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The Modoc War, or Modoc Campaign (also known as the Lava Beds War), was an armed conflict between the Native American Modoc tribe and the United States Army in southern Oregon and northern California from 1872–1873,^[1] The Modoc War was the last of the Indian Wars to occur in California or Oregon. Eadweard Muybridge photographed the early part of the campaign. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... July 6 is the 187th day of the year (188th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 178 days remaining. ... Year 1872 (MDCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... June 4 is the 155th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (156th in leap years), with 210 days remaining. ... 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... A Pyrrhic victory is a victory with devastating cost to the victor. ... For other uses, see Modoc (disambiguation). ... For the music group, see Captain Jack (music). ... Scarface duex (charlie) A wonderful and moving film. ... Shacknasty Jim is an alternative Heavy Metal from northern California. ... Major-General Frank Wheaton (8 May 1833- 18 June 1903) was a United States Cavalry officer, who was commisioned (as a 1st Lieutenant) in 1855. ... For others with the same name, see: John Green (disambiguation). ... Jefferson Columbus Davis (March 2, 1828 – November 30, 1879) was an officer in the United States Army who served in the Mexican-American War, the Civil War, and the Modoc War. ... 19th century 12 pounder (5 kg) mountain howitzer displayed by the National Park Service at Fort Laramie in Wyoming, USA A howitzer is a type of artillery piece that is characterized by a relatively short barrel and the use of comparatively small explosive charges to propel projectiles at trajectories with... This article is about the people indigenous to the United States and their history after European contact, chiefly in what is now the United States. ... For other uses, see Modoc (disambiguation). ... The United States Army is the largest, and by some standards oldest, established branch of the armed forces of the United States and is one of seven uniformed services. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Year 1872 (MDCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... For wars involving India, see Military history of India. ... Muybridges The Horse in Motion. ...

Events leading up to the war

Treaty with the United States

As with all Euro - Indian conflicts, the clash of culture and loss of land and lifestyle of the natives was the root cause, but the specific roots of the Modoc war go back to 1852[2], when Indians killed sixty-five whites in a wagon train at Bloody Point, and in retaliation forty-one Modocs were killed by whites under the leadership of Jump Off Joe, a notorius Californian militia leader, at a peace parley. Hostility continued until 1864, when the United States and the Klamath, Modoc, and Snake (Yahooskin band) tribes signed a treaty, establishing the Klamath Reservation. Under the terms of this treaty the Modoc, with Old Chief Schonchin as their leader, gave up their lands in the Lost River, Tule Lake and Lower Klamath Lake regions, and moved to the reservation in the Upper Klamath Valley. 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Lost River The Lost River is a river in northern California and southwestern Oregon in the United States, approximately 70 mi (113 km) long. ... Tule Lake was an internment camp in northern California used in the Japanese-American internment during World War II. It was one of the largest and most notorious of the camps, and did not close until after the war, in 1946. ... Lower Klamath Lake is a lake in Siskiyou County, California, that currently serves to hold overflow water for irrigation. ...

This move was accomplished following a council between Captain Jack, a Modoc leader; Alfred B. Meacham, Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Oregon; O.C. Knapp, agent on the reservation; Ivan D. Applegate, sub-agent at Yainax; and W.C. McKay. Talk at the council accomplished nothing. When U.S. Army soldiers suddenly appeared at the meeting place the Modoc warriors fled, leaving their women and children behind. Meacham put the women and children in wagons and started for the reservation. "Queen" Mary, Captain Jack's sister, was permitted to go to Captain Jack to persuade him to move to the reservation. Her efforts were successful. Arriving on the reservation, Jack and his band prepared to make permanent homes at Modoc Point. For the music group, see Captain Jack (music). ... Alfred B. Meacham (1826 - 1882) was an American reformer and historian who served as Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the state of Oregon. ... Modoc Point is at the northern end of Upper Klamath Lake, in Oregon, USA. The point is located where the Williamson River empties into the lake, and is visible from U.S. Highway 97 just north of the city of Klamath Falls, Oregon. ...

Captain Jack

Mistreatment by the Klamath

Shortly after Captain Jack and his band started building permanent homes at Modoc Point, the Klamaths, their long time rivals, began to mistreat them, making it necessary for the band to move to another part of the reservation. Several attempts were made to find a location. The Klamaths continued to harass the band until finally Captain Jack and his followers left the reservation and returned to Lost River in 1870. During the months that Captain Jack had been on the reservation a number of settlers had taken up land in the Lost River region. This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... 1870 (MDCCCLXX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Back at Lost River

Realizing that there was an unfriendly feeling between Jack's band of Modocs and the Klamath, Alfred B. Meacham recommended to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs in Washington, D.C. that Captain Jack and his band be given a separate reservation. Pending action on his recommendation Meacham instructed Captain Jack and his band to remain at Clear Lake. However, Captain Jack and his band roamed the country harassing the settlers with the result that the settlers in the Lost River region petitioned Meacham to remove the Modoc to the Klamath Reservation. Jump Off Joe also returned to the region and began to incite the settlers towards violence. For other uses, see Washington, D.C. (disambiguation). ...

Major General E.R.S Canby

On receipt of the petition, Meacham requested General Edward Canby, Commanding General of the Department of the Columbia, to remove Captain Jack and his band of Modoc to Yainax on the Klamath Reservation. General Canby forwarded Meacham's request to General Schofield, Commanding General of the Pacific, suggesting that before using force to get Captain Jack to the reservation, another peaceful effort should be made. On April 3, 1872, Major Elmer Otis held a council with Captain Jack at Lost River Gap, near what is now Olene, Oregon. At that meeting Captain Jack and the important men of his band were distinctly hostile. They complained that they had been attacked by local settlers under the leadership of Jump Off Joe and that one off their number had been killed and scalped. Nothing was accomplished toward relocating the band to the reservation. Download high resolution version (525x739, 99 KB)Major General Edward R. S. Canby Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-B8172-6574 DLC Photo by Theo. ... Download high resolution version (525x739, 99 KB)Major General Edward R. S. Canby Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-B8172-6574 DLC Photo by Theo. ... Major General E.R.S Canby Edward Richard Sprigg Canby (November 9, 1817 – April 11, 1873) was a career U.S. Army officer and a Union general in the American Civil War and Indian Wars. ... is the 93rd day of the year (94th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1872 (MDCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

On April 12, the Commission of Indian Affairs in Washington requested T. B. Odeneal, Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Washington, to get Captain Jack and his band of Modocs to the reservation if practicable and to see that they were not maltreated by the Klamath. On May 14, Odeneal, carrying out his instructions, sent Ivan D. Applegate and L. S. Dyer to arrange for a council with Captain Jack, which Jack refused. After the failure to meet with Captain Jack, on July 6, 1872, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs in Washington directed Superintendent Odeneal to move Captain Jack and his band to the Klamath Reservation, peacefully if possible, forcibly if necessary. is the 102nd day of the year (103rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 134th day of the year (135th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 187th day of the year (188th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1872 (MDCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Battle of Lost River

Main article: Battle of Lost River

Despairing of a peaceful settlement, on November 27, Superintendent Odeneal requested Major John Green, commanding officer at Fort Klamath, to furnish sufficient troops to compel Captain Jack to move to the reservation. On November 28 Captain James Jackson, commanding 40 troops, left Fort Klamath for Captain Jack's camp on Lost River. The troops, reinforced by citizens from Linkville (now Klamath Falls, Oregon) and by a band militiamen under Jump Off Joe arrived in Jack's camp on Lost River about a mile above Emigrant Crossing (now Stone Bridge, Oregon) on November 29. The Battle of Lost River in November 1872 was the first battle in the Modoc War in the northwestern United States. ... is the 331st day of the year (332nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Fort Klamath was a military outpost near the western end of the Oregon Trail, between Crater Lake National Park and Upper Klamath Lake in Klamath County, Oregon, United States. ... is the 332nd day of the year (333rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... James Jackson may refer to: James Jackson (politician) (1757–1806), Revolutionary War soldier, Georgia Congressman, Senator and Governor James Jackson (congressman) (1819–1887), Georgia Congressman, grandson of Senator James Jackson James Jackson (soldier), Congressional Medal of Honor recipient James Caleb Jackson (1833–1916), inventor of granola James Jackson, Jr. ... Klamath Falls, is a city in Klamath County, Oregon, United States. ... is the 333rd day of the year (334th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Wishing to avoid conflict, Captain Jack agreed to go to the reservation, but the situation became tense when Captain Jackson demanded he disarm. Captain Jack had never fought the Army, and was alarmed at this command, but finally agreed to put down his weapons.

As the rest of the Modoc were following his lead, it is believed that the Modoc warrior Scarfaced Charley and Lieutenant Frazier A. Boutelle, of company B, 1st Cavalry, got into a verbal argument, pulled their revolvers and shot at each other, both missing their target. The Modoc scrambled to regain their recently cast aside weapons, and fought a short battle before fleeing towards the border of California. After driving the Modoc from camp, Captain Jackson ordered the troops to retreat to await reinforcements. However, Jump Off Joe and his men decided to press the attack against the Modoc. The casualties in this short battle included one Army soldier killed and seven wounded, and two Modoc killed and three wounded. Scarface Charley (1851? - December 3, 1896) was a chief of the Modoc tribe of Native Americans. ...

Retreating from the battlefield on Lost River to the Lava Beds south of Tule Lake, a small band of Modoc under the leadership of Hooker Jim, on the afternoon of November 29 and morning of November 30, killed 18 settlers. Upon finding the evidence of this attack Jump Off Joe and his band of militiamen decided to pursue the main body of Modoc towards the Lava Beds. Hooker Jim (1851-1879) was a Modoc warrior who played a pivotal role in the Modoc War. ... is the 333rd day of the year (334th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 334th day of the year (335th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Fortifying the Stronghold

U.S. soldiers inspect Captain Jack's cave in the Lava Beds.

For some months previous to the battle on Lost River, Captain Jack had boasted that in the event of war he and his band could successfully defend themselves in an area in the lava beds on the south shore of Tule Lake. It was to that area that the Modoc retreated after the Battle of Lost River. The area soon became famous and is known today as Captain Jack's Stronghold. In selecting the place in which to defend themselves the Modoc took advantage of the lava ridges, cracks, depressions, and caves, all such natural features being ideal from the standpoint of defense. At the time the Modoc occupied the Stronghold, Tule Lake bounded the Stronghold on the north and served as a source of water. Captain Jacks Stronghold, named for Modoc chief Captain Jack, is a part of Lava Beds National Monument. ... Look up lava, Aa, pahoehoe in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Cave (disambiguation). ...

On December 3, Jump Off Joe and his militia band reached the outskirts of the Stronghold and while reconnoitering the area around a dry creek bed they were ambushed. They attempted to take shelter in the creek bed but were quickly overcome and all 23 men were killed. is the 337th day of the year (338th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

On December 21, a Modoc party, scouting from the Stronghold, attacked an ammunition wagon at Land's Ranch. By January 15, 1873, the U. S. Army had 400 troops in the field near the Lava Beds. The greatest concentration of troops was at Van Bromer's ranch, twelve miles west of the Stronghold. Troops were also stationed at Lani's ranch, ten miles east of the Stronghold. Col. Frank Wheaton was in command of all troops, including regular army as well as volunteer companies from California and Oregon. is the 355th day of the year (356th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 15th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Major-General Frank Wheaton (8 May 1833- 18 June 1903) was a United States Cavalry officer, who was commisioned (as a 1st Lieutenant) in 1855. ...

On January 16, troops from Land's ranch, commanded by Col. R. F. Bernard, skirmished with the Modoc near Hospital Rock. is the 16th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

First Battle of the Stronghold

Main article: First Battle of the Stronghold

On the morning of January 17, 1873, troops advanced on the Stronghold. Hindered by fog, the soldiers never saw a single Modoc. The Modoc, occupying excellent positions, repulsed troops advancing from the west and east. A general retreat of troops was ordered at the end of the day. In the attack the U.S. Army lost 35 men killed and 5 officers and 20 enlisted men wounded. Under Captain Jack's command there were in all approximately 150 Modoc including women and children. Of that number there were only 53 warriors. The Modoc suffered no casualties in the fighting. The First Battle of the Stronghold (January 17, 1873) was the second battle in the Modoc War of 1872–1873. ... is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... For other uses, see Fog (disambiguation). ...

Negotiations with the Peace Commission

On January 25, Columbus Delano, Secretary of the Interior, appointed a Peace Commission to deal with Captain Jack. The Commission consisted of Alfred B. Meacham, chairman, Jesse Applegate, and Samuel Case. General Canby was appointed to serve the Commission as counselor. is the 25th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Columbus Delano, born June 4, 1809 Shoreham, Vermont, United States – died October 23, 1896 in Mount Vernon, Ohio, was a lawyer and a statesman, and a member of the prominent Delano family. ... The United States Secretary of the Interior is the head of the United States Department of the Interior, concerned with such matters as national parks and The Secretary is a member of the Presidents Cabinet. ... Jesse Applegate (1811-1888) was an American pioneer who led a large group of settlers along the Oregon Trail to the Oregon Country. ...

On February 19, the Peace Commission held its first meeting at Fairchild's ranch, west of the lava beds. A messenger was sent to arrange a meeting with Captain Jack. Jack agreed that if the commission would send John Fairchild and Bob Whittle, two settlers, to the edge of the lava beds he would talk to them. When Fairchild and Whittle went to the lava beds Captain Jack told them he would talk with the commission if they would come to the lava beds and bring Judge Elijah Steele of Yreka. Steele had been friendly to Captain Jack. Steele went to the Stronghold. After a night in the Stronghold, Steele returned to Fairchild's ranch and informed the Peace Commission that the Modoc were planning treachery, and that all efforts of the Commission would be useless. Meacham wired the Secretary of the Interior, informing him of Judge Steele's opinion. In replying the Secretary instructed Meacham to continue negotiations for peace. Judge A. M. Roseborough was added to the commission. Jesse Applegate and Samuel Case resigned from the Commission, being replaced by Rev. Eleazer Thomas and L. S. Dyer. [[Media:Italic text]]{| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article needs to be wikified. ...

In April, Gillem's Camp was established at the edge of the lava beds, two and one-half miles west of the Stronghold. Col. Alvan C. Gillem was placed in command of all troops including those at Hospital Rock, commanded by Col. E. C. Mason.

Winema (Toby Riddle) standing between an Indian agent and her husband Frank (on her left) with other Modoc women in 1873

On April 2, the commission and Captain Jack met in the lava beds at a place about midway between the Stronghold and Gillem's Camp. At this meeting Captain Jack demanded: (1) Complete pardon of all Modocs; (2) Withdrawal of all troops; (3) The right to select their own reservation. The Peace Commission proposed: (1) That Captain Jack and his band go to a reservation selected by the government; (2) That the Modocs guilty of killing the settlers be surrendered and tried for murder. After much discussion the meeting broke up with nothing accomplished. Image File history File links Winema or Tobey Riddle, a Modoc, standing between an agent and her husband Frank (on her left), with four Modoc women in front. ... Image File history File links Winema or Tobey Riddle, a Modoc, standing between an agent and her husband Frank (on her left), with four Modoc women in front. ... Toby Winema Riddle (1848-1920) was a Modoc interpreter who helped with negotiations between the Native American Modoc tribe and the United States Army during the Modoc War (also called the Lava Beds War). ... is the 92nd day of the year (93rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about Native Americans. ...

The Modoc began to turn on Captain Jack, who desired a peaceful solution. Led by John Schonchin and Hooker Jim, they put pressure on Jack to kill the peace commission, as they felt the death of their leaders would force the Army to leave. They shamed Jack for his continuing negotiations by dressing him in women's clothing during council meetings. Rather than lose his position as chief of the band, Captain Jack agreed to attack the commission if no progress was made.

On April 5, Captain Jack requested a meeting with Alfred B. Meacham. Accompanied by John Fairchild and Judge Roseborough, Frank and Toby Riddle serving as interpreters, Meacham met Captain Jack at the peace tent which had been erected on a flat area about one mile east of Gillem's Camp. The meeting lasted several hours. Captain Jack requested that the lava beds be given to them as a reservation. The meeting ended with no agreement. After Meacham returned to camp a message was sent to Captain Jack, asking that he meet the commission at the peace tent on April 8. While delivering this message, Toby Riddle, a Modoc woman, wife of Frank Riddle, a white settler, learned of the Modoc's plan to kill the peace commissioners. is the 95th day of the year (96th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Toby Winema Riddle (1848-1920) was a Modoc interpreter who helped with negotiations between the Native American Modoc tribe and the United States Army during the Modoc War (also called the Lava Beds War). ... is the 98th day of the year (99th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

On April 8, just as the commissioners were starting for the peace tent a message was received from the signal tower on the bluff above Gillem's Camp. The message stated that the lookout on the tower had seen five Modocs at the peace tent and about 20 armed Modocs hiding among the rocks nearby. The commissioners realized that the Modoc were planning an attack. The commissioners agreed to remain in camp. In spite of warnings of planned attack by the Modoc, Rev. Thomas insisted on arranging a date for another meeting with Captain Jack. On April 10, a message was sent asking that Captain Jack meet the commissioners at the peace tent on the following morning. is the 98th day of the year (99th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 100th day of the year (101st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Murder at the peace tent

On the morning of April 11, the commissioners, General Canby, Alfred B. Meacham, Rev. E. Thomas, and L. S. Dyer, with Frank and Toby Riddle as interpreters, met with Boston Charley, Bogus Charley, Captain Jack, John Schonchin, Black Jim, and Hooker Jim. After some talk, during which it became evident that the Modoc were armed, General Canby informed Captain Jack that the commission could not meet his terms until orders came from Washington. In an angry mood John Schonchin demanded Hot Creek for a reservation. Captain Jack got up and walked away a few steps. Two Modocs, Brancho (Barncho) and Slolux, armed with rifles, ran forward from where they had been hiding among the rocks. Captain Jack turned giving the signal to fire. The first shot from Captain Jack's revolver killed General Canby. Reverend Thomas fell mortally wounded. Meacham fell seriously wounded. Dyer and Riddle escaped by running. Had not Toby Riddle cried out, "The soldiers are coming!", Meacham would no doubt have been killed. is the 101st day of the year (102nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Long Valley Caldera hosts an active hydrothermal system that includes hot springs, fumaroles (steam vents), and mineral deposits. ...

All efforts for peace ended when the Modocs carried out their plans to kill the commissioner. A cross marks the place where General Canby and Reverend Thomas fell victims to the Modoc.

Second Battle of the Stronghold

Main article: Second Battle of the Stronghold

The U.S. Army made preparations to attack the Stronghold. On April 15 a general attack began, troops advancing from Gillem's camp on the west and Mason's camp at Hospital Rock, northeast of the Stronghold. Fighting continued throughout the day, the troops remaining in position during the night. Each advance of troops on April 16 was under heavy fire from the Modoc positions. That night the troops succeeded in cutting the Modoc off from their water supply at the shore of Tule Lake. By the morning of April 17 everything was in readiness for the final attack on the Stronghold. When the order was given to advance, the troops charged into the Stronghold. The Second Battle of the Stronghold was a battle during the Modoc War between a band of the Native American Modoc tribe and the Army of the United States. ... is the 105th day of the year (106th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 106th day of the year (107th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 107th day of the year (108th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

After the fighting along the shoreline of Tule Lake on the afternoon and night of April 16, the Modocs defending the Stronghold realized that their water supply had been cut off by the troops commanding the shoreline. On April 17, before the troops had received the order to charge the Stronghold, the Modoc escaped through a crevice left unguarded during a movement of troops from one position to another. During the fighting at the Stronghold, April 15-17, casualties included one officer and six enlisted men killed, and thirteen enlisted men wounded. The only Modoc casualties were two boys, reported to have been killed when a cannon ball, which they were attempting to open with an axe, exploded. Several Modoc women were reported to have died from sickness. is the 106th day of the year (107th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 107th day of the year (108th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Different types of cannon balls recovered from the Vasa, sunk in 1628 Round shot is a type of projectile fired from guns or cannons. ... Axe For other uses, see Axe (disambiguation). ...

Battle of Sand Butte

Main article: Battle of Sand Butte

On April 26, Captain Evan Thomas commanding five officers, sixty-six troops and fourteen Warm Spring Scouts left Gillem's camp on a reconnaissance of the lava beds to locate the Modoc. While eating lunch at the base of Sand Butte (now Hadin Butte), in a flat area surrounded by ridges, Captain Thomas and his party were attacked by 22 Modoc led by Scarfaced Charley. Some of the troops fled in disorder. Those who remained to fight were either killed or wounded. Casualties included four officers killed and two wounded, one dying within a few days, and 13 enlisted men killed and 16 wounded. is the 116th day of the year (117th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Following the massacre, many called for Col. Gillem to be removed. On May 2, the new commander of the Department of the Columbia, Brigadier General Jefferson C. Davis relieved Gillem of command, and assumed control of the army in the field. is the 122nd day of the year (123rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Jefferson Columbus Davis (March 2, 1828 – November 30, 1879) was an officer in the United States Army who served in the Mexican-American War, the Civil War, and the Modoc War. ...

Battle of Dry Lake

Main article: Battle of Dry Lake

At first light on May 10, the Modoc attacked an Army encampment at Dry Lake. The troops charged, routing the Modoc. Casualties among the Army included five men killed, two of whom were Warm Spring Scouts, and twelve men wounded. The Modoc reported five warriors killed. Among the five was Ellen's Man, a prominent Modoc. That was the first defeat of the Modocs in battle. The death of Ellen's Man caused dissension among the Modoc, who began to split apart. A group led by Hooker Jim surrendered to the Army and agreed to help them capture Captain Jack, and in return were granted amnesty for the murder of the settlers at Tule Lake and the murder of General Canby's commission. The Battle of Dry Lake, also known as Sore Ass Lake, was the first decisive victory of the United States over the Modoc Indians in northern California in 1873. ... is the 130th day of the year (131st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Captain Jack was captured in Langell's valley, June 4. is the 155th day of the year (156th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

After the War

With the capture of Captain Jack, General Davis made preparations to execute the leaders of Jack's band. Execution was prevented by orders from the War Department. The orders were that the Indians would be held for trial. On July 4, Captain Jack and his band arrived as prisoners of war at Fort Klamath. Line drawing of the Department of Wars seal. ... is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ...

Captain Jack, John Schonchin, Black Jim, Boston Charley, Brancho (Barncho) and Slolux were immediately put on trial for the murder of members of the Peace Commission. The six Modoc were found guilty, and on July 8 they were sentenced to die. is the 189th day of the year (190th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

On September 10, President Ulysses S. Grant approved the death sentence for Captain Jack, John Schonchin, Black Jim and Boston Charley; Brancho and Slolux were committed to life imprisonment on Alcatraz. President Grant also ordered that the remainder of Captain Jack's band be held as prisoners of war. is the 253rd day of the year (254th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Ulysses S. Grant,[2] born Hiram Ulysses Grant (April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885), was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869–1877). ... Alcatraz Island is located in the middle of San Francisco Bay in California. ...

On October 3, 1873, Captain Jack, John Schonchin, Black Jim, and Boston Charley were hanged at Fort Klamath. The remainder of the band of Modoc Indians, consisting of 39 men, 64 women, and 60 children, as prisoners of war were sent to the Quaw Paw Agency in Indian Territory (Oklahoma). In 1909, the Modoc of Oklahoma were allowed to return to the Klamath Reservation, if they so desired. is the 276th day of the year (277th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Indian Territory in 1836 Indian Country redirects here. ... For other uses, see Oklahoma (disambiguation). ... Year 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

Appendix to history of the Modoc War

In the First Battle of the Stronghold, January 17, 1873, there were approximately 400 Army troops in the field. The troops included U. S. Army infantry, cavalry, and howitzer units; Oregon and California volunteer companies, and some Klamath Indian Scouts. Lt. Col. Frank Wheaton was in command of all troops. is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Infantry of the Royal Irish Rifles during the Battle of the Somme in World War I Infantry or footmen are very highly disciplined and trained soldiers who fight primarily with small arms(rifles), but are trained to use everything from their bare hands to missle systems in order to neutralize... Not to be confused with Golgotha, which was called Calvary. ... 19th century 12 pounder (5 kg) mountain howitzer displayed by the National Park Service at Fort Laramie in Wyoming, USA A howitzer is a type of artillery piece that is characterized by a relatively short barrel and the use of comparatively small explosive charges to propel projectiles at trajectories with...

In the Second Battle of the Stronghold, April 17, 1873, approximately 530 troops were engaged. These included U. S. Army infantry, cavalry, and artillery, and Warm Spring Indian Scouts. The volunteer companies had withdrawn from the field. A small number of civilians were used as runners and packers. Col. Alvin C. Gillem was in command. is the 107th day of the year (108th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... For other uses, see Artillery (disambiguation). ...

At no time during the Modoc War were there more than 53 Modoc warriors engaged in the fighting.

The casualty lists for the Modoc War are as follows:

Including the four Indians hanged at Fort Klamath, Captain Jack's band suffered the loss of seventeen warriors killed.

It has been estimated that the Modoc War cost the United States over $4,000,000; a very expensive war in terms of lives and dollars, considering the small number of opposing forces. In contrast, the estimated cost to purchase the land requested by the Modoc for a separate reservation was $20,000.

Battlefields of the Modoc War are among the outstanding features of the Lava Beds National Monument. These include Captain Jack's Stronghold in and around which one can see the numerous cracks, ridges, and knobs used by the Modoc in defending their position, numerous Modoc outpost fortifications, smoke-stained caves inhabited by the Modoc during the months of the war, corrals in which the Modoc kept cattle and horses, and a war-dance ground and council area. Around the Stronghold one can see numerous low stone fortifications built by troops advancing on the Stronghold, as well as numerous fortifications built by the troops after the evacuation of the Modocs, the fortifications built after evacuation being for the purpose of defending the Stronghold in the event that the Modoc should attempt to return to their former strong defensive position. The Thomas-Wright battlefield, near Hardin Butte, is one of the interesting features of the monument; as is also the site of Gillem's camp, the former military cemetery, Hospital Rock, and Canby's Cross. The National Park Service provides self-guided trail maps for two walking tours of the battle field. The creek where Jump Off Joe and his men were killed was renamed in his honor. A small commemorative plaque was placed where their mangled bodies were discovered. This plaque was stolen on the night of August 7, 1924 and was never replaced. This article has been sent for reconstruction. ... For general information about the genus, including other species of cattle, see Bos. ... Binomial name Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 The horse (Equus caballus, sometimes seen as a subspecies of the Wild Horse, Equus ferus caballus) is a large odd-toed ungulate mammal, one of ten modern species of the genus Equus. ... Canbys Cross Canbys Cross is located in Lava Beds National Monument. ... is the 219th day of the year (220th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the rap album, see 1924 (album). ...

See also

• Indian Campaign Medal

The Indian Campaign Medal is a decoration of the United States Army which was first created in 1905. ...

Further reading

• Riddle, Jeff C., The Indian History of the Modoc War, 1914. ISBN 0-913522-03-1.
• Yenne, Bill. Indian Wars: The Campaign for the American West, 2005. ISBN 1-59416-016-3.
• Solnit, Rebecca. River of Shadows: Eadweard Muybridge and the Technological Wild West, 2003 ISBN 0-670-03176-3

Notes

• ^  Named Campaigns — Indian Wars.

References

• Named Campaigns — Indian Wars. United States Army Center for Military History. Retrieved on December 13, 2005.
• This article was adapted from a series of articles by Don C. Fisher and John E. Doerr, Jr., published in the public domain Nature Notes from Crater Lake National Park, vol. x, no. 1-3, National Park Service, 1937.

External links

External images
	Map of the campaigns during the Modoc War[1]

• Indian Wars: The Modoc War