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For other uses, see Mongolia (disambiguation). Монгол улс Mongol uls Mongolia Flag Coat of arms Anthem: "Монгол улсын төрийн дуулал" National anthem of Mongolia Capital (and largest city) Ulan Bator 47°55′N, 106°53′E Official languages Mongolian Demonym Mongolian[1] Government Parliamentary republic  -  President Nambaryn Enkhbayar  -  Prime Minister Sanjaagiin Bayar Formation  -  National Foundation Day 1206   -  Bogd Khanate of Mongolia December 29, 1911   -  Mongolian People's Republic November 24, 1924   -  Democratic Mongolia February 12, 1992  Area  -  Total 1,564,116 km² (19th) 603,909 sq mi   -  Water (%) 0.6 Population  -  July 2007 estimate 2,951,786[2] (139th)  -  2000 census 2,407,500[3]   -  Density 1.7/km² (238th) 4.4/sq mi GDP (PPP) 2007 estimate  -  Total $8.448 billion (143th)  -  Per capita $2,900 (130th) Gini (2002) 32.8 (medium)  HDI (2007) ▲ 0.700 (medium) (114th) Currency Tögrög (MNT) Time zone (UTC+7 to +8[4][5]) Internet TLD .mn Calling code +976 Mongolia (pronounced /mɒŋˈɡoʊliə/) (Mongolian: Монгол улс, ) is a landlocked country in East-Central Asia. It borders Russia to the north and China to the south. The capital and largest city is Ulan Bator. Mongolia's political system is a parliamentary republic. Mongolia may refer to: Mongolia, a modern state in East Asia Inner Mongolia, an autonomous region of the Peoples Republic of China Outer Mongolia, a former political division of the Chinese Beiyang Government Greater Mongolia, a geographical region in East Asia, which shares the culture and history of the... Image File history File links Flag_of_Mongolia. ... Image File history File links Mongolia_coa. ... The Flag of Mongolia, 1:2 The current flag of Mongolia was adopted on February 12, 1992. ... COA of Mongolia (since 1992) The official coat of arms of Mongolia was adopted in 1992 following the fall of the communist government. ... A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognized either by a countrys government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. ... The National Anthem of Mongolia was approved in 1950, to set music by the composer B.Damdinsuren. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Not to be confused with capitol. ... Life in sparsely populated Mongolia has become more urbanized. ... Template:Infobox Settlementcookis and ceam For the band, see Ulan Bator (band). ... An official language is a language that is given a special legal status in the countries, states, and other territories. ... A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a people or the inhabitants of a place. ... Parliamentary republics around the world, shown in Orange (Parliamentary republics with a non-executive President) and Green (Parliamentary republics with an executive President linked to Parliament). ... The President of Mongolia is the head of state of Mongolia. ... Nambaryn Enkhbayar (Mongolian: ; born June 1, 1958, in Ulaanbaatar) is the current President of Mongolia. ... The Prime Minister of Mongolia is the highest member of the Mongolian governments executive arm, and heads the Mongolian cabinet. ... Sanjiin Bayar (Mongolian: ) (b. ... Although people have inhabited Mongolia since the Stone Age, Mongolia only became politically important after iron weapons entered the area in the 3rd century B.C. In general, Mongolia at this point had a similar history to the rest of the nomadic steppe that lies between Siberia Northern Russia to... is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The Peoples Repubic of Mongolia was a communist state in central Asia which existed between 1924 and 1990. ... is the 328th day of the year (329th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the rap album, see 1924 (album). ... is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... This article is about the physical quantity. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different surface areas  here is a list of areas between 1 million km² and 10 million km². See also areas of other orders of magnitude. ... This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by area. ... A square mile is an English unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (≈1,609 m) in length. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... A percentage is a way of expressing a proportion, a ratio or a fraction as a whole number, by using 100 as the denominator. ... This is a list of countries ordered according to population. ... Population density per square kilometre by country, 2006 Population density map of the world in 1994. ... Population density by country, 2006 List of countries and dependencies by population density in inhabitants/km². The list includes sovereign states and self-governing dependent territories that are recognized by the United Nations. ... PPP of GDP for the countries of the world (2003). ... There are three lists of countries of the world sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year). ... Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head. ... This article includes two lists of countries of the world[1] sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita, the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year divided by the average population for the same year. ... Graphical representation of the Gini coefficient The Gini coefficient is a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth distribution. ... This page talks about Human Development Index, for other HDIs see HDI (disambiguation) World map indicating Human Development Index (2007). ... This talks about the countries in the Human Development Index, for information on the Human Development Index, please Click Here World map indicating Human Development Index (2007) (Colour-blind compliant map) For red-green color vision problems. ... ISO 4217 Code MNT User(s) Mongolia Inflation 9. ... ISO 4217 is the international standard describing three letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ... Timezone and TimeZone redirect here. ... UTC redirects here. ... A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is a top-level domain used and reserved for a country or a dependent territory. ... .mn is the Internet country code top-level domain ( ccTLD) for Mongolia. ... This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E.164. ... A landlocked country is one that has no coastline. ... For other uses, see Country (disambiguation). ... East Asia Geographic East Asia. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... Not to be confused with capitol. ... Template:Infobox Settlementcookis and ceam For the band, see Ulan Bator (band). ... A political system is a system of politics and government. ... Parliamentary republics around the world, shown in Orange (Parliamentary republics with a non-executive President) and Green (Parliamentary republics with an executive President linked to Parliament). ... At 1,564,116 square kilometres, Mongolia is the nineteenth largest, and the least densely populated independent country in the world with a population of around 2.9 million people. It is also the world's second-largest landlocked country after Kazakhstan. The country contains very little arable land, as much of its area is covered by arid and unproductive steppes, with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south. Approximately thirty percent of the country's 2.9 million people are nomadic or semi-nomadic. The predominant religion in Mongolia is Tibetan Buddhism, and the majority of the state's citizens are of the Mongol ethnicity, though Kazakhs, Tuvans, and other minorities also live in the country, especially in the west. About 38% of the population lives in Ulan Bator. Square kilometre (U.S. spelling: square kilometer), symbol km², is a decimal multiple of SI unit of surface area square metre, one of the SI derived units. ... This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by area. ... Population density by country, 2006 List of countries and dependencies by population density in inhabitants/km². The list includes sovereign states and self-governing dependent territories that are recognized by the United Nations. ... Landlocked countries of the world according to The World Factbook. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The steppe of Western Kazakhstan in early spring In physical geography, steppe (from Slavic step) is a plain without trees (apart from those near rivers and lakes); it is similar to a prairie, although a prairie is generally reckoned as being dominated by tall grasses, while short grasses are said... The Gobi Desert lies in the territory of the Peoples Republic of China and the Country of Mongolia. ... Look up million in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For the 2006 historical epic set in Kazakhstan, see Nomad (2006 film). ... Tibetan Buddhism is the body of religious Buddhist doctrine and institutions characteristic of Tibet, the Himalayan region (including northern Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim and Ladakh), Mongolia, Buryatia, Tuva and Kalmykia (Russia), and northeastern China (Manchuria: Heilongjiang, Jilin). ... Honorary guard of Mongolia. ... This article or section should be merged with ethnic group Ethnicity is the cultural characteristics that connect a particular group or groups of people to each other. ... Languages Kazakh (and/or languages in country of residence) Religions Sunni Islam The Kazakhs (also spelled Kazaks, Qazaqs; Kazakh: Қазақтар []; Russian: Казахи; the English name is transliterated from Russian) are a Turkic people of the northern parts of Central Asia (largely Kazakhstan, but also found in parts of Uzbekistan, China, Russia, and... Tuvans or Tuvinians (Tuvan: Тывалар, Tyvalar) are a group of Turkic people who make up about two thirds of the population of Tuva, Russia. ... Contents 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 Mongol Empire 1.3 Post-Imperial period 1.4 Manchu domination 1.5 Independence 1.6 Alignment with the Soviet Union 1.7 1990 Democratic Revolution 2 Government and politics 2.1 President 2.2 The State Great Khural 2.3 Prime Minister and the Cabinet 3 Foreign relations and military 4 Geography and climate 5 Administrative divisions 6 Economy 6.1 Industrial sector 6.2 Science and technology 6.3 Service sector 7 Demographics 7.1 Languages 7.2 Religion 7.3 Education 7.4 Health 8 Culture 8.1 Sports and recreation 8.2 Architecture 8.3 Music 8.3.1 Popular music 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links [edit] History Main article: History of Mongolia The area of Mongolia was part of various steppe empires like those of the Hsiung-nu, Göktürks, Uighurs, and others. Mongolia became the center of the Mongol Empire in the thirteenth century. After the empire collapsed, Mongolia returned to the old patterns of internal strife, until the Khalkha nobles submitted to the Manchu in 1691. The country was then part of the Qing empire until 1911, when an independent Mongolian government was formed under the Bogd Khan. The Mongolian People's Republic was proclaimed in 1924, leading to the adoption of communist policies and a very close alignment to the Soviet Union. After the fall of communism in Mongolia in 1990, Mongolia adopted a new constitution which was ratified in 1992. This officially marked the transition of Mongolia to a multi-party political system. Although people have inhabited Mongolia since the Stone Age, Mongolia only became politically important after iron weapons entered the area in the 3rd century B.C. In general, Mongolia at this point had a similar history to the rest of the nomadic steppe that lies between Siberia Northern Russia to... Xiongnu (匈奴; meaning Xiongs slaves, Xiong being a Chinese transliteration of a national name but also meaning savage/raucous/ferocious, however some argued that the two words are both transliteration, in this case the sense of slaves does not exist) was the term given by the Chinese to nomadic... The Göktürks or Kök-Türks were a Turkic people of ancient Central Asia and China. ... Uyghurs (also called Uighurs, Uygurs, or Uigurs) (Chinese: 維吾爾 or 维吾尔 in pinyin: wéiwúěr) are a Turkic ethnic group of people living in northwestern China (mainly in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, where they are the dominant ethnic group together with Han people), Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. ... Expansion of the Mongol Empire Historical map of the Mongol Empire (1300~1405), the gray area is Timurid dynasty. ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... The Khalkha, or Halh (Халх [χɑɬχ]) in modern Khalkha Mongolian, is a subgroup of the Mongols. ... The Manchu people (Manchu: Manju; Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: , Mongolian: Манж) are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchuria (todays Northeastern China). ... Flag (1890-1912) Anthem Gong Jinou (1911) Qing China at its greatest extent. ... The Khalkha Jebtsundamba Khutughtu (also known as Javzandamba Hutagt in Khalkha Mongolian; also as Rje Btsun Dam Pa or Jetsun Dampa in Tibetan — all meaning lit. ... States in which the constitution mandates power to a sole party are colored brown. ... This article is about the form of society and political movement. ... [edit] Early history Many ethnicities have inhabited Mongolia since prehistoric times. Most of these people were nomads who, from time to time, formed great confederations that rose to prominence. The first of these, the XiongnuHuns, were brought together to form a confederation by Modu Shanyu Mete Khan in 209 BC. They defeated the Donghu, who had previously been the dominant power in eastern Mongolia. The Huns became the greatest threat to China for the following three centuries; the Great Wall of China was built partly as defence against the Huns. Marshal Meng Tian of the Qin Empire dispersed more than 300,000 soldiers along the Great Wall to prevent an expected invasion from the north. It is believed that after their decisive defeat by the Chinese in AD 428–431, some of the Huns migrated West to become the Huns. After the Huns migrated west, Rouran, a close relative of the Mongols, came to power before being defeated by the Göktürks, who then dominated Mongolia for centuries. A Xiongnu belt buckle. ... For other uses, see Hun (disambiguation). ... Modu Shanyu (born in BC) was a military leader Shanyu and emperor of Khunnu Empire located in modern-day Mongolia. ... Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC - 200s BC - 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC 150s BC Years: 214 BC 213 BC 212 BC 211 BC 210 BC - 209 BC - 208 BC 207 BC... Donghu（Chinese 东胡；pinyin dong hu), was an ancient nomad tribe or tribe union in Northeast China. ... The Great Wall of China (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; literally Long wall) or (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; literally The long wall of 10,000 Li (里)[1]) is a series of stone and earthen fortifications in China, built, rebuilt, and maintained between the 5th century BC and the 16th... Meng Tian (蒙恬) was a general of the Qin Dynasty who distinguished himself against the Xiongnu and the construction of the Great Wall of China. ... The Qin Dynasty (Wade-Giles) (秦朝 221 BC - 207 BC) was preceded by the Zhou Dynasty and followed by the Han Dynasty in China. ... The Great Wall in the winter The Great Wall of China (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: , pinyin: Wànlǐ Chángchéng; literally The long wall of 10,000 Li (里)¹) is a Chinese fortification built from the 5th century BC until the beginning of the 17th century, in order to protect... For other uses, see Hun (disambiguation). ... Rouran (Chinese: ; Wade-Giles: Jou Jan, literally Soft-like), Juan Juan (Chinese: ; pinyin: , literally meaning the Wriggling Insects, a name given by the Toba ruling elites of northern China), or Ruru (Chinese: ; Wade-Giles: Ju Ju, literally meaning Fodder) was the name of a confederation of nomadic tribes on the... For other uses, see Mongols (disambiguation). ... The Göktürks or Kök-Türks were a Turkic people of ancient Central Asia and China. ... During the seventh and eighth centuries, Mongolia was controlled by the Göktürks, who were succeeded by the ancestors of today's Uyghur and then by the Khitan and Jurchen. By the tenth century, the country was divided into numerous tribes linked through transient alliances. The 7th century is the period from 601 - 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ... (7th century — 8th century — 9th century — other centuries) Events The Iberian peninsula is taken by Arab and Berber Muslims, thus ending the Visigothic rule, and starting almost 8 centuries of Muslim presence there. ... The Göktürks or Kök-Türks were a Turkic people of ancient Central Asia and China. ... An ancestor is a parent or (recursively) the parent of an ancestor. ... For the language spoken by this ethnic group, see Uyghur language. ... The Khitan (or Khitai, Chinese: ; pinyin: Qìdān) were an ethnic group which dominated much of Manchuria in the 11th century and has been classified by Chinese historians as one of the Eastern proto-Mongolic ethnic groups Donghu (東胡族 dōng hú zú). They established the Liao Dynasty in 907... The Jurchens (Chinese: 女真, pinyin: nǚzhēn) were a Tungusic people who inhabited parts of Manchuria and northern Korea until the seventeenth century, when they became the Manchus. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 10th century was that century which lasted from 901 to 1000. ... http://www. ... [edit] Mongol Empire Main article: Mongol Empire Genghis Khan's conquests In the chaos of the late twelfth century, a chieftain named Temüjin finally succeeded in uniting the Mongol tribes between Manchuria and the Altai Mountains. In 1206, he took the title Genghis Khan, and he and his successors began expanding the Mongol Empire into the largest contiguous land empire in world history, going as far northwest as the Kievan Rus, and as far south as northern Vietnam, Tibet, Iran. Expansion of the Mongol Empire Historical map of the Mongol Empire (1300~1405), the gray area is Timurid dynasty. ... Image File history File links Gengis_Khan_empire-fr. ... Image File history File links Gengis_Khan_empire-fr. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For the republic in Russia, see Altai Republic. ... This article is about the person. ... This article is about the political and historical term. ... Kievan Rus′ (Ки́евская Ру́сь, Kievskaya Rus in Russian; Київська Русь, Kyivs’ka Rus’ in Ukrainian) was the early, mostly East Slavic¹ state dominated by the city of Kiev (ru: Ки́ев, Kiev; uk: Ки́їв, Kyiv), from about 880 to the middle of the 12th century. ... After Genghis Khan's death, the empire had been subdivided into four kingdoms, or "Khanates", but the final split-up occured only after Möngke's death in 1259. One of the khanates, the "Great Khanate", consisting of the Mongol homeland and China, in 1271 became the Yuan Dynasty. The first Yuan emperor, Kublai Khan, set up his centre in present day Beijing. After more than a century of power, the Yuan Dynasty was replaced by the Ming Dynasty in 1368, and the Mongol court fled north. The Ming armies pursued the Mongols into their homeland and defeated them, but were not able to conquer Mongolia. However, they were successful in sacking and destroying the Mongol capital Karakorum and other cities in 1388. The Chinese wiped out the cultural progress of the Mongols achieved during the imperial period and Mongolia was thrown back to the unruly state of pre-imperial times. This article is about the person. ... Möngke Khan (Мөнх хаан), also transliterated as Mongke, Mongka, Möngka, Mangu or Mangku (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; c. ... Capital Dadu Language(s) Mongolian Chinese Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1260-1294 Kublai Khan  - 1333-1370 (Cont. ... For other uses, see Kublai Khan (disambiguation). ... Peking redirects here. ... For other uses, see Ming. ... Events Timur ascends throne of Samarkand. ... The expansion of the Mongol Empire. Image File history File links Mongol_Empire_map. ... Image File history File links Mongol_Empire_map. ... Expansion of the Mongol Empire Historical map of the Mongol Empire (1300~1405), the gray area is Timurid dynasty. ... [edit] Post-Imperial period The next centuries were often marked by violent and chaotic power struggles between various factions, notably the Genghisids and the non-Genghisid Oirads. The legitimate Khan would often (but not always) be a mere figurehead. In the early years, the Chinese also staged several invasions into Mongolia (like the five expeditions led by the Yongle Emperor), but later they mainly concentrated on improving their border defenses and buying the Mongols off by means of tributary trade. Oirats (also spelled Oyrats or Oyirads; Mongolian: Ойрадын Ojradyn) refers to both a Western Mongol people of Europe and Asia and, historically, to a Turkic people now known as the Altays. ... The Yongle Emperor (May 2, 1360 – August 12, 1424), born Zhu Di (Chu Ti) , was the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty of China from 1402 to 1424. ... In the early 15th century, the Oirads under Esen Tayisi gained the upper hand, and even raided China in 1449 in a conflict over Esen's right to pay tribute, capturing the Chinese emperor in the process. However, Esen was murdered in 1454, and the Genghisids recovered. Around 1470, Mandukhai seems to have secured the throne for her adopted son and legitimate Khan, Batumöngke, who ruled until 1517. In the mid-16th century, Altan Khan of the Tümed, a grandson of Batumöngke - but no legitimate Khan himself - became powerful. He founded Hohhot in 1557 and his meeting with the Dalai Lama in 1578 sparked the second introduction of Tibetan Buddhism to Mongolia. Abtai Khan of the Khalkha converted to buddhism in 1585 and founded the Erdene Zuu monastery in 1586. His grandson Zanabazar became the first Jebtsundamba Khutughtu in 1640. A 15th century Mongolian prince of the Oirad horde. ... The Tumu Crisis (Chinese: 土木之變; pinyin: TÅ­mù zhÄ« bìan); also called Crisis of Tumubao (土木堡之變); or Battle of Tumu (土木之役), was a frontier conflict between Mongolia and the Chinese Ming Dynasty which led to the capture of the Zhengtong Emperor on September 8, 1449. ... Zhu Qizhen (November 29, 1427 – February 23, 1464) was an emperor of the Ming Dynasty. ... Mandukhai Khatun is also known as Manduhai the Wise Queen of the Mongols. ... Dayan Khan (given name: Batu Möngke; ?-1543?), was a Mongol Khan who reconstructed the Mongol Empire. ... Altan Khan (1507-1582), whose given name was Anda, was the de facto ruler of the Right Wing of the Mongols and exercised his power over whole Mongolia. ... Hohhot (Chinese: 呼和浩特; Pinyin: HÅ«héhàotè; Mongolian: Ð¥Ó©Ñ… хот), occasionally spelled Huhehot or Huhhot, is the capital city of the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region in the Peoples Republic of China. ... This article is about the Dalai Lama lineage. ... Tibetan Buddhism is the body of religious Buddhist doctrine and institutions characteristic of Tibet, the Himalayan region (including northern Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim and Ladakh), Mongolia, Buryatia, Tuva and Kalmykia (Russia), and northeastern China (Manchuria: Heilongjiang, Jilin). ... The stupas and wall around Erdene Zuu Temple at Erdene Zuu monastery. ... The Khalkha Jebtsundamba Khutughtu (also known as Javzandamba Hutagt in Khalkha Mongolian; also as Rje Btsun Dam Pa or Jetsun Dampa in Tibetan — all meaning lit. ... The Khalkha Jebtsundamba Khutughtu (also known as Javzandamba Hutagt in Khalkha Mongolian; also as Rje Btsun Dam Pa or Jetsun Dampa in Tibetan — all meaning lit. ... The last Mongol Khan was Ligden Khan in the early 17th century. He got into conflicts with the Manchu over the looting of Chinese cities, and managed to alienate most Mongol tribes. He died in 1634 on his way to Tibet, in an attempt to evade the Manchu and destroy the Yellow Church. Lingdan Khutaghtu Khan, also Ligdan, Legdan or Likdan (ruled 1604-1634), was the last in the Borjigin dynasty of Mongol Khans who ruled from Chaharia. ... The Manchu people (Manchu: Manju; Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: , Mongolian: Манж) are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchuria (todays Northeastern China). ... The Geluk (dge lugs) School was founded by Tsongkhapa (1357-1419), Tibets best known religious reformer and arguably its greatest philosopher. ... [edit] Manchu domination During the seventeenth century, the Manchu rose to prominence in the east. They conquered Inner Mongolia in 1636. The Khalkha submitted in 1691, bringing all but the west of today's Mongolia under the rule of the Qing Dynasty. The Western Mongols were subjugated in 1757. Until 1911, the Manchu maintained control of Mongolia with a series of alliances and intermarriages, as well as military and economic measures. Ambans were installed in Khüree, Uliastai, and Khovd, and the country was subdivided into ever more feudal and ecclesiastical fiefdoms. Over the course of the 19th century, as the feudal lords attached more importance to representation and less importance to the responsibilities towards thier subjects, as usurous practices of the Chinese traders had an ever deeper impact, and as the imperial tax began to be collected in silver instead of in animals, poverty became rampant. (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... The Manchu people (Manchu: Manju; Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: , Mongolian: Манж) are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchuria (todays Northeastern China). ... Inner Mongolia (Mongolian: ᠥᠪᠦᠷ ᠮᠣᠨᠺᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠺᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ r Mongghul-un bertegen Jasaqu Orun; Chinese: 内蒙古自治区; Hanyu Pinyin: N i Měnggǔ Z qū) is an Autonomous Region of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Year 1636 (MDCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Khalkha, or Halh (Халх [χɑɬχ]) in modern Khalkha Mongolian, is a subgroup of the Mongols. ... Events March 5 - French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers besiege the Spanish-held town of Mons March 20 - Leislers Rebellion - New governor arrives in New York - Jacob Leisler surrenders after standoff of several hours March 29 - Siege of Mons ends to the city’s surrender May 6... Flag (1890-1912) Anthem Gong Jinou (1911) Qing China at its greatest extent. ... Oirats (also spelled Oyrats or Oyirads; Mongolian: Ойрадын Ojradyn) refers to both a Western Mongol people of Europe and Asia and, historically, to a Turkic people now known as the Altays. ... The Ambans were imperial administrators of Qing China in Tibet. ... September 2004 Ulan Bator, or Ulaanbaatar (Улаанбаатар, [UlaÉ£an BaÉ£atar]) in Mongolian, is the capital of Mongolia. ... Uliastai (Mongolian: ) is a city in Mongolia. ... Look up usury in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... [edit] Independence Bogd Khan, khan of Mongolia With the fall of the Qing Dynasty, Mongolia declared independence in 1911. The new country's territory was approximately that of the former Outer Mongolia. The 49 hoshuns of Inner Mongolia as well as the Mongolians of the Alashan and Qinghai regions expressed their willingness to join the young Mongol Khanate. After the October Revolution in Russia, Chinese troops led by Xu Shuzheng occupied the capital in 1919. The Chinese dominance did not last: notorious Russian adventurer "Bloody" Baron Ungern who had fought with the "Whites" (Ataman Semyonov) against the Red Army in Siberia, led his troops into Mongolia and forced a showdown with the Chinese in Niislel Khüree. Ungern's forces triumphed, and he briefly in effect ruled Mongolia under the blessing of religious leader Bogd Khan. But Ungern's triumph was short-lived; he was chased out by the Red Army, which, while at it, liberated Mongolia from feudalism and ensured its political alignment with the Russian Bolsheviks. In 1924, after the death of the religious leader and king Bogd Khan, a Mongolian People's Republic was proclaimed with support from the Soviets. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Khalkha Jebtsundamba Khutughtu (also known as Javzandamba Hutagt in Khalkha Mongolian; also as Rje Btsun Dam Pa or Jetsun Dampa in Tibetan — all meaning lit. ... This article is about the title. ... Year 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... For other uses, see October Revolution (disambiguation). ... Xu Shuzheng (Traditional Chinese: 徐樹錚; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Hsü Shu-Cheng) (1880 – 29 December 1925), was a Chinese warlord in Republican China. ... Roman Fyodorovich Ungern von Sternberg, ca 1919 Baron Roman (or Robert) Nicolaus von Ungern-Sternberg, in Russian: Roman Fyodorovich Ungern von Shternberg (Роман Фёдорович Унгерн фон Штернберг; although born von Ungern-Sternberg, in later life he used an incorrect form Ungern von Sternberg) (January 22, 1886, new style — September 15, 1921) a. ... White Army redirects here. ... For other organizations known as the Red Army, see Red Army (disambiguation). ... This article is about Siberia as a whole. ... Template:Infobox Settlementcookis and ceam For the band, see Ulan Bator (band). ... The Khalkha Jebtsundamba Khutughtu (also known as Javzandamba Hutagt in Khalkha Mongolian; also as Rje Btsun Dam Pa or Jetsun Dampa in Tibetan — all meaning lit. ... For the rap album, see 1924 (album). ... The Peoples Repubic of Mongolia was a communist state in central Asia which existed between 1924 and 1990. ... [edit] Alignment with the Soviet Union Main article: Mongolian People's Republic The Mongolian People's Republic was aligned closely with the Soviet Union. During the 1920s and 1930s, several high-ranking politicians who demanded a more independent course, like Dogsomyn Bodoo or Khorloogiin Dandzan, fell victim to violent power struggles and were killed. In 1928, Khorloogiin Choibalsan rose to power. Under his administration, forced collectivisation of livestock was instituted, and the destruction of Buddhist monasteries and Stalinist purges beginning 1937 left more than 30,000 people dead. The Peoples Repubic of Mongolia was a communist state in central Asia which existed between 1924 and 1990. ... Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Choibalsan. ... Collective farming is an organizational unit in agriculture in which peasants are not paid wages, but rather receive a share of the farms net output. ... Tibetan Buddhism is the body of religious Buddhist doctrine and institutions characteristic of Tibet, the Himalayan region (including northern Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim and Ladakh), Mongolia, Buryatia, Tuva and Kalmykia (Russia), and northeastern China (Manchuria: Heilongjiang, Jilin). ... Monastery of St. ... The Great Purge (Russian: , transliterated Bolshaya chistka) refers collectively to several related campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin during the 1930s, which removed all of his remaining opposition from power. ... Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... During the Soviet-Japanese Border War of 1939, the USSR defended Mongolia against Japan. Mongolian forces also took part in the Soviet offensive against Japanese forces in Inner Mongolia in August 1945 (see Operation August Storm). The (Soviet) threat of Mongolian forces seizing parts of Inner Mongolia[citation needed] induced the Republic of China to recognize Outer Mongolia's independence, provided that a referendum was held. The referendum took place on October 20, 1945, with (according to official numbers) 100% of the electorate voting for independence. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, both countries recognized each other again on October 6, 1949. The communist rule also undertook the Mongolia's enemies of the people persecution resulting in the murder of monks and other people. Combatants Soviet Union Mongolian Peoples Republic Empire of Japan Manchukuo Commanders Georgy Zhukov Michitaro Komatsubara Strength 57,000 30,000 (initially), 60,000 (as positions reinforced) Casualties Archival research 7,974 killed, 15,251 wounded[1] Japanese government claim 8,440 killed, 8,766 wounded Soviet claim 60,000... Combatants Soviet Union Peoples Republic of Mongolia Japan Manchukuo Mengjiang Commanders Aleksandr Vasilevsky Otsuzo Yamada Strength Soviet Union 1,577,225 men, 26,137 artillery, 1,852 sup. ... Inner Mongolia (Mongolian: ᠥᠪᠦᠷ ᠮᠣᠨᠺᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠺᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ r Mongghul-un bertegen Jasaqu Orun; Chinese: 内蒙古自治区; Hanyu Pinyin: N i Měnggǔ Z qū) is an Autonomous Region of the Peoples Republic of China. ... For the Chinese civilization, see China. ... is the 293rd day of the year (294th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Mongolias enemies of the people persecution was an enemies of the people persecution during the Mongolian Peoples Republic where religious figures including Buddhist monks, former leaders, and other alleged enemies among the population in Mongolia when it was allied with the Soviet Union. ... A Roman Catholic monk A monk is a person who practices monasticism, adopting a strict religious and ascetic lifestyle, usually in community with others following the same path. ... After Choibalsan died in Moscow on January 26, 1952, Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal took power. In 1956 and again in 1962, Choibalsan's personality cult was condemned. Mongolia continued to align itself closely with the Soviet Union, especially after the Sino-Soviet split of the late 1950s. While Tsedenbal was visiting Moscow in August 1984, his severe illness prompted the parliament to announce his retirement and replace him with Jambyn Batmönkh. For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Monument of Yu. ... Adolf Hitler built a strong cult of personality, based on the Führerprinzip. ... The Sino-Soviet split was a major diplomatic conflict between the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), beginning in the late 1950s, reaching a peak in 1969 and continuing in various ways until the late 1980s. ... This article is about the year. ... Jambyn Batmönkh (Mongolian: ; 10 March 1926-1997) was a Mongolian communist political leader. ... [edit] 1990 Democratic Revolution Main article: 1990 Mongolian democratic revolution The introduction of perestroika and glasnost in the USSR by Mikhail Gorbachev strongly influenced Mongolian politics even though Mongolia was a sovereign nation. The decline of communism in the Soviet Union and its collapse in Eastern Europe, combined with these two policies, were enough to lead to the peaceful Democratic Revolution of 1990. This, in turn, allowed Mongolia to begin engaging in economic and diplomatic relations with the Western world. The nation finished its transition from a communist state to a multi-party capitalist democracy with the ratification of a new constitution in 1992. 1990 Mongolian democratic revolution was a democratic revolution that started with hunger strike to overthrow the Mongolian Peoples Republic and eventually move toward the democratic present day Mongolia and the writing of the new constitution, etc. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... //   (Russian: IPA: ) is politics of maximal openness, transparency of activity of all official (governmental) institutes, and freedom of information. ... Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev[1] (Russian: , IPA: ; born 2 March 1931) is a Russian politician. ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... [edit] Government and politics Main article: Politics of Mongolia Sukhbaatar Square with the parliament building and the offices of the prime minister and president Government of Mongolia is characterized as a parliamentary democracy, which is governed under the Constitution of Mongolia that guarantees full freedom of expression, rights, worship and others. Media in Mongolia has public television and corporately owned newspapers. Mongolia has two main parties among many other parties. Until June 27, 2004, the predominant party in Mongolia was the social democratic Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or abbreviated as the MPRP, a former communist party during the socialist republics. The main opposition party was the Democratic Party or DP, which controlled a governing coalition from 1996 to 2000. Until 1990, the Mongolian Government was modeled on the Soviet system; only the communist party--the MPRP--officially was permitted to function. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Sukhbaatar Square is a public square in capital Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia in front of the government building and the parliament State Great Hural. ... A parliamentarian is a specialist in parliamentary procedure. ... Constitution of Mongolia is the constitution of Mongolia, which is a democracy guaranteeing freedom of religion, rights, travel, expression, etc. ... Freedom of speech is the right to freely say what one pleases, as well as the related right to hear what others have stated. ... is the 178th day of the year (179th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Official logo of the Mongolian Peoples Revolutionary Party The Mongolian Peoples Revolutionary Party (Mongolian: Mongol Ardyn Khuvsgatt Nam, Монгол Ардын Хувьсгалт Нам) is a ex-communist political party in Mongolia. ... The Democratic Party (Ardchilsan Nam) is a political party in Mongolia. ... From 2000 to 2004, the MPRP was back in power, but results of the 2004 elections required the establishing of the first ever coalition government in Mongolia between the MPRP and MDC (Motherland Democratic Coalition). The coalition broke down in January 2006, the current government has been formed with the MPRP, some small parties and some DP defectors. [edit] President Main article: President of Mongolia President Nambaryn Enkhbayar Mongolia's president has a symbolic role, but can block the parliament's decisions, who can then overrule the veto by a 2/3 majority. Mongolia's Constitution provides three requirements for taking office as President: the individual must be a native-born Mongolian, be at least 45 years of age, and have resided in Mongolia for five years prior to taking office. The current President is Nambaryn Enkhbayar. The President of Mongolia is the head of state of Mongolia. ... Image File history File links Nambaryn_Enkhbayar_2005. ... Image File history File links Nambaryn_Enkhbayar_2005. ... The President of Mongolia is the head of state of Mongolia. ... Nambaryn Enkhbayar (Mongolian: ; born June 1, 1958, in Ulaanbaatar) is the current President of Mongolia. ... President is a title held by many leaders of organizations, companies, trade unions, universities, and countries. ... President is a title held by many leaders of organizations, companies, trade unions, universities, and countries. ... Nambaryn Enkhbayar (Mongolian: ; born June 1, 1958, in Ulaanbaatar) is the current President of Mongolia. ... [edit] The State Great Khural Main article: State Great Khural Mongolia uses a unicameral parliamentary system in which the president has a symbolic role and the government chosen by the legislature exercises executive power. The legislative arm, the State Great Khural, has one chamber with 76 seats and is chaired by the speaker of the house. It elects its members every four years by general elections. The State Great Khural is powerful in the Mongolian government with the president being largely symbolic and the prime minister being confirmed from the parliament. The State Great Khural (Sometimes Hural or translated as Assembly) is the Parliament of Mongolia. ... Unicameralism is the practice of having only one legislative or parliamentary chamber. ... States currently utilizing parliamentary systems are denoted in red and orange—the former being constitutional monarchies where authority is vested in a parliament, the the latter being parliamentary republics whose parliaments are effectively supreme over a separate head of state. ... President is a title held by many leaders of organizations, companies, trade unions, universities, and countries. ... [edit] Prime Minister and the Cabinet Main article: Prime Minister of Mongolia The Prime Minister of Mongolia is elected by the State Great Khural. The current prime minister is Sanjaagiin Bayar, who was elected by sixty-seven votes to two on November 22, 2007[6]. The deputy prime minister is Miyeegombyn Enkhbold (since December 5, 2007)[7]. There are ministers of each department (finance, defense, labor, agriculture, etc.) and those offices constitute the prime minister's cabinet. The Prime Minister of Mongolia is the highest member of the Mongolian governments executive arm, and heads the Mongolian cabinet. ... The Prime Minister of Mongolia is the highest member of the Mongolian governments executive arm, and heads the Mongolian cabinet. ... Sanjiin Bayar (Mongolian: ) (b. ... is the 326th day of the year (327th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Miyeegombyn Enkhbold (Mongolian: ; born 1964) is the current Prime Minister of Mongolia. ... is the 339th day of the year (340th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... The cabinet is nominated by the prime minister in consultation with the president and confirmed by the State Great Khural. This article is about the governmental body. ... A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... The State Great Khural (Sometimes Hural or translated as Assembly) is the Parliament of Mongolia. ... [edit] Foreign relations and military Main articles: Foreign relations of Mongolia and Military of Mongolia Mongolia maintains positive relations and has diplomatic missions with many countries such as the United States, Russia, North and South Korea, Japan, and the People's Republic of China. The government has focused a great deal on encouraging foreign investments and trade. Mongolia supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and has sent several successive contingents of 103 to 180 troops each to Iraq and Afghanistan. Also 2