For other uses, see Ming. 大明
Great Ming | | | | Ming China under the Yongle Emperor | | Capital | Nanjing
(1368-1421)
Beijing
(1421-1644) | | Language(s) | Chinese | | Government | Monarchy | | Emperor | | - 1368-1398 | Hongwu Emperor | | - 1627-1644 | Chongzhen Emperor | | History | | | - Established in Nanjing | January 23, 1368 | | - Fall of Beijing | 1644 | | - End of the Southern Ming | April, 1662 | | Population | | - 1393 est. | 72,700,000 | | - 1400 est. | 65,000,000¹ | | - 1600 est. | 150,000,000¹ | | - 1644 est. | 100,000,000 | Ming Dynasty still kept the rule on Southern China until 1662 which is seen as the Southern Ming.
¹ The numbers are based on estimates made by C.J. Peers in Late Imperial Chinese Armies: 1520-1840 | | The Ming Dynasty (Chinese: 明朝; pinyin: Míng Cháo) was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic Hans (the main Chinese ethnic group), before falling to the rebellion led by Li Zicheng, and later replaced by Manchu-led Qing Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty, founded by Zhu Yuanzhang, ruled over the Empire of the Great Ming (Traditional Chinese: 大明國; Simplified Chinese: 大明国; Pinyin: Dà Míng Guó), as China was then known. Although the later Ming capital, Beijing, fell in 1644, remnants of the Ming throne and power (collectively called the Southern Ming) survived until 1662. During the subsequent Qing Dynasty, some Han Chinese harbored strong feelings against the rule by a non-Han ethnic group (the Manchus); consequently, the restoration of the Ming Dynasty was used as a rallying cry up until the modern era. Ming is a common personal name in China, It may also mean: Ming Dynasty, the ruling dynasty in China from 1368 to 1644 Ming class submarine, a class of diesel-electric submarines built by China Motorola MING, a smartphone released by Motorola Ming library, a C library with PHP bindings...
Capital Dadu Language(s) Mongolian Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor - 1260-1294 Kublai Khan - 1333-1370 (Cont. ...
Image File history File links blank picture File links The following pages link to this file: Antioquia Boyacá Cundinamarca BolÃvar Department Santander Department Atlántico Magdalena Department Amazonas Department, Colombia Arauca Caquetá Casanare Cauca Cesar Chocó Córdoba Department GuainÃa Guaviare Huila Department Guajira Department Meta Department Nari...
Events Timur ascends throne of Samarkand. ...
// Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. ...
Image File history File links blank picture File links The following pages link to this file: Antioquia Boyacá Cundinamarca BolÃvar Department Santander Department Atlántico Magdalena Department Amazonas Department, Colombia Arauca Caquetá Casanare Cauca Cesar Chocó Córdoba Department GuainÃa Guaviare Huila Department Guajira Department Meta Department Nari...
Shun Dynasty was a pseudo imperial dynasty created in the brief lapse from Ming to Qing rule in China. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 451 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (873 × 1161 pixel, file size: 819 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Faithful reproductions of two-dimensional original works cannot attract copyright in the U.S. according to the rule in Bridgeman Art Library v. ...
The Yongle Emperor (May 2, 1360 – August 12, 1424), born Zhu Di (Chu Ti) , was the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty of China from 1402 to 1424. ...
Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist, the capital was moved, or the capital city was renamed. ...
For other uses, see Nanjing (disambiguation). ...
Events Timur ascends throne of Samarkand. ...
For the controversial hypothesis advanced by Gavin Menzies, see: 1421 hypothesis. ...
Peking redirects here. ...
For the controversial hypothesis advanced by Gavin Menzies, see: 1421 hypothesis. ...
// Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. ...
For the documentary series, see Monarchy (TV series). ...
The Ming Dynasty ruled China from 1368 to 1644, succeeding the Mongol Yuan Dynasty and falling amidst much peasant turmoil to the Manchu Qing dynasty. ...
Events Timur ascends throne of Samarkand. ...
Events Glendalough monastery, Wicklow Ireland destroyed. ...
izzy lewis loves the weewee in her pooter. ...
Events A Dutch ship makes the first recorded sighting of the coast of South Australia. ...
// Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. ...
Chongzhen Emperor (WG: Chung-chen) (February 6, 1611 - April 25, 1644) was last emperor of Ming dynasty in China between 1627 and 1644. ...
For other uses, see Nanjing (disambiguation). ...
is the 23rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Events Timur ascends throne of Samarkand. ...
Peking redirects here. ...
// Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. ...
This article or section needs additional references or sources to improve its verifiability. ...
Events February 1 - The Chinese pirate Koxinga seizes the island of Taiwan after a nine-month siege. ...
Events February 1 - The Chinese pirate Koxinga seizes the island of Taiwan after a nine-month siege. ...
Image File history File links History_of_China. ...
The history of China is told in traditional historical records that refer as far back as the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors about 5,000 years ago, supplemented by archaeological records dating to the 16th century BC. China is one of the worlds oldest continuous civilizations. ...
The Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: San-huang wu-ti) were mythological rulers of China during the period from c. ...
For the Sixteen Kingdoms Period state, see Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms). ...
Remnants of advanced, stratified societies dating back to the Shang period have been found in the Yellow River Valley. ...
This article is about the ancient Chinese dynasty. ...
Alternative meaning: Zhou Dynasty (690 CE - 705 CE) The Zhou Dynasty (周朝; Wade-Giles: Chou Dynasty) (late 10th century BC to late 9th century BC - 256 BC) followed the Shang (Yin) Dynasty and preceded the Qin Dynasty in China. ...
Alternative meaning: Zhou Dynasty (690 CE - 705 CE) The Zhou Dynasty (周朝; Wade-Giles: Chou Dynasty) (late 10th century BC to late 9th century BC - 256 BC) followed the Shang (Yin) Dynasty and preceded the Qin Dynasty in China. ...
The Spring and Autumn Period (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) was a period in Chinese history, which roughly corresponds to the first half of the Eastern Zhou dynasty (from the second half of the 8th century BC to the first half of the 5th century). ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Qin Dynasty in 210 BC Capital Xianyang Language(s) Chinese Government Monarchy History - Unification of China 221 BC - Death of Qin Shi Huangdi 210 BC - Surrender to Liu Bang 206 BC The Qin Dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chin Chao) (221 BC - 206 BC) was preceded by the...
Han Dynasty in 87 BC Capital Changan (202 BC–9 AD) Luoyang (25 AD–190 AD) Language(s) Chinese Religion Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy History - Establishment 206 BC - Battle of Gaixia; Han rule of China begins 202 BC - Interruption of Han rule 9 - 24 - Abdication to Cao Wei 220...
The Han Dynasty (Traditional Chinese characters: 漢朝, Simplified Chinese characters: 汉朝, pinyin Hàncháo 202 BC - AD 220) followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. ...
The Xin Dynasty (Chinese: æ–°æœ; Hanyu Pinyin: xÄ«n cháo; meaning New Dynasty; 8-23) was a dynasty (even though, contrary to the usual meaning of a dynasty, it had but one emperor) in Chinese history. ...
The Han Dynasty (Traditional Chinese characters: 漢朝, Simplified Chinese characters: 汉朝, pinyin Hàncháo 202 BC - AD 220) followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. ...
The Three Kingdoms period (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a period in the history of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties. ...
The territories of Cao Wei (in yellow), AD 262 Capital Luoyang Language(s) Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor - 220 - 226 Cao Pi - 226 - 239 Cao Rui - 239 - 254 Cao Fang - 254 - 260 Cao Mao - 260 - 265 Cao Huan Historical era Three Kingdoms - Cao Pi taking over the throne of the Later...
The Kingdom of Shu (蜀 shǔ) (221 – 263) was one of the Three Kingdoms competing for control of China after the fall of the Han Dynasty. ...
The territories of Eastern Wu (in green), AD 262 Capital Jianye Language(s) Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor - 222 - 252 Sun Quan - 252 - 258 Sun Liang - 258 - 264 Sun Xiu - 264 - 280 Sun Hao Historical era Three Kingdoms - Establishment 222 - Sun Quan declares himself emperor 229 - Conquest of Wu by Jin...
The Jìn Dynasty (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; 265–420), one of the Six Dynasties, followed the Three Kingdoms period and preceded the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China. ...
The Jin Dynasty (晉 pinyin jìn, 265-420) followed the Three Kingdoms and preceded the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China. ...
The Jin Dynasty (晉 pinyin jìn, 265-420) followed the Three Kingdoms and preceded the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China. ...
The Sixteen Kingdoms, or less commonly the Sixteen States, were a collection of numerous short-lived sovereignities in the China proper and neighboring areas from AD 304 to 439 after the retreat of the Jin Dynasty (265-420) to South China and before the establishment of the Northern Dynasties. ...
This article is about China. ...
The Sui Dynasty of China amongst the Asian, African, and European spheres of the world, 600 AD. The Sui Dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; 581-618 AD[1]) followed the Southern and Northern Dynasties and preceded the Tang Dynasty in China. ...
For the band, see Tang Dynasty (band). ...
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (Traditional Chinese: 五代å國 Simplified Chinese: 五代å国 Hanyu pinyin: WÇ”dà ishÃguó) (907-960) was a period of political upheaval in China, between the Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty. ...
The Liao Dynasty (Traditional Chinese: , Simplified Chinese: , pinyin: Liáo Cháo), 907-1125, also known as the Khitan Empire, was an empire in northern China that ruled over the regions of Manchuria, Mongolia, and parts of northern China proper. ...
Northern Song in 1111 AD Capital Bianjing (汴京) (960–1127) Linan (臨安) (1127–1276) Language(s) Chinese Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy Emperor - 960–976 Emperor Taizu - 1126–1127 Emperor Qinzong - 1127–1162 Emperor Gaozong - 1278–1279 Emperor Bing History - Zhao Kuangyin taking over the throne of the Later Zhou...
Alternative meaning: Song Dynasty (420-479) The Song dynasty (Chinese: 宋朝) was a ruling dynasty in China from 960-1279. ...
Location of Western Xia in 1142 Capital Xingqing Government Monarchy Emperor - 1038-1048 Emperor Jingzong - 1226-1227 Emperor Modi History - Established 1038 - Surrendered to the Mongol Empire 1227 Population - peak est. ...
Alternative meaning: Song Dynasty (420-479) The Song dynasty (Chinese: 宋朝) was a ruling dynasty in China from 960-1279. ...
The JÄ«n Dynasty (Jurchen: Anchu; Chinese: 金æœ; Pinyin: ; 1115-1234), also known as the Jurchen dynasty, was founded by the Wanyan (å®Œé¡ Wányán) clan of the Jurchen, the ancestors of the Manchus who established the Qing Dynasty some 500 years later. ...
Capital Dadu Language(s) Mongolian Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor - 1260-1294 Kublai Khan - 1333-1370 (Cont. ...
Flag (1890-1912) Anthem Gong Jinou (1911) Qing China at its greatest extent. ...
‹ The template below (History of China - BC) is being considered for deletion. ...
The history of the Peoples Republic of China details the history of mainland China since October 1, 1949, when, after a near complete victory by the Communist Party of China (CPC) in the Chinese Civil War, Mao Zedong proclaimed the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) from atop Tiananmen...
National motto: None Official language Mandarin Chinese Capital and largest city Taipei President Chen Shui-bian Premier Frank Hsieh Area - Total - % water Ranked 138th 35,980 km² 2. ...
The following is a timeline of the history of China. ...
The following is a table of the Dynasties in Chinese history. ...
...
There was archieve dating back very early about the ancient navy of China. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Chinese or the Sinitic language(s) (汉è¯/漢語, Pinyin: Hà nyÇ”; åŽè¯/è¯èªž, HuáyÇ”; or ä¸æ–‡, ZhÅngwén) can be considered a language or language family. ...
The origin of the current law of the Peoples Republic of China can be traced back to the period of the early 1930s, during the establishment of the Chinese Soviet Republic. ...
Chinese art is art that, whether ancient or modern, originated in or is practiced in China or by Chinese artists or performers. ...
The history of science and technology in China is both long and rich with science and technological contribution. ...
The Chinese education was accompanied with the birth of Chinese civilization. ...
Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ...
// For other uses, see Dynasty (disambiguation). ...
Honorary guard of Mongolia. ...
Capital Dadu Language(s) Mongolian Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor - 1260-1294 Kublai Khan - 1333-1370 (Cont. ...
Language(s) Chinese languages Religion(s) Predominantly Taoism, Mahayana Buddhism, traditional Chinese religions, and atheism. ...
LÇ Zìchéng (æŽè‡ªæˆ) (September 22, 1606 - 1644), born Li HóngjÄ« (鴻基), was a rebel in late Ming Dynasty China who proclaimed himself ChuÇŽng Wáng (闖王), or The Roaming King. Born in Mizhi District (米脂縣), Yanan Subprefecture (延安府), Shaanxi, Li grew up as a shepherd. ...
The Manchu people (Manchu: Manju; Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: , Mongolian: Манж) are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchuria (todays Northeastern China). ...
Flag (1890-1912) Anthem Gong Jinou (1911) Qing China at its greatest extent. ...
The Hongwu Emperor (October 21, 1328 - June 24, 1398), personal name Zhu Yuanzhang, was the founder of the Ming Dynasty of China, and the first emperor of this dynasty from 1368 to 1398. ...
Peking redirects here. ...
Events February 1 - The Chinese pirate Koxinga seizes the island of Taiwan after a nine-month siege. ...
Ming rule saw the construction of a vast navy, including four-masted ships of 1,500 tons displacement, and a standing army of 1,000,000 troops. Although private maritime trade and official tribute missions from China took place in previous dynasties, the size of the tributary fleet under the Muslim eunuch admiral Zheng He in the 15th century surpassed all others in grandeur. There were enormous projects of construction, including the restoration of the Grand Canal, the restoration of the Great Wall as it is known today, and the founding of the Forbidden City in Beijing during the first quarter of the 15th century. The Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424) also reestablished the civil service examinations, which had been abandoned under Mongol leadership since the late 13th century. Naval redirects here. ...
Look up mast in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
A standing army is an army composed of full time professional soldiers. ...
There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ...
European illustration of a Eunuch (1749) Chief Eunuch of Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II at the Imperial Palace, 1912. ...
A modern illustration of Zheng He, by an unidentified artist. ...
Grand Canal of China The Grand Canal of China (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), also known as the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is the longest ancient canal or artificial river in the world. ...
The Great Wall of China (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; literally Long wall) or (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; literally The long wall of 10,000 Li (里)[1]) is a series of stone and earthen fortifications in China, built, rebuilt, and maintained between the 5th century BC and the 16th...
For other uses, see Forbidden City (disambiguation). ...
The Yongle Emperor (May 2, 1360 – August 12, 1424), born Zhu Di (Chu Ti) , was the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty of China from 1402 to 1424. ...
The imperial examinations (Chinese: 科舉; Pinyin: ) in dynastic China determined positions in the civil service based on merit and education, which promoted upward mobility among the population for centuries. ...
The founder of the dynasty, Emperor Hongwu (r. 1368–1398), attempted to create a society of self-sufficient rural communities in a rigid, immobile system that should have no need to engage with the commercial life and trade of urban centers. His rebuilding of China's agricultural base and the strengthening of communication routes through the militarized courier system had the unintended effect of creating a vast agricultural surplus that could be sold at burgeoning markets located along official courier routes. Rural cultural trends became characteristically more commercialized and urbanized. The high echelons of society embodied in the scholarly gentry class were also affected by this new consumptionary-based culture. Going against traditional norms, merchant families began producing exam candidates to become scholar-officials and took on cultural traits and practices that were distinctly those of the scholarly gentry class. izzy lewis loves the weewee in her pooter. ...
For other uses, see Courier (disambiguation). ...
In imperial China, gentry were the class of landowners who were retired mandarins or their descendents. ...
Scholar-bureaucrats or scholar-officials were civil servants appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-to-day governance during the Qing Dynasty. ...
By the 16th century, the Ming economy was stimulated by maritime trade with the Spanish Empire. China became involved in a new global trade of goods, plants, animals, and food crops known as the Columbian Exchange. Trade with European powers and the Japanese brought in massive amounts of silver, the latter of which had became the common medium of exchange in China to replace copper and paper banknotes. The flow of silver into China was greatly diminished in the early third of the 17th century. This was due to the Spanish crown's cracking down on illegal silver smuggling directly from Mexico and straight across the Pacific to the Philippines (where Chinese trade ships docked annually). An anachronous map of the overseas Spanish Empire (1492-1898) in red, and the Spanish Habsburg realms in Europe (1516-1714) in orange. ...
Inca-era terraces on Taquile are used to grow traditional Andean staples, such as quinua and potatoes, alongside wheat, a European import. ...
This article is about the chemical element. ...
A medium of exchange is an intermediary used in trade to avoid the inconveniences of a pure barter system. ...
A £20 Bank of England banknote. ...
Pacific redirects here. ...
At its height, the Ming Dynasty had a population of 160 million people. However, this figure dropped significantly after the first quarter of the 17th century. China's agriculture and economy—along with the rest of the world—was greatly affected by the beginning of the Little Ice Age. The damage to the economy from the lack of silver was coupled with the effects of natural calamities, crop failure, and sudden epidemics. The ensuing breakdown of authority and people's livelihoods allowed rebel leaders such as Li Zicheng to challenge Ming authority. After Beijing had been sacked by Li's forces, a general Wu Sangui allowed Manchu forces in through the north to retake the capital. The invasion solidified Qing rule in the north, as they would eventually extend their authority over the whole of China proper as well as Manchuria, Mongolia, the Tarim Basin, and Tibet. The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of cooling occurring after a warmer era known as the Medieval climate optimum. ...
Wu Sangui (Chinese: å³ä¸‰æ¡‚; pinyin: Wú SÄnguì; WG: Wu San-kuei) (1612 - October 2, 1678) was a Ming Chinese general who opened the gates of the Great Wall of China at Shanhai Pass to let Manchu soldiers into China proper. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Taklamakan Desert in the Tarim Basin. ...
This article is about historical/cultural Tibet. ...
Although Christianity had existed in China since at least the Tang Dynasty (618–907) the late Ming period saw the arrival of Jesuit missionaries such as Matteo Ricci and Nicolas Trigault. The former worked with the Chinese mathematician, astronomer, and agronomist Xu Guangqi to translate Euclid's Elements into Chinese for the first time in 1607. Matteo was also the first to Latinize the ancient philosopher Kong Fuzi as Confucius. Although Xu's written work and that of his contemporaries—such as Song Yingxing—were often technical and encyclopedic, the Ming era witnessed the development of the fictional novel, an example being the Jin Ping Mei published in 1610. Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box: Christianity is...
For the band, see Tang Dynasty (band). ...
The history of the missions of the Jesuits in China in the early modern era stands as one of the notable events in the early history of relations between China and the Western world, as well as a prominent example of relations between two cultures and belief systems in the...
Matteo Ricci. ...
Nicolas Trigault (1577-1629) was a French Jesuit, and a missionary to China. ...
Xu Guangqi (Simplified Chinese: å¾å…‰å¯; Traditional Chinese: å¾å…‰å•Ÿ; Pinyin: Xú GuÄngqÇ) (1562–1633) was a Chinese agricultural scientist and mathematician born in Shanghai. ...
The frontispiece of Sir Henry Billingsleys first English version of Euclids Elements, 1570 Euclids Elements (Greek: ) is a mathematical and geometric treatise consisting of 13 books written by the Greek mathematician Euclid in Alexandria circa 300 BC. It comprises a collection of definitions, postulates (axioms), propositions (theorems...
For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ...
Confucius (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Kung-fu-tzu), lit. ...
Song Yingxing (Traditional Chinese:宋應星; Simplified Chinese:宋应星; Wade Giles: Sung Ying-Hsing; 1587-1666 AD) was a Chinese scientist and encyclopedist who lived during the late Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). ...
This article is about the literary concept. ...
Jin Ping Mei (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; literally The Plum in the Golden Vase, also translated as The Golden Lotus) is a Chinese naturalistic novel composed in the vernacular (baihua) during the late Ming Dynasty. ...
History
Founding - Further information: List of Emperors of the Ming Dynasty
The Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty (1279–1368) ruled before the establishment of the Ming Dynasty. The discrimination of Han Chinese led to a peasant revolt that successfully forced the Mongols to retreat into the Mongolian steppes. But historians such as Joseph Walker dispute this theory. Other causes include paper currency over-circulation, which caused inflation to go up tenfold during the reign of Yuan Emperor Shundi, along with the flooding of the Yellow River as a result of the abandonment of irrigation projects. In the late Yuan era, agriculture and the economy were in shambles. A rebellion broke out when hundreds of thousands of civilians were called upon to work on the Yellow River. The Ming Dynasty ruled China from 1368 to 1644, succeeding the Mongol Yuan Dynasty and falling amidst much peasant turmoil to the Manchu Qing dynasty. ...
Expansion of the Mongol Empire Historical map of the Mongol Empire The Mongol Empire, also known as the Mongolian Empire (Mongolian: , Mongolyn Ezent Güren; 1206–1405) was the largest contiguous empire in history and for sometime was the most feared in Eurasia. ...
Capital Dadu Language(s) Mongolian Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor - 1260-1294 Kublai Khan - 1333-1370 (Cont. ...
Language(s) Chinese languages Religion(s) Predominantly Taoism, Mahayana Buddhism, traditional Chinese religions, and atheism. ...
Joseph Walker or Joe Walker can refer to more than one person of note, including: Joseph A. Walker, a United States military aviator Joseph A. Walker, Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright (The River Niger) J. E. Walker, former president of the Universal Life Insurance Company. ...
Ukhaatu Khan (Classical Mongolian: Uqaɤatu qaɤan; Khalkha Mongolian: Ухаант хаан Uhaant haan), born Toghun Temür, was the fifteenth grand-khan of the Mongol Empire (Dai-ön Ulus/Yuan Dynasty). ...
For other Yellow Rivers, see Yellow River (disambiguation). ...
A number of Han Chinese groups revolted, and eventually the Red Turbans led by Zhu Yuanzhang, assisted by an ancient and secret intellectual fraternity called the Summer Palace people, established dominance. Zhu cemented his power by eliminating his arch rival Chen Youliang in the Battle of Lake Poyang in 1363. The rebellion against the Yuan eventually succeeded, and the Ming Dynasty was established in Nanjing in 1368. Zhu Yuanzhang took Hongwu, or 'Vastly Martial' as his reign title. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...
This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ...
izzy lewis loves the weewee in her pooter. ...
The Red Turban Rebellion (Chinese: ) was an uprising by the White Lotus Chinese that targeted the ruling Yuan Dynasty. ...
The Hongwu Emperor (October 21, 1328 - June 24, 1398), personal name Zhu Yuanzhang, was the founder of the Ming Dynasty of China, and the first emperor of this dynasty from 1368 to 1398. ...
Chén YÇ’ulià ng (陳å‹è«’, in Wade-Giles Chen Yu-liang) (1320 - August 23, 1363) was the founder of the rebel Dahan (大漢 Great Han) regime in late Yuan Dynasty in China. ...
Combatants Han rebel navy Ming rebel navy Commanders Chen Youliang†Zhu Yuanzhang Strength 650,000 200,000 Casualties Chen Youliang and most of his army 1,346 dead 11,347 wounded The naval battle of Lake Poyang (鄱陽湖之戰) took place 30 August - 4 October 1363 and was one of the final...
For other uses, see Nanjing (disambiguation). ...
izzy lewis loves the weewee in her pooter. ...
Hongwu organized a military system known as the weisuo , which was similar to the fubing system of the Tang Dynasty. According to Ming Shigao, the political intention in establishing the weisuo system was to maintain a strong army while avoiding bonds between commanding officers and soldiers. Hongwu supported the creation of self-supporting agricultural communities. Neo-feudal land-tenure developments of late Song times were expropriated with the establishment of the Ming Dynasty. Great land estates were confiscated by the government, divided, and rented out; private slavery was forbidden. Consequently, after the death of the Yongle Emperor, independent peasant landholders predominated in Chinese agriculture. Northern Song in 1111 AD Capital Bianjing (汴京) (960–1127) Linan (臨安) (1127–1276) Language(s) Chinese Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy Emperor - 960–976 Emperor Taizu - 1126–1127 Emperor Qinzong - 1127–1162 Emperor Gaozong - 1278–1279 Emperor Bing History - Zhao Kuangyin taking over the throne of the Later Zhou...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Slave redirects here. ...
The Yongle Emperor (May 2, 1360–August 12, 1424), born Zhu Di, was the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty of China from 1402 to 1424. ...
It is notable that, although he embraced Confucianism himself, Hongwu did not trust elite, educated Confucian scholars. Under the next few emperors, the Confucian scholar gentry—who had been marginalized under the Yuan for nearly a century—once again assumed a predominant role in running the empire. A Confucian temple in Wuwei, Peoples Republic of China. ...
Scholar-bureaucrats or scholar-officials were civil servants appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-to-day governance during the Qing Dynasty. ...
Legal code
 The Ming Imperial Court, by an unknown artist, c. 1580 AD. The legal code drawn up in the time of the Hongwu emperor was considered one of the great achievements of the era. The Ming shi mentions that as early as 1364, the monarch had started to draft a code known as Daming Lu. Hongwu took great care over the project and told the ministers that the laws should be comprehensive and intelligible, so as not to leave any loophole for sub-officials to misinterpret the law by playing on the words. The code also laid great emphasis on family relations. Daming Lu was based on Confucian ideas and remained one of the factors dominating the law of China until the end of the 19th century, until the communists took over mainland China. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Abolishing the Prime Minister post Many argue that the Hongwu emperor, wishing to concentrate absolute authority in his own hands, abolished the office of prime minister and so removed the only insurance against incompetent emperors. However, the statement is misleading as a new post, "Senior Grand secretary", replaced the abolished prime minister post. Ray Huang, Professor from Sate University of college argues that Grand-secretaries, outwardly powerless, could exercise considerable positive influence from behind the throne. Because of their prestige and the public trust which they enjoyed, they could act as intermediaries between emperor and the ministerial officials, thus provide stabilizing force in the court.
Network of secret agents In the Ming Dynasty, networks of secret agents flourished throughout the military. Due to the humble background of Zhu Yuanzhang before he became emperor, he harbored a special hatred against corrupt officials and had great awareness of revolts. He created the Jinyi Wei, to offer himself further protection and act as secret police throughout the empire. Although there are a few successes in their history, they were more known for their brutality in handling crime than as an actually successful police force. The Jinyi Wei had spread a terror throughout their empire, but their powers were decimated as the eunuchs' influence at the court increased. The eunuchs created three groups of secret agents in their favour; the East Factory, the West Factory and the Inner Factory. All were no less brutal than the Jinyi Wei and probably worse, since they were more of a tool for the eunuchs to eradicate their political opponents than anything else. Image File history File links Ming_Emperor_Xuande_playing_Golf. ...
Image File history File links Ming_Emperor_Xuande_playing_Golf. ...
Categories: China-related stubs | 1398 births | 1435 deaths | Ming Dynasty emperors ...
Events Foundation of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium Births John II, Duke of Lorraine (died 1470) Edmund Sutton, English nobleman (died 1483) Deaths January 18 - Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, English politician (born 1391) March 17 - Ashikaga Yoshikazu, Japanese shogun (born 1407) May 24 - Murdoch Stewart, 2nd Duke of...
For other uses, see number 1435. ...
Ming Emperor Xuande is putting for a par? Chuiwan (Chinese: æ¶ä¸¸; Pinyin: ChuÃwán) was a game in ancient China and is claimed by some to be the origin of golf. ...
This article is about the sport. ...
Spy and secret agent redirect here; for alternate use, see Spy (disambiguation) and Secret agent (disambiguation). ...
The Hongwu Emperor (October 21, 1328 - June 24, 1398), personal name Zhu Yuanzhang, was the founder of the Ming Dynasty of China, and the first emperor of this dynasty from 1368 to 1398. ...
The Jinyi Wei (Traditional Chinese: 錦衣衛; Simplified Chinese: 锦衣å«; literally Brocade-Clad Guard) was the secret service of the Ming emperors. ...
Government Governmental institutions in China conformed to a similar pattern for some two thousand years, but each dynasty installed special offices and bureaus, reflecting its own particular interests. The Ming administration too followed this pattern: the Grand Secretariat assisted the emperor. Alongside this office were the Six Ministries for Personnel, Revenue, Rites, War, Justice, and Public Works, under the Department of State Affairs. The Censorate overseeing work of imperial officials was also an old institution with a new name comprising the Three Duke and the Three Minor Solitaries. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 935 KB) Summary author : ofol date 29-12-2005 voie des âmes, Changping, région de pékin ways of souls tombs of the Emperors of the Ming Dynasty (AD 1368 to 1644). ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 935 KB) Summary author : ofol date 29-12-2005 voie des âmes, Changping, région de pékin ways of souls tombs of the Emperors of the Ming Dynasty (AD 1368 to 1644). ...
Standing in the Spirit Way at the Ming Tombs looking back towards the entry gate. ...
Peking redirects here. ...
The first Ming emperor, in his persecution mania, abolished the Secretariat, the Censorate, and the Chief Military Commission and personally took charge of the Six Ministries and the Five Military Commissions. Thus a whole level of administration was cut out and was only partially rebuilt by the following emperors. The Grand Secretariat was reinstalled, but without employing grand counselors ("chancellors"). The ministries, headed by a minister and run by directors remained under direct control of the emperor until the end of Ming. The Censorate was reinstalled and first staffed with investigating censors, later with censors-in-chief.
 A glazed stoneware statue of Budai, Ming Dynasty, China, dated to the 20th year of the Chenghua Emperor, or 1468 AD The dynasty had a vast imperial household, staffed with thousands of eunuchs, who were headed by the Directorate of Palace Attendants. The eunuchs were divided into different directorates and services that had to administer the staff, the rites, food, documents, stables, seals, gardens, state-owned factories, and so on. The so-called Western Depot acted as the eunuchs' secret service and was famous for its intrigues. Princes and descendants of the first Ming emperor were given nominal military commands and large land estates without title. By contrast, princes in the Han and Jin Dynasties had been installed as local kings. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 400 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1152 × 1728 pixel, file size: 1,008 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 400 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1152 × 1728 pixel, file size: 1,008 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Budai is also the name of a Taiwanese township in Chiayi, see Budai, Chiayi Maitreya in Budai form with disciples, as depicted at Feilai Feng grottos, near Lingyin Temple in China Budai (Chinese: ) or Budai Luohan, pronounced Hotei in Japanese, also known as the Laughing Buddha, is an interpretation of...
European illustration of a Eunuch (1749) Chief Eunuch of Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II at the Imperial Palace, 1912. ...
For the similarly-named Surrealist journal, see Documents (journal). ...
Leland Stanfords horse stable, still in use Horse kept in stable A stable is a building in which livestock, usually horses, are kept. ...
This article is about the authentication means. ...
For the chosen plaintext attack used by the British during World War II, see gardening (cryptanalysis). ...
The Ming emperors adopted the provincial administration system of the Mongols, and the 13 Ming provinces are the precursors of the modern provinces. Thus, at the provincial level, the Yuan central government structure was copied; the bureaucracy contained three provincial commissions: one civil, one military, and one for surveillance. Below the province level were prefectures operating under a prefect, followed by subprefectures under a subprefect. Finally, the lowest unit was the county overseen by a magistrate. As in prior dynasties, the provincial administrations were controlled by a travelling inspector or grand coordinator from the Censorate.
In addition to taking over the established bureaucratic structure from the Yuan period, the Ming emperors established the new post of the travelling military inspector.
The scholar officials who populated these many ranks of bureaucracy were recruited through a rigorous examination system. Theoretically the system of exams allowed anyone to join the ranks of imperial officials; in reality the time and funding needed to support the study in preparation for the exam generally limited participants to those already coming from the moneyed classes. The focus of the examination was classical Confucian texts, and prospective scholars were expected to successfully complete the so-called "eight-legged essay". The exams increased in difficulty as the student progressed from the local level, and appropriate titles were accordingly awarded successful applicants. Passing the provincial examinations, scholars were titled "cultivated talents". Passing the metropolitan examination, they obtained the title jinshi or "graduate". The eight-legged essay (Chinese: å…«è‚¡æ–‡ bÄgÇ”wén) was a style of essay writing that had to be mastered to pass the imperial examinations during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. ...
The imperial examinations (科舉, kējǔ) in dynastic China determined positions in the civil service, which had promoted upward mobility among the people for centuries. ...
Exploration to isolation
 Ming foreign relations in 1580. During the aggressive rule of the Yongle Emperor (reigned 1403–1424), the Chinese regained influence over Turkestan, the so-called Western Regions. The various Jurchen tribes of Manchuria began accepting Ming titles from the Yongle Emperor. Maritime Asian nations sent envoys with tributes for the Chinese emperor. Internally, the Grand Canal was almost entirely renovated from 1411 to 1415. Stretching from Hangzhou in the south to Tongzhou just outside Beijing, the Canal linked major urban centers and stimulated domestic trade. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (555x650, 318 KB)This map shows Ming Dynasty China in 1580. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (555x650, 318 KB)This map shows Ming Dynasty China in 1580. ...
The Yongle Emperor (May 2, 1360 – August 12, 1424), born Zhu Di (Chu Ti) , was the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty of China from 1402 to 1424. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
The Jianzhou Jurchens were a grouping of the Jurchens as identified by the Chinese of the Ming Dynasty. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
The Yongle Emperor (May 2, 1360 – August 12, 1424), born Zhu Di (Chu Ti) , was the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty of China from 1402 to 1424. ...
Grand Canal of China The Grand Canal of China (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), also known as the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is the longest ancient canal or artificial river in the world. ...
(Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Postal map spelling: Hangchow) is a sub-provincial city located in the Yangtze River Delta in the Peoples Republic of China, and the capital of Zhejiang province. ...
// Overview Tongzhou District (Simplified Chinese: 通州区; Traditional Chinese: 通州å€; Hanyu Pinyin: TÅngzhÅu QÅ«), located in southeast Beijing, is considered as the capitals eastern gate. ...
The most extraordinary venture during this stage was the dispatch of Zheng He's series of naval expeditions, which traversed the Indian Ocean and the Southeast Asian archipelago.[1] An ambitious eunuch of Hui descent, and quintessential outsider to the establishment of Confucian scholar elites, Zheng He led seven expeditions between 1405 and 1433, six of them also under the auspices of Emperor Yongle.[2] He traversed perhaps as far as the Cape of Good Hope and, according to the controversial 1421 theory, the Americas. A modern illustration of Zheng He, by an unidentified artist. ...
European illustration of a Eunuch (1749) Chief Eunuch of Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II at the Imperial Palace, 1912. ...
The Yongle Emperor (May 2, 1360–August 12, 1424), born Zhu Di, was the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty of China from 1402 to 1424. ...
For other uses, see Cape of Good Hope (disambiguation). ...
The 1421 theory of the Chinese discovery of the Americas originates from former British Royal Navy submarine commander Gavin Menzies. ...
The first expedition in 1405 consisted of 317 ships and 28,000 men--then the largest naval expedition in history. Zheng He's multi-decked ships carried up to 500 troops but also cargoes of export goods, mainly silks and porcelains, and brought back foreign luxuries such as spices and tropical wood. For other uses of this word, see Silk (disambiguation). ...
“Fine China†redirects here. ...
External links Wikibooks Cookbook has more about this subject: Spice Food Bacteria-Spice Survey Shows Why Some Cultures Like It Hot Citat: ...Garlic, onion, allspice and oregano, for example, were found to be the best all-around bacteria killers (they kill everything). ...
Zheng He's initial appointment (made in 1403) to lead a sea-faring task force was a triumph for the commercial lobbies seeking to stimulate conventional trade, as opposed to mercantilism. The interests of the commercial lobbies and of the religious lobbies were also linked. Both were offensive to the neo-Confucian sensibilities of the scholarly elite: religious lobbies encouraged commercialism and exploration, which benefited commercial interests, in order to divert state funds from the anti-clerical efforts of the Confucian scholar gentry. Mercantile redirects here. ...
 A Ming Dynasty red lacquer box with intricate carving. The economic motive for these maritime ventures may have been important, but the chief aim was probably political; to enroll further states as tributaries and mark the dominance of the Chinese Empire. The political character of Zheng He's voyages indicates the primacy of the political elites. Despite their formidable and unprecedented strength, Zheng He's voyages, unlike European voyages of exploration later in the 15th century, were not intended to extend Chinese sovereignty overseas. Indicative of the competition among elites, these excursions had also become politically controversial. Zheng He's voyages had been supported by his fellow low eunuchs at court and strongly opposed by the Confucian scholar officials. Their antagonism was in fact so great that they tried to suppress any mention of the naval expeditions in the official imperial record. A compromise interpretation realizes that the Mongol raids tilted the balance in the favor of the Confucian elites. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 709 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2339 × 1979 pixel, file size: 835 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Chinese carved lacquer box Ming Dynasty Museum für Ostasiatische Kunst, Berlin Photographer: user: Dr. Meierhofer Date: 28. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 709 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2339 × 1979 pixel, file size: 835 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Chinese carved lacquer box Ming Dynasty Museum für Ostasiatische Kunst, Berlin Photographer: user: Dr. Meierhofer Date: 28. ...
In a general sense, lacquer is a clear or coloured coating, that dries by solvent evaporation only and that produces a hard, durable finish that can be polished to a very high gloss, and gives the illusion of depth. ...
Honorary guard of Mongolia. ...
Confucianism (儒家 Pinyin: rújiā The School of the Scholars), sometimes translated as the School of Literati, is an East Asian ethical, religious and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of Confucius. ...
By the end of the 15th century, Imperial subjects were forbidden to build oceangoing ships or leave the country. Some historians speculate that this measure was taken in response to piracy. But during the mid-1500s, trade started again when silver replaced paper money. The Spanish Empire in the Americas (specifically, from Peru) provided China with a massive amount of silver, as silver Spanish currency became a commonplace item in mainland China. Although trading and shipbuilding were severely restricted after Zheng He, the Chinese still sent trade ships annually to the Philippines to trade items such as silk and porcelain with the Spanish in exchange for silver. The value of silver skyrocketed relative to the rest of the world, and both trade and inflation increased as China had already imported an enormous amount. Silver was the cause of the decline in use of Chinese paper-printed money (an innovation of the earlier Song Dynasty, see Banknote), and the late Ming rulers made desperate attempts in the end to revert back to copper coinage. However, the damage was already done, and after the somewhat prosperous reign of the Wanli Emperor (1573–1620), the Ming Empire steeply declined. The empire was struck with the famine, widespread plague, rebellion, and chaos that the later Manchus from the north were ultimately able to take advantage of in their bid to overthrow the Ming. (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ...
This article is about maritime piracy. ...
This article is about the chemical element. ...
An anachronous map of the overseas Spanish Empire (1492-1898) in red, and the Spanish Habsburg realms in Europe (1516-1714) in orange. ...
Northern Song in 1111 AD Capital Bianjing (汴京) (960–1127) Linan (臨安) (1127–1276) Language(s) Chinese Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy Emperor - 960–976 Emperor Taizu - 1126–1127 Emperor Qinzong - 1127–1162 Emperor Gaozong - 1278–1279 Emperor Bing History - Zhao Kuangyin taking over the throne of the Later Zhou...
A £20 Bank of England banknote. ...
For other uses, see Copper (disambiguation). ...
Wanli Emperor (September 4, 1563 - August 18, 1620) was emperor of China (Ming dynasty) between 1572 and 1620. ...
<nowiki>Insert non-formatted text hereBold text</nowiki>A famine is a social and economic crisis that is commonly accompanied by widespread malnutrition, starvation, epidemic and increased mortality. ...
Scene from the failed Québecois rebellion against British rule in 1837. ...
The Manchu people (Manchu: Manju; Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: , Mongolian: Манж) are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchuria (todays Northeastern China). ...
 Emperor Minghuang's Journey to Sichuan, a Ming Dynasty painting after Qiu Ying ( 1494- 1552). Historians of the 1960s, such as John Fairbank and Joseph Levinson, have argued that this renovation turned into stagnation and that science and philosophy were caught in a tight net of traditions that smothered any attempts at innovation. Historians who held to this view argue that in the 15th century, by imperial decree, the great navy was decommissioned. Construction of seagoing ships was forbidden, and, as a result, the iron industry gradually declined. This isolation is believed by many, including scholar Jared Diamond, to have led to the Great Divergence. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2592 × 1944 pixel, file size: 2. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2592 × 1944 pixel, file size: 2. ...
Spring morning in the Han Palace, by Qiu Ying Qiu Ying (仇英; Wade-Giles Chiu Ying) (1494 - 1552) was a Chinese painter who specialized in the gongbi brush technique. ...
1494 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Events April - War between Henry II of France and Emperor Charles V. Henry invades Lorraine and captures Toul, Metz, and Verdun. ...
John King Fairbank (1907-1991) was among the most renowned American scholars of East Asia in the twentieth century. ...
For other uses, see Iron (disambiguation). ...
Jared Mason Diamond (b. ...
There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...
Military conquests The beginning of the Ming Dynasty was marked by Ming Dynasty military conquests as they sought to cement their hold on power. Early in his reign, the first Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang provided instructions as injunctions to later generations. These included the advice that those countries to the north were dangerous and posed a threa |
