Ems rivers south of the Teutoburg Forest, in present-day North Rhine-Westphalia around 100 BC through 350 AD. They formed an alliance with the Cherusci, the Marsi (Germanic) and the Chatti, under the... The Usipetes were a Germanic tribe that existed during the 1st century. ... The Ampsivarii were a Germanic tribe mentioned by the Roman author Gaius Cornelius Tacticus, writing in the 1st century C.E. Their homeland was in what is now northwestern Germany around the river Ems, which flows into the North Sea. ... The Chatti (also Catti) were an ancient Germanic tribe settled in central and northern Hesse and southern Lower Saxony, along the upper reaches of the Weser river and in the valleys and mountains of the Eder, Fulda and Werra river regions, a district approximately corresponding to Hesse-Cassel, though probably... For other senses of this name, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... Map of Gaul circa 58 BC Gaul (Latin Gallia, Greek Galatia) was the region of Western Europe occupied by present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. ... Foederatus early in the history of the Roman Republic identified one of the tribes bound by treaty (foedus), who were neither Roman colonies nor had they been granted Roman citizenship (civitas) but were expected to provide a contingent of fighting men when trouble arose. ... A Realm is a primary synonym for a world usually other than our own. ... The Franconian Rake is originally is a heraldic symbol of the bishops of WÃ¼rzburg, who - though nominally Dukes of Franconia - only ruled in parts of Franconia. ... The Rhineland (Rheinland in German) is the general name for the land on both sides of the river Rhine in the west of Germany, although some consider the lands to the east of the river culturally distinct, jovially referring to them as SchÃ¤l Sick; the bad or wrong side... Hesse (German: Hessen) is one of Germanys sixteen federal states (BundeslÃ¤nder) and has an area of 21,110 kmÂ² and just over six million inhabitants. ... The Low Countries, the historical region of de Nederlanden, are the countries (see Country) on low-lying land around the delta of the Rhine, Scheldt, and Meuse (Maas) rivers. ... Non-contemporary coin with obverse legend Clovis Roy de France Clovis I (or Chlodowech or Chlodwig, modern French Louis, modern German Ludwig) (c. ...

Battle of Soissons (486) The Battle of Soissons can refer to one of several important historical battles, all of which took place in the vicinity of the French town Soissons. ... For the processor, see Intel 80486. ...

Battle of Tolbiac (496) The Battle of Tolbiac was fought between the Franks under Clovis I and the Alamanni, traditionally in 496. ... Events Battle of Tolbiac; Clovis I defeats the Alamanni accepts Catholic baptism at Reims. ...

Battle of Vouillé (507) The Battle of VouillÃ© or Campus Vogladensis was fought in the northern marches of Visigothic territory, at a small place near Poitiers, (Gaul) in the spring 507. ... Events Battle of Vouillé: Clovis I defeats the Visigoths near Poitiers, ends Visigothic power in Gaul. ...

Battle of Tours (732) Combatants Carolingian Franks Umayyad Caliphate Commanders Charles Martel Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi Abd er Rahmanâ€ Strength 15,000-75,000 60,000-400,000 Casualties about 1500 reported in western history, but probably far heavier unknown, but reported massive, notably Emir Abd er Rahman 1. ... Events October 10 - Battle of Tours: Near Poitiers, France, leader of the Franks Charles Martel and his men, defeat a large army of Moors, stopping the Muslims from spreading into Western Europe. ...

Battle of Pavia (773) Combatants France Spain, Holy Roman Empire Commanders FranÃ§ois I, Louis de la TrÃ©moille Fernando de Avalos Strength 17,000 infantry 6,500 cavalry 53 guns 19,000 infantry 4,000 cavalry 17 guns Casualties 12,000 dead or wounded 500 dead or wounded In 1525 during the Battle... Events Charlemagne crosses the Alps and invades the kingdom of the Lombards. ...

Saxon Campaigns (773-804) Map showing the Saxons homeland in traditional region bounded by the three rivers: Weser, Eider, and Elbe Src: Freemans Historical Geographys. The Saxons or Saxon people are part of the German people with its main areas of settlements in the German Federal States of Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony, Saxony... Events Charlemagne crosses the Alps and invades the kingdom of the Lombards. ... Events March 25 - The Inscription of Sukabumi from Eastern Java marks the beginning of the Javanese language. ...

Siege of Paris (885-886) Combatants Franks Danes Commanders Odo, Count of Paris Sigfred and Rollo Strength 200 30,000 Casualties The Siege of Paris of 885 to 886 was a Viking siege of Paris, then capital of the kingdom of the West Franks. ... Events Vikings besiege Paris Stephen VI elected pope Oldest known mentioning of Baky Births Emperor Daigo of Japan Deaths Pope Adrian III April 6: Saint Methodius, bishop and Bible translator Categories: 885 ... Events The Glagolitic alphabet, devised by Cyril and Methodius, missionairies from Constantinople, is adopted in the Bulgarian Empire. ...

The Frankish Empire (481 - 843)

The Frankish Empire was the territory of the Franks, from the 5th to the 10th centuries, from 481 ruled by Clovis I of the Merovingian Dynasty, the first king of all the Franks. From 751, under the Carolingian Dynasty, it is known as the Carolingian Empire. After the Treaty of Verdun of 843 it was split into East, West and Middle Francia. East Francia gave rise to the Holy Roman Empire with Otto I the Great in 962. Events Clovis I becomes king of the Franks upon the death of Childeric I (or 482) Baekje, Silla, and Daegaya form an alliance against Goguryeo. ... Events Treaty of Verdun divides the Carolingian empire between the 3 sons of Louis the Pious. ... For other uses, see Franks (disambiguation). ... // Overview Events Romulus Augustus, Last Western Roman Emperor 410: Rome sacked by Visigoths 452: Pope Leo I allegedly meets personally with Attila the Hun and convinces him not to sack Rome 439: Vandals conquer Carthage At some point after 440, the Anglo-Saxons settle in Britain. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 10th century was that century which lasted from 901 to 1000. ... Events Clovis I becomes king of the Franks upon the death of Childeric I (or 482) Baekje, Silla, and Daegaya form an alliance against Goguryeo. ... Non-contemporary coin with obverse legend Clovis Roy de France Clovis I (or Chlodowech or Chlodwig, modern French Louis, modern German Ludwig) (c. ... For other uses of the term Merovingian, see Merovingian (disambiguation). ... The following list of Frankish Kings is one of several Wikipedia lists of incumbents. ... Events Pippin the Short is elected as king of the Franks by the Frankish nobility, marking the end of the Merovingian and beginning of the Carolingian dynasty. ... The following list of Frankish Kings is one of several Wikipedia lists of incumbents. ... Map of Carolingian Empire The term Carolingian Empire is sometimes used to refer to the realm of the Franks under the dynasty of the Carolingians. ... In the Treaty of Verdun of 843 the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious divided his territories, the Carolingian Empire, into three kingdoms. ... Events Treaty of Verdun divides the Carolingian empire between the 3 sons of Louis the Pious. ... Eastern Francia were the lands of Louis the German after the Treaty of Verdun of 843. ... Western Francia was the land under the control of Charles the Bald after the Treaty of Verdun of 843, which divided the Carolingian Empire of the Franks into an East, West, and Middle. ... Middle Francia describes the realm created for Emperor Lothair I, wedged between East Francia and West Francia. ... The Holy Roman Empire and from the 16th century on also The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation was a political conglomeration of lands in Central Europe in the Middle Ages and the early modern period. ... Otto I at his victory over Berengar of Friuli Grave of Otto I in Magdeburg Otto I the Great ( November 23, 912 - May 7, 973), son of Henry I the Fowler, king of the Germans, and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke of Saxony, King of the Germans and arguably the... Events February 2 - Pope John XII crowns Otto I the Great Holy Roman Emperor. ...

Since the term "Empire" properly applies only to times after the coronation of Charlemagne in 800, and since the unified kingdom was repeatedly split and re-united, most historians prefer to use the term Frankish Kingdoms or Frankish Realm to refer to the entirety of Frankish rule from the 5th to the 9th century. Charlemagne (742 or 747 â€“ 28 January 814) (also Charles the Great[1]; from Latin, Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus), son of King Pippin the Short and Bertrada of Laon, was the king of the Franks from 768 to 814 and king of the Lombards from 774 to 814. ... Events December 25, Rome, coronation of Charles the Great (Charlemagne) as emperor by Pope Leo III. Celtic monks begin work on the Book of Kells on the Island of Iona. ...

The Holy Roman Empire (843 - 1648)

The Frankish realm underwent many partitions and repartitions, since the Franks divided their property among surviving sons, and lacking a broad sense of a res publica, they conceived of the realm as a large extent of private property. This practice explains in part the difficulty of describing precisely the dates and physical boundaries of any of the Frankish kingdoms and who ruled the various sections. The contraction of literacy while the Franks ruled compounds the problem: they produced few written records. In essence, however, two dynasties of leaders succeeded each other; first the Merovingians and then the Carolingians. Events Treaty of Verdun divides the Carolingian empire between the 3 sons of Louis the Pious. ... // Events January 17 - Englands Long Parliament passes the Vote of No Address, breaking off negotiations with King Charles I and thereby setting the scene for the second phase of the English Civil War. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (727x714, 67 KB) Summary I am the author of this image file. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (727x714, 67 KB) Summary I am the author of this image file. ... Res publica is a Latin phrase, made of res + publica, literally meaning public thing. It is the origin of the word Republic. // Etymology The word publica is the feminine singular of the 1st and 2nd declension adjective publicus, publica, publicum, which is itself derived from an earlier form, poplicusâ€”relating... This page deals with property as ownership rights. ... World literacy rates by country The traditional definition of Literacy is the ability to read, write, listen and speak. ... // For other uses, see Dynasty (disambiguation). ... For other uses of the term Merovingian, see Merovingian (disambiguation). ... The Carolingians were a dynasty of rulers that eventually controlled the Frankish realm and its successors from the 8th to the 10th century, officially taking over the kingdom from the Merovingian dynasty in 751. ...

The Holy Roman Empire was a political conglomeration of lands in Central Europe and Western Europe in the Middle Ages and the early modern period. Emerging from the eastern part of the Frankish Empire after its division in the Treaty of Verdun (843), it lasted almost a millennium until its dissolution in 1806. By the 18th century, it still consisted of the larger part of modern Germany, Bohemia (now Czech Republic), Austria, Liechtenstein, Slovenia, Belgium, and Luxembourg, as well as large parts of modern Poland and small parts of the Netherlands and Croatia. Previously, it had included all of the Netherlands and Switzerland, parts of modern France and Italy.In the middle of the 18th century the Empire was hardly an Empire anymore, let alone a powerful nation. Image File history File links LocationHolyRomanEmpire. ... Image File history File links LocationHolyRomanEmpire. ... Wiktionary has related dictionary definitions, such as: country In political geography and international politics a country is a geographical territory. ... Regions of Europe Central Europe is the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe. ... A common understanding of Western Europe in modern times. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... Eastern Francia were the lands of Louis the German after the Treaty of Verdun of 843. ... The Frankish Empire was the territory of the Franks, from the 5th to the 10th centuries, from 481 ruled by Clovis I of the Merovingian Dynasty, the first king of all the Franks. ... In the Treaty of Verdun of 843 the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious divided his territories, the Carolingian Empire, into three kingdoms. ... Events Treaty of Verdun divides the Carolingian empire between the 3 sons of Louis the Pious. ... 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Bohemia. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ...

The Eighty Years' War (1568 - 1648)

The Eighty Years' War, or Dutch Revolt, was the war of secession between the Netherlands and the Spanish king, that lasted from 1568 to 1648. The war resulted in the Seven United Provinces being recognized as an independent state. The region now known as Belgium and Luxembourg also became established as the Southern Netherlands, part of the Seventeen Provinces that remained under royal Habsburg rule. Events March 23 - Peace of Longjumeau ends the Second War of Religion in France. ... // Events January 17 - Englands Long Parliament passes the Vote of No Address, breaking off negotiations with King Charles I and thereby setting the scene for the second phase of the English Civil War. ... Download high resolution version (855x641, 246 KB)Battle of Heiligerlee as depicted by Frans Hogenberg (1536-1590) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Events March 23 - Peace of Longjumeau ends the Second War of Religion in France. ... // Events January 17 - Englands Long Parliament passes the Vote of No Address, breaking off negotiations with King Charles I and thereby setting the scene for the second phase of the English Civil War. ... Map of Dutch Republic by Joannes Janssonius The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden/ProvinciÃ«n; also Dutch Republic or United Provinces in short) was a European republic between 1581 and 1795, which is now known as the Netherlands. ... The Southern Netherlands were a part of the Low Countries controlled by Spain (Spanish Netherlands, 1579-1713), Austria (Austrian Netherlands, 1713-1794) and France (1794-1815). ... The Seventeen Provinces were a personal union of states in the Low Countries in the 16th century, roughly covering the current Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, a good part of the North of France (Artois, Nord) and a small part of Germany. ... Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy; also used as the flag of the Austrian Empire until the Ausgleich of 1867. ...

The United Provinces of the Netherlands, or the Dutch Republic, became a world power, through its merchant shipping and huge naval power, and experienced a period of economic, scientific and cultural growth. In the late 16th century military reform by Maurice of Orange layed the foundation for early modern battlefield tactics. The Dutch army between 1600 and 1648 was the second most powerful in Europe. Maurice of Nassau (in Dutch Maurits van Nassau) (14 November 1567 â€“ 23 April 1625), Prince of Orange (1618â€“1625), son of William the Silent and Princess Anna of Saxony, was born at the castle of Dillenburg. ...

The main battles of the Eighty Years' War

The Watergeuzen (or simply Geuzen) were a fleet of privateers during the Eighty Years War, the Low Countries (or Netherlands) rebellion against the Spanish occupation, which began during the reign of Philip II of Spain (in the 1550s). ... Combatants Dutch rebels Spanish Friesland Commanders Louis of Nassau Adolf of Nassau â€ Johan de Ligne Strength 3,900 infantry 200 cavalry 3,200 infantry 20 cavalry Casualties 50 dead or wounded 1,500 â€“ 2,000 dead, wounded, or captured The Battle of Heiligerlee in Groningen on 23 May 1568 was... Among various individuals with the name Adolf of Nassau are: Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg, King of the Romans (1291â€“98) and Count of Nassau (1277â€“98) Adolf of Nassau, brother of Louis of Nassau and William I of Orange, killed in the Battle of Heiligerlee on May 23, 1568. ... Combatants Dutch rebels Spain Commanders Louis of Nassau Duke of Alva Strength 10,000 infantry 2,000 cavalry 16 guns 12,000 infantry 3,000 cavalry Casualties 7,000 dead or wounded 300 dead or wounded After the Battle of Heiligerlee Louis of Nassau failed to capture the city Groningen. ... Louis of Nassau (January 10, 1538 - April 14, 1574) was a brother of William I of Orange. ... Groningen can refer to: A province of the Netherlands. ... Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, the third Duke of Alva (or Alba) (1508-January 12, 1583) was a Spanish general and governor of the Spanish Netherlands (1567 - 1573), nicknamed the Iron Duke because of his cruelty, giving the Protestants of the Low Countries a firsthand taste of the Black Legend. ... In the Eighty Years War the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands was put under a bloody siege by a Spanish army that wanted to reclaim the revolted city for Philip II, the Spanish king. ... The siege of Leiden occured during the Eighty Years War in 1573 and 1574. ... The Watergeuzen (or simply Geuzen) were a fleet of privateers during the Eighty Years War, the Low Countries (or Netherlands) rebellion against the Spanish occupation, which began during the reign of Philip II of Spain (in the 1550s). ... Dyke (normal International spelling) or Dike (normal American spelling) can mean several things: A dyke / dike is a long wall built to keep out the sea or enclose land. ... Combatants Dutch rebels Spain Commanders Louis of Nassau â€ Henry of Nassau â€ Sancho dAvilla Strength 5,500 infantry 2,600 cavalry 5,000 infantry 800 cavalry Casualties 3,000 dead or wounded 150 dead or wounded {{{notes}}} The Battle of Mookerheyde was a battle of the Eighty Years War fought... Louis of Nassau (January 10, 1538 - April 14, 1574) was a brother of William I of Orange. ... Combatants Dutch rebels Spain Commanders Unknown John of Austria Strength Casualties 10,000 dead, wounded, or captured 100 dead or wounded The Battle of Gembloux marked a terrible defeat for the Protestant rebels fighting against Spain in the Eighty Years War. ... Don John of Austria (February 24, 1547 - October 1, 1578), also known as Juan De Austria and Don Juan de Austria, was the illegitimate son of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and a military leader whose most famous victory was at the Battle of Lepanto. ... The Siege of Antwerp was an engagement of the Germans and the Belgians during World War I. The German army invaded Belgium on the morning of August 4, 1914, two days after the decision of the Belgian government not to allow German troops unhindered passage to France. ... Combatants Dutch rebels, English soldiers Spain Commanders ? ? Strength ? ? Casualties ? ? The battle of Zutphen was a confrontation of the Eighty Years War on September 22, 1586, in Zutphen, the Netherlands. ... See: Battle of Turnhout (1597) Battle of Turnhout (1789) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Combatants United Provinces Spain Commanders Maurits of Nassau Archduke Albrecht of Austria Strength 9,500 infantry 1,400 cavalry 14 guns 6,000 infantry 1,200 cavalry 9 guns Casualties 1,700 dead or wounded 3,000 dead or wounded 600 captured {{{notes}}} The Battle of Nieuwpoort, between a Dutch... Location of Dunkirk in the arrondissement of Dunkirk Location within France Dunkirks seafront Map of Dunkirk courtesy of the Calgary Highlanders. ... The introduction of this article does not provide enough context for readers unfamiliar with the subject. ... The Eighty Years War, or Dutch Revolt, was the war of secession between the Netherlands and the Spanish king, that lasted from 1568 to 1648. ... On April 25, 1607 during the Eighty Years War, a Dutch fleet surprised and engaged a Spanish fleet anchored at the Bay of Gibraltar. ... Combatants United Provinces Spain Commanders Maurice of Nassau Ernst von Mansfeld Ambrosio Spinola Strength 14,000 Unknown Casualties 10,000 dead, wounded, or captured Unknown {{{notes}}} The Siege of Breda was a battle of the Eighty Years War and Thirty Years War. ... Combatants Spain United Provinces Commanders Antonio de Oquendo Maarten Tromp Strength 77 ships 117 ships Casualties 15,200 dead 60 ships destroyed or captured 100 dead 1 ship burned The naval Battle of the Downs took place on 31 October 1639 during the Eighty Years War and was a decisive... Image:Marten Harpertszoon Tromp. ...

The Dutch in the East Indies

The Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC), chartered in 1602, concentrated Dutch trade efforts under one directorate with a unified policy. In 1605 armed Dutch merchantmen captured the Portuguese fort at Amboyna in the Moluccas, which was developed into the first secure base of the VOC. The Twelve Year's Truce signed in Antwerp in 1609 called a halt to formal hostilities between Spain (which controlled Portugal and its territories at the time) and the United Provinces. In the Indies, the foundation of Batavia formed the permanent center from which Dutch enterprises, more mercantile than colonial, could be coordinated. From it "the Dutch wove the immense web of traffic and exchange which would eventually make up their empire, a fragile and flexible one built, like the Portuguese empire, 'on the Phoenician model'." (Braudel 1984, p. 215) Dutch colonial possessions, with the Dutch East India Company possessions marked in a paler green, surrounding the Indian Ocean plus Saint Helena in the mid-Atlantic. ... Dutch colonial possessions, with the Dutch East India Company possessions marked in a paler green, surrounding the Indian Ocean plus Saint Helena in the mid-Atlantic. ... This page is about the year. ... // Events April 13 - Tsar Boris Godunow dies - Feodor II accedes to the throne May 16 - Paul V becomes Pope June 1 - Russian troops in Moscow imprison Feodor II and his mother. ... Amboyna can refer to: an archaic name for Ambon Island, part of the Maluku Islands of Indonesia the burl of Pterocarpus trees, originally exported from Ambon, but now from many locations in SEAsia This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ... This page is about the geography and history of the island group in Indonesia — for the political entities encompassing the islands, see Maluku (Indonesian province) and North Maluku. ... The Cathedral of our Lady (Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekathedraal, Antwerp) in the Handschoenmarkt, in the old quarter of Antwerp is the largest cathedral in the Low Countries and home to a number of triptychs by Belgian Baroque painter Rubens. ... // Events April 4 â€“ King of Spain signs an edit of expulsion of all moriscos from Spain April 9 â€“ Spain recognizes Dutch independence May 23 - Official ratification of the Second Charter of Virginia. ... Map of Dutch Republic by Joannes Janssonius The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden/ProvinciÃ«n; also Dutch Republic or United Provinces in short) was a European republic between 1581 and 1795, which is now known as the Netherlands. ... This page is about the capital city of Indonesia. ... The term thalassocracy (from the Greek Î˜Î±Î»Î±ÏƒÏƒÎ¿-ÎºÏÎ±Ï„Î¯Î±) refers to a state with primarily maritime realmsâ€”an empire at sea, such as the Phoenician network of merchant cities. ...

One after another the Dutch took the great trading ports of the East Indies: Malacca in 1641; Achem (Aceh) the native kingdom in Sumatra, 1667; Macassar, 1669; finally Bantam itself, 1682. At the same time connections in the ports of India provided the printed cottons that the Dutch traded for pepper, the staple of the spice trade. State motto: Bersatu Teguh Capital Malacca Town Governor Tun Datuk Seri Utama Mohd. ... Events The Long Parliament passes a series of legislation designed to contain Charles Is absolutist tendencies. ... Aceh (IPA pronunciation: , pronounced approximately AH-chay, but with [e], not [ei] at the end) is a special territory (daerah istimewa) of Indonesia, located on the northern tip of the island of Sumatra. ... Sumatra (also spelled Sumatara and Sumatera) is the sixth largest island of the world (approximately 470,000 kmÂ²) and is the 3rd largest island of Indonesia after Kalimantan and New Guinea. ... // Events January 20 - Poland cedes Kyiv, Smolensk, and eastern Ukraine to Russia in the Treaty of Andrusovo that put a final end to the Deluge, and Poland lost its status as a Central European power. ... Makassar, (Macassar, Mangkasar) is the provincial capital of South Sulawesi, in Indonesia, on the island of Sulawesi. ... // Events Samuel Pepys stopped writing his diary. ... Bantam may mean: American Bantam, a series of compact cars produced between 1937 and 1941 Bantam (chicken), a small (or miniaturized) domestic fowl Bantam (military), british army jargon (first world war) for men below the minimum height for enlistment Bantam (city), a city in Indonesia Bantam, Connecticut Bantam, a New... Events March 11 â€“ Chelsea hospital for soldiers is founded in England May 6 - Louis XIV of France moves his court to Versailles. ... Cotton ready for harvest. ... Binomial name Piper nigrum L. Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its fruit, which is usually dried and used as a spice and seasoning. ... Spices at the central market of Agadir, Morocco in May 2005 The spice trade has been of major economic importance throughout human history and it particularly helped spur the Age of Exploration. ...

The greatest source of wealth in the East Indies, Fernand Braudel has noted, was the trade within the archipelago, what the Dutch called inlandse handel, where one commodity was exchanged for another, with profit at each turn, with silver from the Americas, more desirable in the East than in Europe. Fernand Braudel Fernand Braudel (August 24, 1902â€“November 27, 1985) was a French historian. ... General Name, Symbol, Number silver, Ag, 47 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 5, d Appearance lustrous white metal Atomic mass 107. ...

By concentrating on monopolies in the fine spices, Dutch policy encouraged monoculture: Amboyna for cloves, Timor for sandalwood, the Bandas for mace and nutmeg, Ceylon for cinnamon. Monoculture linked island economies to the mercantile system to provide the missing necessities of life. Monoculture describes systems that have very low diversity. ... Amboyna can refer to: an archaic name for Ambon Island, part of the Maluku Islands of Indonesia the burl of Pterocarpus trees, originally exported from Ambon, but now from many locations in SEAsia This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ... Binomial name Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill & Perry Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum, syn. ... Map of Timor Timor Island from space, November 1989 (North is to the bottom of the image). ... The branches of a young sandalwood tree found in Hawaii Sandalwood is the wood of trees of the genus Santalum. ... Banda Besar island seen from Fort Belgica The Banda Islands (Kepulauan Banda in Bahasa Indonesia) are a group of ten small volcanic islands in the Banda Sea, about 140km south of Seram island and about 2000km east of Java, and are part of the Indonesian province of Maluku. ... Species About 100 species, including: Myristica argentea Myristica fragrans Myristica malabarica The nutmegs Myristica are a genus of evergreen trees indigenous to tropical southeast Asia and Australasia. ... Species About 100 species, including: Myristica argentea Myristica fragrans Myristica malabarica The nutmegs Myristica are a genus of evergreen trees indigenous to tropical southeast Asia and Australasia. ... Binomial name Cinnamomum verum J.Presl Cassia (Indonesian cinnamon) is also commonly called (and sometimes sold as) cinnamon. ...

Wars of the Dutch Republic

The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden/Provinciën; also Dutch Republic or United Provinces in short) was a European republic between 1581 (but was formally recognised in 1648) and 1795, which is now known as the Netherlands. From an economic and military perspective, the Republic of the United Provinces completely out-performed all expectations; it was a surprise to many that a nation, not based on the church or on a single royal leader, could be so successful. This time period is known in the Netherlands as the Golden Age. The free trade spirit of the time — which some would argue was the Protestant spirit of the time — received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern — much better functioning — stock market in the Low Countries. At first the Dutch has a very strong standing field army and large garrisons in their numerous fortified cities. From 1648 on however the Army was neglected; and for a few years even the Navy — until rivalry with England forced a large extension of naval forces. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (3426x2550, 1247 KB) Map of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands Drawn by Joannes (or Johannes) Janssonius Part of his collection Belgii Foederati Nova Descriptio Published in Amsterdam in 1658 Map predates international copyright law, plus author has sadly deceased... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (3426x2550, 1247 KB) Map of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands Drawn by Joannes (or Johannes) Janssonius Part of his collection Belgii Foederati Nova Descriptio Published in Amsterdam in 1658 Map predates international copyright law, plus author has sadly deceased... Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents of Earth which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiographic one, leading to various perspectives about Europes borders. ... In a broad definition a republic is a state or country that is led by people who do not base their political power on any principle beyond the control of the people of that state or country. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...

The Anglo-Dutch Wars

Main article: Anglo-Dutch Wars The painting Dutch attack on the Medway, June 1667 by Pieter Cornelisz van Soest, painted c. ...

The Anglo-Dutch Wars (Dutch: Engelse Oorlogen) were fought in the 17th and 18th centuries between Britain and the United Provinces for control over the seas and trade routes. They are known as the Dutch Wars in England and as the English Wars in the Netherlands. The collapse of Spanish power at the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648 meant that the colonial possessions of the Portuguese and Spanish Empires were effectively up for grabs. This brought the Commonwealth of England and the United Provinces of the Netherlands, former allies in the Thirty Years' War, into conflict. The Dutch had the largest mercantile fleet of Europe, and a dominant position in European trade. They had annexed most of Portugal's territory in the East Indies giving them control over the enormously profitable trade in spices. They were even gaining significant influence over England's maritime trade with her North American colonies, profiting from the turmoil that resulted from the English Civil War. The Dutch navy had been neglected though, while Cromwell had built a strong fleet. (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden/ProvinciÃ«n; also Dutch Republic or United Provinces in short) was a European republic between 1581 and 1795, which is now known as the Netherlands. ... The victory of Gustavus Adolphus at the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631). ... // Events January 17 - Englands Long Parliament passes the Vote of No Address, breaking off negotiations with King Charles I and thereby setting the scene for the second phase of the English Civil War. ... The flag of the Spanish Empire. ... Motto: PAX, QUÃ†RITUR, BELLO (English: Peace is obtained by war)1 Capital London Head of State none Parliament Rump Parliament (1649-53), Barebones Parliament (1653) The Commonwealth was the republican government which ruled first England and then the whole of Ireland, the colonies and other Crown possessions during the... Map of Dutch Republic by Joannes Janssonius The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden/ProvinciÃ«n; also Dutch Republic or United Provinces in short) was a European republic between 1581 and 1795, which is now known as the Netherlands. ... The victory of Gustavus Adolphus at the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631). ... The Indies, on the display globe of the Field Museum, Chicago The Indies or East Indies (or East India) is a term used to describe lands of South and South-East Asia, occupying all of the former British India, the present Indian Union, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Maldives, and... Shop with spices in Morocco A spice is a dried seed, fruit, root, bark or vegetative substance used in nutritionally insignificant quantities as a food additive for the purpose of flavouring. ... The term English Civil War (or Wars) refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

The first Anglo-Dutch War (1652-1654)

In order to protect its position in North America and damage Dutch trade, in 1651 the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England passed the first of the Navigation Acts, which mandated that all goods from her American colonies must be carried by English ships. In a period of growing mercantilism this was the spark that ignited the first Anglo-Dutch war, the British seeking a pretext to start a war which led to sporadic naval engagements across the globe. // Events April 6 - Dutch sailor Jan van Riebeeck establishes a resupply camp for the Dutch East India Company at the Cape of Good Hope, and founded Cape Town. ... Events April 5 - Signing of the Treaty of Westminster, ending the First Anglo-Dutch War. ... The Battle of Scheveningen, 10 August 1653 by Jan Abrahamsz Beerstraaten, painted c. ... // Events January 1 - Charles II crowned King of Scotland in Scone. ... States currently utilizing parliamentary systems are denoted in orange and redâ€”the former being constitutional monarchies where authority is vested in a parliament, and the latter being parliamentary republics whose parliaments are effectively supreme over a separate head of state. ... Motto: PAX, QUÃ†RITUR, BELLO (English: Peace is obtained by war)1 Capital London Head of State none Parliament Rump Parliament (1649-53), Barebones Parliament (1653) The Commonwealth was the republican government which ruled first England and then the whole of Ireland, the colonies and other Crown possessions during the... The English Navigation Acts were a series of laws which, beginning in 1651, restricted foreign shipping. ... A painting of a French seaport from 1638, at the height of mercantilism. ...

The English were initially successful, Admiral Robert Blake defeating the Dutch Admiral Witte de With in the Battle of the Kentish Knock in 1652. Believing that the war was all but over, the English divided their forces and in 1653 were routed by the fleet of Dutch Admiral Maarten Tromp at the Battle of Dungeness in the English Channel. The Dutch were also victorious at the Battle of Leghorn and had effective control of both the Mediterranean and the English Channel. Blake, recovering from an injury, rethought, together with Monck, the whole system of naval tactics, and in mid 1653 used the Dutch line of battle method to drive the Dutch navy back to its ports in the battles of Portland and the Gabbard. In the final Battle of Scheveningen on 10 August 1653 Tromp was killed, a blow to Dutch morale, but the British had to end their blockade of the Dutch coast. As both nations were by now exhausted, peace negotiations were started. Robert Blake, General at Sea, 1599â€“1657 by Henry Perronet Briggs, painted 1829. ... Witte Corneliszoon de With (28 March 1599-8 November 1658) was a Dutch naval officer of 17th century. ... This painting, Action between ships in the First Dutch War, 1652–1654 by Abraham Willaerts, may depict the Battle of the Kentish Knock. ... // Events April 6 - Dutch sailor Jan van Riebeeck establishes a resupply camp for the Dutch East India Company at the Cape of Good Hope, and founded Cape Town. ... Events February 2 - New Amsterdam (later renamed New York City) is incorporated. ... Image:Marten Harpertszoon Tromp. ... The naval Battle of Dungeness took place on 10 December 1652 during the First Anglo-Dutch War near the cape of Dungeness in Kent. ... Satellite view of the English Channel Map of the English Channel The English Channel (French: La Manche (IPA: ) is the part of the Atlantic Ocean that separates the island of Great Britain from northern France and joins the North Sea to the Atlantic. ... The Battle of Leghorn, 14 March 1653 by Willem Hermansz van Diest, painted mid-17th century The naval Battle of Leghorn (also known as the Battle of Livorno) took place on 14 March 1653, during the First Anglo-Dutch War, near Leghorn (Livorno), Italy. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ... Satellite view of the English Channel Map of the English Channel The English Channel (French: La Manche (IPA: ) is the part of the Atlantic Ocean that separates the island of Great Britain from northern France and joins the North Sea to the Atlantic. ... Events February 2 - New Amsterdam (later renamed New York City) is incorporated. ... British and Danish ships in line of battle at the Battle of Copenhagen (1801). ... The Battle of Portland, also known as the Three Days Battle, was a naval battle of the First Anglo-Dutch War. ... The Battle of the Gabbard, 12 June 1653 by Heerman Witmont, shows the Dutch flagship Brederode, left, in action with the English ship Tredagh, the later HMS Resolution. ... The Battle of Scheveningen, 10 August 1653 by Jan Abrahamsz Beerstraaten, painted c. ... August 10 is the 222nd day of the year (223rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events February 2 - New Amsterdam (later renamed New York City) is incorporated. ...

The war ended on 1654-04-05 with the signing of the Treaty of Westminster, but the commercial rivalry was not resolved, the British having failed to replace the Dutch as the world's dominant trade nation. Events April 5 - Signing of the Treaty of Westminster, ending the First Anglo-Dutch War. ... April 5 is the 95th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (96th in leap years). ... The 1654 Treaty of Westminster ended the First Anglo-Dutch War of 1652–1654. ...

Battles

Download high resolution version (700x804, 78 KB)Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter, 1607–1676, Lieutenant-Admiral-General of the United Provinces by Ferdinand Bol, painted 1667 The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a... Download high resolution version (700x804, 78 KB)Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter, 1607–1676, Lieutenant-Admiral-General of the United Provinces by Ferdinand Bol, painted 1667 The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a... Map of Dutch Republic by Joannes Janssonius The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden/ProvinciÃ«n; also Dutch Republic or United Provinces in short) was a European republic between 1581 and 1795, which is now known as the Netherlands. ... Ferdinand Bol (born in June 24, 1616 in Dordrecht - died August 24, 1680 in Amsterdam) was a Dutch artist, etcher, and draftsman. ... // Events January 20 - Poland cedes Kyiv, Smolensk, and eastern Ukraine to Russia in the Treaty of Andrusovo that put a final end to the Deluge, and Poland lost its status as a Central European power. ... The Battle of Goodwin Sands (also known as the Battle of Dover), fought on 29 May 1652, was the first engagement of the First Anglo-Dutch War between the Commonwealth of England and the United Provinces of the Netherlands. ... The Battle of Plymouth, 26 August 1652 was a naval battle of the First Anglo-Dutch War. ... This painting, Action between ships in the First Dutch War, 1652–1654 by Abraham Willaerts, may depict the Battle of the Kentish Knock. ... The naval Battle of Dungeness took place on 10 December 1652 during the First Anglo-Dutch War near the cape of Dungeness in Kent. ... The Battle of Leghorn, 14 March 1653 by Willem Hermansz van Diest, painted mid-17th century The naval Battle of Leghorn (also known as the Battle of Livorno) took place on 14 March 1653, during the First Anglo-Dutch War, near Leghorn (Livorno), Italy. ... The Battle of Portland, also known as the Three Days Battle, was a naval battle of the First Anglo-Dutch War. ... The Battle of the Gabbard, 12 June 1653 by Heerman Witmont, shows the Dutch flagship Brederode, left, in action with the English ship Tredagh, the later HMS Resolution. ... The Battle of Scheveningen, 10 August 1653 by Jan Abrahamsz Beerstraaten, painted c. ...

The second Anglo-Dutch War (1665-1667)

After the English-Restoration" onmouseover="pv(event, 369)" onmouseout="unpv(369)" style="">English Restoration, Charles II tried to serve his dynastic interests by attempting to make Prince William III of Orange, his nephew, stadtholder of The Republic, using some military pressure. This led to a surge of patriotism in England, the country being, as Samuel Pepys put it, "mad for war". This war, deliberately provoked by the English in 1664, witnessed quite a few significant English victories in battle, (but also some Dutch ones such as the capture of the Prince Royal during the Four Days Battle in 1666 which was the subject of a famous painting by Willem van de Velde). However the Raid on the Medway entailing the burning of part of the English fleet whilst docked at Chatham in June 1667 when a flotilla of ships led by Admiral de Ruyter broke through the defensive chains guarding the Medway and wrought havoc on the English ships, ended the war with a Dutch victory. For a few years the greatly expanded Dutch navy was now the world's strongest. The Republic was then at the zenith of its power. Events March 4 - Start of the Second Anglo-Dutch War. ... // Events January 20 - Poland cedes Kyiv, Smolensk, and eastern Ukraine to Russia in the Treaty of Andrusovo that put a final end to the Deluge, and Poland lost its status as a Central European power. ... Dutch Attack on the Medway, June 1667 by Pieter Cornelisz van Soest, painted c. ... Dutch Attack on the Medway, June 1667 by Pieter Cornelisz van Soest, painted c. ... // Events January 20 - Poland cedes Kyiv, Smolensk, and eastern Ukraine to Russia in the Treaty of Andrusovo that put a final end to the Deluge, and Poland lost its status as a Central European power. ... The painting Dutch attack on the Medway, June 1667 by Pieter Cornelisz van Soest, painted c. ... The Royal Prince and other vessels at the Four Days Fight, 11â€“14 June 1666 by Abraham Storck depicts a battle of the Second Anglo-Dutch War. ... King Charles II, the first monarch to rule after the English Restoration. ... Charles II or The Merry Monarch (29 May 1630â€“6 February 1685) was the King of England, King of Scots, and King of Ireland from 30 January 1649 (de jure) or 29 May 1660 (de facto) until his death. ... William III of England (14 November 1650 â€“ 8 March 1702; also known as William II of Scotland and William III of Orange) was a Dutch aristocrat and a Protestant Prince of Orange from his birth, King of England and King of Ireland from 13 February 1689, and King of Scots... A stadtholder (Dutch: stadhouder meaning place holder, a Germanic parallel to Latin locum tenens or French lieutenant), means an official who is appointed by the legal ruling Monarch to represent him in a country, and may have a mandate to govern it in his name, in the latter case roughly... Samuel Pepys Samuel Pepys, FRS (23 February 1633 â€“ 26 May 1703) was an English naval administrator and Member of Parliament. ... Events March 12 - New Jersey becomes a colony of England. ... The Four Days Fight, 11â€“14 June 1666 by Pieter Cornelisz van Soest, painted c. ... Events September 2 - Great Fire of London: A large fire breaks out in London in the house of Charles IIs baker on Pudding Lane near London Bridge. ... Ships riding quietly at anchor Willem van de Velde, the younger (1633 â€“ April 6, 1707), was a Dutch painter. ... Dutch Attack on the Medway, June 1667 by Pieter Cornelisz van Soest, painted c. ... Location within the British Isles Chatham is an English town that developed around an important naval dockyard on the east bank of the River Medway in the county of Kent. ... // Events January 20 - Poland cedes Kyiv, Smolensk, and eastern Ukraine to Russia in the Treaty of Andrusovo that put a final end to the Deluge, and Poland lost its status as a Central European power. ... Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter, Lieutenant-Admiral of the United Provinces by Ferdinand Bol, painted 1667 Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter (24 March 1607 - 29 April 1676) is one of the most famous admirals in Dutch history. ... The Medway Towns is the name given to a conurbation located to the north of Kent in England: until 1998 it was part of that county (see below). ...

Battles

The Battle of Lowestoft, 13 June 1665, showing HMS Royal Charles and the Eendracht by Hendrik van Minderhout, painted c. ... The Four Days Fight, 11â€“14 June 1666 by Pieter Cornelisz van Soest, painted c. ... The naval St James Day Battle (also known as the St Jamess Day Fight, the Battle of the North Foreland and the Battle of Orfordness) took place on 4-5 August 1666 during the Second Anglo-Dutch War and was fought between fleets of England and the United Provinces... Dutch Attack on the Medway, June 1667 by Pieter Cornelisz van Soest, painted c. ...

The third Anglo-Dutch War (1672-1674)

Soon the English navy was rebuilt. After the embarrassing events in the previous war, English public opinion was unenthusiastic about starting a new one. Bound by the secret Treaty of Dover Charles II was however obliged to assist Louis XIV in his attack on The Republic in the Franco-Dutch War. This he did willingly, having manipulated the French and Dutch into war. The French army being halted by inundations, an attempt was made to invade The Republic by sea. De Ruyter, gaining four brilliant strategic victories against the Anglo-French fleet, prevented invasion. After these failures the English parliament forced Charles to sign peace. Events England, France, Munster and Cologne invade the United Provinces, therefore this name is know as Â´het rampjaarÂ´ (the disaster year) in the Netherlands. ... Events February 19 - England and the Netherlands sign the Treaty of Westminster. ... Image File history File links The Battle of Schooneveld, 7 June 1673 by Willem van de Velde, the elder, painted 1674. ... Image File history File links The Battle of Schooneveld, 7 June 1673 by Willem van de Velde, the elder, painted 1674. ... June 7 is the 158th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (159th in leap years), with 207 days remaining. ... Events January 22 - Impostor Mary Carleton is hanged in Newgate prison in England for multiple thefts and returning from penal transportation March 18 - John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton sells his part of New Jersey to the Quakers. ... The Battle of Texel, 11â€“21 August 1673 by Willem van de Velde, the younger, painted 1683, depicts a battle of the Third Anglo-Dutch War. ... The Treaty of Dover was secret treaty of 1670 between Charles II of England and Louis XIV of France. ... Louis XIV (Louis-DieudonnÃ©) (September 5, 1638â€“September 1, 1715), reigned as King of France and of Navarre from May 14, 1643 until his death at the age of 77. ... The Dutch War (1672â€“1678) was a war fought between France and a quadruple alliance consisting of Brandenburg, the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, and the United Provinces. ... A flood (in Old English flod, a word common to Teutonic languages; compare German Flut, Dutch vloed from the same root as is seen in flow, float) is an overflow of water, an expanse of water submerging land, a deluge. ...

Battles

The Battle of Solebay, 7 June 1672, was the first naval battle of the Third Anglo-Dutch War. ... The first battle of Schooneveld, 7 June 1673 by Willem van de Velde, the elder, painted c. ... The first battle of Schooneveld, 7 June 1673 by Willem van de Velde, the elder, painted c. ... For the 1653 battle near Texel, see the Battle of Scheveningen The Battle of the Texel, 11/21 August 1673 by Willem van de Velde, the younger, painted 1683. ...

The Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (1780-1784)

The Glorious Revolution of 1688 was the last succesful invasion of England and ended the conflict by placing Prince William III of Orange on the English throne as co-ruler with his wife Mary. Though this was in fact a military conflict between Great Britain and The Republic, William invading the British Isles with a Dutch fleet and army, in English histories it is never described as such because he had strong support in England and was partly serving the dynastic interests of his wife. 1780 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1784 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... At the end of the 18th century, unrest was growing in the Netherlands. ... The term Glorious Revolution refers to the Whig-popular overthrow of James II of England in 1688 by a conspiracy between some Parliamentarians and the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau. ... // Events A high-powered conspiracy of notables, the Immortal Seven, invite William and Mary to depose James II of England. ... William III of England (14 November 1650 â€“ 8 March 1702; also known as William II of Scotland and William III of Orange) was a Dutch aristocrat and a Protestant Prince of Orange from his birth, King of England and King of Ireland from 13 February 1689, and King of Scots... Mary II (30 April 1662â€“28 December 1694) reigned as Queen of England and Ireland from 13 February 1689 until her death, and as Queen of Scotland (as Mary II of Scotland) from 11 April 1689 until her death. ...

Ironically, the regime change brought about the ultimate downfall of the Dutch Republic. The Dutch merchant elite immediately began to use London as a new operational base. Dutch economic growth slowed. William ordered that any Anglo-Dutch fleet be under British command, with the Dutch navy having 60% of the strength of the British. From about 1720 Dutch wealth declined. Between 1740 and 1770 the Dutch Navy was neglected. Around 1780 the per capita gross national product of the Kingdom of Great Britain surpassed that of the Dutch Republic. Now it was the Dutch who in turn became prone to petty jealousy and began to support the American rebels. This led to the fourth war, and the loss of the alliance made the Dutch Republic fatally vulnerable to the French. Regime change is the overthrow of a government (or regime) considered illegitimate by an external force (usually military), and its replacement with a new government according to the ideas and/or interests promoted by that force. ... London is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England and is the most populous city in the European Union. ... // Events January 6 - The Committee of Inquiry on the South Sea Bubble publishes its findings February 11 - Sweden and Prussia sign the (2nd Treaty of Stockholm) declaring peace. ... 1780 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Measures of national income and output are used in economics to estimate the value of goods and services produced in an economy. ... Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right)1 Capital London Head of State King of Great Britain Head of Government Prime Minister Parliament House of Commons, House of Lords The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain (see below), was...

The Dutch navy was by now only a shadow of its former self, having only about twenty ships of the line, so there were no large fleet battles. The English tried to reduce the Republic to the status of a British protectorate, using Prussian military pressure and gaining factual control over most of the Dutch colonies, those conquered during the war given back at war's end. The Dutch then still held some key positions in the European trade with Asia, such as the Cape, Ceylon and Malacca. The war sparked a new round of Dutch ship building (95 warships in the last quarter of the 18th century), but the British kept their absolute numerical superiority by doubling their fleet in the same time. A protectorate is, in international law, a political entity (a sovereign state or a less developed native polity, such as a tribal chiefstainship or feudal princely state) that formally agrees (voluntarily or under pressure) by treaty to enter into an unequal relationship with another, stronger state, called the protector, which... The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 Prussia (German: ; Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Lithuanian: ; Old Prussian: PrÅ«sa; Polish: ) was, most recently, a historic state originating in East Prussia, an area which for centuries had a substantial influence on German and European history. ... State motto: Bersatu Teguh Capital Malacca Town Governor Tun Datuk Seri Utama Mohd. ...

Battles

The Battle of Dogger Bank was a naval battle in the North Sea that took place on 24 January 1915, during the First World War, involving units of the Royal Navy and the German Fleet. ...

The Franco-Dutch War

Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678) was a war fought between France and a quadruple alliance consisting of Brandenburg, the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, and the United Provinces. The war ended with the Treaty of Nijmegen (1678); this granted France control of the Franche-Comte (from Spain). Events England, France, Munster and Cologne invade the United Provinces, therefore this name is know as Â´het rampjaarÂ´ (the disaster year) in the Netherlands. ... Events August 10 - Treaty of Nijmegen ends the Dutch War. ... The United States detonated an atomic bomb over Nagasaki on August 9, 1945, effectively ending World War II. The bombings of Nagasaki and Hiroshima (on August 6) immediately killed between 100,000 and 200,000 people and are the only known instances nuclear weapons have ever been used in war. ... The term Quadruple Alliance refers to several historical military alliances; none of which remain in effect. ... Brandenburg (Lower Sorbian: Bramborska; Upper Sorbian: Braniborska) is one of Germanys sixteen BundeslÃ¤nder (federal states) and lies in the east of the country. ... The Holy Roman Empire and from the 16th century on also The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation was a political conglomeration of lands in Central Europe in the Middle Ages and the early modern period. ... Map of Dutch Republic by Joannes Janssonius The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden/ProvinciÃ«n; also Dutch Republic or United Provinces in short) was a European republic between 1581 and 1795, which is now known as the Netherlands. ... The Treaty of Nijmegen (1678) was signed in Nijmegen, and ended the Dutch War. ... The Franche-Comté (the former Free County of Burgundy, as distinct from the neighbouring Duchy) is a region of eastern France. ...

France led a coalition including Münster and Great Britain. Louis XIV was annoyed by the Dutch refusal to cooperate in the destruction and division of the Spanish Netherlands. As the Dutch army had been neglected, the French had no trouble by-passing the fortress of Maastricht and then marching to the heart of the Republic, taking Utrecht. Prince William III of Orange is assumed to have had the leading Dutch politician Johan de Witt deposed and murdered, and was acclaimed stadtholder. The French were halted by inundations, the Dutch Water Line, after Louis tarried too much in conquering the whole of the Republic. He had promised the major Dutch cities to the British and tried to extort huge sums from the Dutch in exchange for a separate peace. The bishop of Münster laid siege to Groningen but failed. An attempt was made to invade the Republic by sea, but this was thwarted by Admiral Michiel de Ruyter in four strategic victories against the combined Anglo-French fleet (these events are usually called the Third Anglo-Dutch War). Great Britain then abandoned the war in 1674. Town Hall in the Prinzipalmarkt MÃ¼nster: the Prinzipalmarkt St Pauls Cathedral, MÃ¼nster MÃ¼nster is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. ... Louis XIV (Louis-DieudonnÃ©) (September 5, 1638â€“September 1, 1715), reigned as King of France and of Navarre from May 14, 1643 until his death at the age of 77. ... This article or section should be merged with Seventeen Provinces The Spanish Netherlands was a portion of the Low Countries controlled by Spain from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. ... Maastricht (Dutch: Maastricht; Limburgish and city dialect: Mestreech) is a municipality, and capital of the province of Limburg. ... Utrecht ( (helpÂ· info)) is a municipality and the capital city of the Dutch province of Utrecht. ... William III of England (14 November 1650 â€“ 8 March 1702; also known as William II of Scotland and William III of Orange) was a Dutch aristocrat and a Protestant Prince of Orange from his birth, King of England and King of Ireland from 13 February 1689, and King of Scots... Johan de Witt (September 24, 1625, Dordrecht - August 20, 1672, The Hague) was a significant Dutch political figure. ... A stadtholder (Dutch: stadhouder meaning place holder, a Germanic parallel to Latin locum tenens or French lieutenant), means an official who is appointed by the legal ruling Monarch to represent him in a country, and may have a mandate to govern it in his name, in the latter case roughly... A flood (in Old English flod, a word common to Teutonic languages; compare German Flut, Dutch vloed from the same root as is seen in flow, float) is an overflow of water, an expanse of water submerging land, a deluge. ... the New Waterline The Dutch Water Line was a series of waterbased defences conceived by Maurice of Nassau and realised by his half brother Fredrick Henry. ... The flag of Groningen Groningen is the northeast province of the Netherlands with a typical dialect (Gronings) with regional nuances. ... Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter, Lieutenant-Admiral of the United Provinces by Ferdinand Bol, painted 1667 Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter (24 March 1607 - 29 April 1676) is one of the most famous admirals in Dutch history. ... The Battle of Texel, 11â€“21 August 1673 by Willem van de Velde, the younger, painted 1683, depicts a battle of the Third Anglo-Dutch War. ... Events February 19 - England and the Netherlands sign the Treaty of Westminster. ...

Already, allies had joined the Dutch — the Elector of Brandenburg, the Emperor, and Charles II of Spain. Louis, despite the successful Siege of Maastricht in 1673, was forced to abandon his plans of conquering the Dutch and revert to a slow, cautious war of attrition around the French frontiers. By 1678, he had managed to break apart his opponents' coalition, and managed to gain considerable territories by the terms of the Treaty of Nijmegen. Most notably, the French acquired the Franche Comte and various territories in the Netherlands from the Spanish. Nevertheless the Dutch had thwarted the ambitions of two of the major royal dynasties of the time: the Stuarts and the Bourbons. Friedrich Wilhelm I of Brandenburg. ... Brandenburg (Lower Sorbian: Bramborska; Upper Sorbian: Braniborska) is one of Germanys sixteen BundeslÃ¤nder (federal states) and lies in the east of the country. ... Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I Habsburg (June 9, 1640 â€“ May 5, 1705), Holy Roman emperor, was the second son of the emperor Ferdinand III and his first wife Maria Anna of Spain. ... Charles II of Spain. ... The siege of Maastricht was one of the key elements in King Louis XIVs plans to conquer the Netherlands, in order to better defend his borders against Spain and Germany. ... Events August 10 - Treaty of Nijmegen ends the Dutch War. ... The Treaty of Nijmegen (1678) was signed in Nijmegen, and ended the Dutch War. ... The Franche-Comt (the former Free County of Burgundy, as distinct from the neighbouring Duchy) is a region of eastern France. ... The House of Stuart or Stewart was a Scottish, and then British, Royal House of Breton origin. ... This article or section should include material from France: Wars of Religion _ Bourbon Dynasty The House of Bourbon dates from at least the beginning of the 13th century, when the estate of Bourbon was ruled by a Lord, vassal of France. ...

Dutch-Swedish War (1657 - 1660)

The Dutch-Swedish War, 1657-1660, was a Dutch intervention in the Northern Wars. When Charles X of Sweden had been unable to continue his hold on Poland — partly because the Dutch fleet relieved the besieged city of Danzig in 1656 — he turned his attention on Denmark, invading that country from what is now Germany. He treacherously broke a new agreement with Frederick III of Denmark and laid siege to Copenhagen. To the Dutch the Baltic trade was vital, both in quantity and quality. They had always been able to convince Denmark by threat of force to keep the Sound tolls at a low level but they feared a strong Swedish empire might not be so complying. In 1658 they sent an expedition fleet of 75 ships, 3000 cannon en 15.000 troops; in the Battle of the Sound it defeated the Swedish fleet and relieved Copenhagen. In 1659 the Dutch liberated the other Danish Isles and the essential supply of grain, wood and iron from the Baltic was guaranteed once more. Events January 8 - Miles Sindercombe, would-be-assassin of Oliver Cromwell, and his group are captured in London February - Admiral Robert Blake defeats the Spanish West Indian Fleet in a battle over the seizure of Jamaica. ... Events Expulsion of the Carib indigenous people from Martinique by French occupying forces. ... King Charles X of Sweden The Northern Wars (1655-1661) is a name sometimes used for the series of conflicts between Sweden and its adversaries Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (The Deluge, 1655-1660), Russia (1656-1661), Brandenburg-Prussia (1657-1660), the Holy Roman Empire (1657-60) and Denmark (1657-1658, 1658... Charles X or Karl X Gustav (1622 – 1660), king of Sweden, son of John Casimir, Margrave of Pfalz-Zweibrücken, and Catherine, sister of Gustavus Adolphus, was born at the Castle of Nyköping on November 8, 1622. ... For alternative meanings of Gdańsk and Danzig, see Gdansk (disambiguation) and Danzig (disambiguation) The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... King Frederick III Frederick III (March 28, 1609 â€“ February 19, 1670) was King of Denmark and Norway from 1648 until his death. ... Copenhagen ( (helpÂ· info) IPA: ) is the capital of Denmark, and the name of the municipality (Danish, kommune) in which it resides. ... A schematic representation of hearing. ... Battle of the Sound 1658 The naval Battle of The Sound took place on 8 November 1658 (29 October OS) just south of KÃ¸benhavn, being at that time under siege by Charles X of Sweden. ...

War of the Grand Alliance (1688 - 1697)

The War of the Grand Alliance was a major war fought in Europe and America from 1688 to 1697, between France and the League of Augsburg — which, by 1689, was known as the "Grand Alliance". The war was fought to resist French expansionism along the Rhine, as well as, on the part of England, to safeguard the results of the Glorious Revolution from a possible French-backed restoration of James II. The North American theatre of the war, fought between English and French colonists, was known in the English colonies as King William's War. // Events A high-powered conspiracy of notables, the Immortal Seven, invite William and Mary to depose James II of England. ... Events September 20 - The Treaty of Ryswick December 2 â€“ St Pauls Cathedral opened in London Peter the Great travels in Europe officially incognito as artilleryman Pjotr Mikhailov Use of palanquins increases in Europe Christopher Polhem starts Swedens first technical school. ... The United States detonated an atomic bomb over Nagasaki on August 9, 1945, effectively ending World War II. The bombings of Nagasaki and Hiroshima (on August 6) immediately killed between 100,000 and 200,000 people and are the only known instances nuclear weapons have ever been used in war. ... Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents of Earth which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiographic one, leading to various perspectives about Europes borders. ... For colonies not among the Thirteen colonies, see European colonization of the Americas or English colonization of the Americas. ... The Grand Alliance (known, prior to 1689, as the League of Augsburg) was a European coalition, consisting (at various times) of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Netherlands, the Palatinate of the Rhine, Saxony, Spain, Sweden, and the United Provinces. ... The Grand Alliance (known, prior to 1689, as the League of Augsburg) was a European coalition, consisting (at various times) of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Netherlands, the Palatinate of the Rhine, Portugal, Saxony, Spain, Sweden, and the United Provinces. ... Loreley At 1,320 kilometres (820 miles) and an average discharge of more than 2,000 cubic meters per second, the Rhine (German Rhein, French Rhin, Dutch Rijn, Romansch: Rein, Italian: Reno) is one of the longest and most important rivers in Europe. ... The term Glorious Revolution refers to the Whig-popular overthrow of James II of England in 1688 by a conspiracy between some Parliamentarians and the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau. ... James II of England and VII of Scotland (14 October 1633â€“16 September 1701) became King of England, King of Scots, and King of Ireland on 6 February 1685. ... The first of the French and Indian Wars, King Williams War (1689â€“1697), was the North American theater of the War of the Grand Alliance (1688â€“1697) fought principally in Europe between the armies of France under Louis XIV and those of a coalition of European powers including England. ...

The League of Augsburg

The League of Augsburg was formed in 1686 between the Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold I, and various of the German princes (including the Palatinate, Bavaria, and Brandenburg) to resist French aggression in Germany. The alliance was joined by Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Provinces. Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I Habsburg (June 9, 1640 â€“ May 5, 1705), Holy Roman emperor, was the second son of the emperor Ferdinand III and his first wife Maria Anna of Spain. ... A palatinate is a territory administered by a count palatine, originally the direct representative of the sovereign, but later the hereditary ruler of the territory subject to the crowns overlordship. ... The Free State of Bavaria (German: Freistaat Bayern), with an area of 70,553 kmÂ² (27,241 square miles) and 12. ... Brandenburg (Lower Sorbian: Bramborska; Upper Sorbian: Braniborska) is one of Germanys sixteen BundeslÃ¤nder (federal states) and lies in the east of the country. ... Map of Dutch Republic by Joannes Janssonius The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden/ProvinciÃ«n; also Dutch Republic or United Provinces in short) was a European republic between 1581 and 1795, which is now known as the Netherlands. ...

France had expected a benevolent neutrality on the part of James II's England, but after James's deposition and replacement by his son-in-law William of Orange, Louis's inveterate enemy, England declared war on France in May of 1689, and the League of Augsburg became known as the "Grand Alliance", with England, Portugal, Spain, the United Provinces, and most of the German states joined together to fight France. Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location (dark green) within the United Kingdom (light green), with the Republic of Ireland (blue) to its west Languages None official English de facto Capital None official London de facto Largest city London Area â€“ Total Ranked... William III of England (14 November 1650 â€“ 8 March 1702; also known as William II of Scotland and William III of Orange) was a Dutch aristocrat and a Protestant Prince of Orange from his birth, King of England and King of Ireland from 13 February 1689, and King of Scots...

Campaign in the Netherlands

In the war's principal theatre, in continental Europe, the early military campaigns, which mostly occurred in the Spanish Netherlands, were generally successful for France. After a setback at the Battle of Walcourt in August 1689, in which the French were defeated by an allied army under Prince Georg Friedrich of Waldeck, the French under Marshal Luxembourg were successful at the Battle of Fleurus in 1690, but Louis prevented Luxembourg from following up on his victory. The French were also successful in the Alps in 1690, with Marshal Catinat defeating the Duke of Savoy at the Battle of Staffarda and occupying Savoy. The Turkish recapture of Belgrade in October of the same year proved a boon to the French, preventing the Emperor from making peace with the Turks and sending his full forces west. The French were also successful at sea, defeating the Anglo-Dutch fleet at Beachy Head, but failed to follow up on the victory by sending aid to the Jacobite forces in Ireland or pursuing control of the Channel. This article or section should be merged with Seventeen Provinces The Spanish Netherlands was a portion of the Low Countries controlled by Spain from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. ... Combatants France England United Provinces Commanders Duke of HumiÃ¨res Prince of Waldeck Strength Unknown Unknown Casualties 600â€“1,000 dead or wounded Unknown The Battle of Walcourt was a sharp skirmish on August 27, 1689 near the Belgian village of Walcourt, as a part of the War of the... FranÃ§ois Henri de Montmorency-Bouteville, duc de Piney, called de Luxembourg (January 8, 1628 - January 4, 1695), marshal of France, the comrade and successor of the great CondÃ©, was born at Paris, France. ... The Battle of Fleurus took place on July 1, 1690. ... Combatants France Piedmont Spain Austria Commanders Nicolas Catinat Duke of Savoy Strength 18,000 17,000 Casualties 2,000 6,700 The Battle of Staffarda, was a battle in the War of the Grand Alliance, fought in Italy on August 18, 1690 between the French army of Marshal Catinat and... Belgrade (Serbian: Beograd, Ð‘ÐµÐ¾Ð³Ñ€Ð°Ð´ ) is the capital of the Republic of Serbia, as well as the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. ... Combatants France England United Provinces Commanders Anne Hilarion de Tourville Earl of Torrington Strength 75 ships 56 ships Casualties None 7 Dutch ships lost The naval Battle of Beachy Head or Bataille de BÃ©veziers took place on 30 June 1690 near Beachy Head, a promontory near Eastbourne, on the...

The French followed up on their success in 1691 with Luxembourg's capture of Mons and Halle and his defeat of Waldeck at the Battle of Leuze, while Marshal Catinat continued his advance into Italy, and another French army advanced into Catalonia, and in 1692 Namur was captured by a French army under the direct command of the King, and the French beat back an allied offensive under William of Orange at the Battle of Steenkerque. The central square and town hall of Mons Mons (Dutch: Bergen) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut, of which it is the capital. ... Halle (French: Hal) is a municipality in the province of Flemish Brabant, in Flanders, one of the three regions of Belgium. ... Namur, the Meuse, the Walloon parliament and the citadel. ... The Battle of Steenkerque (Steenkerque also spelled Steenkerke or Steenkirk) was fought on August 3, 1692, as a part of the Nine Years War. ...

Early French dominance

When the war began in 1689, the British Admiralty was still suffering from the disorders of the reign of King Charles II, which had been only in part corrected during the short reign of James II. The first squadrons were sent out late and in insufficient strength. The Dutch, crushed by the obligation to maintain a great army, found an increasing difficulty in preparing their fleet for action early. Louis XIV, with as yet unexhausted resources, had it within his power to strike first. Old Admiralty House, Whitehall, London, Thomas Ripley, architect, 1723-26, was not admired by his contemporaries and earned him some scathing couplets from Alexander Pope The Admiralty was historically the authority in the United Kingdom responsible for the command of the Royal Navy. ... Charles II or The Merry Monarch (29 May 1630â€“6 February 1685) was the King of England, King of Scots, and King of Ireland from 30 January 1649 (de jure) or 29 May 1660 (de facto) until his death. ...

English and Dutch resurgence

A large French fleet entered the English Channel, and gained a success over the combined British and Dutch fleets on July 10, 1690 in the Battle of Beachy Head, which was not followed up by vigorous action. During the following year, while James's cause was finally ruined in Ireland, the main French fleet was cruising in the Bay of Biscay, principally for the purpose of avoiding battle. During the whole of 1689, 1690 and 1691, British squadrons were active on the Irish coast -helping to win the Williamite war in Ireland for the allies. One raised the siege of Derry in July 1689, and another convoyed the first British and Dutch forces sent over under the Duke of Schomberg. Immediately after Beachy Head in 1690, a part of the Channel fleet carried out an expedition under the Earl of Marlborough, which took Cork and reduced a large part of the south of the island. William of Orange himself arrived in Ireland in 1690 with veteran Dutch and allied troops, defeating the James II at the battle of the Boyne -an engagment largely decided by Dutch infantry. The war was ended in Anglo-Dutch favour in 1691, when Dutch general Ginkel destroyed the Franco-Irish army at the Battle of Aughrim. Satellite view of the English Channel Map of the English Channel The English Channel (French: La Manche (IPA: ) is the part of the Atlantic Ocean that separates the island of Great Britain from northern France and joins the North Sea to the Atlantic. ... July 10 is the 191st day (192nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 174 days remaining. ... Combatants France England United Provinces Commanders Anne Hilarion de Tourville Earl of Torrington Strength 75 ships 56 ships Casualties None 7 Dutch ships lost The naval Battle of Beachy Head or Bataille de BÃ©veziers took place on 30 June 1690 near Beachy Head, a promontory near Eastbourne, on the... Map of the Bay of Biscay. ... For the context of this war see Jacobitism and Glorious Revolution. ... For context see the Williamite war in Ireland and Jacobitism. ... Friedrich Hermann (or Frédéric Armand), 1st Duke of Schomberg (originally Schönberg) (December 1615 or January 1616–1690), was both a marshal of France and an English general of all his Majestys Forces. Descended from an old family of the Palatinate, he was born at Heidelberg, the son of Hans... John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, in his Garter robes John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, KG, PC (26 May 1650 â€“ 16 June 1722) was an English military officer during the War of the Spanish Succession. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 51. ... James II can refer to: James II of Scotland James II of England James II of Aragon James II of Cyprus This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Combatants Jacobite Forces -6000 French troops, 19,000 Irish Catholic troops Williamite Forces -English, Scottish, Dutch, Danish, Huguenot and Ulster Protestant troops Commanders James II of England William III of England Strength 25,000 36,000 Casualties ~1,500 ~750 {{{notes}}} William III (William of Orange) King of England, Scotland... The Battle of Aughrim was the decisive battle of the Williamite war in Ireland. ...

In 1691 the French did little more than help to carry away the wreckage of their allies and their own detachments. In 1692 a vigorous but tardy attempt was made to employ their fleet to cover an invasion of England at the Battle of La Hougue. It ended in defeat, and the allies remained masters of the Channel. The defeat of La Hougue did not do so much harm to Louis's naval power, and in the next year, 1693, he was able to strike a severe blow at the Allies. The Battle of Barfleur, 29 May 1692 by Richard Paton, painted 18th century. ...

In this instance, the arrangements of the allied governments and admirals were not good. They made no effort to blockade Brest, nor did they take effective steps to discover whether or not the French fleet had left the port. The convoy was seen beyond the Scilly Isles by the main fleet. But as the French admiral Tourville had left Brest for the Straits of Gibraltar with a powerful force and had been joined by a squadron from Toulon, the whole convoy was scattered or taken by him, in the latter days of June, near Lagos Bay. Although this success was a very fair equivalent for the defeat at La Hogue, it was the last serious effort made by the navy of Louis XIV in this war. Want of money compelled him to lay his fleet up. Tresco, the second largest Island of Scillonia The Isles of Scilly (Cornish: Ynysek Syllan) form an archipelago of islands off the Cornish coast. ... Anne Hilarion de Contentin, comte de Tourville Anne Hilarion de Contentin, comte de Tourville Anne Hilarion de Contentin, comte de Tourville (1642â€“1701) was a French naval commander who served under King Louis XIV. Aged 17, a Knight of Malta, he fought his first naval fight on a frigate of... The Strait of Gibraltar as seen from space. ... Location within France Coat of Arms of Toulon Toulon (Tolon in Provençal) is a city in southern France and a large military harbor on the Mediterranean coast, with a major French naval base. ... This article needs cleanup. ...

The allies were now free to make full use of their own, to harass the French coast, to intercept French commerce, and to cooperate with the armies acting against France. Some of the operations undertaken by them were more remarkable for the violence of the effort than for the magnitude of the results. The numerous bombardments of French Channel ports, and the attempts to destroy St Malo, the great nursery of the active French privateers, by infernal machines, did little harm. A British attack on Brest in June 1694 was beaten off with heavy loss, the scheme having been betrayed by Jacobite correspondents. Yet the inability of the French king to avert these enterprises showed the weakness of his navy and the limitations of his power. The protection of British and Dutch commerce was never complete, for the French privateers were active to the end, but French commerce was wholly ruined. Categories: France geography stubs | Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine ... A privateer was a private ship (or its captain) authorized by a countrys government to attack and seize cargo from another countrys ships. ... Charles Edward Stuart, Bonnie Prince Charlie, wearing the Jacobite blue bonnet Jacobitism was (and, to a very limited extent, is) the political movement dedicated to the restoration of the Stuart kings to the thrones of England and Scotland (including after 1707,when the de facto government deemed those thrones to...

Batavian Republic and French rule

Against this background it is less surprising that, after the French Revolution, when Napoleon invaded and occupied the Netherlands in 1795, the French encountered so little united resistance. William V of Orange fled to England. The Patriots proclaimed the short-lived Batavian Republic, but government was soon returned to stabler and more experienced hands. In 1806 Napoleon restyled the Netherlands (along with a small part of what is now Germany) into the Kingdom of Holland, with his brother Louis (Lodewijk) Bonaparte as king. This too was short-lived, however. Napoleon incorporated the Netherlands into the French empire after his brother put Dutch interests ahead of those of the French. The French occupation of the Netherlands ended in 1813 after Napoleon was defeated, a defeat in which William V of Orange played a prominent role. From 1795 to 1806, the Batavian Republic (Bataafse Republiek in Dutch) designated the Netherlands as a republic modelled after the French Republic, to which it was a vassal state. ... The Kingdom of Holland 1806 - 1810 (Koninkrijk Holland in Dutch, Royaume dHollande in French) was set up by Napoleon Bonaparte as a puppet kingdom for his third brother, Louis Bonaparte, in order to better control the Netherlands. ... Liberty Leading the People, a painting by Delacroix commemorating the July Revolution of 1830 but which has come to be generally accepted as symbolic of French popular uprisings against the monarchy in general and the French Revolution in particular. ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... William V, stadtholder of The Netherlands (March 8, 1748–April 9, 1806), also known as William V of Orange, was the last Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic. ... From 1795 to 1806, the Batavian Republic (Bataafse Republiek in Dutch) designated the Netherlands as a republic modelled after the French Republic, to which it was a vassal state. ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... The Kingdom of Holland 1806 - 1810 (Koninkrijk Holland in Dutch, Royaume dHollande in French) was set up by Napoleon Bonaparte as a puppet kingdom for his third brother, Louis Bonaparte, in order to better control the Netherlands. ... Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, born September 2, 1779, in Ajaccio, Corsica, was one of three younger brothers of the Emperor Napoleon I of France, who made him King of Holland in 1806 and deposed him as King in 1810. ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... The First French Empire, commonly known as the French Empire or the Napoleonic Empire, covers the period of the domination of France and much of continental Europe by Napoleon I of France. ... William V, stadtholder of The Netherlands (March 8, 1748–April 9, 1806), also known as William V of Orange, was the last Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic. ...

Batavian Republic (1795 - 1806)

From 1795 to 1806, the Batavian Republic (Bataafse Republiek in Dutch) designated the Netherlands as a republic modeled after the French Republic, to which it was a vassal state. 1795 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1795 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... In a broad definition a republic is a state or country that is led by people who do not base their political power on any principle beyond the control of the people of that state or country. ... A puppet state is a state whose government, though notionally of the same culture as the governed people - owes its existence (or other major debt) to being installed, supported or controlled by a more powerful entity, typically a foreign power. ...

The Batavian Republic was proclaimed on January 19, 1795, a day after stadtholder William V of Orange fled to England. The invading French revolutionary army, however, found quite a few allies in Holland. Eight years before, the Orange faction had won the upper hand in a small, but nasty civil war only thanks to the military intervention of the King of Prussia, brother-in-law of the stadtholder. Many of the revolutionaries (see: Patriots (faction)) had fled to France and now returned eager to realize their ideals. January 19 is the 19th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1795 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... A stadtholder (Dutch: stadhouder meaning place holder, a Germanic parallel to Latin locum tenens or French lieutenant), means an official who is appointed by the legal ruling Monarch to represent him in a country, and may have a mandate to govern it in his name, in the latter case roughly... William V, stadtholder of The Netherlands (March 8, 1748–April 9, 1806), also known as William V of Orange, was the last Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic. ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location (dark green) within the United Kingdom (light green), with the Republic of Ireland (blue) to its west Languages None official English de facto Capital None official London de facto Largest city London Area â€“ Total Ranked... Combatants Kingdom of Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Spain, Russia, Sardinia France The French Revolutionary Wars occurred between the outbreak of war between the French Revolutionary government and Austria in 1792 and the Treaty of Amiens in 1802. ... Frederick William II (September 25, 1744 â€“ November 16, 1797), king of Prussia, was known in German as Friedrich Wilhelm II. Frederick William was the son of Augustus William, Prince of Prussia (the second son of King Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia) and of Louise Amalie of Brunswick-LÃ¼neburg. ... The Patriots (in Dutch: Patriotten) were a political faction in the Netherlands in the second half of the eighteenth century. ...

In contrast to events in France, revolutionary changes in the Netherlands occurred comparatively peacefully. The country had been a republic for two centuries and had a limited nobility. The guillotine proved unnecessary to the new state. The old Republic had been a very archaic and ineffective political construction, still largely based on old feudal institutions. Decision-making had proceeded very slowly and sometimes did not happen at all. The individual provinces had possessed so much power that they blocked many sensible innovations. The Batavian Republic marked the transition to a more centralised and functional government, from a loose confederation of (at least nominally) independent provinces to a true unitary state. Many of its innovations were retained in later times, such as the first official spelling standard of the Dutch language by Siegenbeek (1804). Jews, Lutherans and Roman Catholics were given equal rights. A Bill of Rights was drafted. Map of Dutch Republic by Joannes Janssonius The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden/ProvinciÃ«n; also Dutch Republic or United Provinces in short) was a European republic between 1581 and 1795, which is now known as the Netherlands. ... The Maiden, an older Scottish design. ... Roland pledges his fealty to Charlemagne; from a manuscript of a chanson de geste. ... A confederation is an association of sovereign states, usually created by treaty but often later adopting a common constitution. ... A map showing the unitary states. ... Dutch ( ), sometimes referred to as Netherlandic in English, is a Low Germanic language spoken by around 22 million people, mainly in the Netherlands and Belgium (2005 [1]). // History Main article: History of the Dutch language The West Germanic dialects can be divided according to tribe (Frisian, Saxon, Franconian, Bavarian and... 1804 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The Lutheran movement is a group of denominations of Protestant Christianity by the original definition. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... The Equal Rights Party was a Canadian political party that nominated two candidates in the 5 March 1891 federal election. ... A bill of rights is a statement of certain rights which, under a societys laws, citizens and/or residents either have, want to have, or ought to have. ...

The new Republic took its name from the Batavii, a Germanic tribe who had lived in the area of the Netherlands in Roman times and who were then romantically regarded as the ancestors of the Dutch nation. The Batavii (or Batavi, Batavians) were a Germanic, or possibly Celtic tribe reported by Julius Caesar and Tacitus to have lived around the Rhine delta, in the area which is currently the Netherlands. ... For other senses of this name, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ...

Again in contrast to France, the new Republic did not experience a reign of terror or become a dictatorship. Changes were imposed from outside after Napoleon Bonaparte's rise to power. In 1805 Napoleon installed the shrewd politician Schimmelpenninck as raadspensionaris ("Grand Pensionary", i.e. president of the republic) to strengthen the executive branch. In 1806 Napoleon forced Schimmelpenninck to resign and declared his brother Louis Bonaparte king of the new Kingdom of Holland. Bonaparte as general Napoleon Bonaparte ( 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a general of the French Revolution and was the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from November 11, 1799 to May 18, 1804, then as Emperor of the French (Empereur des Français... 1805 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck (Deventer, 31 October 1761 - Amsterdam, 15 February 1825) was a Dutch politician of the Batavian Republic. ... The Grand Pensionary was the most important official during the time of the United Provinces. ... 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Louis Bonaparte Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (Lodewijk Napoleon in Dutch) (September 2, 1778 - July 25, 1846) was the fifth surviving child and fourth surviving son of Carlo Buonaparte and Letizia Ramolino. ... Look up monarch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Kingdom of Holland 1806 - 1810 (Koninkrijk Holland in Dutch, Royaume dHollande in French) was set up by Napoleon Bonaparte as a puppet kingdom for his third brother, Louis Bonaparte, in order to better control the Netherlands. ...

The only signs of political instability were three coups d'état. The first occurred in 1798, when the unitarian democrats were annoyed by the slow pace of democratic reforms. A few months later a second coup put an end to the dictatorship of the unitarians. The National Assembly, which had been convened in 1796, was divided by a struggle among the factions. The third coup occurred in 1801, when a French commander, backed by Napoleon, staged a conservative coup reversing the changes made after the 1798 coup. The Batavian government was more popular among the Dutch population than was the prince of Orange. This was apparent during the British-Russian invasion of 1799. A coup détat, or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. ... 1798 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1796 was a leap year starting on Friday. ... The Union Jack, flag of the newly formed United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. ...

As a French vassal state, the Batavian Republic was an ally of France in its wars against Great Britain. This led to the loss of most of the Dutch colonial empire and a defeat of the Dutch fleet in the Battle of Camperdown (Camperduin) in 1797. The collapse of Dutch trade caused a series of economic crises. Only in the second half of the 19th century would Dutch wealth be restored to its previous level. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Dutch Empire. ... The Battle of Camperdown, 11 October 1797 by Thomas Whitcombe, painted 1798, showing the British flagship Venerable engaged with the Dutch flagship Vrijheid. ... 1797 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

Occupation of the Netherlands / French Revolutionary campaign of 1795

The French Revolutionary Wars continued from 1794 between France and the First coalition. Combatants Kingdom of Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Spain, Russia, Sardinia France The French Revolutionary Wars occurred between the outbreak of war between the French Revolutionary government and Austria in 1792 and the Treaty of Amiens in 1802. ... 1794 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The name First Coalition (1793â€“1797) designates the first major concerted effort of multiple European powers to contain Revolutionary France. ...

The year opened with French forces in the process of attacking Holland in the middle of winter.The Dutch people where rather indifferent to the French call for revolution, as they'd already been a republic for 2 centuries, nevertheless city after city was occupied by the French. The Dutch fleet was captured, and the stadtholder fled to be replaced by a the Batavian Republic, and, as a vassal state of France, supported the French cause and signed the treaty of Paris, ceding the territories of Brabant and Maastricht to France on May 16. Holland is a region in the central-western part of the Netherlands. ... A stadtholder (Dutch: stadhouder meaning place holder, a Germanic parallel to Latin locum tenens or French lieutenant), means an official who is appointed by the legal ruling Monarch to represent him in a country, and may have a mandate to govern it in his name, in the latter case roughly... From 1795 to 1806, the Batavian Republic (Bataafse Republiek in Dutch) designated the Netherlands as a republic modelled after the French Republic, to which it was a vassal state. ... The Eiffel Tower, the international symbol of the city, with the skyscrapers of La DÃ©fense business district 5 km/ 3 mi behind. ... Historically, Brabant has been the name of several administrative entities in the Low Countries with quite different geographical extent: as Carolingian shire (pagus Bracbatensis), located between the rivers Scheldt and Dijle (between 9th-11th century); as landgraviat: the part of the shire between the rivers Dender and Dijle (from 1085... Maastricht (Dutch: Maastricht; Limburgish and city dialect: Mestreech) is a municipality, and capital of the province of Limburg. ...

With the Netherlands falling, Prussia also decided to leave the coalition, signing the Peace of Basle on April 6, ceding the left bank of the Rhine to France. This freed Prussia to finish the occupation of Poland. The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 Prussia (German: ; Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Lithuanian: ; Old Prussian: PrÅ«sa; Polish: ) was, most recently, a historic state originating in East Prussia, an area which for centuries had a substantial influence on German and European history. ... Treaty of Basel (Spring - 1795) ends the war between France, Spain and Prussia and allows Frances eventual annexation of the German lands west of the Rhine. ... The Rhine canyon (Ruinaulta) in Graubünden in Switzerland Length 1. ...

The Kingdom of Holland (1806 - 1810)

The Kingdom of Holland 1806 - 1810 (Koninkrijk Holland in Dutch, Royaume de Hollande in French) was set up by Napoleon Bonaparte as a puppet kingdom for his third brother, Louis Bonaparte, in order to better control the Netherlands. The name of the leading province, Holland, was now taken for the whole country. Louis did not perform to Napoleon's expectations - he tried to serve Dutch interests instead of his brother's - and the kingdom was dissolved in 1810 after which the Netherlands were annexed by France until 1813 when the French were defeated. 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1810 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1810 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... A puppet state is a state whose government, though notionally of the same culture as the governed people - owes its existence (or other major debt) to being installed, supported or controlled by a more powerful entity, typically a foreign power. ... Louis Bonaparte Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (Lodewijk Napoleon in Dutch) (September 2, 1778 - July 25, 1846) was the fifth surviving child and fourth surviving son of Carlo Buonaparte and Letizia Ramolino. ... Map of Dutch Republic by Joannes Janssonius The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden/ProvinciÃ«n; also Dutch Republic or United Provinces in short) was a European republic between 1581 and 1795, which is now known as the Netherlands. ... Holland is a region in the central-western part of the Netherlands. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... 1813 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Battle of Waterloo 18th June 1815

The battle was to involve 73,000 French soldiers; while the Allied army from Britain, Hanover, Brunswick, and the Netherlands and Nassau were about 67,000 men strong. (Of the 26 infantry brigades in Wellington's army, nine were British; of the 12 cavalry brigades, 7 were British. Half the 29 batteries of guns were Hanoverian or Dutch). Combatants France Anglo-Allied/Prussian/ Dutch Commanders NapolÃ©on Bonaparte (Ney in control of battle) Duke of Wellington Gebhard von BlÃ¼cher Strength 72,000 67,000 Anglo-Dutch 60,000 Prussian (48,000 engaged by about 18:00) Casualties 25,000 22,000 Map of the Waterloo campaign The... (Redirected from 18th) 18 (eighteen) is the natural number following 17 and preceding 19. ... Look up June in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Battle of New Orleans 1815 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 2305 KB) Document publiÃ© avec laccord de lauteur (Jean-Pol Grandmont). ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 2305 KB) Document publiÃ© avec laccord de lauteur (Jean-Pol Grandmont). ... Victor-Marie Hugo. ... The House of Hanover (the Hanoverians) were a German royal dynasty which succeeded the House of Stuart as kings of Great Britain in 1714. ... Brunswick-LÃ¼neburg was an historical state within the Holy Roman Empire. ... For other uses, see Nassau (disambiguation). ... Brigade is a term from military science which refers to military echelon under a division, above a regiment where that exists as such, nowadays often a group of several battalions (typically two to four), and directly attached supporting units (normally including at least an artillery battery and additional logistic support). ... In military science, a battery is a group of artillery guns or rockets, so grouped in order to facilitate battlefield communication and command and control, as well as to provide dispersion. ...

The Battle

At Waterloo, Wellington had the reinforced Hougomont farm, anchoring his right flank, and several other farms on his left. Napoleon faced his first major problem even before the battle began. Unsure of the Prussian Army's position since its flight from Ligny two days previously, Napoleon was all too aware of the need to begin the assault on Wellington's positions. The battle commenced at about 10:00 with an attack upon Hougoumont^[1], but the main attack, with the most feared weapon of the era, the French field artillery, was delayed for hours until the sodden ground from the previous nights's downpour had dried out sufficiently to take the weight of the French ordnance. The mud also hindered infantry and cavalry as they trudged into position. When the French artillery eventually opened fire on Wellington's ridge at around 11:35, the expected impact on the Allied troops was diminished by the soft terrain that absorbed the impact of many of the cannon balls. ChÃ¢teau dHougomont is a large farmhouse situated at the bottom of an escarpment near the Nivelles road. ... This article describes U.S. field artillery. ...

A crucial element of the French plan of battle was the expectation that Wellington would move his reserve to his right flank in defense of Hougomont. At one point, the French succeeded in breaking into the farm's courtyard before being repulsed, but their attacks on the farm were eventually unsuccessful, and Wellington did not need to use his reserve. Hougomont became a battle within a battle and, throughout that day, its defence continued to draw thousands of valuable French troops, under the command of Jerome Bonaparte, into a fruitless attack while all but a few of Wellington's reserves remained in his centre.

At about 13:30, after receiving news of the Prussian advance to his right, Napoleon ordered Marshal Ney to send d'Erlon's infantry forward against the allied flank near La Haye Sainte. The attack centred on the Dutch 1st Brigade commanded by Major-General Willem Frederik van Bylandt, which was one of the few units placed on the forward slope of the ridge. After suffering an intense artillery bombardment and exchanging volleys with d'Erlon's leading elements for some nine minutes, van Bylandt's outnumbered soldiers were forced to retreat over the ridge and through the lines of General Thomas Picton's division.Picton's division moved forward over the ridgeline to engage d'Erlon. The British and Dutchmen were likewise mauled by volley-fire and close-quarter attacks, but Picton's soldiers stood firm, eventually breaking up the attack by charging the French columns. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1200x790, 94 KB)Map of the Battle of Waterloo, 18 June 1815, showing major movements and attacks. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1200x790, 94 KB)Map of the Battle of Waterloo, 18 June 1815, showing major movements and attacks. ... Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Count dErlon (July 29, 1765-January 25, 1844) was a marshal of France and a soldier in Napoleons army, who commanded the French 1st Corps at the battle of Waterloo. ... La Haye Sainte is a farmhouse at the foot of an escarpment on the Charleroi-Brussels road. ... Sir Thomas Picton (August, 1758 â€“ June 18, 1815) was a British military leader who fought in a number of campaigns for Britain and rose to the rank of Lieutenant-General. ...

Meanwhile, the Prussians began to appear on the field. Napoleon sent his reserve, Lobau's VI corps and 2 cavalry divisions, some 15,000 troops, to hold them back. With this, Napoleon had committed all of his infantry reserves, except the Guard.

Lacking an infantry reserve, as Napoleon was unwilling to commit the Guard at this stage of the battle, all that Ney could do was to try to break Wellington's centre with his cavalry. It struggled up the slope to the fore of Wellington's centre, where squares of Allied infantry awaited them.

The cavalry attacks were repeatedly repelled by the solid Allied infantry squares (four ranks deep with fixed bayonets - vulnerable to artillery or infantry, but deadly to cavalry), the harrying fire of British artillery as the French cavalry recoiled down the slopes to regroup, and the decisive counter-charges of the Allied Light Cavalry regiments and the Dutch Heavy Cavalry Brigade. After numerous fruitless attacks on the Allied ridge, the French cavalry was exhausted.

The Prussians were already engaging the Imperial Army's right flank when La Haye Sainte fell to French combined arms (infantry, artillery and cavalry), because the defending King's German Legion had run out of ammunition in the early evening. The Prussians had driven Lobau out of Plancenoit, which was on the extreme (Allied) left of the battle field. Therefore Napoleon sent his 10 battalion strong Young Guard to beat the Prussians back. But after very hard fighting the Young Guard was beaten back. Napoleon sent 2 battalions of Old Guard and after ferocious fighting they beat the Prussians out. But the Prussians had not been forced away far enough. Approximately 30,000 Prussians attacked Plancenoit again. The place was defended by 20,000 Frenchmen in and around the village. The Old Guard and other supporting troops were able to hold on for about one hour before a massive Prussian counter-attack kicked them out after some bloody street fighting lasting more than a half hour. The last to flee was the Old Guard who defended the church and cemetery. The French casualties at the end of the day were horrible. La Haye Sainte is a farmhouse at the foot of an escarpment on the Charleroi-Brussels road. ... When Napoleon imposed the Convention of Artlenburg (Convention of the Elbe) on July 5, 1803 the KurfÃ¼rstentum Hannover (Electorate of Hannover) was disbanded and its army dissolved. ...

With Wellington's centre exposed by the French taking La Haye Sainte, Napoleon committed his last reserve, the undefeated Imperial Guard. After marching through a blizzard of shell and shrapnel, the already outnumbered 5 battalions of middle guard defeated the allied first line, including British, Brunswick and Nassau troops. La Haye Sainte is a farmhouse at the foot of an escarpment on the Charleroi-Brussels road. ... The Imperial Guard (French:Garde impÃ©riale) was originally a small group of elite soldiers of the French Army under the direct command of Napoleon I, but grew considerably over time. ...

Meanwhile, to the west, 1,500 British Guards under Maitland were lying down to protect themselves from the French artillery. They rose as one, and devastated the shocked Imperial Guard with volleys of fire at point-blank range. The French chasseurs deployed to answer the fire. After 10 minutes of exchanging musketry the outnumbered French began wavering. This was the sign for a bayonet charge. But then a fresh French chasseur battalion appeared on the scene. The British guard retired with the French in pursuit - though the French in their turn were attacked by fresh British troops of Adam's brigade. Sir Peregrine Maitland (July 6, 1777–May 30, 1854) was a British soldier and colonial administrator. ...

The Imperial Guard fell back in disarray and chaos. A ripple of panic passed through the French lines - "La garde recule. Sauve qui peut!" ("The Guard retreats. Save yourself if you can!"). Wellington, judging that the retreat by the Imperial Guard had unnerved all the French soldiers who saw it, stood up in the stirrups of Copenhagen (his favourite horse), and waved his hat in the air, signalling a general advance. The long-suffering Anglo-Dutch infantry rushed forward from the lines where they had been shelled all day, and threw themselves upon the retreating French.

The Padri War (1821 - 1837)

The Padri War also called Minangkabau War is the name given to the skirmishes fought by Dutch troops from 1821 to 1837 in West Sumatra, Indonesia. The coronation banquet for George IV 1821 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... | Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901) 1837 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The coronation banquet for George IV 1821 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... | Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901) 1837 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Motto: Tuah Sakato. ...

In the 1820s, the Dutch were yet to consolidate their possessions in some parts of the Dutch East Indies (later Indonesia) after re-acquiring it from the British. At the same time, a conflict broke out in West Sumatra between the so called adat and padri factions. Although both Minangkabaus and Muslims, they differ in values: the Adats were Minangkabau traditionalists while the Padris were Islamist-reformists. The Padris sought to reform un-Islamic traditions, such as cockfighting and gambling. The Dutch East Indies, or Netherlands East Indies, (Dutch: Nederlands Indië) was the name of the colonies colonised by the Dutch East India Company which came under administration of the Netherlands during the ninteenth century (see Indonesia). ... The Minangkabau ethnic group (also known as Minang or Padang) is indigenous to the highlands of West Sumatra, in Indonesia. ... Islamism is a political ideology derived from the conservative religious views of Muslim fundamentalism. ...

Java War (1825 - 1830)

The Java War was fought in Java between 1825 and 1830. It started as a rebellion led by the illustrious Prince Diponegoro. The trigger was the Dutch decision to build a road across a piece of his property that contained his own parent's tomb. Among its causes was a sense of betrayal by the Dutch felt by members of the Javanese aristocratic families, as they were no longer able to rent land at high prices. There were also some problems with the succession of the throne in Yogyakarta: Diponegoro was the oldest son, but as his mother was not the queen, he did not have any right to succeed his father. 1825 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Liberty Leading the People by EugÃ¨ne Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1825 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Liberty Leading the People by EugÃ¨ne Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... A rebellion is, in the most general sense, a refusal to accept authority. ... Pangeran Diponegoro (born Yogyakarta 1785- died Makassar 1855) was a Javanese prince who opposed the Dutch colonial rule. ... The approximately 90 million Javanese form the largest ethnic group in Indonesia. ... Yogyakarta (also Jogjakarta in pre-1972 spelling or Jogja) is a city and province on the island of Java, Indonesia. ...

The troops of Prince Diponegoro were very successful in the beginning, controlling the middle of Java and besieging Yogyakarta. Furthermore the Javenese population was supportive of Prince Diponegoro's cause, whereas the Dutch colonial authorities were initially very indecisive.

However, as the Java war prolonged, Prince Diponegoro had difficulties in maintaining the size of his troops.

The Dutch colonial army however was able to fill its ranks with troops from Sulawesi and later on with troops from The Netherlands. The Dutch commander, general De Cock, was able to end the siege of Yogyakarta on September 25, 1825. Sulawesi (formerly Celebes ) is a large island in Indonesia. ... Motto: Je Maintiendrai (Dutch: Ik zal handhaven, English: I Shall Uphold) Anthem: Wilhelmus van Nassouwe Capital Amsterdam1 Largest city Amsterdam Official language(s) Dutch2 Government Queen Prime minister Parliamentary democracy Constitutional monarchy Beatrix Jan Peter Balkenende Independence - Declared - Recognised Eighty Years War July 26, 1581 January 30, 1648 (by Spain... September 25 is the 268th day of the year (269th in leap years). ... 1825 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

Prince Diponegoro started a fierce guerilla war and it was not until 1827 that the Dutch army gained the upper hand. Naval Battle of Navarino by Carneray 1827 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

It is estimated that 200,000 died over the course of the conflict, 8,000 being Dutch. The rebellion finally ended in 1830, after Prince Diponegoro was tricked into entering Dutch custody near Magelang, believing he was there for negotiations for a possible cease-fire, and exiled to Manado on the island of Sulawesi. Magelang is the largest town in the Kedu Plain between Mount Merbabu and Mount Sumbing in Central Java, Indonesia. ... Manado is the capital of the North Sulawesi province of Indonesia. ... Sulawesi (formerly Celebes ) is a large island in Indonesia. ...

Anglo-Dutch Java War (1810 - 1811)

The Anglo-Dutch Java War in 1810-1811 was a war between Great Britain and the Netherlands fought entirely on the Island of Java in colonial Indonesia. 1810 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Joyce Rollins is a lesbian. ... 1810 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Joyce Rollins is a lesbian. ... Java (Indonesian, Javanese, and Sundanese: Jawa) is an island of Indonesia, and the site of its capital city, Jakarta. ...

The governor-general of the Dutch East Indies, Herman Willem Daendels (1762-1818), fortified the island of Java against possible British attack. In 1810 a strong British East India Company expedition under Gilbert Elliot, first earl of Minto, governor-general of India, conquered the French islands of Bourbon (Réunion) and Mauritius in the Indian Ocean and the Dutch East Indian possessions of Ambon and the Molucca Islands. Afterward it moved against Java, captured the port city of Batavia (Jakarta) in August 1811, and forced the Dutch to surrender at Semarang on September 17, 1811. Java, Palembang (in Sumatra), Macassar (Makasar, Celebes), and Timor were ceded to the British. Appointed lieutenant governor of Java, Thomas Stamford Raffles (1781-1826) ended Dutch administrative methods, liberalized the system of land tenure, and extended trade. In 1816, the British returned Java and other East Indian possessions to the Dutch as part of the accord ending the Napoleonic Wars. The Dutch East Indies, or Netherlands East Indies, (Dutch: Nederlands-IndiÃ«) was the name of the colonies set up by the Dutch East India Company, which came under administration of the Netherlands during the 19th century (see Indonesia). ... Herman Willem Daendels (October 21, 1762 - May 2, 1818) was a Dutch politician. ... 1762 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1818 (MDCCCXVIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar. ... The British East India Company, sometimes referred to as John Company, was a joint-stock company which was granted an English Royal Charter by Elizabeth I on December 31, 1600, with the intent to favour trade privileges in India. ... Gilbert Elliot can refer to: Gilbert Elliot, 1st Earl of Minto Gilbert John Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Ceram and Ambon Islands (Operational Navigation Chart, 1967) Not for navigational use Ambon City in 2001, showing heavy damage from fighting Ambon Island is part of the Maluku Islands of Indonesia. ... This page is about the geography and history of the island group in Indonesia — for the political entities encompassing the islands, see Maluku (Indonesian province) and North Maluku. ... Motto: Jaya Raya (Indonesian): Prosper and Great Founded 22 June 1527 Governor Sutiyoso Area 661. ... Semarang is a city on the north coast of the island of Java, Indonesia. ... Location of Palembang Palembang is a city in the south of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. ... Sumatra (also spelled Sumatara and Sumatera) is the sixth largest island of the world (approximately 470,000 kmÂ²) and is the 3rd largest island of Indonesia after Kalimantan and New Guinea. ... Makassar, (Macassar, Mangkasar) is the provincial capital of South Sulawesi, in Indonesia, on the island of Sulawesi. ... Map of Sulawesi pictures by Julianto Halim Sulawesi (or Celebes) is a large Indonesian island. ... Map of Timor Timor Island from space, November 1989 (North is to the bottom of the image). ... Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles (6 July 1781 - 5 July 1826) was the founder of the city (now country) of Singapore, and is one of the best-known of the many Britons who created the largest empire the world has ever seen. ... 1781 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The oldest surviving photograph, NicÃ©phore NiÃ©pce, circa 1826 1826 (MDCCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Combatants Allies: â€¢ Great Britain/United Kingdom, â€¢ Prussia, â€¢ Austria, â€¢ Sweden, â€¢ Russia â€¢ France â€¢ Denmark-Norway â€¢ Poland Casualties Full list Full list The Napoleonic Wars were a series of wars fought during Napoleon Bonapartes rule over France. ...

The Belgian revolution (1830 - 1839)

The Belgian Revolution was a conflict in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands that began with a riot in Brussels in August 1830 and eventually led to the establishment of an independent, Catholic and neutral Belgium (William I, king of the Netherlands, would refuse to recognize a Belgian state until 1839, when he had to yield under pressure by the Treaty of London). Liberty Leading the People by EugÃ¨ne Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1839 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Episode of the Belgian Revolution of 1830, Egide Charles Gustave Wappers (1834), in the Musée dArt Ancien, Brussels File links The following pages link to this file: Belgian Revolution Egide Charles Gustave Wappers Categories: Public domain art ... Episode of the Belgian Revolution of 1830, Egide Charles Gustave Wappers (1834), in the Musée dArt Ancien, Brussels File links The following pages link to this file: Belgian Revolution Egide Charles Gustave Wappers Categories: Public domain art ... Liberty Leading the People by EugÃ¨ne Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Episode of the Belgian Revolution of 1830 (1834), Wappers most famous painting, now in the Musée dArt Ancien, Brussels Egide Charles Gustave, Baron Wappers (August 23, 1803 - December 6, 1874), Belgian painter, was born at Antwerp. ... 1834 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Map of the kingdom United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815 - 1830) (1839) (Dutch: Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden, French: Royaume-Uni des Pays-Bas and German: Vereinigte KÃ¶nigreich der Niederlande) were the unofficial names used to refer to a new unified European state created during the Congress of Vienna in... Hotel de Ville de Bruxelles Map showing the location of Brussels in Belgium Emblem of the Brussels-Capital Region Flag of The City of Brussels Brussels (Dutch: Brussel, pronounced ; French: Bruxelles, pronounced in Belgian French and often by non-Belgian speakers of French; German: BrÃ¼ssel) is the capital of... Liberty Leading the People by EugÃ¨ne Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... King William I of the Netherlands was born as Willem Frederik on 25 August 1772 in The Hague, and died December 12, 1843 in Berlin, Germany. ... 1839 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The Treaty of London of 1839, also called the Convention of 1839, was signed on April 19, 1839. ...

The Ten Days Campaign

August 2 to 12, 1831, the Dutch army, headed by the Dutch princes, invaded Belgium, in the so-called "Ten Days' Campaign," and defeated Belgian forces near Hasselt and Leuven. Only the appearance of a French army under Marshal Gérard caused the Dutch to retreat. The victorious initial campaign gave the Dutch an advantageous position in subsequent negotiations. William stubbornly pursued the war, bungled, ineffectual and expensive as its desultory campaigns were, until 1839. August 2 is the 214th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (215th in leap years), with 151 days remaining. ... August 12 is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Leopold I 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Hasselt is a city in Belgium, capital of the province of Belgian Limburg. ... // Location Leuven (helpÂ· info) is the capital of the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant. ... Painting of Ã‰tienne Maurice, comte GÃ©rard, marshal of France by Jacques-Louis David Ã‰tienne Maurice GÃ©rard (April 4, 1773 - April 17, 1852), French general, was born at Damvilliers (Meuse). ...

The Aceh War (1873 - 1903)

The Dutch colonial government declared war on Aceh on 26 March 1873; the apparent immediate trigger for their invasion was discussions between representatives of Aceh and the United States in Singapore during early 1873.^[1] An expedition under Major General Köhler was sent out in 1874, which was able to occupy most of the coastal areas. It was the intention of the Dutch to attack and take the Sultan's palace, which would also lead to the occupation of the entire country. The Sultan requested and possibly received military aid from Italy and the United Kingdom in Singapore: in any case the Aceh army was rapidly modernized, and Aceh soldiers managed to kill Köhler (a monument of this achievement has been built inside Grand Mosque of Banda Aceh). Köhler made some grave tactical errors and the reputation of the Dutch was severly harmed. 1873 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calaber). ... 1903 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs a declaration of war against Japan on December 8, 1941, one day after the attack on Pearl Harbor. ... March 26 is the 85th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (86th in leap years). ... 1873 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calaber). ... 1873 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calaber). ... 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

A second expediton led by General Van Swieten managed to capture the kraton (sultan's palace): the Sultan had however been warned, and had escaped capture. Intermittent guerrilla warfare continued in the region for ten years, with many victims on both sides. Around 1880 the Dutch strategy changed, and rather than continuing the war, they now concentrated on defending areas they already controlled, which were mostly limited to the capital city (modern Banda Aceh), and the harbour town of Ulee Lheue. On 13 October 1880 the colonial government declared the war as over, but continued spending heavily to maintain control over the areas it occupied. The quintessential medieval European palace: Palais de la CitÃ©, in Paris, the royal palace of France. ... Distinguish from the type of ape called a gorilla. ... 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Location of Banda Aceh Banda Aceh is the provincial capital and largest city of Aceh, Indonesia, located on the island of Sumatra at , with an elevation of 21 m. ... A harbor (or harbour) or haven is a place where ships may shelter from the weather or are stored. ... October 13 is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years). ... 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

War began again in 1883, when the British ship Nisero was stranded in Aceh, in an area where the Dutch had little influence. A local leader asked for ransom from both the Dutch and the British, and under British pressure the Dutch were forced to attempt to liberate the sailors. After a failed Dutch attempt to rescue the hostages, where the local leader Teuku Umar was asked for help but he refused, the Dutch together with the British invaded the territory. The Sultan gave up the hostages, and received a large amount in cash in exchange. 1883 (MDCCCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The term ransom refers to the practice of holding a prisoner to extort money or property extorted to secure their release, or to the sum of money involved. ... A hostage is a person (sometimes another entity) which is held by a captor (often a criminal abductor) in order to compel another party (relative, employer, government. ...

The Dutch Minister of Warfare Weitzel now again declared open war on Aceh, and warfare continued, with little success, as before. The Dutch now also tried to enlist local leaders: the aforementioned Umar was bought with cash, opium, and weapons. Umar received the title panglima prang besar (upper warlord of the government). Opium is a narcotic analgesic drug which is obtained from the unripe seed pods of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L. or the synonym paeoniflorum). ... Warlord is a term that refers to one who has de facto military control of a subnational area, due to a military force which is personally obedient to that warlord. ...

Umar called himself rather Teuku Djohan Pahlawan (Johan the heroic). On 1 January 1894 Umar even received Dutch aid to build an army. However, two years later Umar attacked the Dutch with his new army, rather than aiding the Dutch in subjugating inner Aceh. This is recorded in Dutch history as "Het verraad van Teukoe Oemar" (the treason of Teuku Umar). Photo from a captured fort in Aceh, 1904 This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Photo from a captured fort in Aceh, 1904 This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... 1894 (MDCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... In law, treason is the crime of disloyalty to ones nation or state. ...

In 1892 and 1893 Aceh remained independent, despite the Dutch efforts. Major J.B. van Heutsz, a colonial military leader, then wrote a series of articles on Aceh. He was supported by Dr Snoeck Hurgronje of the University of Leiden, then the leading Dutch expert on Islam. Hurgronje managed to get the confidence of many Aceh leaders and gathered valuable intelligence for the Dutch government. His works remained an official secret for many years. In Hurgronje's analysis of Acehnese society, he minimised the role of the Sultan and argued that attention should be paid to the hereditary chiefs, the Ulee Balang, who he felt could be trusted as local administrators. However, he argued, Aceh's religious leaders, the ulema, could not be trusted or persuaded to cooperate, and must be destroyed. 1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... J.B. (Joannes Benedictus) van Heutsz (1851-1924), was appointed governor general of the Dutch East Indies in 1904. ... Leiden University in the city of Leiden, is the oldest university in the Netherlands. ... Intelligence (abbreviated or ) is the process and the result of gathering information and analyzing it to answer questions or obtain advance warnings needed to plan for the future. ... Ulema is a common romanisation for the plural of Arabic Ë¤Ä€lim Scholar, namely Ë¤UlamÄ (Ø¹Ù„Ù…Ø§Ø¡). The same word appears in Turkish as Ulema and in Persian as OlÃ¦ma. ...

This advice was followed: in 1898 Van Heutsz was proclaimed governor of Aceh, and with his lieutenant, later Dutch Prime Minister Hendrikus Colijn, would finally conquer most of Aceh. They followed Hurgronje's suggestions, finding cooperative uleebelang that would support them in the countryside. Van Heutsz charged Colonel Van Daalen with breaking remaining resistance. Van Daalen destroyed several villages, killing at least 2,900 Acehnese, among which were 1,150 women and children. Dutch losses numbered just 26, and Van Daalen was promoted. By 1904 most of Aceh was under Dutch control, and had an indigenous government that cooperated with the colonial state. Estimated total casualties on the Aceh side range from 50,000 to 100,000 dead, and over a million wounded. 1898 (MDCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... HI A governor is also, a monkey who is smart and can fly like a penguin is a device that regulates the speed of a machine. ... The Prime Minister of the Netherlands (Minister-President in Dutch) is the chairman of the council of ministers and active executive authority of the Dutch government. ... Hendrikus Colijn (1869â€“1944), was a successful Dutch soldier, businessman and politician. ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...

World War I (1914 - 1918)

During World War I the Netherlands remained neutral. A large army was mobilised to defend this neutrality, but it was not equipped by the new standards of the day, causing a structural equipment inferiority that would last until the middle of the century. After the war most of the defence budget was spent on the fleet to protect the East Indies. This however didn't allow the navy to be expanded, merely to be modernised. 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Combatants Allies: Serbia, Russia, France, Romania, Belgium, British Empire, United States, Italy, and others Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire Casualties Military dead: 5 million Civilian deaths: 3 million Total of dead: 8 million Military dead: 4 million Civilian deaths: 3 million Total dead: 7 million The First...

World War II (1939 - 1945)

Whereas it often said of the allies, with much exaggeration, that they during the Battle of France were more prepared for the previous than the present war, for the Dutch not even that was true. Of all the major participants they were by far the most poorly equipped, not even attaining World War I standards. As however the German invaders in May 1940 adjusted their forces accordingly, the Dutch army in the Battle of the Netherlands was largely intact when it had to surrender after five days on 14 May to save the major cities from further bombardment. The Dutch empire continued the fight, but the Dutch Indies were invaded and largely conquered by Japan in 1942, after the Battle of the Java Sea in which the larger part of the Dutch navy was destroyed. Dutch contribution to the war effort was then limited to the merchant fleet, some naval vessels and a motorised infantry brigade raised by enlisting Dutch emigrants. 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... Image File history File links BATTLENETHERLANDS2. ... Image File history File links BATTLENETHERLANDS2. ... American troops man an anti-aircraft gun near the Algerian coastline in 1943 Anti-aircraft warfare, or air defense, is any method of engaging military aircraft in combat from the ground. ... When spelt with a capital A, Allies usually denotes the countries supporting the Triple Entente who fought together against the Central Powers in World War I and against the Axis Powers in World War II. For more information, see the related articles: Allies of World War I and Allies of... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Combatants Allies (France, Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Poland, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg) Germany, Italy Commanders Maurice Gamelin, Maxime Weygand (French) Lord Gort (British Expeditionary Force) Gerd von Rundstedt (Army Group A) Fedor von Bock (Army Group B) Wilhelm von Leeb (Army Group C) H.R.H. Umberto di Savoia (Army... The Battle of the Netherlands was part of Case Yellow (Fall Gelb), the German invasion of the Low Countries and France during World War II. The battle lasted from 10 May until 17 May, during which Nazi Germany conquered and occupied the Netherlands. ... The Battle of the Java Sea was a major naval battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II. Allied ships suffered a disastrous defeat at the hand of the Imperial Japanese Navy, in action over several days in February-March 1942. ...

For the full article see: Military history of the Netherlands during World War II The Netherlands became involved in World War II on May 10, 1940, when German forces invaded the country. ...

For the Battle that led to the capitulation of Dutch forces in Europe in 1940 see: Battle of the Netherlands The Battle of the Netherlands was part of Case Yellow (Fall Gelb), the German invasion of the Low Countries and France during World War II. The battle lasted from 10 May until 17 May, during which Nazi Germany conquered and occupied the Netherlands. ...

Cold War

After the Second World War, the Dutch were first involved in a colonial war against the nationalists in Indonesia. As a result the home forces were much neglected and had to rearm by begging for (or simply taking) surplus allied equipment, as the RAM tank. In 1949 Bernard Montgomery judged the Royal Netherlands Army as simply "unfit for battle". The Ram was a Cruiser tank designed and built by Canada in the Second World War, based on the U.S. M3 Medium tank. ... Bernard Law Montgomery Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein (November 17, 1887 - March 24, 1976) was a British military officer during World War II often referred to as Monty. ... Flag of the Royal Netherlands Army The Royal Netherlands Army (Koninklijke Landmacht) is the land forces element of the Military of the Netherlands. ...

In the early fifties however the Dutch fully participated in the NATO build-up of conventional forces. US financial support paying half of the equipment budget made it possible to create a modern defence force. Afraid that the USA might give up Europe immediately after a Soviet attack, the Dutch strongly reinforced the Rhine position by means of the traditional Dutch defensive weapon: water. Preparations were made to completely dam the major Rhine effluent rivers, forcing the water into the northern IJssel branch and thereby creating an impassable mudbarrier between Lake IJssel and the Ruhr Area. NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for collective security established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on 4 April 1949. ... In the context of creating Plutonium at the Hanford Site, effluent refers to the cooling water that is discharged from a nuclear reactor that may or may not be radioactive. ... Satellite image of the IJssel basin River IJssel, sometimes called Gelderse IJssel (Gelderland IJssel) to avoid confusion with its Holland counterpart, is a 120 km long branch of the Rhine in the Dutch provinces of Gelderland and Overijssel. ... Traditional boat on the IJsselmeer Landsat photo This 2000 satellite image shows Southern Flevoland covered with active farming. ... Map of the Ruhr Area The Ruhr Area (German Ruhrgebiet, colloquially Ruhrpott or Kohlenpott or simply Pott) is an urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, consisting of a number of large (former) industrial cities bordered by the rivers Ruhr to the south, Rhine to the west, and Lippe to...

In the sixties the Navy again began to produce modern vessels of its own design and expanded slowly, however nuclear propulsion was refused by the USA. The Army replaced most of its motorised units by mechanised ones, introducing thousands of AFVs into the Infantry and the Artillery. Conventional firepower was neglected however as it was intended to engage in nuclear war immediately. An armoured fighting vehicle (AFV) is a military vehicle, equipped with protection against hostile attacks and often mounted weapons. ...

In the seventies it was hoped that the strategy of flexible response would allow for a purely conventional defence. Digital modelling by the Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research showed that successful conventional defence was feasible and indeed likely, provided that conventional firepower would be improved. Whereas the British, French, Belgians and Canadians reduced their forces in this decade, the Dutch government therefore decided to go along with the German and American policy of force enlargement. As a result in the mid-eighties the Dutch heavy units equalled the British in number and the Dutch Corps sector at the Elbe was the only to have its own reserve division; it was conceived as to be able to hold an attack by nine reinforced Soviet divisions, or about 10,000 AFVs including materiel reserves. These facts were obscured somewhat by international press attention to the relaxation of discipline, part of a deliberate policy to better integrate the forces into the larger society. At the same time the Navy had over thirty capital vessels and the Air Force about 200 tactical planes. Nuclear strategy implemented by John F. Kennedy in 1961 to supersede previous policy of Massive Retaliation. ... TNO building in Delft Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek or TNO (Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research) is a not-for-profit organisation in The Netherlands that focuses on applied science. ... The River Elbe (Czech Labe , Sorbian/Lusatian Åobjo, German Elbe) is one of the major waterways of Central Europe. ...

When the Warsaw Pact and the Soviet Union itself collapsed, the Dutch reduced their forces considerably and integrated their army with the German; but also created a new airborne brigade, replaced the conscript army by a fully professional one and bought hundreds of light AFVs for use in peace missions. Modernising of naval and air forces, less drastically reduced, continues. Unofficial Seal of the Warsaw Pact Distinguish from the Warsaw Convention, which is an agreement among airlines about financial liability. ...

The War Against Indonesian Independence (1945 - 1949)

After the collapse of Japan at the end of World War II, Indonesian nationalists under Sukarno recognized the opportunity presenting itself and declared independence from Dutch colonial rule. With the assistance of indigenous army units created by the Japanese, an independent Republic of Indonesia with Sukarno as its president was proclaimed on August 17, 1945. 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1949 calendar). ... Combatants Allies: Poland, British Commonwealth, France/Free France, Soviet Union, United States, China, and others Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan, and others Casualties Military dead: 17 million Civilian dead: 33 million Total dead: 50 million Military dead: 8 million Civilian dead: 4 million Total dead: 12 million World War II... Sukarno (June 6, 1901 â€“ June 21, 1970) was the first President of Indonesia. ...

The Netherlands, only very recently freed from German occupation itself, initially lacked the means to respond, allowing Republican forces to establish de facto control over parts of the huge archipelago, particularly in Java and Sumatra. On the other, in the less densely populated outer islands, no effective control was established by either party, leading at times to chaotic conditions. De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without... Java (Indonesian, Javanese, and Sundanese: Jawa) is an island of Indonesia, and the site of its capital city, Jakarta. ... Sumatra (also spelled Sumatara and Sumatera) is the sixth largest island of the world (approximately 470,000 kmÂ²) and is the 3rd largest island of Indonesia after Kalimantan and New Guinea. ...

British involvement

Initially the United Kingdom sent in troops to take over from the Japanese and soon found itself in conflict with the fledgling government. British forces brought in a small Dutch military contingent which it termed the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration (NICA). When a member of the NICA raised a Dutch flag on a hotel in the country's second-largest city, Surabaya, Indonesian nationalists overran the Japanese proxies guarding the hotel and tore the blue stripe off the flag, forming the red-and-white Indonesian flag. Flag ratio: 2:3 The national flag of the Netherlands, with its three equal horizontal bands coloured red (top), white and blue, was not the countrys first flag. ... Surabaya (formerly Soerabaja) is Indonesias second-largest city, and the capital of the province of East Java. ... Flag ratio: 2:3 The national flag of Indonesia is a simple two colored flag with two equal horizontal bands, red (top) and white (bottom). ...

The British became worried about the increasing boldness and apparent strength of the nationalists, who'd seemed to be armed with the weopons of defeated Japanese garrisons across the archipelago. A British Brigadier General, A.W.S Mallaby, was killed as he pushed for an ultimatum stipulating that the Indonesians surrender their weapons or face a major assault. On November 10, 1945, Surabaya was attacked by British forces, leading to a bloody street-to-street battle.

The battle for Surabaya was the bloodiest single engagement in the war and had successfully demonstrated the determination of the rag-tag nationalist forces. It also made the British reluctant to be sucked into a war it did not need, considering how outstretched their resources in southeast Asia were during the period after the Japanese surrender.

Dutch reaction

As a consequence, the Dutch were asked to take back control, and the number of NICA forces soon increased dramatically. Initially the Netherlands negotiated with the Republic and came to an agreement at Linggarjati, in which the 'United States of Indonesia' were proclaimed, a semi-autonomous federal state keeping as its head the Queen of the Netherlands. The Linggadjati Agreement was a political accord concluded on November 15, 1946 by the Dutch administration and the unilaterally declared Republic of Indonesia. ...

Both sides increasingly accused each other of violating the agreement, and as consequence the hawkish forces soon won out on both sides. A major point of concern for the Dutch side was the fate of members of the Dutch minority in Indonesia, most of whom had been held under deplorable conditions in concentration camps by the Japanese. The Indonesians were accused (and guilty) of not cooperating in liberating these prisoners. A concentration camp is a large detention centre created for political opponents, aliens, specific ethnic or religious groups, civilians of a critical war-zone, or other groups of people, often during a war. ...

Police actions and guerilla war

The Netherlands government then mounted a large military force to regain what it believed was rightfully its territory. The two major military campaigns that followed were declared as ere 'police actions' to downplay the extent of the operations. There were atrocities and violations of human rights in many forms by both sides in the conflict. Some 6,000 Dutch and 150,000 Indonesians are estimated to have been killed. The politionele acties (Dutch: police actions) were the two military operations that the Netherlands undertook on Java and Sumatra against the Republic of Indonesia to reestablish colonial rule after World War Two. ... Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ...

Although the Dutch and their indigenous allies managed to defeat the Republican Army in almost all major engagements and during the second campaign even to arrest Sukarno himself, Indonesian forces continued to wage a major guerrilla war under the leadership of General Sudirman who had escaped the Dutch onslaught.

A few months before the second Dutch offensive, communist elements within the independence movement had staged a failed coup, known as Madiun Affair, with the goal of seizing control of the republican forces.

Indonesian independence

The continuing existence of Republican resistance following the second 'Police action', paired with active diplomacy, soon thereafter led to the end of colonial rule. Journalistic opinion in much of the rest of the world, notably in the United States of America, was against the Dutch. The Netherlands government was forced back into negotiations, and after the Round Table conference in The Hague, the Dutch finally assented to Indonesian independence on December 27, 1949. December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (362nd in leap years). ... 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1949 calendar). ...

In the following decades, a diplomatic row between the governments of Indonesia and the Netherlands persisted over the officially recognized date of Indonesian independence. Indonesians commemorate the anniversary of Sukarno's proclamation (August 17, 1945) as their official holiday. August 17 is the 229th day of the year (230th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ...

The Netherlands, having taken in a number of loyalist exiles who (for various reasons) viewed Sukarno's government as illegitimate, would only recognize the date of the final Dutch capitulation to Indonesia on December 27, 1949. This changed in 2005 when the Dutch Foreign Minister, Bernard Bot, made several well-publicized goodwill gestures: officially accepting Indonesian independence as beginning on August 17, 1945; expressing regret for suffering caused by the fighting during the war; and attending the 60th anniversary commemoration of Sukarno's independence proclamation, part of the first Dutch delegation to do so. December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (362nd in leap years). ... 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1949 calendar). ... A minister for foreign affairs, or foreign minister, is a cabinet minister who helps form the governmental foreign policy of a sovereign nation. ... Dr. Bernard Bot, born November 21, 1937 is the current Minister of Foreign affairs of The Netherlands. ... August 17 is the 229th day of the year (230th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ...

The Three Hundred and Thirty Five Years' War (1651-1986)

The Three Hundred and Thirty Five Years' War is the peaceful war between the Netherlands and the Isles of Scilly (located off the southwest coast of the United Kingdom). It lasted 335 years without a single shot being fired; which would have made it the longest war ever and with the fewest casualties. Peace was declared in 1986. Tresco, the second largest Island of Scillonia The Isles of Scilly (Cornish: Ynysek Syllan) form an archipelago of islands off the Cornish coast. ... The United States detonated an atomic bomb over Nagasaki on August 9, 1945, effectively ending World War II. The bombings of Nagasaki and Hiroshima (on August 6) immediately killed between 100,000 and 200,000 people and are the only known instances nuclear weapons have ever been used in war. ...

The origins of the war can be found in the Second English Civil War, fought between the Royalists and Parliamentarians from 1642 to 1652. Oliver Cromwell had fought the Royalists to the edges of the Kingdom of England. In the West of England this meant that Cornwall was the last Royalist stronghold. In 1648, Cromwell pushed on until mainland Cornwall was in the hands of the Parliamentarians. The Second English Civil War (1648–1649) was the second of three wars known as the English Civil War (or Wars) which refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1652 and include the First English Civil War... Prince Rupert of the Rhine Cavaliers was the name used by Parliamentarians for the Royalist supporters of King Charles I during the English Civil War (1642â€“1651). ... The Roundheads was the nickname given to supporters of the Parliamentarian cause in the English Civil War. ... Events January 4 - Charles I attempts to arrest five leading members of the Long Parliament, but they escape. ... // Events April 6 - Dutch sailor Jan van Riebeeck establishes a resupply camp for the Dutch East India Company at the Cape of Good Hope, and founded Cape Town. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Flag of England The Kingdom of England was a kingdom located in Western Europe, in the southern part of the island of Great Britain. ... Cornwall (Cornish: Kernow) is a county at the extreme South-West of England on the peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar. ... // Events January 17 - Englands Long Parliament passes the Vote of No Address, breaking off negotiations with King Charles I and thereby setting the scene for the second phase of the English Civil War. ...

The Royalists' major asset was the Navy, who had declared themselves for the Prince of Wales. The Royalist Navy was forced to retreat to the Isles of Scilly, which lie off the Cornish coast and were under the ownership of Royalist Sir John Grenville. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the senior service of the British armed services being the oldest of its three branches. ... Charles II or The Merry Monarch (29 May 1630â€“6 February 1685) was the King of England, King of Scots, and King of Ireland from 30 January 1649 (de jure) or 29 May 1660 (de facto) until his death. ... Tresco, the second largest Island of Scillonia The Isles of Scilly (Cornish: Ynysek Syllan) form an archipelago of islands off the Cornish coast. ... John Grenville is a Professor Emeritus of Modern History at the University of Birmingham. ...

In June 1651, soon after the declaration of war, the Parliamentarian forces under Admiral Robert Blake forced the Royalist fleet to surrender. The Netherlands fleet, no longer under threat, left without firing a shot. Due to the obscurity of one nation's declaration of war against a small part of another, the Dutch forgot to officially declare peace. Robert Blake, General at Sea, 1599â€“1657 by Henry Perronet Briggs, painted 1829. ...

Contemporary Wars

Combatants Western Allied/UN combatants: South Korea, United States Communist combatants: North Korea, Peoples Republic of China Strength Note: All figures may vary according to source. ... 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1953 calendar). ... The term Kosovo War or Kosovo Conflict is often used to describe two sequential and at times parallel armed conflicts (a civil war followed by an international war) in the southern Serbian province called Kosovo (officially Kosovo and Metohia), part of the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... The War on Terrorism or War on Terror (also Global War on Terrorism or GWOT[1]) is a campaign by the American, British, and their allies governments with the stated goal of ending international terrorism by stopping those groups identified by the U.S. as terrorist groups and ending state... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ...

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