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Murphy Brown was an Emmy Award-winning American situation comedy which aired on CBS from November 14, 1988 to May 18, 1998, for a total of 247 episodes. It starred Candice Bergen as the eponymous Murphy Brown, an investigative journalist and news anchor for FYI, a fictional newsmagazine. A undated Murphy Brown cast photo. ...
A sitcom or situation comedy is a genre of comedy performance originally devised for radio but today typically found on television. ...
Diane English (born 1948) is a U.S. television producer and writer. ...
Candice Patricia Bergen (born May 9, 1946) is an Academy Award-nominated and Emmy Award-winning American actress and former fashion model, currently best known for her starring role on the television situation comedy Murphy Brown, and as William Shatners legal partner, Shirley Schmidt, on the ABC hit dramedy...
Faith Ford (born Alexis Ford on September 14, 1964 in Pineville, Louisiana) is an American television and film actress, best known for her role as Corky Sherwood on Murphy Brown. ...
Pat Corley played Phil on the CBS television comedy Murphy Brown. ...
Grant Shaud (born Edward Shaud III on February 27, 1961) is an American actor best known for playing the character of Miles Silverberg on the 1990s TV sitcom Murphy Brown. ...
Joe Regalbuto (born August 24, 1949) is an American actor and director best known for his on-screen role as Frank Fontana on the CBS television comedy Murphy Brown. ...
Robert Pastorelli (June 21, 1954 â March 8, 2004) was an American actor from New Brunswick, New Jersey. ...
Charles Kimbrough (born May 23, 1936) is an American character actor best known for playing the straight-faced anchor Jim Dial on Murphy Brown. ...
Lily Tomlin (born Mary Jean Tomlin on September 1, 1939), is an Academy Award-nominated American actress and comedian. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
CBS is one of the largest radio and television networks in the United States. ...
November 14 is the 318th day of the year (319th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 47 days remaining. ...
1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
May 18 is the 138th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (139th in leap years). ...
1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean [1]. // Coated in ice, power and telephone lines sag and often break, resulting in power outages. ...
An Emmy Award. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
CBSs first color logo, which debuted in the fall of 1965. ...
November 14 is the 318th day of the year (319th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 47 days remaining. ...
1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
May 18 is the 138th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (139th in leap years). ...
1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean [1]. // Coated in ice, power and telephone lines sag and often break, resulting in power outages. ...
Candice Patricia Bergen (born May 9, 1946) is an Academy Award-nominated and Emmy Award-winning American actress and former fashion model, currently best known for her starring role on the television situation comedy Murphy Brown, and as William Shatners legal partner, Shirley Schmidt, on the ABC hit dramedy...
An eponym is the name of a person, whether real or fictitious, who has (or is thought to have) given rise to the name of a particular place, tribe, discovery, or other item. ...
Investigative journalism is a branch of journalism that usually concentrates on a very specific topic, and typically requires a lot of work to yield results. ...
A news anchor (US,Can. ...
A newsmagazine, sometimes called news magazine, is a usually weekly magazine featuring articles on current events. ...
Spoiler warning: Plot and/or ending details follow. Characters
Brown (born May 1948 in Philadelphia) was a recovering alcoholic, who, in the show's first episode, was returning to FYI for the first time since a stay at the Betty Ford Clinic. Her colleagues at FYI included stuffy anchor Jim Dial (Charles Kimbrough), reporter Frank Fontana (Joe Regalbuto), who hated the toupée he had to wear for the show, and the scatterbrained Corky Sherwood (Faith Ford), a former Miss America. Sherwood was actually first runner-up until the winner was forced to resign (Sherwood remarked in the first episode, "She told everyone she loved animals but who knew to take her literally?"). New to the staff was producer Miles Silverberg (Grant Shaud), who, at 25 and fresh from work in public television, was perfect for utter torture from Murphy. 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ...
Nickname: City of Brotherly Love, Philly, the Quaker City Motto: Philadelphia maneto (Let brotherly love continue) Location in Pennsylvania Coordinates: Country United States State Pennsylvania County Philadelphia Founded October 27, 1682 Incorporated October 25, 1701 Mayor John F. Street (D) Area - City 369. ...
Alcoholism is the consumption of, or preoccupation with, alcoholic beverages to the extent that this behavior interferes with the drinkers normal personal, family, social, or work life, and may lead to physical or mental harm. ...
The Betty Ford Center was co-founded by former United States First Lady Betty Ford and her friend, Ambassador Leonard Firestone, in 1982. ...
Charles Kimbrough (born May 23, 1936) is an American character actor best known for playing the straight-faced anchor Jim Dial on Murphy Brown. ...
Joe Regalbuto (born August 24, 1949) is an American actor and director best known for his on-screen role as Frank Fontana on the CBS television comedy Murphy Brown. ...
Faith Ford (born Alexis Ford on September 14, 1964 in Pineville, Louisiana) is an American television and film actress, best known for her role as Corky Sherwood on Murphy Brown. ...
Not to be confused with Miss USA. Miss America contestants visit Andrews Air Force Base in 2003 The Miss America pageant is a long-standing competition which awards scholarships to young women from the 50 states plus two territories of the United States of America. ...
Grant Shaud (born Edward Shaud III on February 27, 1961) is an American actor best known for playing the character of Miles Silverberg on the 1990s TV sitcom Murphy Brown. ...
Not to be confused with Public Broadcasting Services in Malta. ...
The FYI team also frequently socialized at Phil's, a bar across the street from their studio in Washington. Phil, the bar owner, was played by Pat Corley. Nickname: Motto: Justitia Omnibus (=Justice for All) Location of Washington, D.C., in relation to the states Maryland and Virginia Coordinates: Country United States Federal District District of Columbia Government - Mayor Adrian M. Fenty (D) - City Council Chairperson: Vincent C. Gray (D) Ward 1: Jim Graham (D) Ward 2: Jack...
Pat Corley played Phil on the CBS television comedy Murphy Brown. ...
Brown was unmarried, but had a home life as well: she had hired Eldin Bernecky (Robert Pastorelli) to repaint her house, but he had so many grand ideas that he was with the show for six seasons. Robert Pastorelli (June 21, 1954 â March 8, 2004) was an American actor from New Brunswick, New Jersey. ...
In the show's 1991–1992 season, Murphy became pregnant and had a child, and after 6 months, she decided to name the baby Avery; this storyline made the show a subject of political controversy during the 1992 American presidential campaign. On May 19, 1992, then Vice President Dan Quayle spoke at the Commonwealth Club in San Francisco. During his speech, he criticized the Murphy Brown character for ignoring the importance of fathers and bearing a child alone. Quayle's remarks caused a public discussion on family values, culminating in the 1992-93 season premiere ("You Say Potatoe, I Say Potato") where the television characters reacted to Quayle's comments and produced a special episode of FYI showcasing and celebrating the diversity of the modern American family. At the end, Brown arranges a retaliatory prank in which a truckload of potatoes is dumped in front of Quayle's residence, while a DJ commenting on the incident notes the Vice-President should be glad people weren't making fun of him for misspelling "fertilizer." When Candice Bergen won another Emmy that year, she thanked Dan Quayle.[1] 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ...
Presidential electoral votes by state. ...
May 19 is the 139th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (140th in leap years). ...
1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ...
A vice president is an officer in government or business who is next in rank below a president. ...
James Danforth Dan Quayle (born February 4, 1947) was the 44th Vice President of the United States under George H. W. Bush (1989-1993). ...
The Commonwealth Club of California is a non-profit, non-partisan educational organization based in Northern California. ...
Nickname: Location of the City and County of San Francisco, California Coordinates: Country United States of America State California City-County San Francisco Government - Mayor Gavin Newsom Area - City 47 sq mi (122 km²) - Land 46. ...
1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ...
Shaud left the series in 1996, and was replaced by Lily Tomlin as producer Kay Carter-Shepley for the show's final seasons. Kay proved that she had just as little experience as Miles Silverberg when he started with the show; the only experience Kay had in television was producing a daytime game show. 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ...
Lily Tomlin (born Mary Jean Tomlin on September 1, 1939), is an Academy Award-nominated American actress and comedian. ...
This article is about the television genre. ...
In the show's final season, a year-long story arc aired in which Murphy battled breast cancer. The show's handling of the subject was credited with a 30 percent increase in the number of women getting mammograms. The storyline was not without controversy; an episode in which she used medical marijuana to relieve side effects of chemotherapy was attacked by conservative groups, and a women's health group protested an episode in which Murphy, while shopping for prosthetic breasts, uttered the line "Should I go with Demi Moore or Elsie the Cow?" Breast cancer is cancer of breast tissue. ...
Mammography is the process of using low-dose X-rays (usually around 0. ...
Cannabis sativa extract. ...
Chemotherapy is the use of chemical substances to treat disease. ...
Demi Moore (born Demetria Gene Guynes on November 11, 1962 in Roswell, New Mexico) is an American actress. ...
Elsie the Cow is the advertising mascot of the Borden Company, now primarily used to promote the Dairy Farmers of America cooperatives Borden cheese products. ...
However, Bergen was presented an award from the American Cancer Society in honor of her role in educating women on the importance of breast cancer prevention and screening. The American Cancer Society (ACS) is a medical organization with a corporate attitude in the United States. ...
In the show's final episode, Murphy met and interviewed God (played by Alan King) and Edward R. Murrow in a dream while undergoing surgery. Computer editing was used to insert footage of the real Murrow, who died in 1965, into the show. Diane English, who created the show, made a cameo appearance as a nurse who delivered the results to Murphy after her surgery. This article discusses the term God in the context of monotheism and henotheism. ...
Alan King (December 26, 1927 â May 9, 2004), born Irwin Alan Kniberg, was an American comedian known for his biting wit and often angry humorous rants. ...
April 8, 1956: CBS newsman Edward R. Murrow talking to reporters during a stop in Wiesbaden, Germany. ...
1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ...
Diane English (born 1948) is a U.S. television producer and writer. ...
Running gags - The show did not have an opening theme song, but instead many episodes began with a Motown song whose lyrics were somehow relevant to the plot of the episode.
- Many characters often commented that Murphy was especially difficult or grouchy around the 18th of every month.
- For a few seasons, Corky Sherwood was known as "Corky Sherwood Forrest" after marrying a lawyer named Will Forrest (Scott Bryce) in the show's 1989-1990 season, whom she later divorced (coincidentally, Faith Ford's husband at this time was named Robert Nottingham). Corky later married Miles Silverberg.
- While the other news anchors produced many serious news stories, Corky's running gag was that her stories were frivolous. Examples included a retrospective on Bert Parks, where to take one's cat while one goes on vacation, and "a dinner with the Van Patten family."
- The network regularly sent Murphy incompetent secretaries, with a different secretary in almost every episode. On one occasion, it was Carol (Marcia Wallace) from The Bob Newhart Show, who proved really good at the job but quit when Bob Hartley (Bob Newhart) showed up and begged her to come back to his office. Other secretaries included a crash test dummy, a prostitute who operated a phone sex line from her desk, and a rapper who related all Murphy's phone messages to her in verse. In the show's final season, the secretaries were played by celebrities, including Bette Midler, Don Rickles, Rosie O'Donnell, Sally Field, Laura Kightlinger, Cecily Adams, Paul Reubens, John F. Kennedy Jr. and Julie Brown. Over the course of the series, 93 different secretaries appeared in all. In the final season, Murphy learns of her former secretaries' support group, which included a Hitler look-alike, a woman who spoke with a long pause after every word and a mentally unstable man.
- In addition to the above list of secretaries appearing on the actual show, an episode of Seinfeld featured Kramer appearing as one of Murphy's secretaries.
- When Murphy became a mother in season four, she went through nannies the same way she went through secretaries.
Motown Records, Inc. ...
visitor center Birch trees in the Sherwood Forest The legendary Major Oak Major Oak in December 2006 View of the Forest looking Northeast Sherwood Forest is a world famous country park surrounding the village of Edwinstowe in Nottinghamshire, England, historically associated with the legend of Robin Hood. ...
English barrister 16th century painting of a civil law notary, by Flemish painter Quentin Massys. ...
Scott Macalister Bryce (born January 6, 1958 in New York, New York; sometimes credited as Scott M. Bryce) is televison veteran actor. ...
1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
MCMXC redirects here; for the Enigma album, see MCMXC a. ...
Bert Parks (December 30, 1914 - February 2, 1992), an American actor, singer, and radio and television announcer and host, is remembered best as the longtime, iconic host (1955-1980) of the annual Miss America Pageant telecast, live from Convention Hall in Atlantic City, New Jersey. ...
The Van Patten family has made a name for themselves in Hollywood as a family of actors. ...
Marcia Wallace (born November 1, 1942) is an actress from Creston, Iowa. ...
The Bob Newhart Shows Complete Second Season DVD. Pictured (clockwise, bottom left): Newhart, Daily, Wallace, Bonerz, Pleshette The Bob Newhart Show is the name of two different television series. ...
Bob Newhart (born September 5, 1929 in Oak Park, Illinois) is an American stand-up comedian and actor. ...
Crash test dummies have saved many thousands of lives. ...
Phone sex refers to sexually explicit conversation between two or more persons via telephone, especially when at least one of the participants masturbates or engages in sexual fantasy. ...
Rapping is one of the elements of hip hop and the distinguishing feature of hip hop music; it is a form of rhyming lyrics spoken rhythmically over musical instruments, with a musical backdrop of sampling, scratching and mixing by DJs. ...
Bette Davis Midler (born December 1, 1945) is an American singer, actress, and comedian, also known to her fans as The Divine Miss M. She is named after the actress Bette Davis although Davis pronounced her first name in two syllables, and Midler uses one. ...
Donald Jay Rickles (born May 8, 1926 in New York City, New York) is an American comedian, film actor, and voice actor. ...
Roseann Teresa ODonnell (born March 21, 1962 in Bayside, Queens, New York) is an Emmy-award winning American talk show host, television personality, comedian, film, television, and stage actress. ...
Sally Margaret Field (born November 6, 1946) is an American actress who is a two-time Academy Award and Golden Globe winner. ...
Laura Kightlinger (born June 13, 1969, in Jamestown, New York, USA) is an American comedian. ...
Cecily April Adams (February 6, 1958 - March 3, 2004) was born in Queens, New York, the daughter of sitcom actor Don Adams and singer Adelaide Efantis, and the sister of actress Stacey Adams. ...
Paul Reubens (b. ...
John F. Kennedy Jr. ...
Julie Ann Brown (born August 31, 1954) is an American actor, stand-up comic, comedic singer-songwriter and screenwriter. ...
Seinfeld is an Emmy Award-winning sitcom that originally aired on NBC from July 5, 1989, to May 14, 1998, running a total of nine seasons. ...
Cosmo Kramer is a fictional character on the United States based television sitcom Seinfeld (1989â1998), played by Michael Richards. ...
Recurring characters A number of recurring characters also appeared during the show's run: - Jay Thomas appeared in several episodes as tabloid talk show host Jerry Gold, who became a friend of Murphy's and an occasional love interest, despite their significantly different journalistic values.
- Colleen Dewhurst appeared in a number of episodes as Murphy's mother, Avery Brown. Dewhurst won several Emmy Awards for her appearances. When Dewhurst died in 1991, the writers chose to have her character die as well, and Murphy, who was pregnant at the time, named her son Avery in her mother's memory the following season.
- Darren McGavin appeared in several episodes as Murphy's father. He earned an Emmy nomination in 1990 for his performance as Bill Brown.
- Scott Bakula appeared as reporter (and occasional love interest for Murphy) Peter Hunt.
- Jane Leeves appeared in a number of episodes as Miles' girlfriend Audrey. Her appearances ended when she joined the cast of Frasier.
- Robin Thomas appeared as Jake, Murphy's ex-husband. Murphy and Jake had another brief relationship, and Jake was the father of her child.
- Garry Marshall appeared as network president Stan Lansing.
- Jean Stapleton appeared a few times, playing Miles' grandmother, Nana Silverberg.
- Rose Marie appeared as Frank Fontana's mother.
- Paul Reubens, better known as Pee-Wee Herman, appeared as Lansing's nephew Andrew, one of Murphy's 93 secretaries.
- In the show's final seasons, when the younger Avery was of school age, he was played by Haley Joel Osment.
Jay Thomas (born Jon (or John) Thomas Terrell on July 12, 1948 in Kermit, Texas) is an American actor and disc jockey. ...
A talk show (U.S.) or chat show (Brit. ...
Colleen Dewhurst (born June 3, 1924; died August 22, 1991) was a Canadian-born actress best known for playing Marilla Cuthbert in the various Anne of Green Gables productions from Sullivan Entertainment. ...
An Emmy Award. ...
1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
William Lyle Richardson (May 7, 1922 â February 25, 2006), who adopted the name Darren McGavin, was an American actor best known for playing the title role in the television horror series Kolchak: The Night Stalker, and also his portrayal in the movie A Christmas Story of the grumpy father given...
Scott Stewart Bakula (born October 9, 1954) is an American actor who played leading roles in two science fiction television series: Quantum Leap and Star Trek: Enterprise. ...
Jane Leeves Jane Leeves (born April 18, 1961) is an actress best known for her work as Daphne Moon on Frasier. ...
Frasier is a popular American situation comedy television series that starred Kelsey Grammer. ...
Robin Thomas (b. ...
Garry Kent Marshall (born November 13, 1934) is an American actor/director/writer/producer. ...
Jean Stapleton Jean Stapleton (born Jeanne Murray on January 19, 1923 in New York City) is an American actress of stage, television and film. ...
Rose Marie (born August 15, 1923) is an actress who had a career as a child star under the name Baby Rose Marie but is best known for her adult role as Sally Rogers in the The Dick Van Dyke Show. ...
Paul Reubens (b. ...
Paul Reubens as Pee Wee Herman. ...
Haley Joel Osment (born April 10, 1988) is an Academy Award-nominated American actor. ...
DVD releases Warner Home Video released the first season of Murphy Brown on DVD in Region 1 for the very first time on February 8, 2005. Due to low sales, no future releases are planned. [2] A listing for Murphy Brown Season 2 exists on Amazon.com, but no details or a release date are given. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
February 8 is the 39th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Amazon. ...
| Cover Art | DVD Name | Ep # | Release Date | |
| The Complete First Season | 22 | February 8, 2005 | Image File history File links Murphy_brown1. ...
February 8 is the 39th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Awards and nominations Awards won Emmy Awards: An Emmy Award. ...
- Outstanding Comedy Series (1990, 1992) 2 wins
- Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series (1989-1990, 1992, 1994-1995) 5 wins
Golden Globe Awards: The Golden Globe Awards are American awards for motion pictures and television programs, given out each year during a formal dinner. ...
- Best TV Series-Comedy/Musical (1992) 1 win
- Best Performance by an Actress in a TV Series-Comedy Candice Bergen (1989, 1992) 2 wins
Candice Patricia Bergen (born May 9, 1946) is an Academy Award-nominated and Emmy Award-winning American actress and former fashion model, currently best known for her starring role on the television situation comedy Murphy Brown, and as William Shatners legal partner, Shirley Schmidt, on the ABC hit dramedy...
Awards nominated Emmy Awards: An Emmy Award. ...
- Outstanding Comedy Series (1989, 1991, 1993) 3 nominations
- Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series (1991, 1993) 2 nominations
- Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Faith Ford (1989-1992, 1994) 5 nominations
- Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Jay Thomas (1992)
- Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Charles Kimbrough (1990)
- Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Joe Regalbuto (1989)
Golden Globe Awards: Faith Ford (born Alexis Ford on September 14, 1964 in Pineville, Louisiana) is an American television and film actress, best known for her role as Corky Sherwood on Murphy Brown. ...
Jay Thomas (born Jon (or John) Thomas Terrell on July 12, 1948 in Kermit, Texas) is an American actor and disc jockey. ...
Charles Kimbrough (born May 23, 1936) is an American character actor best known for playing the straight-faced anchor Jim Dial on Murphy Brown. ...
Joe Regalbuto (born August 24, 1949) is an American actor and director best known for his on-screen role as Frank Fontana on the CBS television comedy Murphy Brown. ...
The Golden Globe Awards are American awards for motion pictures and television programs, given out each year during a formal dinner. ...
- Best TV Series-Comedy/Musical (1989, 1991-1993) 4 nominations
- Best Performance by an Actress in a TV Series-Comedy Candice Bergen (1990-1991, 1993-1996) 6 nominations
- Best Supporting Actress on TV Faith Ford (1991-1992) 2 nominations
Screen Actors Guild: Candice Patricia Bergen (born May 9, 1946) is an Academy Award-nominated and Emmy Award-winning American actress and former fashion model, currently best known for her starring role on the television situation comedy Murphy Brown, and as William Shatners legal partner, Shirley Schmidt, on the ABC hit dramedy...
Faith Ford (born Alexis Ford on September 14, 1964 in Pineville, Louisiana) is an American television and film actress, best known for her role as Corky Sherwood on Murphy Brown. ...
The Screen Actors Guild (S.A.G.) is the labor union representing over 120,000 film actors in the United States. ...
- Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble Cast in a Comedy Series (1995)
- Outstanding Female Actor in a Comedy Series Candice Bergen (1995-1996)
Candice Patricia Bergen (born May 9, 1946) is an Academy Award-nominated and Emmy Award-winning American actress and former fashion model, currently best known for her starring role on the television situation comedy Murphy Brown, and as William Shatners legal partner, Shirley Schmidt, on the ABC hit dramedy...
Awards and reviews - Bergen won five Emmys over the course of the series, a record for a television actress in a continuing role. After her fifth Emmy, Bergen withdrew her name from the Emmy nominations.
When TV viewers or entertainment professionals in the United States mention ratings they are often referring to Nielsen Ratings, a system developed by Nielsen Media Research to determine the audience size and composition of television programming. ...
1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ...
MCMXC redirects here; for the Enigma album, see MCMXC a. ...
1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ...
1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ...
1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ...
1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ...
1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ...
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