- For other uses of "Moldavia" or "Moldova," see Moldova (disambiguation).
 Map showing Romania without Moldavia in blue and the territory of the Moldavian Principality (parts inside and outside Romania) in yellow Moldavia (Romanian: Moldova) is a geographical and historical region in South-Eastern Europe, roughly corresponding to the territory of the historic principality of the same name. The latter (an initially independent and later autonomous state) existed from the 14th century to 1859, when it united with Wallachia as the basis of the modern Romanian state; at various times, it included the regions of Bessarabia (with the Budjak) and much of Bukovina. The larger part of Bessarabia is nowadays the independent state of Moldova, while the rest of it and the northern part of Bukovina are territories of Ukraine. Moldova or Moldavia can refer to any of the following: Moldavia - a divided region and former principality, which comprised the Romanian informal region of that name, as well as the regions of Bessarabia, the Hertza region, the Bujak, and Bukovina. ...
Image File history File links Moldavia_map. ...
Image File history File links Moldavia_map. ...
The Balkans is the historic and geographic name used to describe southeastern Europe (see the Definitions and boundaries section below). ...
A principality is a monarchical feudatory or sovereign state, ruled or reigned over by a Monarch with the title of prince or princess (a synonym is princedom) or (in the widest sense) a Monarch with another title within the generic use of the term prince. ...
Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ...
1927 map of Bessarabia from Charles Upson Clarks book Bessarabia (Basarabia in Romanian, БеÑÐ°Ñ€Ð°Ð±Ñ–Ñ in Ukrainian, БеÑÑÐ°Ñ€Ð°Ð±Ð¸Ñ in Russian, БеÑÐ°Ñ€Ð°Ð±Ð¸Ñ in Bulgarian, Besarabya in Turkish) is a historical term for the geographic entity in Eastern Europe bounded by the Dniester River on the East and the Prut River on the West. ...
The fortress of Akkerman / Cetatea Albă (14th century), situated near the city of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi. ...
Bukovina (Ukrainian: , Bukovyna; Romanian: Bucovina; German and Polish: Bukowina; see also other languages) is a historical region on the northern slopes of the northeastern Carpathian Mountains and the adjoining plains. ...
Geography Historically, Moldavia extended between the Carpathian Mountains (the historical border with Transylvania) and the Dniester River; the Prut River flowed approximately through its middle from north to south. Lands in Pokuttya and other portions outside of the Carpathians-Dniester area (such as Cetatea de Baltă and Ciceu, both in Transylvania) were at times politically connected with the Moldavian state, but were never considered part of its territory. Romania controls 43% of the former state's territory. Satellite image of the Carpathians. ...
Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: or ; Hungarian: ; German: ; Serbian: / Transilvanija or / Erdelj) is a historical region in central and western Romania. ...
The river Dniestr (in Polish and Russian; Nistru in Romanian; Дністер, Dnister in Ukrainian; Tyras in Latin; also known as Dniester) is a river in Eastern Europe. ...
Length 953 km Elevation of the source - m Average discharge - m³/s Area watershed 27,500 km² Origin Ukraine Mouth Danube Basin countries Ukraine, Romania, Moldova The Prut, or Pruth river (Ukrainian: Прут) is 953 km long, originating in the Carpathian Mountains in Ukraine and flowing southeast to join the Danube...
Pokuttya or Pokuttia (Ukrainian: , Romanian: , Polish: ) is a historical area of Central Europe, between upper Prut and Cheremosh rivers, in modern Ukraine. ...
Cetatea de Baltă (hungarian:Küküllővár , german: Kockelburg) is a village in Alba County with a 3235 people population. ...
County Harghita County Status Commune Mayor József Balló, Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania, since 2004 Population (2002) 2,628 Geographical coordinates Ciceu or CsÃkcsicsó (Romanian: ; Hungarian: ) is a commune in Romania, located in Harghita County. ...
Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: or ; Hungarian: ; German: ; Serbian: / Transilvanija or / Erdelj) is a historical region in central and western Romania. ...
The Bujak region bordering the Black Sea was incorporated into the principality (and into Bessarabia) in 1392, however it was lost beginning with 1484 to the Ottoman Empire, and, from 1812, together with the rest of Bessarabia, to Imperial Russia (its areas around Bolhrad, Cahul, and Izmail, were part of Moldavia, and then of Romania, between the end of the Crimean War and that of the Romanian War of Independence). NASA satellite image of the Black Sea Map of the Black Sea The Black Sea is an inland sea between southeastern Europe and Anatolia that is actually a distant arm of the Atlantic Ocean by way of the Mediterranean Sea. ...
1927 map of Bessarabia from Charles Upson Clarks book Bessarabia (Basarabia in Romanian, БеÑÐ°Ñ€Ð°Ð±Ñ–Ñ in Ukrainian, БеÑÑÐ°Ñ€Ð°Ð±Ð¸Ñ in Russian, БеÑÐ°Ñ€Ð°Ð±Ð¸Ñ in Bulgarian, Besarabya in Turkish) is a historical term for the geographic entity in Eastern Europe bounded by the Dniester River on the East and the Prut River on the West. ...
Events December 16 - Emperor Go-Kameyama of Japan abdicates in favor of rival claimant Go-Komatsu, ending the nanboku-cho period of competing imperial courts James of Jülich is boiled alive for pretending to be a bishop and ordaining his own priests Korean founder of the Joseon Dynasty General...
Events January 25 - Peter Arbues, chief of the Spanish Inquisition, is assassinated when he is praying in the cathedral at Saragossa, Spain July 6 - Portuguese sea captain Diogo Cão finds the mouth of Congo River December 5 - Pope Innocent VIII gives the inquisition a mission to hunt heretics and...
Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–65) Edirne (1365–1453) Constantinople (İstanbul, 1453–1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281–1326 Osman I - 1918–22 Mehmed VI...
For the overture by Tchaikovsky, see 1812 Overture; For the wars, see War of 1812 (USA - United Kingdom) or Patriotic War of 1812 (France - Russia) For the Siberia Airlines plane crashed over the Black Sea on October 4, 2001, see Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 1812 was a leap year starting...
Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start...
The coat of arms of Bolhrad Bolhrad (Ukrainian: , Bulgarian: ) is a small city in the Odessa Oblast (province) of south-western Ukraine. ...
Cahul is a city and an administrative region in the south of Moldova. ...
Izmail or Ismail (Ukrainian: ; Russian: ; Romanian: Ismail), is a town in south-western Ukraine, located near Danube delta in Odessa Oblast (province). ...
Combatants Allies: Second French Empire United Kingdom Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Sardinia Russian Empire Bulgarian volunteers Casualties 90,000 French 35,000 Turkish 17,500 British 2,050 Sardinian killed, wounded and died of disease ~134,000 killed, wounded and died of disease The Crimean War (1854–1856) was fought...
The Romanian War of Independence was fought in 1877 against the Ottoman Empire. ...
The traditional border between the two Danubian Principalities - Moldavia and Wallachia - roughly coincided with the Milcov River. As a state, Moldavia also controlled a relatively narrow strip of land around Galaţi, which granted it access to the Chilia branch of the Danube. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ...
The Milcov is a river in eastern Romania. ...
County Galaţi County Status County capital Mayor Dumitru Nicolae, Social Democratic Party, since 2000 Area 246. ...
The Chilia or Kilia branch is a distributary of the river Danube, that contributes in forming the Danube Delta. ...
The Danube (ancient Danuvius, Iranian *dÄnu, meaning river or stream, ancient Greek Istros) is the longest river in the European Union and Europes second longest river. ...
 Administrative map of Romania; counties in Moldavia are shown in red The Romanian region itself spans over 46,173 km² (19.5% of Romania's territory), and consists of eight counties: Image File history File links Download high resolution version (917x678, 68 KB) This file was made by Bogdan with the help of Xara X and a public domain map from CIA. If you want the vectorial file (in . ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (917x678, 68 KB) This file was made by Bogdan with the help of Xara X and a public domain map from CIA. If you want the vectorial file (in . ...
Administrative map of Romania. ...
Its total population is 4,681,555 as of 2002 (21.6% of Romania's population). Most of Moldavia (6 out of 8 counties) is part of the Nord-Est development region, while the two southern counties (Galaţi County and Vrancea County) are in the Sud-Est development region. Bacău (Hungarian: Bákó) is a county (judeÅ£) in the center-east of Romania, in the Moldova region, with its capital city at Bacău. ...
Administrative map of Romania with Botoşani county highlighted Botoşani is a Romanian county (Judeţ) in the Bukovina region, with the capital city at Botoşani (population: 128,888). ...
Facts Development region: Sud-Est Historic region: Moldavia Capital city: Galaţi Population: • As of 2002: • Population density: 619,556 139/km² Area: 4,466 km² Codes: • Car numbers • ISO 3166-2:RO GL RO-GL Telephone code: (+40) x36 (1) Web: County Council Prefecture 1. ...
Administrative map of Romania with Iaşi county highlighted Iaşi is a Romanian county (judeţ) in the Moldavia region, with the capital city at Iaşi. ...
Neamţ is a county (judeţ) in the North of Romania, in the Moldova region, with the capital city at Piatra Neamţ (population: 125,050). ...
Administrative map of Romania with Suceava county highlighted Suceava is a Romanian county (Judeţ) in the Bukovina region, with the capital city at Suceava (population: 118,670). ...
Administrative map of Romania with Vaslui county highlighted Vaslui is a Romanian county (Judeţ) in the Moldovia region, with the capital city at Vaslui (population: 79,658). ...
Vrancea is a county (judeţ) in the center of Romania in the Moldova region, with the capital city at Focşani (population: 103,219). ...
2002 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Nord-Est (North East) is a development region in Romania. ...
Sud-Est (South East) is a development region in Romania. ...
The Republic of Moldova has a population of 3,388,000 (2004 census); data for the population of the areas within Ukraine, according to the 2001 census, indicates around 1,539,000 inhabitants. The estimated total for all regions is 9,608,600 people.
Name - Main article: Etymology of Moldova
The original and short-lived reference to the region was Bogdania, after Bogdan I, the founding figure of the principality. The names Moldavia and Moldova are derived from the name of the Moldova River, however the etymology is not known and there are several variants: Moldova was the Romanian name of a medieval principality (Moldavia) which included land in Eastern Romania and the Republic of Moldova and has a controversed etymology. ...
Bogdan I is the second founder of the principality of Moldova. ...
Moldova river is a river of the Moldavia region of Romania, which rises from the Obcine of Bukovina in Suceava county. ...
- a legend featured in Cronica Anonimă a Moldovei links it to a wisent (or aurochs) hunting trip of the Maramureş voivode Dragoş, and the latter's chase of a star-marked bull. Dragoş was accompanied by his female hound called Molda; when they reached shores of an unfamiliar river, Molda caught up with the animal and was killed by it. The dog's name would have been given to the river, and extended to the country.
- the old German Molde, meaning "open-pit mine"
- the Gothic Mulda meaning "dust", "dirt" (cognate with the English mould), referring to the river.
- a Slavic etymology (-ova is a quite common Slavic suffix), marking the end of one Slavic genitive form, denoting ownership, chiefly of feminine nouns (i.e.: "that of Molda").
- a landowner by the name of Alexa Moldaowicz is mentioned in a 1334 document, as a local boyar in service to Yuriy II of Halych; this attests to the use of the name prior to the foundation of the Moldavian state, and could even be the source for the region's name.
In several early references, "Moldavia" is rendered under the composite form Moldo-Wallachia (in the same way Wallachia may appear as Hungro-Wallachia). Ottoman Turkish references to Moldavia included Boğdan Iflak and Boğdan (and occasionally Kara-Boğdan - "Black Bogdania"). See also: Name in other languages. Binomial name Bison bonasus (Linnaeus, 1758) The Wisent or European Bison (Bison bonasus) (IPA: ) is a bison species and the heaviest land animal in Europe. ...
Binomial name Bos primigenius Subspecies Bos primigenius primigenius (Bojanus, 1827) Bos primigenius namadicus (Falconer, 1859) Bos primigenius mauretanicus (Thomas, 1881) See Ur (rune) for the rune. ...
Map of Romania with MaramureÅŸ region highlighted The MaramureÅŸ region (Hungarian: Máramaros; Latin: Marmatia; Ukrainian: Мармарощина, MarmaroÅ¡Äyna) is in the north of Romania, north of Transylvania along the Tisza River. ...
Voivode (as it is spelled in the Oxford English Dictionary), or less commonly voivod, is a Slavic word that originally denoted the principal commander of a military force. ...
DragoÅŸ I in a 19th century rendition. ...
El Chino, located near Silver City, New Mexico, is an open-pit copper mine Open-pit mining, or opencast mining, refers to a method of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their removal from an open pit or borrow. ...
Gothic is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths. ...
Moldy cream cheese Molds (British English: moulds) are various fungi that cover surfaces as fluffy mycelium and usually produce masses of asexual, sometimes sexual spores. ...
Countries where a West Slavic language is the national language Countries where an East Slavic language is the national language Countries where a South Slavic language is the national language The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages), a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup...
Events Births January 4 - Amadeus VI of Savoy, Count of Savoy (died 1383) January 13 - King Henry II of Castile (died 1379) May 25 - Emperor Suko of Japan, third of the Northern Ashikaga Pretenders (died 1398) August 30 - King Peter I of Castile (died 1369) James I of Cyprus (died...
A boyar (also spelled bojar) or bolyarin was a member of the highest rank of the feudal Russian, Romanian and Bulgarian aristocracy, second only to the ruling princes, from the tenth through the seventeenth century. ...
George II, Prince of Halych, Polish Bolesław Jerzy II Mazowiecki (Boleslaus George II of Masovia, also known as Yuriy II of Halicz and Bolesław Trojdenowicz) (1308-1340) was a ruler of the Piast dynasty who reigned the originally Ruthenian principality of Galicia (Central Europe). ...
Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ...
Ottoman Turkish (Turkish: or , Ottoman Turkish: ‎ ) was the variant of the Turkish language that was used as the administrative and literary language of the Ottoman Empire. ...
Most regions and provinces of Europe have alternative names in different languages. ...
Flags and coats of arms - See Flag and coat of arms of Moldavia.
The flag and coat of arms of Moldavia, one of the two Danubian Principalities, together with Wallachia, which formed the basis for the Romanian state, were subject to numerous changes throughout their history. ...
History
Early history - Main articles: Origin of Romanians, Romania in the Dark Ages.
The Neolithic saw the Cucuteni culture extend over what would become Southern Moldavia and what is now Western Ukraine (roughly, to the Dnieper River). Peopled by Dacians in antiquity, the region remained outside of Roman Dacia. The Romanians (also sometimes referred to along with other Balkan Latin peoples as Vlachs) are a nation speaking Romanian, a Romance language, and living in Central and Eastern Europe. ...
The Dark Ages in Romania refer to the period starting with the withdrawal of the Roman administration and ending roughly in the 11th century - with the last phase of the Age of Migrations. ...
An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ...
Reconstruction of a Trypillia hut, in the Trypillia museum, Ukraine. ...
The Dnieper River (also known as: Dnepr, Dniapro, or Dnipro) is a river which flows from Russia, through Belarus and Ukraine, ending its flow in the Black Sea. ...
Dacian kingdom during the reign of Burebista, 82 BC The Dacians (Lat. ...
The times before writing belong either to protohistory or to prehistory. ...
The provinces of the Roman Empire in 120, with Dacia highlighted. ...
During the Migration Period, Moldavia was successively invaded by Goths, Huns, Eurasian Avars, Slavs, and Bulgars. It was later under the brief occupations of Magyars, Pechenegs, and Cumans, and was invaded by Mongols of the Golden Horde (notably, during the expedition to Hungary in 1241). Human migration denotes any movement of groups of people from one locality to another, rather than of individual wanderers. ...
Invasion of the Goths: a late 19th century painting by O. Fritsche, is a highly romanticized portrait of the Goths as cavalrymen. ...
The Huns were a confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads. ...
Map showing the location of Avar Khaganate, c. ...
The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ...
Bulgar warriors slaughter Byzantines, from the Menology of Basil II, 10th century. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Pechenegs or Patzinaks, also known as Besenyők, were a semi-nomadic steppes people of Central Asia that spoke a Turkic language. ...
Cumans, also called as Polovtsy, (Russian Половцы, from old Slavic for pale yellowish) was the European name for the Western Kipchaks, a nomadic West Turkic tribe living on the north of the Black Sea along the Volga. ...
Expansion of the Mongol Empire Another picture of Mongol Empire The Mongol Empire (Mongolian: Их Монгол УлÑ, literally meaning Greater Mongol Nation; 1206–1405) was the largest contiguous land empire in history, covering over 33 million km² [1] (12 million square miles) at its peak, with an estimated population of over 100 million...
The four successor Khanates of the Mongol Empire: Empire of the Great Khan (Yuan Dynasty), Golden Horde, Il-Khanate and Chagatai Khanate The Golden Horde (Mongolian: Altan Orda; Tatar: Altın Urda; Russian: Ð—Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ñ‚Ð°Ñ ÐžÑ€Ð´Ð°) was a Mongol[1][2][3][4] - later Turkicized[3] - state established in parts of present-day...
Combatants Kingdom of Hungary Golden Horde (Mongol Empire) Commanders King Béla IV , Batu Khan, Subotai Strength approximately 15,000 around 20,000-30,000 (mostly cavalry) Casualties 10,000 lost unknown The Battle of Mohi, or Battle of the Sajó River, (on April 11, 1241) was the main battle...
Events April 5 - Mongols of Golden Horde under the command of Subotai defeat feudal Polish nobility, including Knights Templar, in the battle of Liegnitz April 27 - Mongols defeat Bela IV of Hungary in the battle of Sajo. ...
In the early 13th century, the Brodniks, a possible Slavic-Vlach vassal state of Halych, were present, alongside the Bolohoveni, in much of the region's territory (towards 1216, the Brodniks are mentioned as in service of Suzdal). On the border between Halych and the Brodniks, in the 11th century, a Viking by the name of Rodfos was killed in the area by Vlachs who supposedly betrayed him.[1] In 1164, the future Byzantine Emperor Andronicus I Comnenus, was taken prisoner by Vlach shepherds around the same region. (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ...
The Brodnici (or Brodniks) were a 13th-century Romanian or mixed Romanian-Jassic[1] population, probably vassals of Galicia for a period. ...
Distribution of Slavic people by language The Slavic peoples are a linguistic and ethnic branch of Indo-European peoples, living mainly in Europe, where they constitute roughly a third of the population. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
A vassal, in European medieval feudalism terminology, is one who through a commendation ceremony (composed of homage and fealty) enters into mutual obligations with a lord, usually military conscription and mutual protection, in exchange for a fief. ...
Halych-Volhynia, or Halych-Volodymyr, was a large state in Ruthenia (Rus ) which existed in the 13th and 14th centuries. ...
Bolohoveni (Volohove) is the name used in the early Kievan chronicles, such as Nestor`s chronicle, to designate the Vlachs, or even a statal entity, prior to the establishment of the Principality of Moldavia. ...
// Prince Louis of France, the future King Louis VIII, invades England in the First Barons War Henry III becomes King of England. ...
Vladimir-Suzdal Principality, Vladimir-Suzdal Grand Duchy (Russian: , tr. ...
The term Viking commonly denotes the ship-borne warriors and traders of Norsemen (literally, men from the north) who originated in Scandinavia and raided the coasts of the British Isles and mainland Europe as far east as the Volga River in Russia from the late 8th–11th century. ...
Events Count Henry I of Champagne marries Marie de Champagne. ...
Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent c. ...
This is a list of the Emperors of the late Eastern Roman Empire, called Byzantine by modern historians. ...
Billon trachy (a cup-shaped coin) of Andronicus I Comnenus (1183-1185) Andronicus I Comnenus (c. ...
Image File history File links Cetate_20CahleTeracotass. ...
Image File history File links Cetate_20CahleTeracotass. ...
Piatra Neamţ (population: 105,000) is the main city of Neamţ county, Moldavia, Romania. ...
Binomial name Bison bonasus (Linnaeus, 1758) The Wisent or European Bison (Bison bonasus) (IPA: ) is a bison species and the heaviest land animal in Europe. ...
Binomial name Bos primigenius Subspecies Bos primigenius primigenius (Bojanus, 1827) Bos primigenius namadicus (Falconer, 1859) Bos primigenius mauretanicus (Thomas, 1881) See Ur (rune) for the rune. ...
The Kingdom of Hungary (Hungarian: Magyar Királyság) is the name of a multiethnic kingdom that existed in Central Europe from 1000 to 1918. ...
Foundation of the principality Later in the 13th century, the King of Hungary Charles I attempted to expand his realm and the influence of the Roman Catholic Church eastwards after the fall of Cuman rule, and ordered a campaign under the command of Phynta de Mende (1324). In 1342 and 1345, the Hungarians were victorious in a battle against Tatars; the conflict was resolved by the death of Jani Beg, in 1357). The Polish chronicler Jan Długosz mentioned Moldavians (under the name Wallachians) as having joined a military expedition in 1342, under King Władysław I, against Mark of Brandenburg.[1] This is a list of all rulers of Hungary since Árpád. ...
Charles I of Hungary Charles I of Hungary (Anjou France 1288 or 1291–Visegrád, Hungary July 16, 1342), also called Charles Robert, Carobert and Charles I Robert, was the king of Hungary from August 27, 1310. ...
The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic Church (see terminology below) is the Christian Church in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, currently Pope Benedict XVI. It traces its origins to the original Christian community founded by Jesus Christ and led by the Twelve Apostles, in particular Saint Peter. ...
Events Publication of Defensor pacis by Marsilius of Padua Mansa Kankan Musa I, ruler of the Mali Empire arrives in Cairo on his hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca. ...
Events May - Pope Clement VI elected John III Comnenus becomes emperor of Trebizond Louis becomes king of Sicily and duke of Athens Constantine IV becomes king of Armenia Patriarch of Antioch transferred to Damascus under Ignatius II Kitzbühel becomes part of Tyrol Louis I becomes king of Hungary Births...
Events Miracle of the Host Births October 31 - King Fernando I of Portugal (died 1383) Agnès of Valois, daughter of John II of France (died 1349) Eleanor Maltravers, English noblewoman (died 1405) Deaths April 14 - Richard Aungerville, English writer and bishop (born 1287) September 16 - John IV, Duke of...
Tatars (Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар), sometimes spelled Tartar (more about the name), is a collective name applied to the Turkic speaking people of Eastern Europe and Central Asia. ...
Jani Beg (? — 1357) was a khan of the Golden Horde in 1342-1357, succeeding his father Uzbeg Khan. ...
// May 28 - Peter I becomes King of Portugal after the death of his father, Alfonso IV. July 9 - Charles Bridge in Prague is founded King David II of Scotland is released by the English in return for a ransom. ...
Generally a chronicle (Latin chronica, from Greek ΧÏόνος) is historical account of facts and events in chronological order. ...
Jan Długosz Jan Długosz, also known as Joannes Longinus or Joannes Dlugossius (1415-1480) was a Polish historian (a chronicler) and a secretary of Bishop Zbigniew Oleśnicki of Kraków. ...
Mieszko I. Bolesław I Chrobry. ...
Wladislaus I on Jan Matejkos painting Wladislaus I the Short or Elbow-high (Polish: WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw I Åokietek) (1261–1333), was a King of Poland. ...
Surrounding but excluding the national capital Berlin, Brandenburg is one of Germanys sixteen Bundesländer (federal states). ...
In 1353, Dragoş, mentioned as a Vlach Knyaz in Maramureş, was sent by Louis I to establish a line of defense against the Golden Horde forces on the Siret River. This expedition resulted in a polity vassal to Hungary, centered around Baia (Târgul Moldovei or Moldvabánya). Events The Decameron was finished by Giovanni Boccaccio. ...
DragoÅŸ I in a 19th century rendition. ...
Kniaz’ or knyaz is a word found in some Slavic languages, denoting a nobility rank. ...
Map of Romania with MaramureÅŸ region highlighted The MaramureÅŸ region (Hungarian: Máramaros; Latin: Marmatia; Ukrainian: Мармарощина, MarmaroÅ¡Äyna) is in the north of Romania, north of Transylvania along the Tisza River. ...
Louis the Great. ...
The Siret River is a river that rises from the Carpathians in the Northern Bukovina region of the Ukraine, flows southward into Romania for 470 km before it joins Danube. ...
Baia is a commune in the Suceava County, with a population of 6,793 (2002 census). ...
Bogdan of Cuhea, another Vlach voivode from Maramureş who had fallen out with the Hungarian king, crossed the Carpathians in 1359, took control of Moldavia, and succeeded in removing Moldavia from Hungarian control. His realm extended north to the Cheremosh River, while the southern part of Moldavia was still occupied by the Tatars. Bogdan I Bogdan of Cuhea (or Bogdan-Vodă; Bogdan I of Moldavia) is the second founding-figure of the Principality of Moldavia, ruling between 1359 and 1365. ...
Voivode (as it is spelled in the Oxford English Dictionary), or less commonly voivod, is a Slavic word that originally denoted the principal commander of a military force. ...
Events Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Orhan I (1326-1359) to Murad I (1359-1389) Berlin joins the Hanseatic League. ...
Cheremosh (Ukrainian: , Romanian: CeremuÅŸ) is a river flows the borderline of Bukovina and Galicia, and tributary of Prut river. ...
After first residing in Baia, Bogdan moved Moldavia's seat to Siret (it was to remain there until Petru Muşat moved it to Suceava; it was finally moved to Iaşi under Alexandru Lăpuşneanu - in 1565). The area around Suceava, roughly correspondent to Bukovina, formed one of the two administrative divisions of the new realm, under the name Ţara de Sus (the "Upper Land"), whereas the rest, on both sides of the Prut River, formed Ţara de Jos (the "Lower Land"). The Siret River is a river that rises from the Carpathians in the Northern Bukovina region of the Ukraine, flows southward into Romania for 470 km before it joins Danube. ...
Petru I MuÅŸat was Voivode of Moldavia from 1375 to 1391, the son of Costea MuÅŸat, the first ruler from the MuÅŸatin family. ...
County Suceava County Status County capital Mayor Ion Lungu, National Liberal Party, since 2004 Area 52 km² Population (2002) 105,865 (2002 census) 107,513 (as of July 1, 2004)[1] Density 2,032 inh/km² Geographical coordinates Web site http://www. ...
County IaÅŸi County Status Municipality Mayor Gheorghe Nichita, Social Democratic Party, since 2003 Area 93. ...
Alexandru Lăpuşneanu Alexandru Lăpuşneanu was Prince of Moldavia between September 1552 and 18 November 1561 and then between Octomber 1564 and 5 May 1568. ...
// Events March 1 - the city of Rio de Janeiro is founded. ...
Bukovina (Ukrainian: , Bukovyna; Romanian: Bucovina; German and Polish: Bukowina; see also other languages) is a historical region on the northern slopes of the northeastern Carpathian Mountains and the adjoining plains. ...
Length 953 km Elevation of the source - m Average discharge - m³/s Area watershed 27,500 km² Origin Ukraine Mouth Danube Basin countries Ukraine, Romania, Moldova The Prut, or Pruth river (Ukrainian: Прут) is 953 km long, originating in the Carpathian Mountains in Ukraine and flowing southeast to join the Danube...
Disfavored by the brief union of Angevin Poland and Hungary (the latter was still the country's overlord), Bogdan's successor Laţcu accepted conversion to Roman Catholicism around 1370, but his gesture was to remain without consequences. Despite remaining officially Eastern Orthodox and culturally connected with the Byzantine Empire after 1382, princes of the Muşatin family entered a conflict with the Constantinople Patriarchy over control of appointments to the newly-founded Moldavian Metropolitan seat; Patriarch Anthony IV even cast an anathema over Moldavia after Roman I expelled his appointee back to Byzantium. The crisis was finally settled in favor of the Moldavian princes under Alexandru cel Bun. Nevertheless, religious policy remained complex: while conversions to faiths other than Orthodox were discouraged (and forbidden for princes), Moldavia included sizable Roman Catholic communities (Germans and Hungarians - specifically Csángós), as well as non-Chalcedonic Armenians; after 1460, the country welcomed Hussite refugees (founders of Ciuburciu and, probably, Huşi). In the first centuries of its existence, the Polish nation was led by a series of strong rulers who converted the Poles to Christendom, created a strong Central European state, and integrated Poland into European culture. ...
In feudalism, an overlord is a supreme lord; one who is the lord of other lords. ...
Laţcu was the son of Bogdan I and Voivode of Moldavia between 1365 and 1373. ...
Religious conversion is the adoption of new religious beliefs that differ from the converts previous beliefs; in some cultures (e. ...
The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic Church (see terminology below) is the Christian Church in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, currently Pope Benedict XVI. It traces its origins to the original Christian community founded by Jesus Christ and led by the Twelve Apostles, in particular Saint Peter. ...
Events Beginning of the rule of Poland by Capet-Anjou family. ...
The Eastern Orthodox Church is a Christian body that views itself as: the historical continuation of the original Christian community established by Jesus Christ and the Twelve Apostles, having maintained unbroken the link between its clergy and the Apostles by means of Apostolic Succession. ...
Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent c. ...
Events End of the reign of Emperor Go-Enyu of Japan, fifth and last of the Northern Ashikaga Pretenders Emperor Go-Komatsu ascends to the throne of Japan John Wyclifs teachings are condemned by the Synod of London. ...
This article or section cites very few or no references or sources. ...
The Patriarch of Constantinople is the Ecumenical Patriarch, ranking as the first among equals in the Eastern Orthodox communion. ...
Anathema (in Greek Ανάθεμα) meaning originally something lifted up as an offering to the gods; later, with evolving meanings, it came to mean: to be formally set apart, banished, exiled, excommunicated or denounced, sometimes accursed. ...
Roman I Roman I was a Prince of Moldavia: December 1391 - March 1392. ...
Alexandru cel Bun Alexandru cel Bun on a Moldovan coin Alexandru cel Bun (Alexandru I MuÅŸat, Alexander the Kind) was the ruler of Moldavia 1400-1432, son of Roman I MuÅŸat. ...
Approximate area in eastern Romania inhabited by Csángós The Csángó (Romanian: Ceangău, plural Ceangăi) are an ethnic group of Roman Catholic faith, some speaking a Hungarian dialect and some Romanian. ...
Official standard of Karekin II Catholicos of Armenia The Armenian Apostolic Church (Armenian: Õ€Õ¡Õµ Ô±Õ¼Õ¡Ö„Õ¥Õ¬Õ¡Õ¯Õ¡Õ¶ ÔµÕ¯Õ¥Õ²Õ¥ÖÕ«), sometimes called the Armenian Orthodox Church or the Gregorian Church, is the worlds oldest national church and one of the most ancient Christian communities. ...
Events The first Portuguese navigators reach the coast of modern Sierra Leone. ...
The Hussites comprised a Christian movement following the teachings of the reformer Jan Hus (circa 1369–1415), who was influenced by John Wyclif and became one of the forerunners of the Protestant Reformation. ...
Coat of arms of the city HuÅŸi is a city in the Vaslui County, Romania, formal capital of the disbanned Falciu County, episcopal see, and home of some of the best wineyards of Romania. ...
Early Muşatin rulers - Main article: Romania in the Middle Ages.
 Possible version of a Moldavian princely standard during Stephen the Great (attested versions of the number and general aspects of symbols other than the aurochs/ wisent vary considerably) Petru I profited from the end of the Hungarian-Polish union, and moved the country closer to the Jagiellon realm, becoming a vassal of Władysław II on September 26, 1387. This gesture was to have unexpected consequences: Petru supplied the Polish ruler with funds needed in the war against the Teutonic Knights, and was granted control over Pokuttya until the debt was to be repaid; as this is not recorded to have been carried out, the region became disputed by the two states, until it was lost by Moldavia in the Battle of Obertyn (1531). Prince Petru also expanded his rule southwards to the Danube Delta, and established a frontier with Wallachia[citation needed]; his son Roman I conquered the Hungarian-ruled Cetatea Albă in 1392, giving Moldavia an outlet to the Black Sea, before being toppled from the throne for supporting Theodor Koriatovich in his conflict with Vytautas the Great of Lithuania. Under Stephen I, growing Polish influence was challenged by Sigismund of Hungary, whose expedition was defeated at Ghindăoani in 1385; however, Stephen disappeared in mysterious circumstances, and the throne was soon occupied by Yury Koriatovich[citation needed] (Vytautas' favorite). // Main article: Romania in the Dark Ages The Dark Ages in what is now Romania ended around the 11th century, following the period in which the Romanian lands had been part of the First Bulgarian Empire (802-1018). ...
Image File history File links Moldobour. ...
Image File history File links Moldobour. ...
Binomial name Bos primigenius Subspecies Bos primigenius primigenius (Bojanus, 1827) Bos primigenius namadicus (Falconer, 1859) Bos primigenius mauretanicus (Thomas, 1881) See Ur (rune) for the rune. ...
Binomial name Bison bonasus (Linnaeus, 1758) The Wisent or European Bison (Bison bonasus) (IPA: ) is a bison species and the heaviest land animal in Europe. ...
Petru I MuÅŸat was Voivode of Moldavia from 1375 to 1391, the son of Costea MuÅŸat, the first ruler from the MuÅŸatin family. ...
Poland and Lithuania in 1387 The Jagiellon Era 1385-1569, was dominated by the union of Poland with Lithuania under the Jagiellon Dynasty, founded by the Lithuanian grand duke Jogaila. ...
A vassal, in European medieval feudalism terminology, is one who through a commendation ceremony (composed of homage and fealty) enters into mutual obligations with a lord, usually military conscription and mutual protection, in exchange for a fief. ...
Władysław II Jagiełło. ...
September 26 is the 269th day of the year (270th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Events June 2 - John Holland, a maternal half-brother of Richard II of England, is created Earl of Huntingdon. ...
For Sienkiewicz novel, see The Teutonic Knights. ...
Pokuttya or Pokuttia (Ukrainian: , Romanian: , Polish: ) is a historical area of Central Europe, between upper Prut and Cheremosh rivers, in modern Ukraine. ...
Combatants Poland Principality of Moldavia Commanders Jan Amor Tarnowski Petru RareÅŸ Strength 4484 cavarly 1167 infantry 1143 firearms 12 cannon 17 000 cavarly 50 cannon Casualties 256 killed 7746 killed 1000 captured 50 cannon lost The Battle of Obertyn (September 22, 1531) was fought between Moldavian Prince Petru RareÅŸ and...
January 26 - Lisbon, Portugal is hit by an earthquake - thousands die. ...
Danube Delta - Landsat satellite photo (2000) The Danube Delta (Delta Dunării in Romanian), split between Tulcea County of Romania and Odessa Oblast of Ukraine, is the largest and best preserved of European deltas, with an area of 3446 km², after the Volga Delta. ...
Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ...
Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi (Ukrainian: , translit. ...
Events December 16 - Emperor Go-Kameyama of Japan abdicates in favor of rival claimant Go-Komatsu, ending the nanboku-cho period of competing imperial courts James of Jülich is boiled alive for pretending to be a bishop and ordaining his own priests Korean founder of the Joseon Dynasty General...
NASA satellite image of the Black Sea Map of the Black Sea The Black Sea is an inland sea between southeastern Europe and Anatolia that is actually a distant arm of the Atlantic Ocean by way of the Mediterranean Sea. ...
Fedir Koriatovych (Ukrainian: ; died in 1414) was a Ruthenian prince. ...
Vytautas the Great, 17th century painting Trakai Island Castle Vytautas the Great (Lithuanian: ; Belarusian: ; Polish: ; Ruthenian: Vitovt; German: ; Latin: Alexander Vitoldus; ca. ...
Sigismund, aged approximately 50, depicted by unknown artist in the 1420s - the only contemporary portrait. ...
Events August 14 - Battle of Aljubarrota between the Portuguese under John I of Portugal and the Castilians, under John I of Castile. ...
Iuga Koriatovici (Gheorghe, Iurg or Iurie; rendering Yuriy Koriatovich or Koriatowicz; deemed Ologul - the Limp), Ruthenian Prince in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the Eastern Orthodox branch of the Gediminids (his immediate lineage is not known), married to Anastasia (daughter of Laţcu), was Voivode (Prince) of Moldavia from...
Alexandru cel Bun, although brought to the throne in 1400 by the Hungarians (with assistance from Mircea I of Wallachia), shifted his allegiances towards Poland (notably engaging Moldavian forces on the Polish side in the Battle of Grunwald and the Siege of Marienburg), and placed his own choice of rulers in Wallachia. His reign was one of the most successful in Moldavia's history, but also saw the very first confrontation with the Ottoman Turks at Cetatea Albă in 1420, and later even a conflict with the Poles. A deep crisis was to follow Alexandru's long reign, with his successors battling each other in a succession of wars that divided the country until the murder of Bogdan II and the ascension of Petru Aron in 1451. Nevertheless, Moldavia was subject to further Hungarian interventions after that moment, as Matthias Corvinus deposed Aron and backed Alexăndrel to the throne in Suceava. Petru Aron's rule also signified the beginning of Moldavia's Ottoman Empire allegiance, as the ruler agreed to pay tribute to Sultan Mehmed II. Alexandru cel Bun Alexandru cel Bun on a Moldovan coin Alexandru cel Bun (Alexandru I MuÅŸat, Alexander the Kind) was the ruler of Moldavia 1400-1432, son of Roman I MuÅŸat. ...
Events Henry IV quells baron rebellion and executes The Earls of Kent, Huntingdon and Salisbury for their attempt to have Richard II of England restored as King Jean Froissart writes the Chronicles Medici family becomes powerful in Florence, Italy Births December 25 - John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley, Lord Lieutenant of...
Mircea the Elder Wallachia under Mircea cel Bătrân, c. ...
Combatants Kingdom of Poland Grand Duchy of Lithuania Kingdom of Moldavia Teutonic Order and Mercenaries and Various Knights from the rest of Europe Commanders Władysław II Jagiełło, Vytautas the Great, Alexandru cel Bun Ulrich von Jungingen†Strength 39,000 (2/3 was Polish Knights) 27,000 Casualties...
Modern view of the castle of Malbork The Siege of Marienburg was an unsuccessful siege of the Teutonic Order headquarters, the castle in Marienburg, by the joint Polish-Lithuanian forces under King Władysław Jagiełło. ...
The Ottoman Turks were the ethnic subdivision of the Turkish people who dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. ...
Events May 21 - Treaty of Troyes. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Petru III Aron (d. ...
// Events February 3 - Murad II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Mehmed II. April 11 - Celje acquires market-town status and town rights by orders from the Celje count Frederic II. June 30 - French troops under the Comte de Dunois invade Guyenne and capture...
Matthias Corvinus as depicted in Chronica Hungarorum by Johannes de Thurocz Matthias Corvinus (Matthias the Just) (February 23, 1443 (?) – April 6, 1490) was King of Hungary, ruling between 1458 and 1490. ...
County Suceava County Status County capital Mayor Ion Lungu, National Liberal Party, since 2004 Area 52 km² Population (2002) 105,865 (2002 census) 107,513 (as of July 1, 2004)[1] Density 2,032 inh/km² Geographical coordinates Web site http://www. ...
Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–65) Edirne (1365–1453) Constantinople (İstanbul, 1453–1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281–1326 Osman I - 1918–22 Mehmed VI...
A tribute (from Latin tribulum, contribution) is wealth one party gives to another as a sign of respect or, as was often case in historical contexts, of submission or allegiance. ...
The Ottoman Dynasty (or the Imperial House of Osman) ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1281 to 1923, beginning with Osman I (not counting his father, ErtuÄŸrul), though the dynasty was not proclaimed until 1383 when Murad I declared himself sultan. ...
Mehmed II (Ottoman Turkish: Ù…Øمد ثانى , Turkish: ), (also known as el-Fatih (الÙاتØ), the Conqueror, in Ottoman Turkish, or, in modern Turkish, Fatih Sultan Mehmet) (March 30, 1432 – May 3, 1481) was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire for a short time from 1444 to 1446, and later from 1451 to 1481. ...
 Moldavia and possessions under Stephen the Great, ca. 1500 Under Stephen the Great, who took the throne and subsequently came to an agreement with Kazimierz IV of Poland in 1457, the state reached its most glorious period. Stephen blocked Hungarian interventions in the Battle of Baia, invaded Wallachia in 1471, and dealt with Ottoman reprisals in a major victory (the 1475 Battle of Vaslui; after feeling threatened by Polish ambitions, he also attacked Galicia and resisted Polish reprisals in the Battle of the Cosmin Forest (1497). However, he had to surrender Chilia (Kiliya) and Cetatea Albă (Bilhorod-Dnistrovs'kyi), the two main fortresses in the Bujak, to the Ottomans in 1484, and in 1498 he had to accept Ottoman suzereignty, when he was forced to agree to continue paying tribute to Sultan Bayezid II. Following the taking of Khotyn and Pokuttya, Stephen's rule also brought a brief extension of Moldavian rule into Transylvania: Cetatea de Baltă and Ciceu became his fiefs in 1489. Image File history File links Tara_Moldovei_map. ...
Image File history File links Tara_Moldovei_map. ...
Stephen the Great (Romanian icon) Stephen III of Moldavia, also called Stephen Muşat III (Borzeşti, 1433 – Suceava, 1504-07-02) was a voivod (prince) of Moldova (1457-1504), who won renown in Europe for his long resistance against the Ottoman Empire. ...
Kazimierz IV Jagiellon ((?)Polish: , Lithuanian: ; 1427 - 1492), of the House of Jagiellons, was Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1440 and King of Poland from 1447 to his death. ...
Events University of Freiburg founded. ...
The Battle of Baia was an important battle in the history of medieval Romania. ...
This article is about the year 1471, not the BT caller ID service accessible by dialling 1-4-7-1. ...
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The Battle of Vaslui (also referred to as the Battle of Podul ÃŽnalt) (January 10, 1475) was fought between the Moldavian (Romanian) Prince, Åžtefan cel Mare (Stephen the Great) and the Ottoman General Suleiman Pasha. ...
Coat-of-arms of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria Galicia (Ukrainian: , Polish: , Russian: , German: , Hungarian: , Czech: , Yiddish: , Turkish: , Romanian: ) is an historical region in East Central Europe, currently divided between Poland and Ukraine. ...
The Battle of the Cosmin Forest (1497) was fought between the Moldavian Prince, Åžtefan cel Mare (Stephen the Great), and King John Albert (Jan Olbracht) of the Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania. ...
1497 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Kilia may refer to: Kilia, a town in Ukraine Chilia Veche, a town in Tulcea County, Romania Chilia branch, a distributary of the Danube. ...
Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi (Ukrainian: ; Romanian: Cetatea Albă; Turkish: Akkerman; Russian: , Belgorod-Dnestrovsky; Hungarian: Nyeszterfehérvár; Italian: Moncastro) is a city in southern Ukraine. ...
Budjak or Budzhak is the southern part of Bessarabia, now part of the Odessa Oblast (province) of Ukraine. ...
Sultan Beyazid II Bayezid II (1447/48 – May 26, 1512) (Arabic: بايزيد الثاني) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1481 to 1512. ...
// Khotyn (Ukrainian: , Polish: , Romanian: , Turkish: Khotin, Russian: , translit. ...
Pokuttya or Pokuttia (Ukrainian: , Romanian: , Polish: ) is a historical area of Central Europe, between upper Prut and Cheremosh rivers, in modern Ukraine. ...
Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: or ; Hungarian: ; German: ; Serbian: / Transilvanija or / Erdelj) is a historical region in central and western Romania. ...
Cetatea de Baltă (hungarian:Küküllővár , german: Kockelburg) is a village in Alba County with a 3235 people population. ...
County Harghita County Status Commune Mayor József Balló, Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania, since 2004 Population (2002) 2,628 Geographical coordinates Ciceu or CsÃkcsicsó (Romanian: ; Hungarian: ) is a commune in Romania, located in Harghita County. ...
Under the system of feudalism, a fiefdom, fief, feud or fee, often consisted of heritable lands or revenue-producing property granted by a liege lord in return for a form of allegiance, originally often to give him the means to fulfill his military duties when called upon. ...
Events March 14 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. ...
Under Bogdan III cel Orb, Ottoman overlordship was confirmed in the shape that would rapidly degenerate into control over Moldavia's affairs. Petru Rareş, who reigned in the 1530s and 1540s, clashed with the Habsburg Monarchy over his ambitions in Transylvania (losing possessions in the region to George Martinuzzi), was defeated in Pokuttya by Poland, and failed in his attempt to extricate Moldavia from Ottoman rule – the country lost Bender to the Ottomans, who included it in their Silistra eyalet. Bogdan III the Blind Bogdan III cel Orb or Bogdan cel Chior (Bogdan III the Blind or Bogdan the One-Eyed; b. ...
Petru IV RareÅŸ (ca. ...
The Habsburg Monarchy, often called Austrian Monarchy or simply Austria, are the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor House of Habsburg-Lorraine, between 1526 and 1867/1918. ...
George Martinuzzi (born 1482 in Kamicac, Dalmatia; died December 16, 1551) was a Hungarian statesman. ...
Tighina or Bender (Russian: ; Moldovan Cyrillic: Тигина) is a city in Transnistria, the breakaway region of Moldova. ...
Silistra Province (Turkish: Silistre Eyaleti), sometimes called Özi Province was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire along the Black Sea littoral and south bank of the Danube River in southeastern Europe. ...
Ottoman Empire, 1481-1683 The Ottoman Empire existed from 1299 to 1922 and, at the height of its power in the 16th century, it included nearly 20 million km² in Anatolia (Asia Minor), the Middle East, parts of North Africa, and much of south-eastern Europe, and the Caucasus. ...
Renaissance Moldavia - Main article: Early Modern Romania.
A period of profound crisis followed. Moldavia stopped issuing its own coinage cca. 1520, under Prince Ştefăniţă, when it was confronted with rapid depletion of funds and rising demands from the Porte. Such problems became endemic when the country, brought into the Great Turkish War, suffered the impact of the Stagnation of the Ottoman Empire; at one point, during the 1650s and 1660s, princes began relying on counterfeit coinage (usually copies of Swedish riksdalers, as was that issued by Eustratie Dabija). The economic decline was accompanied by a failure to maintain state structures: the feudal-based Moldavian military forces were no longer convoked, and the few troops maintained by the rulers remained professional mercenaries such as the seimeni. It has been suggested that Byzantium after Byzantium be merged into this article or section. ...
mary elline m. ...
Synonym of the government of the Ottoman Empire. ...
The Great Turkish War was a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and European powers at the time (joined into a Holy League) during the second half of the 17th century. ...
The Battle of Vienna of 1683 was the real point at which the Empire began its decline. ...
For other uses, see Counterfeit (disambiguation). ...
The Riksdaler was the name of the currency used in Sweden until 1873 when it was replaced with the krona as an effect of |
